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performance of anyplex™ ii multiplex real-time pcr for the diagnosis of seven sexually transmitted infections: comparison with currently available methods.the real-time pcr assay is the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosing sexually transmitted infections (stis) and has made diagnosing these infections easier for clinicians. the aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the real-time multiplex pcr assay for the detection of seven sexually transmitted microorganisms in clinical samples.201324095619
prevalence, clinical features and quantification of genital non-viral infections.we conducted a study of the prevalence, clinical features and microscopy findings, by retrospective case-notes survey, of six non-viral organisms, among 1718 attendees at a genitourinary (gu) medicine clinic in england. an in-house assay for six non-viral infections was used and quantitation of ureaplasmas performed. the prevalences of the six organisms were: chlamydia trachomatis (ct), 7.1%; neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), 0.6%; mycoplasma genitalium (mg), 1.0%; trichomonas vaginalis, 0.2%; ureapla ...201323970658
epidemiological trends of sexually transmitted infections among women in cheonan, south korea, 2006-2012.a lack of investigation in specific regions has impeded the understanding of epidemiological trends in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in south korea. to help fill this research gap, this study used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) to determine the prevalence of stis detected in clinical specimens collected from women in cheonan, south korea between august 2006 and november 2012, and analyzed the prevalence of stis according to age, bacterial pathogen, and time ...201323966022
sexually transmitted diseases.sexually transmitted infections (stis), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases, remain a growing worldwide problem and public health issue. this article covers the epidemiology of stis, the history and physical findings, screening guidelines, and the general plan to combat stis. prevention is discussed using the latest information from the centers for disease control and prevention and other references. infections discussed from the standpoint of cause, epidemiology, risk factors, cli ...201323958358
low positivity rate after systematic screening for trichomonas vaginalis in three patient cohorts from general practitioners, sti clinic and a national population-based chlamydia screening study.the goal of this multi-cohort study is to investigate the positivity rate of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among three distinct dutch patient populations and its relation with chlamydia trachomatis (ct) positivity. few studies have been performed in europe where tv positivity rate seems to be low. additionally, the majority of earlier studies have focused on high risk or specific populations.201323821769
cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a new zealand sexual health clinic.although multiple studies have confirmed mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men, there is less evidence of its pathogenicity in women. our aims were to determine the prevalence of m. genitalium in a sample of women attending a sexual health clinic and to assess whether there was any association between the detection of m. genitalium and a diagnosis of cervicitis in this population.201323702105
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
a partner-related risk behavior index to identify people at elevated risk for sexually transmitted infections.the purpose of this study was to develop and test a sexual-partner-related risk behavior index to identify high-risk individuals most likely to have a sexually transmitted infection (sti). patients from five sti and adolescent medical clinics in three us cities were recruited (n = 928; m age = 29.2 years). data were collected using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing. of seven sexual-partner-related variables, those that were significantly associated with the outcomes were combined into a ...201323355254
depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is not associated with risk of incident sexually transmitted infections among adolescent women.to determine whether depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) use is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in a cohort of healthy adolescents, for whom prospective evidence is sparse.201323260839
high-risk human papillomavirus messenger rna testing in physician- and self-collected specimens for cervical lesion detection in high-risk women, kenya.little is known about the performance of physician-versus self-collected specimens for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrhpv) messenger rna (mrna) testing or risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in physician- versus self-collected specimens. we compared the performance of hrhpv mrna testing of physician- and self-collected specimens for detecting cytological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe (≥hsil) and examined risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in female sex work ...201323965776
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi from the south brazilian coast.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. infection with this protozoan may have serious consequences, especially for women. currently, 5-nitroimidazole drugs are the treatment of choice for trichomonosis, but the emergence of resistance has limited the effectiveness of this therapy. in this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-t. vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi found in the south brazilian coast ...201323201217
synthesis, characterization, antiparasitic and cytotoxic evaluation of thioureas conjugated to polyamine scaffolds.a series of mono- and multimeric 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline and ferrocenyl thioureas have been prepared by the reaction of a 7-chloroquinoline methyl ester and a ferrocenylimine methyl ester with various amines. these compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques. the compounds were evaluated against the nf54 (cq-sensitive) and dd2 (cq-resistant) strains of plasmodium falciparum. the quinoline compounds show enhanced activity compared to the ferrocene compoun ...201324012713
