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camelid-derived heavy-chain nanobody against clostridium botulinum neurotoxin e in pichia pastoris.botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) result in severe and often fatal disease, botulism. common remedial measures such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin in turn are problematic and time-consuming. therefore, diagnosis and therapy of bonts are vital. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhh) has unique features, such as the ability to identify and bind specifically to target epitopes and ease of production in bacteria and yeast. the pichia pastoris is suitable for expressio ...201724673401
preparing for biological threats: addressing the needs of pregnant women.intentional release of infectious agents and biological weapons to cause illness and death has the potential to greatly impact pregnant women and their fetuses. we review what is known about the maternal and fetal effects of seven biological threats: bacillus anthracis (anthrax); variola virus (smallpox); clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism); burkholderia mallei (glanders) and burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis); yersinia pestis (plague); francisella tularensis (tularemia); and rickettsia ...201728398677
antitoxin therapy of natural avian botulism outbreaks occurred in brazil.botulism commonly affects water birds and it has recently been observed to be emerging in poultry production. in the present work, outbreaks of botulism in wild native species, such as the black-fronted piping-guan (aburria jacutinga), wild duck (cairina moschata) and its crosses with mallard (anas platyrhynchos), and domestic chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) are described. following treatments with a commercial botulism antitoxin cd, 28 (96.5%) out of 29 animals fully recovered after 24-72 h ...201728807621
tubulin-like proteins in prokaryotic dna positioning.a family of tubulin-related proteins (tubzs) has been identified in prokaryotes as being important for the inheritance of virulence plasmids of several pathogenic bacilli and also being implicated in the lysogenic life cycle of several bacteriophages. cell biological studies and reconstitution experiments revealed that tubzs function as prokaryotic cytomotive filaments, providing one-dimensional motive forces. plasmid-borne tubz filaments most likely transport plasmid centromeric complexes by de ...201728500531
[botulism: diagnosis and therapy].background botulism is a rare, life-threatening, time-critical neuroparalytic disease that is frequently a subject of differential diagnostic considerations. but there is much uncertainty regarding diagnosis and therapy. rapid diagnosis, early antitoxin dose, consistent food hygiene and the sensitization of the population can help to reduce incidence, morbidity and mortality. methods this overview is based on an epidemiological data inquiry (rki, ecdc, cdc, who) and a selective literature resear ...201728850968
genome sequence of clostridium botulinum strain adk2012 associated with a foodborne botulinum case in tottori, japan, in 2012.we report here a draft genome sequence of clostridium botulinum adk2012 responsible for a foodborne botulism case that occurred in tottori, japan, in 2012. its genome size was 2,904,173 bp, with 46 rrnas and 54 trnas, at a coverage of 14.5×.201728839036
influences of hla drb1, dqa1 and dqb1 on t-cell recognition of epitopes and of larger regions of the botulinum neurotoxin molecule.previously, we have examined the proliferative responses of t-cells from 25 patients and 8 controls to 32 light chain (l1 - l32) and 60 heavy chain peptides (n1 - n29, c1 - c31) representing the entire clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type a (bont/a)[om1-om3]. in the current work, these t-cell responses were analyzed in the context of the patients hla-drb1, dqa1 and dqb1 variation. there were strong associations between the dqa1*01:02 and its derived haplotypes and cumulative t-cell proliferativ ...201728823519
role of adp ribosylation factor6- cytohesin1-phospholipased signaling axis in u46619 induced activation of nadph oxidase in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell membrane.treatment of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hpasmcs) with the thromboxane a2 receptor antagonist, sq29548 inhibited u46619 stimulation of phospholipase d (pld) and nadph oxidase activities in the cell membrane. pretreatment with apocynin inhibited u46619 induced increase in nadph oxidase activity. the cell membrane contains predominantly pld2 along with pld1 isoforms of pld. pretreatment with pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of pld2, but not pld1, attenuated u46619 stimulation ...201728822840
reoccurrence of botulinum neurotoxin subtype a3 inducing food-borne botulism, slovakia, 2015.a case of food-borne botulism occurred in slovakia in 2015. clostridium botulinum type a was isolated from three nearly empty commercial hummus tubes. the product, which was sold in slovakia and the czech republic, was withdrawn from the market and a warning was issued immediately through the european commission's rapid alert system for food and feed (rasff). further investigation revealed the presence of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) subtype bont/a3, a very rare subtype implicated in only one pre ...201728816652
