Publications

alteration of a second putative fusion peptide of structural glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus alters virus replication and virulence in swine.	e2, the major envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is involved in several critical virus functions, including cell attachment, host range susceptibility, and virulence in natural hosts. functional structural analysis of e2 based on a wimley-white interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of a loop (residues 864 to 881) stabilized by a disulfide bond ((869)ckwggnwtcv(878), named fpii) in establishing interactions with the host cell membrane. this lo ...	2016	27605674
antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus yc11wb isolates from wild boar.	classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. the present study examined the virulence and transmission of strain yc11wb (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. virulence in domestic pigs was also examined. based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain yc11wb resembled that of typical acute csf. surprisingly, in contrast ...	2016	27515269
the challenge of detecting classical swine fever virus circulation in wild boar (sus scrofa): simulation of sampling options.	classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs ( sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar ( sus scrofa ). for at least 4 decades, several european union member states were confronted with outbreaks among wild boar and, as it had been shown that infected wild boar populations can be a major cause of primary outbreaks in domestic pigs, strict control measures for both species were implemented. to guarantee early detection and to demonstrate freedom from diseas ...	2016	27479901
different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. the proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. they are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of csfv. the results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different ...	2016	26911308
evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst european wild boar.	classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. in outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. these analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. however, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. in this study, a unique set of representative virus s ...	2016	26684209
serologic and molecular survey of hepatitis e virus in german deer populations.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes a usually self-limiting acute viral hepatitis. the virus is endemic in developing countries of africa, asia, and latin america and is responsible for sporadic cases in industrialized countries. in western europe, an increasing number of autochthonous cases have been associated with zoonotic transmissions of hev from domestic and wild animals. in germany, animal reservoirs for hev have bee ...	2016	26528571
a novel blocking elisa for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infects both humans and animals, with an overall human mortality rate generally less than 1%, but as high as 20% among pregnant women. hev strains fall into 4 major genotypes. zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 associate with sporadic human and animal hev cases in many industrialized countries. to date, collective evidence implicates pigs as the main hev reservoir, justifying the importance of monitoring hev infection rates in pig herds to prevent human illness. due to the lack o ...	2016	27023902
hepatitis e: discovery, global impact, control and cure.	hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. hepatitis e virus (hev), the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. the virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. hepatitis e is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. hepatitis e is an imperative health issue in developing nations, t ...	2016	27610014
possible foodborne transmission of hepatitis e virus from domestic pigs and wild boars from corsica.		2016	27437570
[hepatitidis e virus].	the number of detected cases of hepatitis e (he) shows an increasing trend in the czech republic, probably due the introduction of new diagnostic methods and greater awareness of he. in most cases, the source of infection has remained unconfirmed or entirely unclear. the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus (hev), belongs to the hepeviridae family. recently, many isolates from mammals, birds, and fish have been identified. hev is widespread among farm pigs and wild boar populations all over th ...	2016	27246639
rapid detection and subtyping of european swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific tetra- and triplex real-time rt-pcrs.	a diversifying pool of mammalian-adapted influenza a viruses (iav) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. the most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from iav isolated from swine. swine influenza viruses (siv) are widespread in european domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic siv in europe is poorly underst ...	2016	27397600
a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide providing heterologous protection in mice.	swine influenza viruses (swivs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs, resulting in a significant economic burden. moreover, pigs have been considered to be a possible mixing vessel in which novel strains loom. here, we developed and evaluated a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide (m2e-map) as a supplemental antigen for inactivated h3n2 vaccine to provide cross-protection against two main subtypes of swivs, h1n1 and h3n2. the novel tetra-branched map was constructed by fus ...	2016	27051342
gastrointestinal helminths of wild hogs and their potential livestock and public health significance in jamaica.	an investigation into the potential for transmission of gastrointestinal helminths from wild hogs to livestock and humans was prompted by concerns of recreational wild-hog hunting in the caribbean region and the recent practice, by livestock farmers in jamaica, of co-rearing wild and domesticated swine. thirty-one wild hogs from the hellshire hills, a dry limestone forest in southern jamaica, were necropsied during the period june 2004 to august 2006. thirteen of the captured animals were male a ...	2016	26821705
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna and capsid protein in lymphoid tissues of convalescent pigs does not indicate existence of a carrier state.	a systematic study was performed to investigate the potential of pigs to establish and maintain persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. infectious virus could not be recovered from sera, oral, nasal or oropharyngeal fluids obtained after resolution of clinical infection with any of five fmdv strains within serotypes a, o and asia-1. furthermore, there was no isolation of live virus from tissue samples harvested at 28-100 days post-infection from convalescent pigs recovered from ...	2016	24943477
