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chitinases produced by paenibacillus illinoisensis and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. pakistani degrade nod factor from bradyrhizobium japonicum.chitinases are enzymes that hydrolyze internal beta-1,4-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine linkages of chitin. since the backbone of nod factors is a chitin oligomer, we investigated whether chitinases produced by soil bacteria paenibacillus illinoisensis kja-424 and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. pakistani hd 395 are able to degrade nod factor produced by bradyrhizobium japonicum, a phenomenon that could disrupt b. japonicum-soybean signaling and nodule establishment when chitinases are present. purified no ...200816904303
changes of inheritance mode and fitness in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) along with its resistance evolution to cry1ac toxin.the changes of inheritance mode and fitness of resistance in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) along with its resistance evolution to cry1ac toxin were evaluated in the laboratory. the resistance levels reached 170.0-, 209.6- and 2893.3-fold, on selection of the field population in the 16th (btr-f(16)), 34th (btr-f(34)) and 87th (btr-f(87)) generation with artificial diet containing cry1ac toxin, respectively. as the resistance levels increased, more larvae feeding on the bt cotton expressing cry1ac ...200817950749
isolation and characterization of bacillus thuringiensis strains from olive-related habitats in turkey.to isolate bacillus thuringiensis strains from different olive-related habitats (olive groves and olive oil factories) in turkey and to characterize these strains by molecular methods.200817927757
expression of chitinase a (chia) gene from a local isolate of serratia marcescens in coleoptera-specific bacillus thuringiensis.the present study focused on cloning and expression of chia gene from a highly chitinolytic local isolate of serratia marcescens in an anti-coleopteran bacillus thuringiensis and comparison of the characteristics of the native and recombinant chias.200817927758
the inactivation and removal of airborne bacillus atrophaeus endospores from air circulation systems using uvc and hepa filters.to (i) evaluate the uv radiation in the 'c' band/high efficient particulate air (uvc/hepa) instrument's potential to inactivate spores of bacillus atrophaeus and selected bacillus species and (ii) test whether a titanium dioxide coating inside the cylindrical hepa filter improves the system's efficacy.200817927759
constitutive and herbivore-inducible glucosinolate concentrations in oilseed rape (brassica napus) leaves are not affected by bt cry1ac insertion but change under elevated atmospheric co2 and o3.glucosinolates are plant secondary compounds involved in direct chemical defence by cruciferous plants against herbivores. the glucosinolate profile can be affected by abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli. we studied changes in glucosinolate patterns in leaves of non-transgenic oilseed rape (brassica napus ssp. oleifera) under elevated atmospheric co2 or ozone (o3) concentrations and compared them with those from transgenic for herbivore-resistance (bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac endotoxin), ...200817922289
construction, crystal structure and application of a recombinant protein that lacks the collagen-like region of bcla from bacillus anthracis spores.spores of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are enclosed by an exosporium, which consists of a basal layer surrounded by a nap of hair-like filaments. the major structural component of the filaments is called bcla, which comprises a central collagen-like region (clr) and a globular c-terminal domain. here, the entire clr coding sequence of bcla was removed, and the resulting protein (tbcla) produced in escherichia coli. the crystallographic structure of tbcla was determined to ...200817879302
screening of cry gene contents of bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from avocado orchards in mexico, and their insecticidal activity towards argyrotaenia sp. (lepidoptera: tortricidae) larvae.to screen for bacillus thuringiensis strains from avocado orchards in two mexican states with lepidopteran-specific cry gene content and evaluate their insecticidal activity against argyrotaenia sp., an undescribed species present in avocado orchards.200817887987
identification and characterization of midgut proteases in achaea janata and their implications.insect midgut proteases are excellent targets for insecticidal agents such as bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins and protease inhibitors. the midgut proteases of achaea janata have been characterized and casein zymograms indicated at least five distinct activities corresponding to approx 17, 20, 29 and 80, and 90 kda. using a combination of synthetic substrates and specific inhibitors in casein zymograms, photometric assays and activity blots, three trypsin-like and one elastase-like serine prote ...200817891457
microbial control of insect pests in temperate orchard systems: potential for incorporation into ipm.because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents (mcas) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest management (ipm) systems that do not pose a threat to applicators or the environment and allow other natural enemies to function. control of several orchard pest insects using mcas, including viruses, bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes (epns), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, and several nut crops. b. thuringiensis i ...200817803454
selective inhibition of binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin to cadherin-like and aminopeptidase proteins in brush-border membranes and dissociated epithelial cells from bombyx mori.binding analyses with denatured epithelial membrane proteins from bt (bacillus thuringiensis) demonstrated at least two kinds of proteins, apns (aminopeptidases n) and cadherin-like proteins, as possible receptors for the cry1a class of bt toxins. two alternative models have been proposed, both based on initial toxin binding to a cadherin-like protein, but one involving apn and the other not. we have used two bombyx mori strains (j65 and kin), which are highly susceptible to cry1ab, to study the ...200817725543
changes in the properties of bacillus thuringiensis after prolonged culture in a rich medium.to investigate the effect of repeated culture in a rich medium on certain genetic, metabolic, pathogenic and structural characteristics of fresh isolates of bacillus thuringiensis.200817850315
cry3bb1 protein from bacillus thuringiensis in root exudates and biomass of transgenic corn does not persist in soil.the cry3bb1 protein, insecticidal to the corn rootworm complex (diabrotica spp.), of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) subsp. kumamotoensis was released in root exudates of transgenic bt corn (event mon863) in sterile hydroponic culture (7.5 +/- 1.12 ng/ml after 28 days of growth) and in nonsterile soil throughout growth of the plants (2.2 +/- 0.62 ng/g after 63 days of growth). kitchawan soil, which contains predominantly kaolinite (k) but not montmorillonite (m), was amended to 3 or 6% (vol./vol.) w ...200817851773