neurotoxin synthesis is positively regulated by the sporulation transcription factor spo0a in clostridium botulinum type e.clostridium botulinum produces the most potent natural toxin, the botulinum neurotoxin (bont), probably to create anaerobiosis and nutrients by killing the host, and forms endospores that facilitate survival in harsh conditions and transmission. peak bont production coincides with initiation of sporulation in c. botulinum cultures, which suggests common regulation. here we show that spo0a, the master regulator of sporulation, positively regulates bont production. insertional inactivation of spo0 ...201728809452
selection of surrogate bacteria for use in food safety challenge studies: a review.nonpathogenic surrogate bacteria are prevalently used in a variety of food challenge studies in place of foodborne pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and clostridium botulinum because of safety and sanitary concerns. surrogate bacteria should have growth characteristics and/or inactivation kinetics similar to those of target pathogens under given conditions in challenge studies. it is of great importance to carefully select and validate potential surr ...201728805457
identification and characterization of clostridium botulinum group iii field strains by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms).animal botulism is primarily due to botulinum neurotoxin (bont) types c, d or their chimeric variants c/d or d/c, produced by clostridium botulinum group iii, which appears to include the genetically indistinguishable clostridium haemolyticum and clostridium novyi. in the present study, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi tof ms) to identify and characterize 81 bont-producing clostridia isolated in 47 episodes of animal botulism. the instru ...201728802703
comparative pathogenomics of clostridium tetani.clostridium tetani and clostridium botulinum produce two of the most potent neurotoxins known, tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxin, respectively. extensive biochemical and genetic investigation has been devoted to identifying and characterizing various c. botulinum strains. less effort has been focused on studying c. tetani likely because recently sequenced strains of c. tetani show much less genetic diversity than c. botulinum strains and because widespread vaccination efforts have redu ...201728800585
study of response of swiss webster mice to light subunit of mushroom tyrosinase.the light subunit of mushroom, agaricus bisporus, tyrosinase (lsmt), has been identified as an extrinsic component of the enzyme. its function is unknown, but it can cross an epithelial cell layer, which suggests that it can be absorbed by the intestine. a similar capability has been demonstrated for the ha-33 component of the progenitor toxin from clostridium botulinum, which is the closest structural homolog of lsmt. unlike ha-33, lsmt appears to be non-immunogenic as shown by preliminary test ...201728800260
cellular entry of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin are composed of two non-linked proteins, one being the enzymatic component and the other being the binding/translocation component. these latter components recognize specific receptors and oligomerize in plasma membrane lipid-rafts, mediating the uptake of the enzymatic component into the cytosol. enzymatic components induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through the adp-ribosylation of actin and are responsible for cell r ...201728800062
inhibition of clostridium botulinum in model reduced-sodium pasteurized prepared cheese products.the 1986 food research institute-tanaka et al. model predicts the safety of shelf-stable process cheese spread formulations using the parameters of moisture, ph, nacl, and disodium phosphate (dsp) to inhibit toxin production by clostridium botulinum. although this model is very reliable for predicting safety for standard-of-identity spreads, the effects of additional factors have not been considered. the objective of this study was to create a predictive model to include the interactive effect o ...201728786718
 infant botulism - why honey should be avoided for children up to one year infant botulism means that clostridium botulinum colonize and produce toxin in the infant gut, usually during the first year of life. illness severity varies widely and the incidence may be under-estimated. infant botulism should be considered in cases of acute muscle weakness or floppiness in infants, especially when accompanied by constipation or feeding difficulties. respiratory failure and need for mechanical ventilati ...201728742188
differentiating botulinum-neurotoxin-producing clostridia with a simple, multiplex pcr assay.diverse members of the genus clostridium produce botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), which cause a flaccid paralysis known as botulism. while multiple species of clostridia produce bonts, the majority of human botulism cases have been attributed to clostridium botulinum groups i and ii. recent comparative genomic studies have demonstrated the genomic diversity within these bont-producing species. this study introduces a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for differentiating members of c. ...201728733282
reversible association of the hemagglutinin subcomplex, ha-33/ha-17 trimer, with the botulinum toxin complex.botulinum neurotoxin (bont) associates with nontoxic proteins, either a nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (ntnha) or the complex of ntnha and hemagglutinin (ha), to form m- or l-toxin complexes (tcs). single bont and ntnha molecules are associated and form m-tc. a trimer of the 70-kda ha protein (ha-70) attaches to the m-tc to form m-tc/ha-70. further, 1-3 arm-like 33- and 17-kda ha molecules (ha-33/ha-17 trimer), consisting of 1 ha-17 protein and 2 ha-33 proteins, can attach to the m-tc/ha-70 complex, ...201728707196