the synthesis and antiparasitic activity of aryl- and ferrocenyl-derived thiosemicarbazone ruthenium(ii)-arene complexes.a series of aryl-functionalized and ferrocenyl monothiosemicarbazone compounds (l1-l4) were synthesized in moderate yields via a general schiff-base condensation reaction. the thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands were reacted with the ruthenium dimer [ru(ar)(μ-cl)cl](2) (ar = benzene; p-cymene) to yield a series of cationic mononuclear ruthenium(ii)-arene thiosemicarbazone complexes of the general type [ru(cl)(tsc)(ar)]cl (1-8). the thiosemicarbazone ligands act as bidentate chelating ligands that co ...201323361649
retrospective study of the effect of enhanced systematic sexually transmitted infection screening, facilitated by the use of electronic patient records, in an hiv-infected cohort.the aim of the study was to assess the impact of electronic checklists in enhancing sexually transmitted infection (sti) screening in routine hiv care.201323432731
are plant extracts a potential therapeutic approach for genital infections?more than 40% of the new drugs registered from 1981 to 2006 were obtained, derived or inspired from natural compounds. the influence of natural products in the anti-infective area is quite marked, being a great percentage of drugs derived or extracted from natural products. vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a women visits a gynecologist. given the high popularity of natural therapies among women who suffer from chronic infections, it is urgent for women's healthcare providers ...201323651308
the adherence of trichomonas vaginalis to host ectocervical cells is influenced by lactobacilli.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease, and adhesion of the pathogen trichomonas vaginalis to the host vaginal cells is the first step in establishing infection. for this to happen, the pathogen has to overcome a natural protective barrier composed mostly of lactobacilli. the objective of this study was to understand the role of lactobacilli in the adhesion of t vaginalis to host cells.201323720602
trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors: an integrative overview.the elusive nature of trichomonas vaginalis, the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen has hampered our knowledge of its significance for human health for over 150 years. the combination of epidemiology, molecular cell biology, immunology and more recently genomics and other allied omics data, are all contributing at shedding new light onto what is increasingly recognised as a significant human pathogen leading to important health sequelae due to multifaceted interactions with it ...201323694938
phosphoproteome profiling of the sexually transmitted pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis caused by trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. morphological transformation from the trophozoite stage to the amoeboid or pseudocyst stage is crucial for t. vaginalis infection and survival. protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of several biological processes in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes. more than 880 protein kinases have been identified in the t. vaginalis genome. howeve ...201322921107
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of hypericum polyanthemum extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and isolated compounds.the anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of hypericum polyanthemum extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (50°c, 150bar) and the chemical compounds isolated and purified from this extract (benzopyrans hp1, hp2, hp3, and phloroglucinol derivative uliginosin b) were assessed. all samples had anti-t. vaginalis activity; however, hp1 demonstrated the best selectivity against this protozoan (metronidazole-resistant and susceptible isolates), with no cytotoxicity on mammalian cells (selecti ...201323142570
an improved quantitative method to assess adhesive properties of trichomonas vaginalis to host vaginal ectocervical cells using flow cytometry.microbial adhesion is a critical step for infection and colonization of the host. trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital extracellular parasite, relies on host cell adhesion for infection and pathogenesis. although host cell adhesion of t. vaginalis is strain-dependent and it may be influenced by many environmental factors, a technical limitation to quantify t. vaginalis adhesion falls upon a laborious and time-consuming protocol of fluorescent microscopy. this technical limitation reduces th ...201323142340
trichomonas vaginalis: reviewing the available diagnostic testing options. 201324205535
analysis of the sam50 translocase of excavate organisms supports evolution of divergent organelles from a common endosymbiotic event.as free-living organisms the ancestors of mitochondria and plastids encoded complete genomes, proteomes and metabolomes. as these symbionts became organelles all these aspects were reduced - genomes have degenerated with the host nucleus now encoding the most of the remaining endosymbiont proteome, while the metabolic processes of the symbiont have been streamlined to the functions of the emerging organelle. by contrast, the topology of the endosymbiont membrane has been preserved, necessitating ...201324147756
prospective study of effect modification by toll-like receptor 4 variation on the association between trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer.in previous studies, we observed a positive association between trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and risk of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer, which we hypothesized might be due to t. vaginalis-mediated intraprostatic inflammation and cell damage. to explore this hypothesis further, we investigated effect modification by toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) variation on this association. we hypothesized that tlr4 variation might serve a marker of the anti-trichomonad immune response becaus ...201323179660