impact of single-gene and dual-gene bt broccoli on the herbivore pieris rapae (lepidoptera: pieridae) and its pupal endoparasitoid pteromalus puparum (hymenoptera: pteromalidae).transgenic brassica crops producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are being investigated as candidates for field release to control lepidopteran pests. information on the potential impact of bt brassica crops on pests and non-target natural enemies is needed as part of an environmental risk assessment prior to the commercial release. this first tier study provides insight into the tritrophic interactions among bt broccoli plants, the herbivore pieris rapae and its parasi ...200817851777
susceptibility of legume pod borer (lpb), maruca vitrata to delta-endotoxins of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in taiwan.baseline susceptibility of legume pod borer (lpb) to the insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) from bacillus thuringiensis, viz, cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ca and cry2aa was assessed in taiwan. insect bioassays were performed by incorporating the bt delta-endotoxins into the lpb artificial diet. the efficacy of different bt delta-endotoxins against second instar larvae of lpb showed that the toxin cry1ab was the most potent toxin (lc(50) 0.207ppm), followed by cry1ca, cry1aa, cry2aa and cry1ac i ...200817689558
performance impact of dynamic surface coatings on polymeric insulator-based dielectrophoretic particle separators.efficient and robust particle separation and enrichment techniques are critical for a diverse range of lab-on-a-chip analytical devices including pathogen detection, sample preparation, high-throughput particle sorting, and biomedical diagnostics. previously, using insulator-based dielectrophoresis (idep) in microfluidic glass devices, we demonstrated simultaneous particle separation and concentration of various biological organisms, polymer microbeads, and viruses. as an alternative to glass, w ...200817624517
interactions of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in genetically engineered cotton with predatory heteropterans.a number of cotton varieties have been genetically transformed with genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to continuously produce bt endotoxins, offering whole plant and season-long protection against many lepidopteran larvae. constant whole-plant toxin expression creates a significant opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and bio-accumulate the toxin for higher trophic levels. in the present study we investigated movement of cry1ac toxin from the transgenic cotton plant through spec ...200817570072
b. thuringiensis is a poor colonist of leaf surfaces.the ability of several bacillus thuringiensis strains to colonize plant surfaces was assessed and compared with that of more common epiphytic bacteria. while all b. thuringiensis strains multiplied to some extent after inoculation on bean plants, their maximum epiphytic population sizes of 10(6) cfu/g of leaf were always much less than that achieved by other resident epiphytic bacteria or an epiphytically fit pseudomonas fluorescens strain, which attained population sizes of about 10(7) cfu/g of ...200817587074
disruption of ha_btr alters binding of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cry1ac to midgut bbmvs of helicoverpa armigera.disruption of the ha_btr (a cadherin gene) is genetically linked to resistance to cry1ac delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis in the gybt strain of helicoverpa armigera. brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) prepared from midguts of both the cry1ac-resistant gybt strain (homozygous for a deletion knockout of ha_btr) and the susceptible gy strain (homozygous for the wild type of ha_btr) possessed saturable and specific binding ability to (125)i-cry1ac. the binding constant (k(d)) of the gy ...200817681529
multiple-locus sequence typing analysis of bacillus thuringiensis recovered from the phylloplane of clover (trifolium hybridum) in vegetative form.abstract the chromosomal genotype, as judged by multi locus sequence typing, and the episomal genotype, as judged by plasmid profile and cry gene content, were analyzed for a collection of strains of bacillus thuringiensis. these had been recovered in vegetative form over a period of several months from the leaves of a small plot of clover (trifolium hybridum). a clonal population structure was indicated, although greater variation in sequence types (sts) was discovered than in previous collecti ...200817682816
bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on chromosorb 101: a new solid phase extractant for preconcentration of heavy metal ions in environmental samples.bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on chromosorb 101 that is a new solid phase extractor has been presented at this work for the preconcentration and separation of cadmium(ii), lead(ii), manganese(ii), chromium(iii), nickel(ii) and cobalt(ii) in environmental samples. the analytical parameters including ph of aqueous solutions, sample volume, eluent types, etc. were investigated for the quantitative recoveries of the analytes. the influences of the some metal ions as concomitant ...200817543450
wet and dry density of bacillus anthracis and other bacillus species.to determine the wet and dry density of spores of bacillus anthracis and compare these values with the densities of other bacillus species grown and sporulated under similar conditions.200818298528
phenotypic and genotypic features of new autoagglutinating bacillus thuringiensis strains.a total of 28 autoagglutinating strains of bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from different ecologic niches and distinct sites. twenty-six strains demonstrated toxicity to mosquito larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the electrophoretic protein profiles of the crystal components were studied. twenty-three out of the 28 strains showed the same larvicidal activity and the same protein profiles as b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis. using isoenzyme analysis (mlee), it was obser ...200818304571
etest for antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis: evaluation of a french collection. 200818316178
biotechnological prospects for engineering insect-resistant plants. 200818316644
expression of a synthetic cry1ec gene for resistance against spodoptera litura in transgenic peanut (arachis hypogaea l.).the tobacco cutworm (spodoptera litura) is a polyphagous foliage insect and a major pest on peanut (arachis hypogaea l.). s. litura is susceptible to the chimeric delta-endotoxin cry1ec reported earlier. de-embryonated cotyledon explants of peanut were transformed using agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha101 harboring a synthetic cry1ec gene driven by the camv 35s promoter. transgenic plants of peanut with a single copy insertion of cry1ec were selected in the t(0) generation by southern blot h ...200818320194
prey mediated effects of bt maize on fitness and digestive physiology of the red spider mite predator stethorus punctillum weise (coleoptera: coccinellidae).the present study investigated prey-mediated effects of two maize varieties expressing a truncated cry1ab, compa cb (event bt176) and dkc7565 (event mon810), on the biology of the ladybird stethorus punctillum. although immuno-assays demonstrated the presence of cry1ab in both prey and predator collected from commercial maize-growing fields, neither transgenic variety had any negative effects on survival of the predator, nor on the developmental time through to adulthood. furthermore, no subsequ ...200818322817