molecular and epidemiological characterization of infant botulism in beijing, china.laboratory-based pathogen isolation, identification, and toxicity determination were performed on samples from a suspected case of infant botulism. mice injected with cultures generated from the enema sample and ingested powered infant formula (pif) presented typical signs of botulism. antitoxins to polyvalent botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) and monovalent bont type b antitoxin had protective effects. clostridium botulinum isolated from the enema and residual pif samples were positive for type b t ...201728705271
clostridium tepidum sp. nov., a close relative of clostridium sporogenes and clostridium botulinum group i.obligately anaerobic, gram-stain-positive, spore-forming bacteria indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were isolated from non-dairy protein shakes in bloated bottles. one of the isolates, strain ieh 97212t, was selected for further study. the strain was closely related to clostridium sporogenes and clostridium botulinum group 1 based on 16s rrna gene sequence similarities. phylogenetic analysis also showed that strain ieh 97212t and strain pe (=dsm 18688), a bacterium isolated f ...201728693684
pulsotype diversity of clostridium botulinum strains containing serotypes a and/or b genes.clostridium botulinum strains are prevalent in the environment and produce a potent neurotoxin that causes botulism, a rare but serious paralytic disease. in 2010, a national pulsenet database was established to curate c. botulinum pulsotypes and facilitate epidemiological investigations, particularly for serotypes a and b strains frequently associated with botulism cases in the united states. between 2010 and 2014 we performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using a pulsenet protocol, u ...201728692343
effect of cultured celery juice, temperature, and product composition on the inhibition of proteolytic clostridium botulinum toxin production.clostridium botulinum may be of concern in prepared refrigerated meals, for which strict cold chain management cannot be guaranteed. this study evaluated the effect of temperature, product composition, and cultured celery juice powder (ccjp) as a source of nitrite on the inhibition of botulinum toxin formation in two experimental (meat- and vegetable-based) prepared meals. data obtained from the challenge study were compared with a published mathematical model to determine whether the model is f ...201728686493
effect of equilibrated ph and indigenous spoilage microorganisms on the inhibition of proteolytic clostridium botulinum toxin production in experimental meals under temperature abuse.clostridium botulinum is a foreseeable biological hazard in prepared refrigerated meals that needs to be addressed in food safety plans. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of product composition and storage temperature on the inhibition of botulinum toxin formation in nine experimental meals (meat, vegetable, or carbohydrate based). treatments were inoculated with proteolytic c. botulinum, vacuum packaged, cooked at 90°c for 10 min, and assayed for botulinum toxin in samples ...201728686492
investigating crispr-cas systems in clostridium botulinum via bioinformatics tools.the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) systems are a type of innate immunity found in some prokaryotes, which protect them against alien genetic elements by targeting foreign nucleic acids. some other functions are also attributed to these systems. clostridium botulinum bacteria produce botulinum neurotoxins (bont), one of the deadliest known toxins for humans and some animals. food poisoning due to these bacteria is still a challenge in food industries. on the ot ...201728684374
gaseous ligand selectivity of the h-nox sensor protein from shewanella oneidensis and comparison to those of other bacterial h-noxs and soluble guanylyl cyclase.to delineate the commonalities and differences in gaseous ligand discrimination among the heme-based sensors with heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding protein (h-nox) scaffold, the binding kinetic parameters for gaseous ligands no, co, and o2, including kd, kon, and koff, of shewanella oneidensis h-nox (so h-nox) were characterized in detail in this study and compared to those of previously characterized h-noxs from clostridium botulinum (cb h-nox), nostoc sp. (ns h-nox), thermoanaerobacter tengcong ...201728655588
subcutaneous botulinum toxin injection for post-thoracotomy pain syndrome in palliative care: a case report.post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (ptps) is a traumatic neuropathy that can affect as many as 50% of patients undergoing thoracotomy. patients are often refractory to conservative management and may require multiple analgesics for adequate pain control. botulinum toxin, derived from clostridium botulinum, has many uses in treating conditions involving spasticity, dystonia, chronic migraine, and a variety of pain disorders including neuropathies. botulinum toxin type a injections may provide an alte ...201728641445
characterization of hemagglutinin negative botulinum progenitor toxins.botulism is a disease involving intoxication with botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), toxic proteins produced by clostridium botulinum and other clostridia. the 150 kda neurotoxin is produced in conjunction with other proteins to form the botulinum progenitor toxin complex (ptc), alternating in size from 300 kda to 500 kda. these progenitor complexes can be classified into hemagglutinin positive or hemagglutinin negative, depending on the ability of some of the neurotoxin-associated proteins (naps) t ...201728617306