performance of a rapid self-test for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in south africa and brazil.women participating in studies in brazil (n = 695) and south africa (n = 230) performed rapid point-of-care tests for trichomonas vaginalis on self-collected vaginal swabs. using pcr as the gold standard, rapid self-testing achieved high specificity (99.1%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 98.2 to 99.6%) and moderate sensitivity (76.7%; 95% ci, 61.4 to 88.2%). these tests may be considered an alternative to syndromic management in resource-poor settings.201323325818
trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in obstetrics and gynecology practice: new concepts and controversies.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. annually, 7.4 million new infections are estimated in the united states, which is greater than combined new cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of hiv acquisition have been linked to tv infection. there are several sensitive and specific diagnostic tests available ...201323322080
a trich-y question: should trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? 201323321992
antiprotozoal activity of ferroquine.ferroquine (fq, ssr97193) is a synthetic compound currently in development for the treatment of malaria. the use of a single compound to treat several parasitoses would be very convenient for multi-infected patients and also for financial considerations. in this work, the activity of fq was investigated on three other protista parasites: kinetoplastidae (leishmania and trypanosoma) and the cosmopolite parasite trichomonas vaginalis. fq exhibited a significant in vitro activity on trypanosoma bru ...201323229318
getting trichy: tools and approaches to interrogating trichomonas vaginalis in a post-genome world.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the urogenital tract in men and women, with a worldwide presence and significant implications for global public health. t. vaginalis research entered the age of genomics with the publication of the first genome sequence in 2007, but subsequent utilization of other 'omics' technologies and methods has been slow. here, we review some of the tools and approaches available to interrogate t. vaginalis biology, with an emphasis on recent advances and current limi ...201323219217
the n-terminal sequences of four major hydrogenosomal proteins are not essential for import into hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis harbors hydrogenosomes, organelles of mitochondrial origin that generate atp through hydrogen-producing fermentations. they contain neither genome nor translation machinery, but approximately 500 proteins that are imported from the cytosol. in contrast to well-studied organelles like saccharomyces mitochondria, very little is known about how proteins are transported across the two membranes enclosing the hydrogenosomal matrix. recent studies indicate that ...201323210891
the rarity of trichomonas vaginalis in urban australia.infection with trichomonas vaginalis has declined dramatically in urban australia but remains endemic in some predominantly indigenous rural regions. the objective was to determine t vaginalis positivity rates in clinical specimens by pcr detection, from a large community-based private pathology laboratory servicing rural and urban australian populations.201323372016
clinical evidence for the role of trichomonas vaginalis in regulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the female genital tract.secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) is responsible for regulating inflammatory damage to and innate and adaptive immune responses in the vaginal mucosa. depressed cervicovaginal slpi levels have been correlated with both trichomonas vaginalis infection and poor reproductive health outcomes.201323355743
[a review on the impact of iud in cervical cytology: mardin region data].the aim of the study was to provide an overview to infectious and reactive cytological effects of intrauterine devices, which are one of the most widely used methods of contraception, with the results we obtained in the mardin region.201323354797
trichomonas vaginalis infection in men who submit self-collected penile swabs after internet recruitment.submission of self-collected penile samples collected at home could remove barriers that men face in getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (stis).201323354525
prevalence and morbidity of urethral trichomonas vaginalis in japanese men with or without urethritis.trichomonas vaginalis is one of the pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections. this microorganism is a common pathogen among women, but its significance as a cause of morbidity among men remains uncertain. we sought to determine the prevalence and morbidity of t. vaginalis infection in japanese men with and without urethritis.201323349337
evaluation of polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in russia.in russia, the microscopy- and culture-based diagnostics of trichomoniasis is mainly suboptimal. recent years, domestically produced diagnostic pcr assays have been implemented; however, any evaluation of these pcrs has never been internationally reported.201322672184
in vivo genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of a novel quinoxalinone with trichomonacide activity.the compound vam2-6 (1-methyl-7-nitro-4-(5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1h)-one) has previously been shown to have an in vitro efficacy of 100% at a concentration of 100 µg ml(-1) against trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoon parasite that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis. because vam2-6 is a quinoxaline derivative and given the lack of studies on the genotoxic activity of this compound, the present study was undertaken to evaluate its ability to induce dna ...201323047729
clinical and laboratory evidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area.vaginitis is a commonly encountered complaint and one of the most frequent reasons for patient visit to obstetrician-gynaecologists. three vaginal infections are frequent causes of a vaginal discharge: (1) bacterial vaginosis, (2) vulvovaginal candidiasis and (3) trichomonas vaginitis. differences in the clinical presentation are helpful in diagnosis. characteristic signs and symptoms for these three vaginal infections are distinct, but on many occasions, they are overlapping. the aim of the pre ...201322885198
