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antibiotic prophylaxis may not be necessary in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria undergoing intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxina injections for neurogenic detrusor overactivity.many of the patients undergoing intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxina injections for refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity (ndo) present with chronic bacteriuria. in these patients, antibiotic prophylaxis has been widely recommended since bacteriuria might impair treatment efficacy and cause urinary tract infections (uti) but the evidence is limited. the aim of this study was to evaluate if an antibiotic prophylaxis is needed in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria undergoing intradetrusor on ...201627616488
more is better: selecting for broad host range bacteriophages.bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. in this perspective, we discuss several aspects of a characteristic feature of bacteriophages, their host range. each phage has its own particular host range, the range of bacteria that it can infect. while some phages can only infect one or a few bacterial strains, other phages can infect many species or even bacteria from different genera. different methods for determining host range may give different results, reflecting the multiple mechanisms ...201627660623
redefining the chronic-wound microbiome: fungal communities are prevalent, dynamic, and associated with delayed healing.chronic nonhealing wounds have been heralded as a silent epidemic, causing significant morbidity and mortality especially in elderly, diabetic, and obese populations. polymicrobial biofilms in the wound bed are hypothesized to disrupt the highly coordinated and sequential events of cutaneous healing. both culture-dependent and -independent studies of the chronic-wound microbiome have almost exclusively focused on bacteria, omitting what we hypothesize are important fungal contributions to impair ...201627601572
bee venom (apis mellifera) an effective potential alternative to gentamicin for specific bacteria strains: bee venom an effective potential for bacteria.mellitine, a major component of bee venom (bv, apis mellifera), is more active against gram positive than gram negative bacteria. moreover, bv has been reported to have multiple effects, including antibacterial, antivirus, and anti-inflammation effects, in various types of cells. in addition, wasp venom has been reported to have antibacterial properties. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of bv against selected gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains of me ...201627695631
prevalence and molecular characteristics of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae from five hospitals in korea.the emergence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) represents a major clinical problem because these bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics. cpe remain relatively uncommon in korea. we report the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and molecular epidemiology of cpe isolates collected from five university hospitals in korea.201627578505
insights on the horizontal gene transfer of carbapenemase determinants in the opportunistic pathogen acinetobacter baumannii.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is a driving force to the evolution of bacteria. the fast emergence of antimicrobial resistance reflects the ability of genetic adaptation of pathogens. acinetobacter baumannii has emerged in the last few decades as an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, in part due to its high capacity of acquiring resistance to diverse antibiotic families, including to the so-called last line drugs such as carbapenems. the rampant selective pressure and genetic exchange ...201627681923
identification of bacterial contaminants in polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis in amatole district of the eastern cape province, south africa, using rapid 16s rrna technique.polyherbal medicines are used for the treatment of many diseases in many african and asian communities. with the increasing use of these remedies, several investigations have shown that they are associated with a broad variety of residues and contaminants. this study investigates the presence of bacteria in the polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis (tb) in the eastern cape province of south africa.201627549141
the role of doxycycline in the therapy of multidrug-resistant e. coli - an in vitro study.this study assessed the in vitro antibacterial activity of combinations of amikacin and doxycycline or tigecycline against multidrug-resistant e. coli isolates. twenty-four different pulsotypes, including 10 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-, 10 carbapenem-resistant, 2 new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (ndm)- and 2 klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-e. coli isolates were collected. all 24 isolates were susceptible to amikacin and tigecycline. only 30% of esbl and 50% of carbapenem-resi ...201627534373