botulinum toxin off-label use in dermatology: a review.botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum which causes a flaccid muscle paralysis. it is currently used for aesthetic treatments and in the focal hyperhidrosis. recently, botulinum toxin has also been used experimentally in many other dermatological conditions with good results.201728612001
finished whole-genome sequences of two clostridium botulinum type a(b) isolates.clostridium botulinum secretes a potent neurotoxin that causes devastating effects when ingested, including paralysis and death if not treated. in the united states, some clinically significant strains produce toxin type a while also harboring a silent b gene. these are the first two closed genome sequences published for this subset.201728546483
[clinical analysis of 53 patients with clostridium botulinum food poisoning].to analyze the epidemiologic data of patients with clostridium botulinum food poisoning, and to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of food borne botulism.201728524037
draft genome sequences of five brazilian clostridium botulinum group iii type d/c strains.animal botulism is mainly associated with clostridium botulinum group iii-producing neurotoxin types c, c/d, d, and d/c. in this report, we present the draft genome sequences of the first five strains of clostridium botulinum type d/c isolated in brazil and used for vaccination purposes.201728522711
injectable and topical neurotoxins in dermatology: basic science, anatomy, and therapeutic agents.botulinum toxin is a potentially deadly anaerobic bacterial toxin that acts by inhibiting release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting contraction of the exposed striated muscle. there are currently 4 botulinum toxin preparations approved by the us food and drug administration (fda): onabotulinumtoxin, abobotulinumtoxin, incobotulinumtoxin and rimabotulinumtoxin. while significant overlap exists, each product has unique properties and specifications, including dosin ...201728522038
botulinum toxin therapy: functional silencing of salivary disorders.botulinum toxin (btx) is a neurotoxic protein produced by clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic bacterium. btx therapy is a safe and effective treatment when used for functional silencing of the salivary glands in disorders such as sialoceles and salivary fistulae that may have a post-traumatic or post-operative origin. btx injections can be considered in sialoceles and salivary fistulae after the failure of or together with conservative treatments (e.g. antibiotics, pressure dressings, or serial ...201728516981
heat shock and prolonged heat stress attenuate neurotoxin and sporulation gene expression in group i clostridium botulinum strain atcc 3502.foodborne pathogenic bacteria are exposed to a number of environmental stresses during food processing, storage, and preparation, and in the human body. in order to improve the safety of food, the understanding of molecular stress response mechanisms foodborne pathogens employ is essential. many response mechanisms that are activated during heat shock may cross-protect bacteria against other environmental stresses. to better understand the molecular mechanisms clostridium botulinum, the causativ ...201728464023
regulation of botulinum neurotoxin synthesis and toxin complex formation by arginine and glucose in clostridium botulinum atcc 3502.botulinum neurotoxin (bont), produced by neurotoxigenic clostridia, is the most potent biological toxin known and the causative agent of the paralytic disease botulism. the nutritional, environmental, and genetic regulation of bont synthesis, activation, stability, and toxin complex (tc) formation is not well studied. previous studies indicated that growth and bont formation were affected by arginine and glucose in clostridium botulinum types a and b. in the present study, c. botulinum atcc 3502 ...201728455330
pan-genome analysis of clostridium botulinum reveals unique targets for drug development.clostridium botulinum, a formidable pathogen is responsible for the emerging cause of food poisoning cases on the global canvas. the endemicity of bacterium clostridium botulinum is reflected by the sudden hospital outbreaks and increased resistance towards multiple drugs. therefore, a combined approach of in-silico comparative genomic analysis with statistical analysis was applied to overcome the limitation of bench-top technologies. owing to the paucity of genomic data available by the advent ...201728450142
commentary: a bacterial global regulator forms a prion. 201728443085
genetic characterization of the exceptionally high heat resistance of the non-toxic surrogate clostridium sporogenes pa 3679.clostridium sporogenes pa 3679 is a non-toxic endospore former that is widely used as a surrogate for clostridium botulinum by the food processing industry to validate thermal processing strategies. pa 3679 produces spores of exceptionally high heat resistance without botulinum neurotoxins, permitting the use of pa 3679 in inoculated pack studies while ensuring the safety of food processing facilities. to identify genes associated with this heat resistance, the genomes of c. sporogenes pa 3679 i ...201728421047
the light subunit of mushroom agaricus bisporus tyrosinase: its biological characteristics and implications.the light subunit of mushroom agaricus bisporus tyrosinase (lsmt) is a protein of unknown function that was discovered serendipitously during the elucidation of the crystal structure of the enzyme. the protein is non-immunogenic and can penetrate the intestinal epithelial cell barrier, and thus, similar to its structural homologue ha-33 from clostridium botulinum, may be potentially absorbable by the intestine. lsmt also shares high structural homology with the ricin-b-like lectin from the mushr ...201728392381
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