multisite direct determination of the potential for environmental contamination of urine samples used for diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.the detection of a sexually transmitted infection (sti) agent in a urine specimen from a young child is regarded as an indicator of sexual contact. false positives may conceivably arise from the transfer of environmental contaminants in clinic toilet or bathroom facilities into urine specimens.201325349693
bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men: association of leptotrichia/sneathia spp. with nongonococcal urethritis.approximately 45% of nongonococcal urethritis cases have no identified etiology. novel bacteria recently associated with bacterial vaginosis (bv) in women may be involved. we evaluated the association of idiopathic nongonococcal urethritis and 5 newly described bv-associated bacteria (bvab).201324220356
reaching the unreachable: providing sti control services to female sex workers via mobile team outreach.as part of a community-randomized trial of a multicomponent intervention to prevent sexually transmitted infections, we created mobile teams (mts) in ten intervention cities across peru to improve outreach to female sex workers (fsw) for strengthened sti prevention services.201324282565
comparison of nucleic acid amplification assays with bd affirm vpiii for diagnosis of vaginitis in symptomatic women.a commercially available, nonamplified, nucleic acid probe-based test system (bd affirm vpiii) was compared with nucleic acid amplification (naa)-based assays for determining the etiology of vaginitis in a cohort of 323 symptomatic women. first, a semiquantitative, multiplexed pcr assay (bv-pcr) and the affirm vpiii gardnerellavaginalis test were compared with a unified bacterial-vaginosis (bv) reference standard incorporating both nugent gram stain scores and amsel clinical criteria. in the eva ...201323985917
vaginal microbiome in women from greenland assessed by microscopy and quantitative pcr.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common condition, although its aetiology remains unexplained. the aim of this study was to analyse the composition of vaginal microbiota in women from greenland to provide a quantitative description and improve the understanding of bv.201324131550
molecular epidemiology of selected sexually transmitted infections.neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), chlamydia trachomatis (ct), trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and mycoplasma genitalium (mg) are established pathogens for human genital tract. however, the role of ureaplasma urealyticum (uu) and ureaplasma parvum (up) in genital pathology is poorly unerstood. a prospective study to investigate the prevalence of above infections was performed on a cohort of 1,718 consecutive patients attending a genitourinary medicine (gum) clinic. a previously published in-house real-time ...201324046809
codetection of trichomonas vaginalis and candida albicans by pcr in urine samples in a low-risk population attended in a clinic first level in central veracruz, mexico.the aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and candida albicans in low-risk patients treated at a first level clinic (primary health care represents the first level of contact of individuals, families, and the community with the system national health). using a cross-sectional study in patients treated in clinical laboratory of the sanitary district no. 7 of the city of orizaba during the months june-july, 252 urine samples were collected for the identification ...201324069593
spermicidal and anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of brazilian sapindus saponaria.sapindus saponaria is used traditionally for curing ulcers, external wounds and inflammations. the spermicidal and anti-trichomonas activity of s. saponaria and its effect on lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated.201323890053
characteristics and predictors of women who obtain rescreening for sexually transmitted infections using the www.iwantthekit.org screening programme.professional organizations recommend rescreening chlamydia-infected women. the iwantthekit internet-screening programme offered rescreening opportunities by using iwantthekit. mailed, home-collected vaginal swabs were tested for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis by nucleic acid amplification tests. demographics and risk behaviours of repeat users were determined from questionnaires. predictors of repeat users were measured in a matched case-control study. of 1747 women, 304 (17%), who us ...201323970594
sexually transmitted infection prevalence in a population seeking no-cost contraception.we used universal screening to determine the prevalence rates of neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc), chlamydia trachomatis (ct), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) in 9256 women enrolling into a contraceptive study.201323965768
correlation of leukorrhea and trichomonas vaginalis infection.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted infection (sti) causing vaginitis. microscopy has poor sensitivity but is used for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in resource-poor settings. we aimed to provide a more reliable diagnosis of trichomoniasis by investigating an association with leukorrhea. women presenting for evaluation of vaginal discharge, sti exposure, or preventative gynecologic examination were evaluated for trichomonas infection. vaginal ph was determined and microscopy was ...201323678058
retrospective assessment of transcription-mediated amplification-based screening for trichomonas vaginalis in male sexually transmitted infection clinic patients.transcription-mediated amplification (tma) enhances detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis from rectal and pharyngeal sources. the utility of tma for detection of trichomonas vaginalis has recently been described. we report on the performance of tma for detection of sexually transmitted infection (sti) agents from extraurogenital sources, with a focus on t. vaginalis. within a 21-month interval, 1,314 consecutive male patient encounters at an sti clinic resulted in collecti ...201323554208