lung parasites of the genus metastrongylus molin, 1861 (nematoda: metastrongilidae) in wild boar (sus scrofa l., 1758) in central-italy: an eco-epidemiological study.	the respiratory tracts of 57 wild boars (sus scrofa l. 1758) hunted in central italy during the 2011/2012 hunting season were examined to detect the presence of lung worms. fifty-five out of 57 animals (96,5%) were positive. five species of metastrongylus were detected and their prevalence was as follows: metastrongylus asymmetricus noda, 1973 (91.2%), metastrongylus confusus jansen, 1964 and metastrongylus salmi gedoelst, 1923 (87.7%), metastrongylus apri gmelin, 1790 (80.7%), metastrongylus pu ...	2016	26827860
feral swine virome is dominated by single-stranded dna viruses and contains a novel orthopneumovirus which circulates both in feral and domestic swine.	feral swine are known reservoirs for various pathogens that can adversely affect domestic animals. to assess the viral ecology of feral swine in the usa, metagenomic sequencing was performed on 100 pooled nasal swabs. the virome was dominated by small, ssdna viruses belonging to the families circoviridae, anelloviridae and parvovirinae. only four rna viruses were identified: porcine kobuvirus, porcine sapelovirus, atypical porcine pestivirus and a novel orthopneumovirus, provisionally named swin ...	2016	27417702
prevalence of antibody to and dna of lawsonia intracellularis in samples from wild animals in korea.	we evaluated the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis infection in three wild animal species in korea; the korean water deer ( hydropotes inermis ), siberian roe deer ( capreolus pygargus ), and raccoon dogs ( nyctereutes procyonoides ). we collected 136 sera and 109 fecal samples from individuals in 10 wildlife rescue and conservation centers. serum samples were tested for anti- l. intracellularis antibodies using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa), and fecal samples were s ...	2016	27487235
experimental evidence of hepatitis a virus infection in pigs.	hepatitis a virus (hav) is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, with hav infection being restricted to humans and nonhuman primates. in this study, hav infection status was serologically determined in domestic pigs and experimental infections of hav were attempted to verify hav infectivity in pigs. antibodies specific to hav or hav-like agents were detected in 3.5% of serum samples collected from pigs in swine farms. when the pigs were infected intravenously with 2 × 10(5) 50% t ...	2016	26381440
constant hepatitis e virus (hev) circulation in wild boar and red deer in spain: an increasing concern source of hev zoonotic transmission.	hepatitis e is a viral zoonosis that affects multiple hosts. the complete dynamics of infection in wildlife are still unknown, but the previous fact facilitates the maintenance and circulation of the virus, posing a risk to human health in the case of meat consumption from susceptible animals. in spain, it has been shown how domestic pigs, cattle and wildlife (i.e. wild boar and red deer) clearly interact in hunting farms, generating a complex epidemiological situation in terms of interspecies p ...	2016	25571944
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.	hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...	2016	26344932
[detection of salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf in a fattening pig with septicaemic salmonellosis. a case report].	the present case reports the detection of salmonella (s.) choleraesuis var. kunzendorf and porcine circovirus type 2 in an organic fattening pig suffering from septicaemic salmonellosis and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. six weeks after pigs had been housed in an organic fattening farm, an increase in mortality, diarrhea and coughing was observed. in recent years, s. choleraesuis var. kunzendorf has been frequently detected in wild boars in germany, whereas the same serovar did not ...	2016	27808343
latent porcine circovirus type 2-infected domestic pigs: a potential infection model for the effective development of vaccines against latent or chronic virus induced diseases.	until recently, knowledge of the pathogenicity of circoviridae and anelloviridae family members was limited. our previous discoveries provided clues toward resolving this issue based on studies of the latent nature of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) genotype group members. we developed a conventional pig infection model that indicated that weaners already harbored latent pcv2 infection in the thymus, which enabled the viruses to specifically modulate the maturation of t-helper cells. this findi ...	2016	26795369
a comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials.	the use of porcine islets to replace insulin-producing islet β-cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. these challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. in this study, we describe a robust porcine islet-screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for ...	2016	27862363
molecular detection of porcine astrovirus in sichuan province, china.	porcine astrovirus (poastv) is widely distributed worldwide, and is highly prevalent among piglets with or without diarrhea, existing as at least five distinct lineages (poastv1-poastv5) within the genus mamastrovirus. however, our knowledge of the diversity and epidemiology of poastv in china is limited.	2016	26739067
cross-sectional study of anti-trichinella antibody prevalence in domestic pigs and hunted wild boars in estonia.	trichinella spp. are relevant zoonotic pathogens in estonia. the aim of this nationwide cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of trichinella spp. in domestic pigs (sus scrofa domestica) and hunted wild boars (sus scrofa). serum samples from 374 pigs, originating from 14 farms, and meat juice samples from 470 wild boars were tested for immunoglobulin g antibodies against trichinella excretory/secretory antigens using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). antib ...	2016	27315523
genetics of adiposity in large animal models for human obesity-studies on pigs and dogs.	the role of domestic mammals in the development of human biomedical sciences has been widely documented. among these model species the pig and dog are of special importance. both are useful for studies on the etiology of human obesity. genome sequences of both species are known and advanced genetic tools [eg, microarray snp for genome wide association studies (gwas), next generation sequencing (ngs), etc.] are commonly used in such studies. in the domestic pig the accumulation of adipose tissue ...	2016	27288831
historical incidence of spontaneous lesions in kidneys from naïve swine utilized in interventional renal denervation studies.	the use of preclinical animal models is integral to the safety assessment, pathogenesis research, and testing of diagnostic technologies and therapeutic interventions. with inherent similarity to human anatomy and physiology, various porcine models have been the preferred preclinical model in some research areas such as medical devices, wound healing, and skin therapies. the porcine model has been the cornerstone for interventional cardiology for the evaluation and development of this catheter-b ...	2016	27188879