three yersinia enterocolitica ampd homologs participate in the multi-step regulation of chromosomal cephalosporinase, ampc.in many gram negative bacilli, ampd plays a key role in both cell well-recycling pathway and β-lactamase regulation, inactivation of the ampd causes the accumulation of 1,6-anhydromuropeptides, and results in the ampc overproduction. in yersinia enterocolitica, the regulation of ampc expression may also rely on the ampr-ampc system, the role of ampd in this species is still unknown. in this study, three ampd homologs (ampd1, ampd2, and ampd3) have been identified in complete sequence of strain y ...201627588018
design and testing of novel lethal ovitrap to reduce populations of aedes mosquitoes: community-based participatory research between industry, academia and communities in peru and thailand.dengue virus (and chikungunya and zika viruses) is transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes and causes considerable human morbidity and mortality. as there is currently no vaccine or chemoprophylaxis to protect people from dengue virus infection, vector control is the only viable option for disease prevention. the purpose of this paper is to illustrate the design and placement process for an attractive lethal ovitrap to reduce vector populations and to describe lessons learne ...201627532497
using a human challenge model of infection to measure vaccine efficacy: a randomised, controlled trial comparing the typhoid vaccines m01zh09 with placebo and ty21a.typhoid persists as a major cause of global morbidity. while several licensed vaccines to prevent typhoid are available, they are of only moderate efficacy and unsuitable for use in children less than two years of age. development of new efficacious vaccines is complicated by the human host-restriction of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and lack of clear correlates of protection. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of a single dose of the oral vaccine candida ...201627533046
draft genome sequences of citrobacter freundii strains cf04 and a41 isolated from moribund, septicemic giant gourami (osphronemus goramy) in sri lanka.citrobacter freundii is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen associated with many infectious conditions including septicemia in humans and animals. here, we announce the draft genome sequences of two multidrug-resistant c. freundii strains (cf04 and a41) isolated from septicemic giant gourami (osphronemus goramy) collected from aquaria in sri lanka.201627516512
psoas abscess secondary to retroperitoneal distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and duodenal infiltration treated by whipple procedure: a case report and review of the literature.psoas abscess is a rare clinical disease of various origins. most common causes include hematogenous spread of bacteria from a different primary source, spondylodiscitis or perforated intestinal organs. but rarely some abscesses are related to malignant metastatic disease.201627515528
carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary university hospital in albania-a point prevalence survey.antimicrobial resistance has been recognised as a serious global public health problem. prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant (mdr) organism carriage in albania is largely unknown since no national surveillance system is in place and few publications are accessible in the literature.201627499852
esbl detection: comparison of a commercially available chromogenic test for third generation cephalosporine resistance and automated susceptibility testing in enterobactericeae.rapid detection and reporting of third generation cephalosporine resistance (3gc-r) and of extended spectrum betalactamases in enterobacteriaceae (esbl-e) is a diagnostic and therapeutic priority to avoid inefficacy of the initial antibiotic regimen. in this study we evaluated a commercially available chromogenic screen for 3gc-r as a predictive and/or confirmatory test for esbl and ampc activity in clinical and veterinary enterobacteriaceae isolates. the test was highly reliable in the predicti ...201627494134
ceftazidime-avibactam (avycaz): for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections.ceftazidime-avibactam (avycaz) for the treatment of complicated infections.201627504064
citrobacter freundii carrying blakpc-2 and blandm-1: characterization by whole genome sequencing.a carbapenem-resistant citrobacter freundii strain wchcf65 was recovered from hospital sewage and was characterized by genome sequencing and conjugation experiments. the strain carried nine genes encoding β-lactamases including two carbapenemase genes, blandm-1 and blakpc-2. blandm-1 was carried on an incx3 plasmid, which was identical to a plasmid found in a local escherichia coli, suggesting interspecies horizontal transfer. blakpc-2 was bracketed by two copies of insertion sequence iskpn19, w ...201627465241
frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in rio de janeiro.the illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. however, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in brazil. from march 2011 to march 2012, we investigated the frequency of enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 bird ...201627528081