a prospective cohort study comparing the effect of single-dose 2 g metronidazole on trichomonas vaginalis infection in hiv-seropositive versus hiv-seronegative women.this analysis compared the frequency of persistent trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among hiv-seropositive and hiv-seronegative women.201323677023
response to "implications of trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice". 201323592857
implications of trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice. 201323592856
modern diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.recent advances in tests for the sexually transmitted protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis have increased opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of this important sexually transmitted infection. this review summarises currently available tests, highlighting their performance characteristics, advantages and limitations. the recent development of molecular tests for the detection of t vaginalis, including rapid antigen detection and nucleic acid amplification tests, has significantly improv ...201323633669
trichomoniasis and hiv interactions: a review.to discuss the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and hiv co-infections, the role of tv in acquisition and transmission of hiv, special treatment considerations for tv among women with hiv and the prevention of tv among hiv-infected persons.201323605851
development of pcr assays for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in urine specimens.trichomonas vaginalis infections are usually asymptomatic or can result in nonspecific clinical symptoms, which makes laboratory-based detection of this protozoan parasite essential for diagnosis and treatment. we report the development of a battery of highly sensitive and specific pcr assays for detection of t. vaginalis in urine, a noninvasive specimen, and development of a protocol for differentiating among trichomonas species that commonly infect humans.201323390274
unique vaginal microbiota that includes an unknown mycoplasma-like organism is associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection.the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection is highest in women with intermediate nugent scores. we hypothesized that the vaginal microbiota in t. vaginalis-infected women differs from that in t. vaginalis-uninfected women.201323482642
screening of male patients for trichomonas vaginalis with transcription-mediated amplification in a community with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection.trichomonas vaginalis infection in males has been largely uncharacterized. past reports indicated increased susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infection (sti) agents such as human immunodeficiency virus and neisseria gonorrhoeae with concurrent t. vaginalis infection. this warrants a more thorough review of male t. vaginalis incidence. a retrospective 3-year investigation of transcription-mediated amplification (tma)-based urethral swab and first-void urine screening for t. vaginalis w ...201323100348
alcohol use, mycoplasma genitalium, and other stis associated with hiv incidence among women at high risk in kampala, uganda.in 2008, the first clinic for women involved in high-risk sexual behavior was established in kampala, offering targeted hiv prevention. this article describes rates, determinants, and trends of hiv incidence over 3 years.201323075920
randomized trial of periodic presumptive treatment with high-dose intravaginal metronidazole and miconazole to prevent vaginal infections in hiv-negative women.vaginal infections are common, frequently recur, and may increase women's risk for sexually transmitted infections (stis). we tested the efficacy of a novel regimen to prevent recurrent vaginal infections.201425526757
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis by pcr in men attending a primary care urology clinic in south korea.trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of trichomoniasis, may trigger symptomatic or asymptomatic nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men. despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including pcr, few prospective studies present data on male t. vaginalis infection in south korea. in the present study, the prevalence of t. vaginalis and associated clinical conditions were evaluated in 201 male patients from a primary ...201425352707
clinical characteristics associated with mycoplasma genitalium among female sex workers in nairobi, kenya.the prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium is high in vulnerable populations of women in low-resource settings. however, the epidemiology of infection in these populations is not well established. to determine the prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium and its association with cervical cytology and other correlates, we recruited 350 female sex workers (fsw) who were 18 to 50 years old in nairobi, kenya, for a cross-sectional study. a questionnaire was administered at baseline to obtain information on ...201425100823
trichomonas vaginalis infection among young pregnant women in brazil.our goal was to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and its associated risk factors in parturient women aged 15-24 years attending brazilian public maternity units. participants answered a demographic, behavioral, and clinical data questionnaire. a sample of urine was screened for t. vaginalis. a total 299 women participated in this study. the prevalence rate of t. vaginalis was 7.7% (95% ci: 4.7-10.7%). the factors associated with t. vaginalis were use of illicit drugs [or=4.70 (9 ...201425181400
a service evaluation of the gen-probe aptima nucleic acid amplification test for trichomonas vaginalis: should it change whom we screen for infection?a service evaluation of the new gen-probe aptima nucleic acid amplification test was performed to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection in a uk sexual health clinic and identify risk factors to inform an appropriate tv screening strategy.201425170162