impact of bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ab on rumen epithelial cells (rec) - a new in vitro model for safety assessment of recombinant food compounds.the growing use of genetically modified crops necessitates viable screening methods for safety evaluation of recombinant feed, particularly for ruminants. a new sheep rumen epithelial cell culture is introduced as an in vitro cell system for safety evaluation especially focussing on feed and food compounds. we used lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) release, wst-1 conversion, atp content and caspase 3/7 activity to evaluate cytotoxicity of cry1ab, one of the newly expressed bt-proteins in transgene mai ...200818325653
cysteine scanning mutagenesis of alpha4, a putative pore-lining helix of the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin cry1aa.helix alpha4 of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins is thought to line the lumen of the pores they form in the midgut epithelial cells of susceptible insect larvae. to define its functional role in pore formation, most of the alpha4 amino acid residues were replaced individually by a cysteine in the cry1aa toxin. the toxicities and pore-forming abilities of the mutated toxins were examined, respectively, by bioassays using neonate manduca sexta larvae and by a light-scattering assay using midgut b ...200818326669
benzylideneacetone, an immunosuppressant, enhances virulence of bacillus thuringiensis against beet armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).benzylideneacetone (bza) is a metabolite of gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila, and it acts as an enzyme inhibitor against phospholipase a2 (pla2). pla2 catalyzes a committed biosynthetic step of eicosanoids, which mediate insect immune reactions to infection by microbial pathogens. this study tested a hypothesis that a putative immunosuppressive activity of bza may enhance virulence of bacillus thuringiensis against the fifth instars of spodoptera exigua (hübner) ( ...200818330113
baseline susceptibility of tobacco budworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., lines expressing both cry1f and cry1ac insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been commercially available in the united states since 2005. both bt proteins are highly effective against tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.), and other lepidopteran pests of cotton. although crylac has been available in bt cotton since 1996, the cry1f component is relatively new. as part of the proactive resistance management program for cry1f/cry1a ...200818330132
effect of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice lines on mortality and feeding behavior of rice stem borers (lepidoptera: crambidae).ten transgenic bacillus thuringiensis bt rice, oryza sativa l., lines with different bt genes (two cry1ac lines, three cry2a lines, and five cry9c lines) derived from the same variety minghui 63 were evaluated in both the laboratory and the field. bioassays were conducted by using the first instars of two main rice lepidopteran insect species: yellow stem borer, scirpophaga incertulas (walker) and asiatic rice borer, chilo suppressalis (walker). all transgenic lines exhibited high toxicity to th ...200818330134
aquatic fate and effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry3bb1 protein: toward risk assessment.genetically engineered crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal crystalline (cry) proteins became commercially available in the united states in 1996. in 2006, 19 million ha of bt corn were planted worldwide, which represents a 10 million ha increase in 10 years. the sustainability of bt crops is important, because their use has significantly reduced the amount of chemical insecticides necessary to control agricultural pests. despite the high adoption rates of this novel insecti ...200818333682
a naturally occurring plant cysteine protease possesses remarkable toxicity against insect pests and synergizes bacillus thuringiensis toxin.when caterpillars feed on maize (zea maize l.) lines with native resistance to several lepidopteran pests, a defensive cysteine protease, mir1-cp, rapidly accumulates at the wound site. mir1-cp has been shown to inhibit caterpillar growth in vivo by attacking and permeabilizing the insect's peritrophic matrix (pm), a structure that surrounds the food bolus, assists in digestion and protects the midgut from microbes and toxins. pm permeabilization weakens the caterpillar defenses by facilitating ...200818335057
quantifying the reproduction of bacillus thuringiensis hd1 in cadavers and live larvae of plutella xylostella.the bacillus cereus group comprises a range of micro-organisms with diverse habits, including gut commensals, opportunistic pathogens and soil saprophytes. using quantitative microbiological methods we tested whether bacillus thuringiensis (bt) could reproduce in cadavers of plutella xylostella killed by bt, or in the gut of live insects, or be transmitted vertically from females to their offspring. we also tested whether diverse bt strains could grow in high nutrient broth at a ph similar to th ...200818336832
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial community profiles in the rhizosphere of cry1ac-carrying brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis.the effect of genetically modified (gm) brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (chinese cabbage) expressing bt toxin gene (cry1ac) to the rhizosphere bacterial community was examined using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) fingerprinting method. from the visual comparison of the dgge profiles, there were no significant differences between the profiles of bt and control rhizosphere in both suwon and yesan samples. from the sequence analysis of the individual bands, sphingomonas sp. of a ...200818337686
[cloning and physical map construction of a large plasmid pbmb165 in bacillus thuringiensis].the largest detected plasmid pbmb165 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain ybt-1765 (h(8ab)) was cloned and its physical map was analyzed. for the cloning, two bac libraries were constructed with their plasmid dna and genomic dna, respectively. the plasmid dna bac library was obtained by partially digesting plasmid dna with bamhi and then cloning to pbelobac11 vector, whereas the genomic dna bac library was done with hindiii partial digestion. with the chromosome walking strategy ...200818338570
bacillus spore classification via surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis.surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers) can provide rapid fingerprinting of biomaterial in a nondestructive manner. the adsorption of colloidal silver to biological material suppresses native biofluorescence while providing electromagnetic surface enhancement of the normal raman signal. this work validates the applicability of qualitative ser spectroscopy for analysis of bacterial species by utilizing principal component analysis (pca) to show discrimination of biological threat simulants, ba ...200818339232
a new group of parasporal inclusions encoded by the s-layer gene of bacillus thuringiensis.bacillus thuringiensis produces various groups of active proteins, such as cyt, vip and parasporin, in addition to the cry protein. in this study we show s-layer proteins to be a new group of parasporal inclusions of b. thuringiensis. the s-layer consists of a two-dimensional lattice structure and is the outermost component of many archaeobacteria and eubacteria. the parasporal inclusion of b. thuringiensis strain ctc was found to be not a typical crystal protein encoded by the cry gene, but a p ...200818341579