prosthetic vascular graft infections: bacterial cultures from negative-pressure-wound-therapy foams do not improve diagnostics.we analyzed the diagnostic value of microorganisms cultured from negative-pressure-wound-therapy (npwt) foam samples compared to that of microorganisms cultured from deep tissue samples from patients with vascular graft infections. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (ppv), and negative predictive value (npv) were 58%, 86%, 81%, and 66%, respectively. the diagnostic value of microbiological cultures from npwt foams was poor.201627252462
resistant mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of imipenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii.the aim of the study was to investigate the resistant mechanisms and homology of imipenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (a. baumannii). a total of 46 non-duplicate imipenem‑resistant a. baumannii clinical isolates were collected from three tertiary hospitals between july, 2011 and june, 2012. the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antimicrobial agents were determined using the agar dilution method. phenylalanine‑arginine β-naphthylamide was used to detect the presence of the efflux ...201627485638
detection of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae from different hospitals in china.the spread of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, into carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (cre) clinical isolates poses a significant threat to global health. here we report the identification of three mcr-1-harboring carbapenem-resistant escherichia coli strains, collected from three patients in two provinces in china. our results show that mcr-1-harboring cre strains have started to spread in different hospitals in china. in addition, this report presents the first descr ...201627216058
antibacterial efficacy of eravacycline in vivo against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.members of the tetracycline class are frequently classified as bacteriostatic. however, recent findings have demonstrated an improved antibacterial killing profile, often achieving ≥3 log10 bacterial count reduction, when such antibiotics have been given for periods longer than 24 h. we aimed to study this effect with eravacycline, a novel fluorocycline, given in an immunocompetent murine thigh infection model over 72 h against two methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) isolates (era ...201627353265
detection of cronobacter genus in powdered infant formula by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-cronobacter antibody.cronobacter species (cronobacter spp.) are hazardous foodborne pathogens associated with baby food, powdered infant formula (pif). to develop a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of seven cronobacter spp. in pif, an indirect non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (inc-elisa) was developed based on a novel immunoglobulin g (igg), anti-cronobacter igg. the developed inc-elisa was able to detect seven cronobacter spp. at concentrations ranging from (5.6 ± 0.30) × 10(3) ...201627493642
antimicrobial activity of mast cells: role and relevance of extracellular dna traps.mast cells (mcs) have been shown to release their nuclear dna and subsequently form mast cell extracellular traps (mcets) comparable to neutrophil extracellular traps, which are able to entrap and kill various microbes. the formation of extracellular traps is associated with the disruption of the nuclear membrane, which leads to mixing of nuclear compounds with granule components and causes the death of the cell, a process called etosis. the question arises why do mcs release mcets although they ...201627486458
characterization of three plant biomass-degrading microbial consortia by metagenomics- and metasecretomics-based approaches.the selection of microbes by enrichment on plant biomass has been proposed as an efficient way to develop new strategies for lignocellulose saccharification. here, we report an in-depth analysis of soil-derived microbial consortia that were trained to degrade once-used wheat straw (ws1-m), switchgrass (sg-m) and corn stover (cs-m) under aerobic and mesophilic conditions. molecular fingerprintings, bacterial 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomic analyses showed that th ...201627418359
small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is associated with irritable bowel syndrome and is independent of proton pump inhibitor usage.current knowledge suggests that small intestinal overgrowth participates in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. it is questionable if this association is modulated by intake of proton pump inhibitors (ppis).201627402085
a structural, epidemiological & genetic overview of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (kpcs).klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (kpcs) are plasmid encoded carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes which have the potential to spread widely through gene transfer. the instability of upstream region of blakpc accelerates emergence of different isoforms. routine antibiotic susceptibility testing failed to detect kpc producers and some commercial kits have been launched for early identification of kpc producers. notable among the drugs under development against kpc are mostly derivatives of polymixin; ...201627834322