conserved differences in protein sequence determine the human pathogenicity of ebolaviruses.	reston viruses are the only ebolaviruses that are not pathogenic in humans. we analyzed 196 ebolavirus genomes and identified specificity determining positions (sdps) in all nine ebolavirus proteins that distinguish reston viruses from the four human pathogenic ebolaviruses. a subset of these sdps will explain the differences in human pathogenicity between reston and the other four ebolavirus species. structural analysis was performed to identify those sdps that are likely to have a functional e ...	2016	27009368
preparation and characterization of an antibody antagonist that targets the porcine growth hormone receptor.	a series of antagonists specifically targeting growth hormone receptors (ghr) in different species, such as humans, rats, bovines, and mice, have been designed; however, there are currently no antagonists that target the porcine growth hormone (gh). therefore, in this study, we developed and characterized a porcine ghr (pghr) antibody antagonist (denoted by an98) via the hybridoma technique. the results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence activated cell sorter, indirect immunoin ...	2016	26954133
temporal stability of personality traits in group-housed gestating sows.	the movement of sows (sus scrofa domesticus) out of individual gestation stalls and into group housing can introduce new sources of stress due to the enhanced environmental and social complexity. some sows may have the behavioral capacity to adapt to these changes better than others. however, little is known about individual differences in behavioral responses, or personality traits, in gestating sows and how they impact the animal's ability to cope with group housing. the temporal consistency i ...	2016	26915682
the production of multi-transgenic pigs: update and perspectives for xenotransplantation.	the domestic pig shares many genetic, anatomical and physiological similarities to humans and is thus considered to be a suitable organ donor for xenotransplantation. however, prior to clinical application of porcine xenografts, three major hurdles have to be overcome: (1) various immunological rejection responses, (2) physiological incompatibilities between the porcine organ and the human recipient and (3) the risk of transmitting zoonotic pathogens from pig to humans. with the introduction of ...	2016	26820415
on-pump nonrobotic total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting: an animal study.	total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (tecab) is currently performed exclusively with the help of a telemanipulator. after extensive practice in a biomechanical model, the operation was performed as a nonrobotic approach in an animal study.	2016	26331233
geometric features of pig airways using computed tomography.	accurate knowledge of the airway geometry is needed when constructing physical models of the airway tree and for numerical modeling of flow or sound propagation in the airways. human and animal experiments are conducted to validate these models. many studies documented the geometric details of the human airways. however, information about the geometry of pig airways is scarcer. earlier studies suggested that the morphology of animal airways can be significantly different from that of humans. the ...	2016	27798351
genomewide association studies for hematological traits and t lymphocyte subpopulations in a duroc × erhualian f resource population.	it has been shown that hematological traits can act as important indicators of immune function in both humans and livestock. t lymphocytes are key components of the adaptive immune system, playing a critical role in immune response. to identify genomic regions affecting hematological traits and t lymphocyte subpopulations, we performed both a snp-based genomewide association study (gwas) and a haplotype analysis for 20 hematological traits and 8 t cell subpopulations at 3 different time points ( ...	2016	28046140
n-linked glycan profiling of ggta1/cmah knockout pigs identifies new potential carbohydrate xenoantigens.	the temporary or long-term xenotransplantation of pig organs into people would save thousands of lives each year if not for the robust human antibody response to pig carbohydrates. genetically engineered pigs deficient in galactose α1,3 galactose (gene modified: ggta1) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (gene modified: cmah) have significantly improved cell survival when challenged by human antibody and complement in vitro. there remains, however, a significant portion of human antibody binding.	2016	24033743
a recombinant rabies virus (erags) for use in a bait vaccine for swine.	rabies viruses (rabv) circulating worldwide in various carnivores occasionally cause fatal encephalitis in swine. in this study, the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus, the erags strain constructed with a reverse genetics system, was evaluated in domestic pigs.	2016	27489807
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and discovery of a recombinant swine enteric coronavirus, italy.	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been detected sporadically in italy since the 1990s. we report the phylogenetic relationship of swine enteric coronaviruses collected in italy during 2007-2014 and identify a drastic shift in pedv strain variability and a new swine enteric coronavirus generated by recombination of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and pedv.	2016	26689738
heterogeneous antigenic properties of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid.	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus responsible for a widespread contagious disease of domestic pigs with high economic impact. switzerland is one of the rare prrsv-free countries in europe, although sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past. the prrsv isolate ivi-1173 from the short outbreak in switzerland in 2012 was entirely sequenced, and a functional full-length cdna clone was constructed. genetic and antigenic characterization of ivi-1173 reveal ...	2016	27871316
mortality due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in immunocompromised göttingen minipigs (sus scrofa domestica).	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection was diagnosed in 6 göttingen minipigs (sus scrofa domestica) with severe interstitial pneumonia. the virus was defined as a north american (na) subtype virus, which is common in the commercial pig population and might be derived from a widely used attenuated live-virus vaccine in europe. the orf5 sequence of the isolated prrsv was 98% identical to the vaccine virus. the affected pigs were part of a lung transplantation model a ...	2016	27780006
utility of (11)c-methionine and (11)c-donepezil for imaging of staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis in a juvenile porcine model: comparison to autologous (111)in-labelled leukocytes, (99m) tc-dpd, and (18)f-fdg.	the aim of this study was to compare (11)c-methionine and (11)c-donepezil positron emission tomography (pet) with (111)in-labeled leukocyte and (99m) tc-dpd (tc-99m 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanedicarboxylic acid) single-photon emission computed tomography (spect), and (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)f-fdg) pet to improve detection of osteomyelitis. the tracers' diagnostic utility where tested in a juvenile porcine hematogenously induced osteomyelitis model comparable to osteomyelitis in children. fi ...	2016	28078182