role of helix b residues in interfacial activation of a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c.the bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc), an interfacial enzyme associated with prokaryotic infectivity, is activated by binding to zwitterionic surfaces, particularly phosphatidycholine (pc). two tryptophan residues (trp47 in the two-turn helix b and trp242 in a disordered loop) at the rim of the barrel structure are critical for this interaction. the helix b region (ile43 to gly48) in wild-type pi-plc orients the side chains of ile43 and trp47 so that t ...200818345643
reduced fitness of daphnia magna fed a bt-transgenic maize variety.genetically modified (gm) maize expressing the bt-toxin cry1ab (bt-maize) was tested for effects on survival, growth, and reproduction of the water flea daphnia magna, a crustacean arthropod commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. in three repeated experiments, d. magna were fed 100% ground maize in suspension, using either gm or isogenic unmodified (um) maize. d. magna fed gm-maize showed a significantly reduced fitness performance: the mortality was higher, a lower propo ...200818347840
selection of nontarget arthropod taxa for field research on transgenic insecticidal crops: using empirical data and statistical power.one of the possible adverse effects of transgenic insecticidal crops is the unintended decline in the abundance of nontarget arthropods. field trials designed to evaluate potential nontarget effects can be more complex than expected because decisions to conduct field trials and the selection of taxa to include are not always guided by the results of laboratory tests. also, recent studies emphasize the potential for indirect effects (adverse impacts to nontarget arthropods without feeding directl ...200818348790
cry1f protein not detected in soil after three years of transgenic bt corn (1507 corn) use.to evaluate the potential of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1f protein accumulation in soil, transgenic corn containing event das-01507-1 encoding the cry1f gene was grown in three field sites for 3 consecutive yr, and the corn plants were incorporated into the soil through postseason tillage or no tillage each year. soil samples were collected from these fields, and the level of cry1f protein in these samples was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with a synthetic inv ...200818348818
tri-trophic interactions between bt cotton, the herbivore aphis gossypii glover (homoptera: aphididae), and the predator chrysopa pallens (rambur) (neuroptera: chrysopidae).tri-trophic impacts of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton gk12 and nucotn 99b were studied using a predator, the great lacewing chrysopa pallens (rambur), and its prey, the cotton aphid aphis gossypii glover, in laboratory feeding experiments. the parental nontransgenic cotton cultivar of gk12 was used as control. the predator was fed with uniform (aphids from a single cultivar) or mixed prey (aphids from the three cotton cultivars provided on alternate days). mortality and developmen ...200818348819
specific activity of a bacillus thuringiensis strain against locusta migratoria manilensis.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has played an important role in biocontrol of pests. however, insecticidal activity of b. thuringiensis against locusts has been rarely reported. bt strain bth-13 exhibiting specific activity to locusts was isolated from a soil sample in china and characterized. its bipyramidal parasporal crystal is mainly composed of a protein of 129kda, and produces a mature toxin of 64kda after activation. the pattern of total dna from bth-13 showed a large and three small plasmid ...200818359040
detection of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides in mexican strains of trichoplusia ni (hübner) exposed to bacillus thuringiensis.the systemic immune response of trichoplusia ni after bacillus thuringiensis (bt) exposure was evaluated by comparing the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (amps) in bt-susceptible and -resistant t. ni strains that were either exposed or not to xentari (bt-xt). amp genes were detected by rt-pcr using primers for attacin, gloverin, lebocin, lysozyme, and peptidoglycan recognition peptide (pgrp). in general, amp genes were detected more frequently in mexican field strains previou ...200818359041
solid-phase extraction of copper, iron and zinc ions on bacillus thuringiensis israelensis loaded on dowex optipore v-493.bacillus thuringiensis israelensis loaded on dowex optipore v-493 as new adsorbent for the separation-preconcentration of heavy metal ions has been proposed. the analytical conditions for the quantitative recoveries of copper(ii), iron(iii) and zinc(ii) including ph, amounts of adsorbent, sample volume, etc. were investigated. the influences of alkaline and earth alkaline ions were also reported. the recovery values for the analytes are generally higher than 95%. the preconcentration factor was ...200818359563
[use of dir-pcr for elaboration of molecular markers of intraspecies bacterial groups as exemplified by bacillus thuringiensis].a recently developed pcr-fingerprinting method, the so-called dir (diverged inverted repeats)-pcr, was used for quick search for molecular markers of bacillus thuringiensis subspecies carrying the cry1 genes. the analysis of the fingerprints obtained by this method made it possible to reveal pcr fragments characteristic of the subspecies that produce proteins toxic for insects of the order lepidoptera. cloning and sequencing of these fragments allowed systems of scar (sequence characterized ampl ...200818365720
developing new approaches for detecting and preventing aedes aegypti population outbreaks: basis for surveillance, alert and control system.a new approach to dengue vector surveillance based on permanent egg-collection using a modified ovitrap and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(bti) was evaluated in different urban landscapes in recife, northeast brazil. from april 2004 to april 2005, 13 egg-collection cycles of four weeks were carried out. geo-referenced ovitraps containing grass infusion, bti and three paddles were placed at fixed sampling stations distributed over five selected sites. continuous egg-collections yielded more t ...200818368236
comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic das-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in sprague-dawley rats.das-59122-7 (59122) is a transgenic maize (zea mays l.) that contains genes encoding cry34ab1 and cry35ab1 proteins from bacillus thuringiensis berliner strain 149b1 and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat) protein from streptomyces viridochromogenes. expression of these proteins in planta confers resistance to corn rootworms and other coleopteran parasites and tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate ammonium, respectively. in the current study, processed flours from 59122 maize grain ...200818381227