molecular detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus by non-protein coding rna-mediated monoplex polymerase chain reaction.non-protein coding rna (npcrna) is a functional rna molecule that is not translated into a protein. bacterial npcrnas are structurally diversified molecules, typically 50-200 nucleotides in length. they play a crucial physiological role in cellular networking, including stress responses, replication and bacterial virulence. in this study, by using an identified npcrna gene (sau-02) in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), we identified the gram-positive bacteria s. aureus. a sau-02 ...201627367909
citrobacter freundii induced endocarditis in a yearling colt.endocarditis is a rare pathology in horses and the clinical signs can be misleading. we describe the clinical, echocardiographic, and pathological features of citrobacter freundii induced bacterial endocarditis in a horse. this bacterium has never been reported before as an agent of vegetative endocarditis in the horse.201627429467
comparison between pathogen associated laboratory and clinical parameters in early-onset sepsis of the newborn.to identify laboratory and clinical characteristics of different pathogens associated with early-onset sepsis (eos) of the newborn.201627478518
total synthesis, structure, and biological activity of adenosylrhodibalamin, the non-natural rhodium homologue of coenzyme b12.b12 is unique among the vitamins as it is biosynthesized only by certain prokaryotes. the complexity of its synthesis relates to its distinctive cobalt corrin structure, which is essential for b12 biochemistry and renders coenzyme b12 (adocbl) so intriguingly suitable for enzymatic radical reactions. however, why is cobalt so fit for its role in b12 -dependent enzymes? to address this question, we considered the substitution of cobalt in adocbl with rhodium to generate the rhodium analogue 5'-de ...201627355790
characterization of five podoviridae phages infecting citrobacter freundii.citrobacter freundii causes opportunistic infections in humans and animals, which are becoming difficult to treat due to increased antibiotic resistance. the aim of this study was to explore phages as potential antimicrobial agents against this opportunistic pathogen. we isolated and characterized five new virulent phages, sh1, sh2, sh3, sh4, and sh5 from sewage samples in tunisia. morphological and genomic analyses revealed that the five c. freundii phages belong to the caudovirales order, podo ...201627446058
plasmid dynamics in kpc-positive klebsiella pneumoniae during long-term patient colonization.carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae strains are formidable hospital pathogens that pose a serious threat to patients around the globe due to a rising incidence in health care facilities, high mortality rates associated with infection, and potential to spread antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species, such as escherichia coli over 6 months in 2011, 17 patients at the national institutes of health (nih) clinical center became colonized with a highly virulent, transmissible carbapenem ...201627353756
an analysis of the effects of vancomycin and/or vancomycin-resistant citrobacter freundii exposure on the microbial community structure in soil.the occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the environment has become a subject of growing concern. the extensive use of vancomycin and other pharmaceuticals may alter the biodiversity of soil microbial communities and select antibiotic-resistant bacteria. therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of vancomycin and/or vancomycin-resistant citrobacter freundii on soil microbial communities using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and the ...201627446053
use of shotgun metagenome sequencing to detect fecal colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria in children.prevention of multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacterial infections relies on accurate detection of these organisms. we investigated shotgun metagenome sequencing for the detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre), and mdr enterobacteriaceae fecal metagenomes were analyzed from high-risk inpatients and compared to those of low-risk outpatients and controls with minimal risk for a mdr bacterial infection. principal-component analysis clustere ...201627122381
the concept of ecthyma gangrenosum illustrated by a fusarium oxysporum infection in an immunocompetent individual.ecthyma gangrenosum (eg) involves necrotic cutaneous lesions caused by bacteria, mainly pseudomonas aeruginosa, and is usually seen in immunocompromised patients with septicemia. however, clinically similar infections have been published with fungi as etiologic agents. we present a case of an eg-like lesion due to fusarium oxysporum confirmed by clinical diagnosis, culture and molecular identification and discuss the definition of eg.201627324372