biodistribution of the radionuclides (18)f-fdg, (11)c-methionine, (11)c-pk11195, and (68)ga-citrate in domestic juvenile female pigs and morphological and molecular imaging of the tracers in hematogenously disseminated staphylococcus aureus lesions.	approximately 5-7% of acute-care patients suffer from bacteremia. bacteremia may give rise to bacterial spread to different tissues. conventional imaging procedures as x-ray, computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and ultrasound are often first-line imaging methods for identification and localization of infection. these methods are, however, not always successful. early identification and localization of infection is critical for the appropriate and timely selection of thera ...	2016	27069765
evolutionary diversity of suid herpesvirus 1 based on ul44 partial sequences.	the aim of this study was to use partial ul44 sequences (glycoprotein c) of suid herpesvirus 1 to examine the evolution and dynamics of the virus in different periods and hosts.	2016	27362774
intradermal vaccination with un-adjuvanted sub-unit vaccines triggers skin innate immunity and confers protective respiratory immunity in domestic swine.	intradermal (id) vaccination constitutes a promising approach to induce anti-infectious immunity. this route of immunization has mostly been studied with influenza split-virion vaccines. however, the efficacy of id vaccination for sub-unit vaccines in relation to underlying skin innate immunity remains to be explored for wider application in humans. relevant animal models that more closely mimic human skin immunity than the widely used mouse models are therefore necessary. here, we show in domes ...	2016	26768129
pseudorabies virus isolates from domestic pigs and wild boars show no apparent in vitro differences in replication kinetics and sensitivity to interferon-induced antiviral status.	pseudorabies virus is the causative agent of aujeszky's disease. domestic pigs and wild boars are its natural hosts, and strains circulating within both populations differ in their capacity to induce clinical disease. cell biological and molecular explanations for the observed differences in virulence are, however, lacking. different virulence determinants that can be assessed in vitro were determined for five domestic swine strains, four wild boar strains and the nia3 reference strain. replicat ...	2016	26590089
age- and strain-dependent differences in the outcome of experimental infections of domestic pigs with wild boar pseudorabies virus isolates.	although pseudorabies virus (prv) has been eradicated in domestic swine in many countries, its presence in wild boars remains a threat for a reintroduction into the currently unprotected swine population. to assess the possible impact of such a reintroduction in a naive herd, an in vivo infection study using two genetically characterized wild boar prv isolates (bel24043 and bel20075) representative for wild boar strains circulating in south-western and central europe and the virulent nia3 refere ...	2016	26589961
study on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in raccoon dogs in brandenburg, germany.	in recent years the raccoon dog population in germany has risen dramatically and a steady westward expansion can still be seen. in addition to the highest trichinella prevalence in wild boar and the most reported trichinella cases in domestic swine from backyard farms, the north-eastern part of germany also has the highest raccoon dog density in the country. due to their distinct scavenging behavior, raccoon dogs play a significant role as trichinella reservoir. therefore, to increase the knowle ...	2016	27133501
first report of the occurrence of trichinella-specific antibodies in domestic pigs in central and eastern uganda.	previous research on trichinellosis in africa focused on isolating trichinella from wildlife while the role of domestic pigs has remained highly under-researched. pig keeping in uganda is historically recent, and evidence on zoonotic pig diseases, including infection with trichinella species, is scarce. a cross-sectional survey on trichinella seroprevalence in pigs was conducted in three districts in central and eastern uganda from april 2013 to january 2015. serum from a random sample of 1125 p ...	2016	27870858
survey of trichinella infection from domestic pigs in the historical endemic areas of henan province, central china.	the aim of this work was to investigate the current situation of trichinella infection from domestic pigs in the historical endemic areas of henan province, central china. a total of 823 diaphragm samples from the indoor-raised pigs were collected in five cities of henan during 2014-2015 and examined by artificial digestion method. the overall prevalence of trichinella infection in pigs was 0.61 % (5/823). trichinella larvae were detected in 0.91 % (5/550) of pigs from nanyang city of henan. the ...	2016	27601238
partially protective immunity induced by the 14-3-3 protein from trichinella spiralis.	trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is considered to be an emerging or re-emerging infectious parasitic disease. the development of vaccines to prevent trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is important for disease control. in a previous study, we identified ts14-3-3 as an immunodominant protein from trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) adult worms recognized by early infection sera from pigs and mice. in this study, we further confirmed that ts14-3-3 mrna is expressed in both ad ...	2016	27387374
quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellosis caused by consumption of pork meat sausages in argentina.	in argentina, there are three known species of genus trichinella; however, trichinella spiralis is most commonly associated with domestic pigs and it is recognized as the main cause of human trichinellosis by the consumption of products made with raw or insufficiently cooked pork meat. in some areas of argentina, this disease is endemic and it is thus necessary to develop a more effective programme of prevention and control. here, we developed a quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellos ...	2016	26227185
bee pollen as a promising agent in the burn wounds treatment.	the aim of the present study was to visualize the benefits and advantages derived from preparations based on extracts of bee pollen as compared to pharmaceuticals commonly used in the treatment of burns. the bee pollen ointment was applied for the first time in topical burn treatment. experimental burn wounds were inflicted on two white, domestic pigs. clinical, histopathological, and microbiological assessment of specimens from burn wounds, inflicted on polish domestic pigs, treated with silver ...	2016	27293466
domestic pig (sus scrofa) as an animal model for experimental trypanosoma cruzi infection.	pigs were infected with a bolivian strain of trypanosoma cruzi (genotype i) and evaluated up to 150 days postinoculation (dpi) to determine the use of pigs as an animal model of chagas disease. parasitemia was observed in the infected pigs during the acute phase (15-40 dpi). anti-t. cruzi immunoglobulin m was detected during 15-75 dpi; high levels of anti-t. cruzi immunoglobulin g were detected in all infected pigs from 75 to 150 dpi. parasitic dna was observed by western blot (58%, 28/48) and p ...	2016	26928841