evaluation of subchronic toxicity of dietary administered cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis var. kurustaki hd-1 in f344 male rats with chemically induced gastrointestinal impairment.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins are developed for genetically modified crops and the bt proteins demonstrate no evidence of toxicity by the oral route in traditional animal models. however, the possible toxicity of bt proteins under conditions of reduced gastric acid secretion and/or small intestinal damage has not been investigated. in the present study, we therefore evaluated following four f344 rat groups with a purified bt protein cry1ab from b. thuringiensis var. kurustaki hd-1. gastro ...200818381229
cross-resistance between a bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin and non-bt insecticides in the diamondback moth.bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) crystal (cry) toxins are expressed in various transgenic crops and are also used as sprays in integrated pest management and organic agricultural systems. the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella l.) is a major worldwide pest of crucifer crops and one that has readily acquired field resistance to a broad range of insecticides.200818383197
parasporin-1ab, a novel bacillus thuringiensis cytotoxin preferentially active on human cancer cells in vitro.the non-insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis strain b0195 produces parasporin (ps) whose cytocidal activity is preferential for human cancer cells. this study identified two ps genes, ps1aa3 and ps1ab1, from the strain b0195. the former gene was 2,169-bp long, encoding an 81 kda protein (pslaa3) whose aminoacid sequence was 100% identical to that of the reference protein ps1aa1. the latter gene was 2,178-bp long, encoding a novel protein of 82 kda, ps1ab1, whose sequence was 86.4% identical to th ...200818383829
a screening method for prioritizing non-target invertebrates for improved biosafety testing of transgenic crops.we have developed a screening method that can be used during the problem formulation phase of risk assessment to identify and prioritize non-target invertebrates for risk analysis with any transgenic plant. in previously published protocols for this task, five criteria predominated. these criteria have been combined by our method in a simple model which assesses: (1) the possible level of risk presented by the plant to each invertebrate species (through measurements of potential hazard and expos ...200818384728
identification of parasporin genes in vietnamese isolates of bacillus thuringiensis.four genes encoding parasporins, cytotoxins preferentially killing human cancer cells in vitro, were isolated from four vietnamese strains of bacillus thuringiensis. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that: (1) three genes fall into the two known classes, ps1aa and ps1ab, and (2) another one belongs to ps1ac, a novel gene class established in this study. upon proteolytic activation, parasporal protein of the organism with ps1ac exhibited strong cytocidal activity against human cancer cells, h ...200818386503
immobilization of alginate-encapsulated bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis containing different multivalent counterions for mosquito control.immobilized techniques have been used widely for the controlled release formulation of mosquitoes. among the microbial formulations, polymeric matrices play an important role in the controlled release of microbial pesticide at rates sufficiently effective to kill mosquitoes in the field. the advantage of these matrices is that they enhance the stability of both spores and toxin against ph, temperature variations, and uv irradiation. the disadvantage of using calcium alginate beads is that they a ...200818389308
display of avian influenza virus nucleoprotein on bacillus thuringiensis cell surface using ctc as a fusion partner.the s-layer protein ctc surface display system of bacillus thuringiensis was used to test the possibility of displaying avian influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) on the cell surface of b. thuringiensis. by fusing np with the anchoring motif of ctc, four recombinant plasmids were constructed. they harbored fusion gene ctc-np, csa-ctc-np (csa representing csaab operon, very important in anchoring s-layer protein on cell surface), ctc-npp (npp representing the part fragment of np), and csa-ctc-npp, ...200818236038
protected by fumigants: beetle perfumes in antimicrobial defense.beetles share with other eukaryotes an innate immune system that mediates endogenous defense against pathogens. in addition, larvae of some taxa produce fluid exocrine secretions that contain antimicrobial compounds. in this paper, we provide evidence that larvae of the brassy willow leaf beetle phratora vitellinae constitutively release volatile glandular secretions that combat pathogens in their microenvironment. we identified salicylaldehyde as the major component of their enveloping perfume ...200818236110
leaf surface factors of transgenic bt cotton associated with the feeding behaviors of cotton aphids: a case study on non-target effects.the present paper reports case study results of the risk assessment of transgenic bt cotton on a non-target pest, cotton aphid, aphis gossypii. several types of techniques, i.e., electrical penetration graph (epg), light and electron microscopy, bioassays and chemical analysis, were applied to investigate physical and chemical leaf factors of 2 transgenic bt cotton lines (gk12 and gk19) and their parental non-bt cotton line (simian3) associated with searching and feeding behaviors of cotton aphi ...200818239893
deletion of dnan1 generates a mutator phenotype in bacillus anthracis.the dnan gene in eubacteria is an essential gene that encodes the beta subunit of replicative dna polymerase. nearly all eubacterial genomes sequenced to date predict a single copy of the dnan gene in a well-conserved neighboring gene context. however, 19 genomes out of 348 scanned, including bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus weihenstephanensis, predict more than one dnan gene. in most cases, these genomes appear to maintain a copy of the dnan homolog in i ...200818242150
displaying the protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum agglutinin on the cell surface of bacillus thuringiensis with the s-layer protein.the s-layer protein ctc surface-display system of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was used to test the possibility of displaying the protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) agglutinin (pmga) on the bt cell surface. by fusing part of pmga1.2 (pmga1.2p) with the surface-anchoring motif of ctc, two recombinant plasmids, pctc-pmga1.2p and pcspmga1.2p, were constructed. they harboured the fusion genes ctc-pmga1.2p and csa-ctc-pmga1.2p (csa represents csaab operon, important in anchoring the s-layer prot ...200818243589
recombinant cry1ia protein is highly toxic to cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis boheman) and fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda).to evaluate the activity of cry1ia gene against cotton pests, spodoptera frugiperda and anthonomus grandis.200818248369
cloning and characterization of a novel cry1a toxin from bacillus thuringiensis with high toxicity to the asian corn borer and other lepidopteran insects.a novel cry1a was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain bt8 and expressed in the b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous mutant hd73(-). the gene, designated cry1ah1, encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 134 kda. reverse transcriptase-pcr and western blotting showed that cry1ah was expressed in the host strain bt8. the toxin expressed in hd73(-) exhibited high toxicity against lepidopteran larvae of ostrinia furnacalis, helicoverpa armigera, chilo suppressalis, and plutella xylostella. the ...200818248430