sideromimic modification of lactivicin dramatically increases potency against extensively drug-resistant stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates.acetamido derivatives of the naturally antibacterial non-β-lactam lactivicin (ltv) have improved activity against their penicillin binding protein targets and reduced hydrolysis by β-lactamases, but penetration into gram-negative bacteria is still relatively poor. here we report that modification of the ltv lactone with a catechol-type siderophore increases potency 1,000-fold against stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a species renowned for its insusceptibility to antimicrobials. the mic90 of modifie ...201627139464
isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage phieap-2 infecting multidrug resistant enterobacter aerogenes.enterobacter aerogenes (enterobacteriaceae) is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes hospital-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections. recently, multidrug-resistant e. aerogenes have been a public health problem. to develop an effective antimicrobial agent, bacteriophage phieap-2 was isolated from sewage and its genome was sequenced because of its ability to lyse the multidrug-resistant clinical e. aerogenes strain 3-sp. morphological observations suggested that th ...201627320081
multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from surface water in bassaseachic falls national park, mexico.bacterial pathogens are a leading cause of waterborne disease, and may result in gastrointestinal outbreaks worldwide. inhabitants of the bassaseachic falls national park in chihuahua, mexico show seasonal gastroenteritis problems. this aim of this study was to detect enteropathogenic microorganisms responsible for diarrheal outbreaks in this area. in 2013, 49 surface water samples from 13 selected sampling sites along the basaseachi waterfall and its main rivers, were collected during the sprin ...201627322297
evaluation of flic-d based direct blood pcr assays for typhoid diagnosis.typhoid cases need to be diagnosed accurately for early antibiotic therapy and reducing mortality. identification of salmonella typhi (s. typhi) in blood culture is conclusive, but has poor sensitivity. detection of s. typhi by pcr from blood sample has shown promise. real-time quantitative pcr (q-pcr) has been widely used in diagnostics for its rapidity and reliability. in the present study, the performance of molecular methods like conventional pcr (c-pcr), nested pcr (n-pcr) and q-pcr were in ...201627296619
local transmission and global dissemination of new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (ndm): a whole genome analysis.new delhi metallo-β-lactamase (bla ndm), a plasmid-borne carbapenemase gene associated with significant mortality and severely limited treatment options, is of global public health concern as it is found in extremely diverse gram-negative bacterial strains. this study thus aims to genetically characterize local and global spread of bla ndm.201627297071
whole genome dna sequence analysis of salmonella subspecies enterica serotype tennessee obtained from related peanut butter foodborne outbreaks.establishing an association between possible food sources and clinical isolates requires discriminating the suspected pathogen from an environmental background, and distinguishing it from other closely-related foodborne pathogens. we used whole genome sequencing (wgs) to salmonella subspecies enterica serotype tennessee (s. tennessee) to describe genomic diversity across the serovar as well as among and within outbreak clades of strains associated with contaminated peanut butter. we analyzed 71 ...201627258142
engineering bacillus licheniformis for the production of meso-2,3-butanediol.2,3-butanediol (2,3-bd) can be used as a liquid fuel additive to replace petroleum oil, and as an important platform chemical in the pharmaceutical and plastic industries. microbial production of 2,3-bd by bacillus licheniformis presents potential advantages due to its gras status, but previous attempts to use this microorganism as a chassis strain resulted in the production of a mix of d-2,3-bd and meso-2,3-bd isomers.201627257436
the clonal relationship among the citrobacter freundii isolated from the main hospital in kermanshah, west of iran.citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections and resistant to various antibiotics. we aimed to determine the clonal relationship of c. freundii isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge).201627928484
antibacterial synergy of curcumin with antibiotics against biofilm producing clinical bacterial isolates.the role of natural bioactive substances in treating infections has been rediscovered as bacterial resistance become common to most of the antibiotics. curcumin is a bioactive substance from turmeric. owing to antimicrobial properties, its prospect as an antibacterial agent is currently under focus.201627330262
review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the netherlands.necrotizing fasciitis is a rare, life threatening soft tissue infection, primarily involving the fascia and subcutaneous tissue. in a large cohort of patients presenting with necrotizing fasciitis in the netherlands we analysed all available data to determine the causative pathogens and describe clinical management and outcome.201627239222