sheep carrying pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/o:9 and 5/o:3 in the feces at slaughter.	yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous species including non-pathogenic strains belonging to biotype 1a and pathogenic strains belonging to biotypes 1b and 2-5. pathogenic strains of biotypes 2-4 carrying the ail virulence gene have frequently been isolated from domestic pigs at slaughter. in sheep, mostly non-pathogenic biotype 1a strains have been reported. in our study, the prevalence of ail-positive y. enterocolitica was studied by pcr and culturing in 406 young sheep (<1year of age) and ...	2016	27938687
first record of the larval endoparasitoid tachinaephagus zealandicus (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) from fly hosts developing on burnt remains and in pennsylvania.	adults of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid tachinaephagus zealandicus ashmead (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) were collected from two species of carrion-inhabiting flies, phormia regina meigen (diptera: calliphoridae) and hydrotaea aenescens wiedemann (muscidae), associated with the burnt remains of a domesticated pig, sus scrofa l. (artiodactyla: suidae), during late summer in south central pennsylvania. this represents the first reported occurrence of the wasp in the state and only the second in ...	2016	26875188
erythrocytes from ggta1/cmah knockout pigs: implications for xenotransfusion and testing in non-human primates.	pig erythrocytes are potentially useful to solve the worldwide shortage of human blood for transfusion. domestic pig erythrocytes, however, express antigens that are bound by human preformed antibodies. advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to rapidly knock out the genes of multiple xenoantigens, namely galactose α1,3 galactose (agal) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc). we have recently targeted the ggta1 and cmah genes with zinc finger endonucleases resulting in double knock ...	2016	24986655
molecular survey of blastocystis sp. from humans and associated animals in an indonesian community with poor hygiene.	blastocystis sp. is a common parasite found in human and animal fecal samples. currently, human blastocystis isolates are classified into nine subtypes (sts) based on the phylogeny of their small subunit ribosomal rna genes (ssu rdnas). since eight of the nine sts, except for st9, have been reported in both humans and animals, these parasites are considered to be potentially zoonotic sts. to evaluate whether zoonotic transmissions play a main role in the lifecycle of blastocystis, sts derived fr ...	2016	27080248
improved experimental model to evaluate submucosal injection solutions for endoscopic submucosal dissection.	endoscopic submucosal dissection carries an increased risk of bleeding and perforation. the creation of a long lasting submucosal cushion is essential for the safe and complete removal of the lesion. there is not a suitable experimental model for evaluation of the durability of the cushioning effect of different solutions.	2016	26734797
multispecies purification of testicular germ cells.	advanced methods of cellular purification are required to apply genome technology to the study of spermatogenesis. one approach, based on flow cytometry of murine testicular cells stained with hoechst-33342 (ho-facs), has been extensively optimized and currently allows the isolation of 9 germ cell types. this staining technique is straightforward to implement, highly effective at purifying specific germ cell types and yields sufficient cell numbers for high throughput studies. ho-facs is a techn ...	2016	27557646
dynamics of necrophagous insect and tissue bacteria for postmortem interval estimation during the warm season in romania.	the estimation of postmortem interval (pmi) is affected by several factors including the cause of death, the place where the body lay after death, and the weather conditions during decomposition. given the climatic differences among biogeographic locations, the understanding of necrophagous insect species biology and ecology is required when estimating pmi. the current experimental model was developed in romania during the warm season in an outdoor location. the aim of the study was to identify ...	2016	26487246
molecular detection of torque teno sus virus and coinfection with african swine fever virus in blood samples of pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria.	torque teno sus virus 1 (ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b) infection is present in pig herds worldwide. this study investigated the prevalence of ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b infections in domestic pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria as well as coinfection with african swine fever virus (asfv) and described the phylogeny in relation to global strains. one hundred and eighty-one (181) blood samples from four slaughterhouses were used for the study and viral nucleic acid detection was carried out by pcr. comparative sequ ...	2016	27833640
ecological niches and blood sources of sand fly in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in jiuzhaigou, sichuan, china.	sand fly phlebotomus chinensis is a principle vector for the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in china with a wide geographic distribution. jiuzhaigou, sichuan is a mountain type endemic area of vl in china. long term effective control efforts in the region have successfully reduced vl transmission. to assess the current status of the sand flies and their ecological aspects in the region, a survey was conducted in the summer of 2014 and 2015.	2016	27075573
wild and domestic pig interactions at the wildlife-livestock interface of murchison falls national park, uganda, and the potential association with african swine fever outbreaks.	bushpigs (bps) (potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (whs) (phacochoerus africanus), which are widely distributed in eastern africa, are likely to cohabitate in the same environment with domestic pigs (dps), facilitating the transmission of shared pathogens. however, potential interactions between bp, wh, and dp, and the resulting potential circulation of infectious diseases have rarely been investigated in africa to date. in order to understand the dynamics of such interactions and the potentia ...	2016	27148545
effect of o. porcinus tick salivary gland extract on the african swine fever virus infection in domestic pig.	african swine fever is a haemorrhagic disease in pig production that can have disastrous financial consequences for farming. no vaccines are currently available and animal slaughtering or area zoning to restrict risk-related movements are the only effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. ornithodoros soft ticks are known to transmit the african swine fever virus (asfv) to pigs in farms, following the natural epidemiologic cycle of the virus. tick saliva has been shown to modulate ...	2016	26828597