unusually low prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples from infertile men and healthy controls: a prevalence study.to detect mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples of infertile men and men without any signs of infection in order to investigate whether m. genitalium and other genital mycoplasmas (mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma spp) are found more often in urine samples of infertile men than in asymptomatic controls and to determine resistance to macrolides.201425157184
mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with microscopic signs of cervical inflammation in liquid cytology specimens.cervicitis is a common clinical finding often attributed to sexually transmitted infections (stis), but no etiologic agent is identified in the majority of cases. in this study, we comparatively assessed inflammation among the common infectious etiologies of cervicitis and assessed the potential value of liquid cytology specimens for predicting stis. among 473 louisiana women at low risk for acquiring stis, the prevalences of mycoplasma genitalium, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, a ...201424759719
hptn 035 phase ii/iib randomised safety and effectiveness study of the vaginal microbicides buffergel and 0.5% pro 2000 for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in women.to estimate the effectiveness of candidate microbicides buffergel and 0.5% pro 2000 gel (p) (pro 2000) for prevention of non-ulcerative sexually transmitted infections (stis).201424898857
increased susceptibility to vaginal simian/human immunodeficiency virus transmission in pig-tailed macaques coinfected with chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis.sexually transmitted infections (stis) are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, but their biological effect on hiv susceptibility is not fully understood.201424755433
effects of hazardous and harmful alcohol use on hiv incidence and sexual behaviour: a cohort study of kenyan female sex workers.to investigate putative links between alcohol use, and unsafe sex and incident hiv infection in sub-saharan africa.201424708844
correlates of incident trichomonas vaginalis infections among african american female adolescents.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection associated with adverse reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes and may amplify hiv transmission. the objective was to identify correlates of incident t. vaginalis infections among african american adolescent girls.201424622635
female users of internet-based screening for rectal stis: descriptive statistics and correlates of positivity.internet-based screening for vaginal sexually transmitted infections (sti) has been shown to reach high-risk populations. published studies of internet-based screening for rectal stis in women are needed. our objectives were to describe the female users of a rectal internet-based screening intervention and assess what factors correlated with rectal positivity for stis.201424604333
bacterial vaginosis and the risk of trichomonas vaginalis acquisition among hiv-1-negative women.the vaginal microbiota may play a role in mediating susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, including trichomonas vaginalis (tv).201424413493
setting a colorimetric assay with mtt for assessment of trichomonicidal activity.trichomonas vaginalis infection is associated with important problems of public health, including the spreading of other sexual transmitted infections. the existence of clinical resistant isolates metronidazole and tinidazole, the drugs approved for the treatment of trichomoniasis, points to the necessity of continue searching for trichomonicidal substances. here we optimize a colorimetric assay with mtt to assess trichomonas viability. the absence of ascorbic acid and cysteine in the culture me ...201423173972
new insights on the golgi complex of tritrichomonas foetus.tritrichomonas foetus is a protist that causes bovine trichomoniasis and presents a well-developed golgi. there are very few studies concerning the golgi in trichomonads. in this work, monoclonal antibodies were raised against golgi of t. foetus and used as a tool on morphologic and biochemical studies of this organelle. among the antibodies produced, one was named mab anti-golgi 20.3, which recognized specifically the golgi complex by fluorescence and electron microscopy. by immunoblotting this ...201424135238
presence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions among women deprived of their liberty: a documental study.the aim of this study was to analyze the results of the pap smears of women deprived of their liberty. it is a retrospective, documental study, with a quantitative approach, performed in a female prison of ceará, brazil, with a sample of 672 patient records. regarding the microbiological findings, it was verified that the main cervical-vaginal colonization was by bacilli suggestive of gardnerella/mobiluncus (21.8%), followed by trichomonas vaginalis (12%), and candida sp (5.8%). the frequencies ...201422699737
distribution and risk factors of trichomonas vaginalis infection in england: an epidemiological study using electronic health records from sexually transmitted infection clinics, 2009-2011.we used data from the genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset (gumcad) over a 3-year period (2009-2011) to investigate the distribution and risk factors of trichomonas vaginalis infection in england. socio-demographic and clinical risk factors associated with a diagnosis of t. vaginalis were explored using multivariable logistic regression. rates of t. vaginalis infection were highest in london and the west midlands. for men and women, t. vaginalis infection was significantly associated w ...201424289912
[effect of sanasine on trichomonas vaginalis in vitro and in vivo]. 201424545296
combining a synthetic spermicide with a natural trichomonacide for safe, prophylactic contraception.can a specifically acting synthetic spermicide (dse-37) be combined with a natural microbicide (saponins) for safe, prophylactic contraception?201424291662