positive association between resistance to bacillus thuringiensis and overwintering survival of cabbage loopers, trichoplusia ni (lepidoptera: noctuidae).development of resistance to insecticides has generally been associated with fitness costs that may be magnified under challenging conditions. lepidopterans which are resistant to the biopesticide bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (btk) have been shown to have reduced fitness, such as lower survival when subjected to overwintering stress. recently, resistance to btk has been found in some populations of trichoplusia ni hübner in greenhouses in british columbia. this situation provides an op ...200818257958
insect resistance to bt crops: evidence versus theory.evolution of insect resistance threatens the continued success of transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins that kill pests. the approach used most widely to delay insect resistance to bt crops is the refuge strategy, which requires refuges of host plants without bt toxins near bt crops to promote survival of susceptible pests. however, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. analysis of more than a decade of global monitoring data reveals that the fre ...200818259177
improving the insecticidal activity by expression of a recombinant cry1ac gene with chitinase-encoding gene in acrystalliferous bacillus thuringiensis.in order to improve the insecticidal activity, the chitinase gene from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) endochitinase and the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis were cloned into the vector pht315 and designated as phuaccb5 plasmid. the constructed transcriptional fusion was attempted under the control of the native cry1ac promoter. plasmid phuaccb5 was introduced into b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous by electroporation. analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and w ...200818259812
expression and characterization of aiia gene from bacillus subtilis bs-1.ahl-lactonase (aiia), a metallo-beta-lactamase produced by bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, specifically hydrolyzes n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) secreted by gram-negative bacteria and thereby attenuates the symptoms caused by plant pathogens. in this study, an aiia gene was cloned from bacillus subtilis bs-1 by pcr with a pair of degenerate primers. the deduced 250 amino acid sequence contained two small conserved regions, 103shlhfdh109 and 166tpghtpgh173, whi ...200818261893
expression of mel gene improves the uv resistance of bacillus thuringiensis.to improve ultraviolet (uv) resistance of bacillus thuringiensis for increasing the duration of the bt product applied in the field, a genetically engineered strain bt td841 that produced both melanin and cry1a protein was constructed, and its uv resistance was evaluated in the laboratory.200818266703
in vitro assembly studies of ftsz/tubulin-like proteins (tubz) from bacillus plasmids: evidence for a capping mechanism.proteins with a weak sequence similarity to tubulin and ftsz are expressed from large plasmids of bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis and are probably involved in plasmid segregation. previously designated repx and tubz, we designate them here as tubz-ba and tubz-bt. we have expressed and purified the proteins for in vitro studies. tubz-ba and tubz-bt share only 21% amino acid identity, but they have remarkably similar biochemical properties. they both assemble into two-stranded filame ...200818198178
plant cyclotides disrupt epithelial cells in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae.several members of the rubiaceae and violaceae plant families produce a series of cyclotides or macrocyclic peptides of 28-37 aa with an embedded cystine knot. the cyclic peptide backbone together with the knotted and strongly braced structure confers exceptional chemical and biological stability that has attracted attention for potential pharmaceutical applications. cyclotides display a diverse range of biological activities, such as uterotonic action, anti-hiv activity, and neurotensin antagon ...200818202177
does cry1ab protein affect learning performances of the honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera, apidae)?genetically modified bt crops are increasingly used worldwide but side effects and especially sublethal effects on beneficial insects remain poorly studied. honey bees are beneficial insects for natural and cultivated ecosystems through pollination. the goal of the present study was to assess potential effects of two concentrations of cry1ab protein (3 and 5000 ppb) on young adult honey bees. following a complementary bioassay, our experiments evaluated effects of the cry1ab on three major life ...200818206234
genetic mapping of bt-toxin binding proteins in a cry1a-toxin resistant strain of diamondback moth plutella xylostella.a major mechanism of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in lepidoptera is a reduction of toxin binding to sites in the midgut membrane. genetic studies of three different species have shown that mutations in a candidate bt receptor, a 12-cadherin-domain protein, confer cry1a toxin resistance. despite a similar resistance profile in a fourth lepidopteran species, plutella xylostella, we have previously shown that the cadherin orthologue maps to a different linkage group (lg8) than c ...200818207074
the influence of different nutrient levels on insect-induced plant volatiles in bt and conventional oilseed rape plants.transgenic bt (expressing the cry1ac endotoxin gene) and conventional oilseed rape plants grown in different soils were used to study nutrient uptake and emission of volatiles after herbivore damage. all plants were greenhouse-grown in soils representing low-, medium- and high-nutrient levels. the concentrations of n, p, k, mg and zn were significantly affected by the transgene, while the main effect of soil type appeared in n, p, ca, mg, b, mn and zn concentrations in the plants. plants with fo ...200818211550
immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expressing pha-e lectin or bt toxin in wistar rats.as part of the safotest project the immunmodulating effect of cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and pha-e lectin from kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin) was examined in 28- and 90-day feeding studies in wistar rats. pha-e lectin was chosen as positive control. rats were fed control rice, transgenic rice expressing cry1ab protein or pha-e lectin, or transgenic rice spiked with the purified recombinant protein. total immunoglobulin levels, mitogen-induced cell prolife ...200818215453
molecular characterization of virulence defects in bacillus thuringiensis mutants.sequence analysis of a virulence-attenuated bacillus thuringiensis signature tagged mutant 6f8 led to the identification of an 18 182 bp locus encoding 29 potential protein-coding orfs. thirteen of the 29 putative orfs were found to share extensive homology with genes on plasmid pe33l466 of the pathogenic bacillus cereus e33l strain. nine orfs were not only found in a cluster, but also in the same gene order, in both organisms. a number of mobile elements, including a transposon tn4430, a novel ...200818218018