african swine fever virus transmission cycles in central europe: evaluation of wild boar-soft tick contacts through detection of antibodies against ornithodoros erraticus saliva antigen.	african swine fever (asf) is one of the most complex viral diseases affecting both domestic and wild pigs. it is caused by asf virus (asfv), the only dna virus which can be efficiently transmitted by an arthropod vector, soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros. these ticks can be part of asfv-transmission cycles, and in europe, o. erraticus was shown to be responsible for long-term maintenance of asfv in spain and portugal. in 2014, the disease has been reintroduced into the european union, affecti ...	2016	26728767
onchocerciasis transmission in ghana: the human blood index of sibling species of the simulium damnosum complex.	vector-biting behaviour is important for vector-borne disease (vbd) epidemiology. the proportion of blood meals taken on humans (the human blood index, hbi), is a component of the biting rate per vector on humans in vbd transmission models. humans are the definitive host of onchocerca volvulus, but the simuliid vectors feed on a range of animals and hbi is a key indicator of the potential for human onchocerciasis transmission. ghana has a diversity of simulium damnosum complex members, which are ...	2016	27494934
microbial biofilm community variation in flowing habitats: potential utility as bioindicators of postmortem submersion intervals.	biofilms are a ubiquitous formation of microbial communities found on surfaces in aqueous environments. these structures have been investigated as biomonitoring indicators for stream heath, and here were used for the potential use in forensic sciences. biofilm successional development has been proposed as a method to determine the postmortem submersion interval (pmsi) of remains because there are no standard methods for estimating the pmsi and biofilms are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. we soug ...	2016	27681897
exploring the cockatiel (nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet.	cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to australia; now they are popular pets with a global distribution. it is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. these studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. there are few studies on bird microbiomes and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cockatiel m ...	2016	28028487
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: a large scale epidemiological study.	since their commercialization, vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. to investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. orf2 ...	2016	27991573
hepatitis e virus in 3 types of laboratory animals, china, 2012-2015.	we found seroprevalences for hepatitis e virus (hev) of 7.5%, 18.5%, and 83.3% in specific pathogen-free (spf) laboratory rabbits, monkeys, and pigs, respectively, in china. hev rna was detected in 4.8% of spf rabbits, and 11 rabbits had latent infections. screening for hev in spf animals before relevant experiments are conducted is recommended.	2016	27314902
preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of african swine fever virus spread in pig farming systems.	african swine fever (asf) is one of the most severe diseases of pigs; it has a drastic impact on the pig industry, causing serious socio-economic consequences to pig farmers and pork producers. in europe, there are currently two main clusters of infection; one in sardinia caused by strains of african swine fever virus (asfv) belonging to genotype i and another in eastern europe caused by strains of asfv belonging to genotype ii. the latter is inducing an acute form of asf and it represents a ser ...	2016	27899125
neuronal and glial changes in the brain resulting from explosive blast in an experimental model.	mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi) is the signature injury in warfighters exposed to explosive blasts. the pathology underlying mtbi is poorly understood, as this condition is rarely fatal and thus postmortem brains are difficult to obtain for neuropathological studies. here we report on studies of an experimental model with a gyrencephalic brain that is exposed to single and multiple explosive blast pressure waves. to determine injuries to the brain resulting from the primary blast, experimenta ...	2016	27884214
str profiling for discrimination between wild and domestic swine specimens and between main breeds of domestic pigs reared in belarus.	a panel comprising 16 short tandem repeats (strs) and a gender-specific amelogenin marker was worked out and tested for robustness in discrimination between wild and domestic swine subspecies encountered in europe, between regional populations of wild boars and between main breeds of domestic pigs reared in belarus. the str dataset comprised 310 wild boars, inhabiting all administrative regions of belarus, and 313 domestic pigs, representing three local and three cosmopolitan lines. additionally ...	2016	27851802
the assessment of facial expressions in piglets undergoing tail docking and castration: toward the development of the piglet grimace scale.	many piglets are exposed to potentially painful husbandry procedures within the first week of life, including tail docking and castration, without the provision of either anesthesia or analgesia. the assessment methods used to evaluate pain experienced by piglets are often affected by low specificity and practical limitations, prompting the investigation of alternative methodologies. the assessment of changes in facial expression following a painful event has been successfully applied to several ...	2016	27896270
brain mass and encephalization quotients in the domestic industrial pig (sus scrofa).	in the present study we examined the brain of fetal, newborn, and adult pigs raised for meat production. the fresh and formalin-fixed weights of the brain have been recorded and used, together with body weight, to calculate the encephalization quotient (eq). the weight of the cerebellum has been used to calculate the cerebellar quotient (cq). the results have been discussed together with analogue data obtained in other terrestrial cetartiodactyla (including the domestic bovine, sheep, goat, and ...	2016	27351807
assessment of domestic pigs, wild boars and feral hybrid pigs as reservoirs of hepatitis e virus in corsica, france.	in corsica, extensive pig breeding systems allow frequent interactions between wild boars and domestic pigs, which are suspected to act as reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases including hepatitis e virus (hev). in this context, 370 sera and 166 liver samples were collected from phenotypically characterized as pure or hybrid wild boars, between 2009 and 2012. in addition, serum and liver from 208 domestic pigs belonging to 30 farms were collected at the abattoir during the end of 2013. anti-he ...	2016	27556478
molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs.	advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the majority of human ailments, including spine-related chronic disability and back pain, which stem from age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration (idd). given the rapid global rise in the aging population, understanding the biology of intervertebral disc aging in order to develop effective therapeutic interventions to combat the adverse effects of aging on disc health is now imperative. fortunately, recent advances in aging research have begun ...	2016	26890203