the influence of art on the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-infected women.among women who are human immunodeficiency virus positive (hiv+), both prevalent and persistent infections with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) are common. tv has been shown to increase vaginal shedding of hiv, which may influence hiv sexual and perinatal transmission, making prevention important. in 1 cohort of hiv+ women in kenya, antiretroviral therapy (art) use, mostly nevirapine based, was associated with lower cure rates of tv for single-dose therapy. our goal was to repeat this study in a us-b ...201424917661
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.the 2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazole derivatives (1-14) were prepared using a one step reaction. all compounds were tested in vitro against four neglected protozoan parasites (giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis, leishmania amazonensis and trypanosoma cruzi). acetamide (9), valeroylamide (10), benzamide (12), methylcarbamate (13) and ethyloxamate (14) derivatives were the most active compounds against g. intestinalis and t. vaginalis, showing nanomolar inhibition. compound 13 (ic50=10nm) ...201424529307
chemoinformatic characterization of activity and selectivity switches of antiprotozoal compounds.benzimidazole derivatives are promising compounds for the treatment of parasitic infections. the structure-activity relationships of 91 benzimidazoles with activity against trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis were analyzed using a novel activity landscape modeling approach.201424279680
determination of internal transcribed spacer regions (its) in trichomonas vaginalis isolates and differentiation among trichomonas species.the nucleotide sequence of the 5.8s rrna gene and the flanked internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of six trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different metronidazole sensitivity and geographic origin were genotyped. a multiple sequence alignment was performed with different sequences of other isolates available at the genbank/embl/ddbj databases, which revealed 5 different sequence patterns. although a stable mutation in position 66 of the its1 (c66t) was observed in 26% (9/34) of the t. va ...201424412628
in and out of the minor groove: interaction of an at-rich dna with the drug cd27.the dna of several pathogens is very rich in at base pairs. typical examples include the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and the causative agents of trichomoniasis and trypanosomiases. this fact has prompted studies of drugs which interact with the minor groove of dna, some of which are used in medical practice. previous studies have been performed almost exclusively with the aatt sequence. new features should be uncovered through the study of different dna sequences. in this paper, the c ...201424914972
synthesis and evaluation of new polynuclear organometallic ru(ii), rh(iii) and ir(iii) pyridyl ester complexes as in vitro antiparasitic and antitumor agents.new polynuclear organometallic platinum group metal (pgm) complexes containing di- and tripyridyl ester ligands have been synthesised and characterised using analytical and spectroscopic techniques including (1)h, (13)c nmr and infrared spectroscopy. reaction of these polypyridyl ester ligands with either [ru(p-cymene)cl2]2, [rh(c5me5)cl2]2 or [ir(c5me5)cl2]2 dimers yielded the corresponding di- or trinuclear organometallic complexes. the polyaromatic ester ligands act as monodentate donors to e ...201424121555
the vaginal microbiota: what have we learned after a decade of molecular characterization?we conducted a systematic review of the medline database (u.s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health, bethesda, md, u.s.a) to determine if consistent molecular vaginal microbiota (vmb) composition patterns can be discerned after a decade of molecular testing, and to evaluate demographic, behavioral and clinical determinants of vmb compositions. studies were eligible when published between 1 january 2008 and 15 november 2013, and if at least one molecular technique (sequenci ...201425148517
leishmania donovani eukaryotic initiation factor 5a: molecular characterization, localization and homology modelling studies.eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eif5a) is a small acidic protein highly conserved from archaea to mammals. eif5a is the only protein which undergoes a unique lysine residue modification to hypusine. hypusinylation is important for the function of eif5a which is reported to be essential for cell viability. eif5a promotes formation of the first peptide bond at the onset of protein synthesis. however, its function in leishmania donovani is unclear. the present study focuses on the char ...201424909104
gonococcal polyarthritis with sternoclavicular joint involvement in pregnant woman: a case report.pregnancy is one of conditions that increase the risk of gonococcal arthritis which result from blood dissemination of neisseria gonorrhoeae. a 20-year-old africain female patient (in the second trimester of pregnancy), was admitted to hospital because of fever, asymmetric joint swollen affecting the hands, wrists, left ankle, and right sternoclavicular joint. laboratory findings (erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 117 mm in first hour, the serum c-reactive protein level was 152 mg/l) the gram s ...201425170386
gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis and trichomonas in children under 13 years of age: national surveillance in the uk and republic of ireland.sexually transmitted infections in children ought to raise concerns about sexual abuse. it is not known how frequently they are identified in the uk and ireland, nor how well they are investigated.201424771307
university students and the risk of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in uganda: the crane survey.adolescents and young adults are at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in sub-saharan africa. previous reports have found that university students in africa comprise a sexually active population, although the prevalence of hiv or sexually transmitted infections (sti) has not been measured. we conducted a cross-sectional survey of students from five large universities in kampala, uganda, using respondent-driven sampling. we asked students to complete behavioral questionnair ...201424762640