blocking binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa to bombyx mori cadherin receptor results in only a minor reduction of toxicity.bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa insecticidal protein is the most active known b. thuringiensis toxin against the forest insect pest lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), unfortunately it is also highly toxic against the non-target insect bombyx mori (silk worm).200818218126
a tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the urban malaria control programme in dar es salaam, tanzania.as the population of africa rapidly urbanizes, large populations could be protected from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes if cost-effective and scalable implementation systems can be designed.200818218148
study of bt impact on caddisflies overstates its conclusions: response to rosi-marshall et al. 200818218776
molecular characterization of spodoptera frugiperda-bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca toxin interaction.the use of bacillus thuringiensis cry delta-endotoxins as bioinsecticides is threatened by the possibility of pest resistance. determining transcriptional profiles of midgut cells early in cry toxin poisoning is crucial for understanding the biochemical and molecular aspects of insect detoxification and for sustained use of such toxins. in this study, transcriptional responses of midgut cells from spodoptera frugiperda third-instar larvae following treatment with cry1ca were investigated. suppre ...200818222513
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin-binding and pore-forming activity in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from anterior and posterior midgut regions of lepidopteran larvae.it is generally accepted that bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins insert into the apical membrane of the larval midgut after binding to specific receptors, and there is evidence that the distribution of binding molecules along the midgut is not uniform. by use of the voltage-sensitive dye disc(3)(5) and (125)i-labeled cry1ac, we have measured the effect of cry1ac in terms of permeabilization capacity and of binding parameters on brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) prepared from the anterior and ...200818223107
employing phage display to study the mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins.phage display is an in vitro method for selecting polypeptides with desired properties from a large collection of variants. the insecticidal cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis are highly specific to different insects. various proteins such as cadherin, aminopeptidase-n (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) have been characterized as potential cry-receptors. we used phage display to characterize the cry toxin-receptor interaction(s). by employing phage-libraries that display single-chai ...200818226423
the pre-pore from bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin is necessary to induce insect death in manduca sexta.the insecticidal cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are pore-forming toxins that lyse midgut epithelial cells in insects. we have previously proposed that they form pre-pore oligomeric intermediates before membrane insertion. for formation of these oligomers coiled-coil structures are important, and helix alpha-3 from cry toxins could form coiled-coils. our data shows that different mutations in helix alpha-3 are affected in pore formation and toxicity. mutants affected in toxicity ...200818226424
enhanced exocytosis of the receptor bt-r(1) induced by the cry1ab toxin of bacillus thuringiensis directly correlates to the execution of cell death.cry1ab toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis exerts insecticidal action upon binding to bt-r(1), a cadherin receptor localized in the midgut epithelium of the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. the univalent binding of toxin to receptor transmits a death signal into the cell and turns on a multi-step signal transduction pathway involving adenylyl cyclase (ac) and protein kinase a (pka), which drives the biochemical events that culminate in oncotic cell death. here, we report that cell killing by ...200818230416
degradation of the insecticidal toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki by extracellular proteases produced by chrysosporium sp.some cry proteins produced by the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) or by transgenic bt plants persist in agricultural soils for an extended period of time, which may pose a hazard for nontarget soil organisms. the aims of our study were to screen for soil fungi capable of degrading the cry1ac toxin and to identify the mechanisms that lead to the inactivation of this protein.200818028364
a pair of adjacent genes, cry5ad and orf2-5ad, encode the typical n- and c-terminal regions of a cry5adelta-endotoxin as two separate proteins in bacillus thuringiensis strain l366.a new dna sequence cry5ad/orf2-5ad (genbank accession number ef219060) was isolated from bacillus thuringiensis strain l366. this dna sequence contains two orfs: cry5ad (a previously unreported member of the cry5a gene family) and orf2-5ad. cry5ad is unique among cry5a genes in that it encodes only the n-terminal region of a typical cry5adelta-endotoxin. the cry5ad sequence includes homology blocks 1-5, which are present in most b. thuringiensisdelta-endotoxins. the usual c-terminal region of a ...200818028391
unconventional giy-yig homing endonuclease encoded in group i introns in closely related strains of the bacillus cereus group.several group i introns have been previously found in strains of the bacillus cereus group at three different insertion sites in the nrde gene of the essential nrdief operon coding for ribonucleotide reductase. here, we identify an uncharacterized group ia intron in the nrdf gene in 12 strains of the b. cereus group and show that the pre-mrna is efficiently spliced. the bacillus thuringiensis ssp. pakistani nrdf intron encodes a homing endonuclease, denoted i-bthii, with an unconventional giy-(x ...200818032435
comparative study of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa and cry1ac delta-endotoxin activation, inactivation and in situ histopathological effect in ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: pyralidae).a comparative study of different steps in the mode of action of the individual bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki bns3 cry1aa and cry1ac delta-endotoxins on e. kuehniella larvae was performed in order to investigate the origin of the difference in the response of this larvae to each of the latter. proteolytic activation was shown to be one of the main steps impaired in e. kuehniella tolerance to cry1aa. the absence of two proteinase activities as well as an altered activity level observed in the ca ...200818040897
germination and conjugation of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the intestine of gnotobiotic rats.to study the ability of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spores to germinate and subsequently transfer a conjugative plasmid in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats.200818042185