development of primer pairs from molecular typing of rabies virus variants present in mexico.	nucleoprotein (n) gene from rabies virus (rabv) is a useful sequence target for variant studies. several specific rabv variants have been characterized in different mammalian hosts such as skunk, dog, and bats by using anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs) via indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, a technique not available in many laboratories in mexico. in the present study, a total of 158 sequences of n gene from rabv were used to design eight pairs of primers (four external and f ...	2016	27563666
an oral aujeszky's disease vaccine (ys-400) induces neutralizing antibody in pigs.	aujeszky's disease (ad) is an economically important disease affecting both wild and domestic pigs of the species sus scrofa. a previous study yielded serological evidence of ad in korean wild boars, which could spread ad to other animals. a new aujeszky's disease virus (adv) bait vaccine is required to prevent ad outbreaks in swine. in the present study, we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a ge-deleted marker vaccine, strain ys-400, in young domestic pigs.	2016	27489803
allometric scaling of the elevation of maternal energy intake during lactation.	in most mammals, lactating mothers dramatically increase their food intake after parturition and reach a peak intake rate after a certain time while their offspring continue to grow. a common view, perpetuated by the metabolic theory of ecology, is that the allometric scaling of maternal metabolic rate with body mass limits the changes in energy intake and expenditure. therefore these potential effects of metabolic scaling should be reflected in the elevation of maternal energy intake during lac ...	2016	27418939
histopathological characterization of tail injury and traumatic neuroma development after tail docking in piglets.	tail docking of neonatal pigs is widely used as a measure to reduce the incidence of tail biting, a complex management problem in the pig industry. concerns exist over the long-term consequences of tail docking for possible tail stump pain sensitivity due to the development of traumatic neuromas in injured peripheral nerves. tail stumps were obtained post mortem from four female pigs at each of 1, 4, 8 and 16 weeks following tail amputation (approximately two-thirds removed) by a gas-heated dock ...	2016	27302763
evidence of aujeszky's disease in wild boar in serbia.	aujeszky's disease is a viral disease of suids caused by suid herpesvirus 1. the disease has worldwide distribution with significant economic impact. in serbia, there is neither an aujeszky's disease eradication nor national vaccination programme of domestic pigs. since clinical symptoms of aujeszky's disease are not specific, it is important to establish a link between clinical signs and presence of adv active infection in wild boars. the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of ...	2016	27357597
acoustic signalling reflects personality in a social mammal.	social interactions among individuals are often mediated through acoustic signals. if acoustic signals are consistent and related to an individual's personality, these consistent individual differences in signalling may be an important driver in social interactions. however, few studies in non-human mammals have investigated the relationship between acoustic signalling and personality. here we show that acoustic signalling rate is repeatable and strongly related to personality in a highly social ...	2016	27429775
piglets learn to use combined human-given visual and auditory signals to find a hidden reward in an object choice task.	although animals rarely use only one sense to communicate, few studies have investigated the use of combinations of different signals between animals and humans. this study assessed for the first time the spontaneous reactions of piglets to human pointing gestures and voice in an object-choice task with a reward. piglets (sus scrofa domestica) mainly use auditory signals-individually or in combination with other signals-to communicate with their conspecifics. their wide hearing range (42 hz to 4 ...	2016	27792731
a generic quantitative risk assessment framework for the entry of bat-borne zoonotic viruses into the european union.	bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases; in 2014 there have been human cases of nipah virus (niv) in bangladesh and ebola virus in west and central africa. here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to european union (eu) member states (mss) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. the model utilises ...	2016	27788234
the influence of root surface distance to alveolar bone and periodontal ligament on periodontal wound healing.	the purpose of this animal study was to perform a 3-dimensional micro-computed tomography (micro-ct) analysis in order to investigate the influence of root surface distance to the alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament on periodontal wound healing after a guided tissue regeneration (gtr) procedure.	2016	27800213
evidence for karyotype polymorphism in the free-living flatworm, macrostomum lignano, a model organism for evolutionary and developmental biology.	over the past decade, the free-living flatworm macrostomum lignano has been successfully used in many areas of biology, including embryology, stem cells, sexual selection, bioadhesion and aging. the increased use of this powerful laboratory model, including the establishment of genomic resources and tools, makes it essential to have a detailed description of the chromosome organization of this species, previously suggested to have a karyotype with 2n = 8 and one pair of large and three pairs of ...	2016	27755577
application of a handheld pressure application measurement device for the characterisation of mechanical nociceptive thresholds in intact pig tails.	the assessment of nociceptive thresholds is employed in animals and humans to evaluate changes in sensitivity potentially arising from tissue damage. its application on the intact pig tail might represent a suitable method to assess changes in nociceptive thresholds arising from tail injury, such as tail docking or tail biting. the pressure application measurement (pam) device is used here for the first time on the tail of pigs to determine the reliability of the methods and to provide novel dat ...	2016	27422675
xenon protects left ventricular diastolic function during acute ischemia, less than ischemic preconditioning.	anesthetics modify regional left ventricular (lv) dysfunction following ischemia/reperfusion but their effects on global function in this setting are less clear. aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that xenon would limit global lv dysfunction as caused by acute anterior wall ischemia, comparable to ischemic preconditioning. in an open-chest model under thiopental anesthesia, 30 pigs underwent 60-minute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, followed by 120 minutes of reperf ...	2016	27867480
evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza a/h7n9 virus in pb2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures.	novel avian h7n9 virus emerged in china in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. amino acid substitutions in pb2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of h7n9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. in this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution pb2-627k or compensatory changes at pb2-591k and pb2-701n, on the tropism and replication competence of h7n9 viruses for huma ...	2016	27739468
new experiments and a model-driven approach for interpreting middle stone age lithic point function using the edge damage distribution method.	the middle stone age (msa) is associated with early evidence for symbolic material culture and complex technological innovations. however, one of the most visible aspects of msa technologies are unretouched triangular stone points that appear in the archaeological record as early as 500,000 years ago in africa and persist throughout the msa. how these tools were being used and discarded across a changing pleistocene landscape can provide insight into how msa populations prioritized technological ...	2016	27736886
preclinical study of single-dose moxidectin, a new oral treatment for scabies: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics compared to two-dose ivermectin in a porcine model.	scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions globally; however it is a largely underexplored and truly neglected infectious disease. foremost, improvement in the management of this public health burden is imperative. current treatments with topical agents and/or oral ivermectin (ivm) are insufficient and drug resistance is emerging. moxidectin (mox), with more advantageous pharmacological profiles may be a promising alternative.	2016	27732588
expressed alleles of imprinted igf2, dlk1 and meg3 colocalize in 3d-preserved nuclei of porcine fetal cells.	to explore the relationship between spatial genome organization and gene expression in the interphase nucleus, we used a genomic imprinting model, which offers parental-specific gene expression. using 3d fish in porcine fetal liver cells, we compared the nuclear organization of the two parental alleles (expressed or not) of insulin-like growth factor 2 (igf2), a paternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 2. we investigated whether its nuclear positioning favors specific locus associations. ...	2016	27716032
leading edge analysis of transcriptomic changes during pseudorabies virus infection.	eight rna samples taken from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (tbln) of pigs that were either infected or non-infected with a feral isolate of porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) were used to investigate changes in gene expression related to the pathogen. the rna was processed into fastq files for each library prior to being analyzed using illumina digital gene expression tag profiling sequences (dgetp) which were used as the downstream measure of differential expression. analyzed tags consisted of ...	2016	27766207
an in vivo multi-modal structural template for neonatal piglets using high angular resolution and population-based whole-brain tractography.	an increasing number of applications use the postnatal piglet model in neuroimaging studies, however, these are based primarily on t1 weighted image templates. there is a growing need for a multimodal structural brain template for a comprehensive depiction of the piglet brain, particularly given the growing applications of diffusion weighted imaging for characterizing tissue microstructures and white matter organization. in this study, we present the first multimodal piglet structural brain temp ...	2016	27729850
divergent sapovirus strains and infection prevalence in wild carnivores in the serengeti ecosystem: a long-term study.	the genus sapovirus, in the family caliciviridae, includes enteric viruses of humans and domestic animals. information on sapovirus infection of wildlife is limited and is currently lacking for any free-ranging wildlife species in africa. by screening a large number of predominantly fecal samples (n = 631) obtained from five carnivore species in the serengeti ecosystem, east africa, sapovirus rna was detected in the spotted hyena (crocuta crocuta, family hyaenidae), african lion (panthera leo, f ...	2016	27661997
between the vinča and linearbandkeramik worlds: the diversity of practices and identities in the 54th-53rd centuries cal bc in southwest hungary and beyond.	perhaps nowhere in european prehistory does the idea of clearly-defined cultural boundaries remain more current than in the initial neolithic, where the southeast-northwest trend of the spread of farming crosses what is perceived as a sharp divide between the balkans and central europe. this corresponds to a distinction between the vinča culture package, named for a classic site in serbia, with its characteristic pottery assemblage and absence of longhouses, and the linearbandkeramik (lbk), with ...	2016	27746586
detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in lithuanian wild boar populations.	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is recognized worldwide as an important and economically devastating pathogen in pig production. although prrsv is widespread in domestic swine, there is a lack of information regarding prrsv infection in european wild boars (sus scrofa). currently available information does not provide conclusive evidence that wild boars are a reservoir of prrsv. nevertheless, wild boars may be likely to become infected by domestic swine through occasi ...	2016	27608974
copy number variation contributes to cryptic genetic variation in outbreak lineages of cryptococcus gattii from the north american pacific northwest.	copy number variants (cnvs) are a class of structural variants (svs) and are defined as fragments of dna that are present at variable copy number in comparison with a reference genome. recent advances in bioinformatics methodologies and sequencing technologies have enabled the high-resolution quantification of genome-wide cnvs. in pathogenic fungi svs have been shown to alter gene expression, influence host specificity, and drive fungicide resistance, but little attention has focused specificall ...	2016	27590805
porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) increases the expression of endothelial adhesion/junction molecules.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. as various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of pcv2 infe ...	2016	27522934
characterization of a pathogenic full-length cdna clone and transmission model for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain pc22a.	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly pathogenic alphacoronavirus. in the united states, highly virulent pedv strains cause between 80 and 100% mortality in suckling piglets and are rapidly transmitted between animals and farms. to study the genetic factors that regulate pathogenesis and transmission, we developed a molecular clone of pedv strain pc22a. the infectious-clone-derived pedv (icpedv) replicated as efficiently as the parental virus in cell culture and in pigs, resulting i ...	2016	26733065