feasibility of providing sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment in off-campus, nonclinic settings for adolescents enrolled in a school-based research project.this study examined the acceptability and feasibility of using a biological outcome measure to evaluate a school-based sexuality education program. confidential field-delivered sexually transmitted infection (sti) testing by nonmedical field staff and sti treatment by medically trained field staff was assessed in off-campus and off-clinic settings for adolescents enrolled in the trial.201424749920
high prevalence and incidence of hiv, sexually transmissible infections and penile foreskin cutting among sexual health clinic attendees in papua new guinea.background papua new guinea (png) has one of the highest prevalences of hiv and sexually transmissible infections (stis) in the asia-pacific region, and one of the highest burdens of maternal syphilis and cervical cancer globally. despite this disease burden, only limited clinical research in sexual and reproductive health has been conducted in png.201424618046
"hidden" sexually transmitted infections among women in primary care health services, amazonas, brazil.this study describes the prevalence of infection by chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis in a female population in amazonas, brazil. we collected cervical samples from 361 women examined at 10 primary care health services in the city of coari, amazonas, brazil. the women were interviewed about socio-economic data, clinical history and sexual behaviour. pelvic examinations were performed and cervical specimens were collected for detection of pathogens by pcr. the ...201424567444
distribution and perinatal transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in pregnant women without vaginal symptoms.we evaluated the distribution and vertical transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in asymptomatic pregnant women.201424552584
duration of polymerase chain reaction-detectable dna after treatment of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis infections in women.to avoid positive results attributable to residual dna, the centers for disease control and prevention recommends avoiding repeat testing with nucleic-acid based tests within 3 weeks after treatment of chlamydial (chlamydia trachomatis [ct]) or gonococcal (neisseria gonorrhoeae [gc]) infection. we retrospectively analyzed the duration of detectable dna from a longitudinal cohort of adolescent women after diagnosis and treatment of infection with ct, gc, or trichomonas vaginalis (tv).201424521729
co-occurrence of trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis and vaginal shedding of hiv-1 rna.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and bacterial vaginosis (bv) are independently associated with increased risk of vaginal shedding in hiv-positive women. because these 2 conditions commonly co-occur, this study was undertaken to examine the association between tv/bv co-occurrence and vaginal shedding of hiv-1 rna.201424521723
ease and comfort of cervical and vaginal sampling for chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis with a new aptima specimen collection and transportation kit.use of a new collection kit for vaginal and cervical sampling was reported as easy by the majority of 692 women and not uncomfortable (by 87.4% of those ≥ 25 years old and 78.8% of those <25 years old). by aptima testing, patient- and physician-collected samples agreed strongly for chlamydia trachomatis (99.6% to 99.3%; κ = 0.93 to 0.89) and t. vaginalis (99.6% to 98.9%; κ = 0.97 to 0.78).201424478509
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among healthy korean women: implications of multiplex pcr pathogen detection on antibiotic therapy.in this study, we investigated the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) using multiplex real-time pcr assay in healthy korean women. we also evaluated the risk factors of stis, and compared the various factors between the sti-positive and the sti-negative groups. a total of 799 endocervical swab samples from healthy korean women who visited our hospital for general medical check-ups during january 2012 to october 2012 were included. eight stis including human papillomavirus (hpv) ...201424462432
an association between trichomonas vaginalis and high-risk human papillomavirus in rural tanzanian women undergoing cervical cancer screening.the goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of vaginitis and its association with high-risk human papillomavirus (hr hpv) in women undergoing cervical cancer screening in rural tanzania.201424417784
what is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health?trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: dientamoeba fragilis, pentatrichomonas hominis, trichomonas vaginalis, and trichomonas tenax. the latter two species are considered human-specific; by contrast, d. fragilis and p. hominis have been isolated from domestic and farm mammals, demonstrating a wide host range and potential zoonotic origin. several new studies have highlighted the zoonotic dimensio ...201424951156
immunity in urogenital protozoa.innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic ph, which forms a strong physical barrier against the pathogens in female reproductive tract. cells of innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro-inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogen t ...201425201404
recent advances in molecular biology of parasitic viruses.the numerous protozoa that can inhabit the human gastro-intestinal tract are known, yet little is understood of the viruses which infect these protozoa. the discovery, morphologic details, purification methods of virus-like particles, genome and proteome of the parasitic viruses, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis, and the eimeria sp. are described in this review. the protozoan viruses share many common features: most of them are rna or double-stranded rna viruses, ran ...201425019235
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