distribution and diversity of dipteran-specific cry and cyt genes in native bacillus thuringiensis strains obtained from different ecosystems of iran.one hundred and twenty-eight bacillus thuringiensis isolates from fields of different ecological regions of iran were collected to study the distribution and diversity of dipteran-specific cry and cyt genes. the percentage of samples with bt showed significant differences between different regions and also between different fields. the most bt frequency was observed in the soil samples collected from caspianic zone (7%) and soils of cotton (17%). characterization of isolates was based on morphol ...200817999100
raft-targeting and oligomerization of parasporin-2, a bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein with anti-tumour activity.parasporin-2 is a newly classified bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin with strong cytocidal activities toward human liver and colon cancer cells. similar to other insecticidal b. thuringiensis crystal toxins, parasporin-2 shows target specificity and damages the cellular membrane. however, the mode of parasporin-2 actions toward the cell membrane remains unknown. here, we show that this anti-tumour crystal toxin targets lipid rafts and assembles into oligomeric complexes in the membrane of hum ...200818006515
optimization of spray-drying conditions for the large-scale preparation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis after downstream processing.reduction of water activity in the formulations of mosquito biocontrol agent, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is very important for long term and successful storage. a protocol for spray drying of b. thuringiensis var. israelensis was developed through optimizing parameters such as inlet temperature and atomization type. a indigenous isolate of b. thuringiensis var. israelensis (vcrc b-17) was dried by freeze and spray drying methods and the moisture content and mosquito larvicidal activ ...200818023058
an engineered chymotrypsin/cathepsin g site in domain i renders bacillus thuringiensis cry3a active against western corn rootworm larvae.the western corn rootworm remains one of the most important pests of corn in the united states despite the use of many pest management tools. cry3a, the first coleopteran-active bacillus thuringiensis toxin isolated, has not been useful for control of the corn rootworm pest complex. modification of cry3a so that it contained a chymotrypsin/cathepsin g protease recognition site in the loop between alpha-helix 3 and alpha-helix 4 of domain i, however, resulted in consistent activity of the toxin ( ...200818024675
production and characterization of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac-resistant cotton bollworm helicoverpa zea (boddie).laboratory-selected bacillus thuringiensis-resistant colonies are important tools for elucidating b. thuringiensis resistance mechanisms. however, cotton bollworm, helicoverpa zea, a target pest of transgenic corn and cotton expressing b. thuringiensis cry1ac (bt corn and cotton), has proven difficult to select for stable resistance. two populations of h. zea (ar and mr), resistant to the b. thuringiensis protein found in all commercial bt cotton varieties (cry1ac), were established by selection ...200818024681
plasmid patterns of bacillus thuringiensis type strains.practically all bacillus thuringiensis strains contain a set of self-replicating, extrachromosomal dna molecules or plasmids, which vary in number and size in the different strains. the plasmid patterns obtained from gel electrophoresis have previously been used as a tool to characterize strains, but comparison of the plasmid patterns has been limited in the number and diversity of strains analyzed. in this report, we were able to compare the plasmid patterns of 83 type strains (out of 84) and 4 ...200818024687
structure of the claudin-binding domain of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin is a common cause of food-borne and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the toxin's receptors on intestinal epithelial cells include claudin-3 and -4, members of a large family of tight junction proteins. toxin-induced cytolytic pore formation requires residues in the nh(2)-terminal half, whereas residues near the cooh terminus are required for binding to claudins. the claudin-binding cooh-terminal domain is not toxic and is currently under investigation as a pote ...200817977833
uses of plant lectins in bioscience and biomedicine.new research directions in the last decade have led to major developments in the uses of plant lectins in bioscience and biomedicine. major advances have been made in our understanding how lectins in the diet can act on the gastrointestinal tract and the physiological consequences of their actions, and how they can modulate body- and organ metabolism, the immune system and the gut microflora. particularly striking progress has been made in unravelling the effects, often beneficial, of both orall ...200817981618
comparison and validation of methods to quantify cry1ab toxin from bacillus thuringiensis for standardization of insect bioassays.standardization of toxin preparations derived from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) used in laboratory bioassays is critical for accurately assessing possible changes in the susceptibility of field populations of target pests. different methods were evaluated to quantify cry1ab, the toxin expressed by 80% of the commercially available transgenic maize that targets the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner). we compared three methods of quantification on three different toxin preparati ...200817981939
cell wall carbohydrate compositions of strains from the bacillus cereus group of species correlate with phylogenetic relatedness.members of the bacillus cereus group contain cell wall carbohydrates that vary in their glycosyl compositions. recent multilocus sequence typing (mlst) refined the relatedness of b. cereus group members by separating them into clades and lineages. based on mlst, we selected several b. anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis strains and compared their cell wall carbohydrates. the cell walls of different b. anthracis strains (clade 1/anthracis) were composed of glucose (glc), galactose (gal), n ...200817981984
supercat: a supertree database for combined and integrative multilocus sequence typing analysis of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria (including b. cereus, b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis).the bacillus cereus group of bacteria is an important group including mammalian and insect pathogens, such as b. anthracis, the anthrax bacterium, b. thuringiensis, used as a biological pesticide and b. cereus, often involved in food poisoning incidents. to characterize the population structure and epidemiology of these bacteria, five separate multilocus sequence typing (mlst) schemes have been developed, which makes results difficult to compare. therefore, we have developed a database that comp ...200817982177
evidence of the importance of the met115 for bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cyt1aa protein cytolytic activity in escherichia coli.cyt1aa is a cytolytic toxin, found together with the delta-endotoxins in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis parasporal insecticidal crystals. the latter are used as an environmental friendly insecticide against mosquitoes and black flies. contrary to cry delta-endotoxin, the mode of action of cyt1aa is not completely understood. in the absence of direct structural data, a novel mutated cyt1aa gene was used to obtain indirect informations on cyt1aa conformation changes in the lipid membran ...200817989942
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