nested russian doll-like genetic mobility drives rapid dissemination of the carbapenem resistance gene blakpc.the recent widespread emergence of carbapenem resistance in enterobacteriaceae is a major public health concern, as carbapenems are a therapy of last resort against this family of common bacterial pathogens. resistance genes can mobilize via various mechanisms, including conjugation and transposition; however, the importance of this mobility in short-term evolution, such as within nosocomial outbreaks, is unknown. using a combination of short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing of 281 blakpc- ...201627067320
analysis of β-lactamase resistance determinants in enterobacteriaceae from chicago children: a multicenter survey.multidrug-resistant (mdr) enterobacteriaceae infections are increasing in u.s. children; however, there is a paucity of multicentered analyses of antibiotic resistance genes responsible for mdr phenotypes among pediatric enterobacteriaceae isolates. in this study, 225 isolates phenotypically identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) or carbapenemase producers, recovered from children ages 0 to 18 years hospitalized between january 2011 and april 2015 at three chicago area hospitals, wer ...201627021322
elucidation of mechanisms of ceftazidime resistance among clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa by using genomic data.ceftazidime is one of the few cephalosporins with activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa using whole-genome comparative analysis, we set out to determine the prevalent mechanism(s) of resistance to ceftazidime (caz) using a set of 181 clinical isolates. these isolates represented various multilocus sequence types that consisted of both ceftazidime-susceptible and -resistant populations. a presumptive resistance mechanism against ceftazidime was identified in 88% of the nonsusceptible isolates u ...201627067331
enteric fever: a slow response to an old plague. 201627171237
high incidence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care hospital in puducherry, india.background. plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) has received considerable attention recently. data analysis in jawaharlal institute of postgraduate medical education & research (jipmer) revealed 75% of the enterobacteriaceae isolates to be ciprofloxacin-resistant in 2012. few reports regarding the prevalence of pmqr are available from india. hence, the present study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of pmqr genes among clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteri ...201627168994
genetic characterization of tem-type esbl-associated antibacterial resistance in enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary hospital in ghana.antibiotic resistance due to the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) among enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide problem. data from ghana regarding this resistance mechanism is limited. this study was designed to investigate the presence of tem-type esbl genes, their locations and their conjugabilities in clinical isolates of enterobacteria collected from the korle-bu teaching hospital in ghana.201627145868
epidemiology and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in southeast asia.multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (mdrgn), including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) and multidrug-resistant glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (nonfermenters), have emerged and spread throughout southeast asia.201627148448
digital data of quality control strains under general deposit at microbial culture collection (mcc), nccs, pune, india: a bioinformatics approach.a total of 13 short dna sequences of quality control strains (mcc 2052, mcc 2077, mcc 2078, mcc 2080, mcc 2309, mcc 2322, mcc 2408, mcc 2409, mcc 2412, mcc 2413, mcc 2415, mcc 2483 and mcc 2515) were retrieved from ncbi biosample database and generated quick response (qr) codes for sequences. 16s rrna was used for creation of chaose game representation (cgr), chaose game representation of frequencies (fcgr) and measurement of gc percentage. digital data in the form of qr codes, cgr, fcgr and gc ...201627222847
characterization of an inca/c multidrug resistance plasmid in vibrio alginolyticus.cephalosporin-resistant vibrio alginolyticus was first isolated from food products, with β-lactamases encoded by blaper-1, blaveb-1, and blacmy-2 being the major mechanisms mediating their cephalosporin resistance. the complete sequence of a multidrug resistance plasmid, pvas3-1, harboring the blacmy-2 and qnrvc4 genes was decoded in this study. its backbone exhibited genetic homology to known inca/c plasmids recoverable from members of the family enterobacteriaceae, suggesting its possible orig ...201626976864
antibiotic resistance among urinary isolates from female outpatients in the united states in 2003 and 2012.a retrospective analysis was performed using the surveillance network, usa, to examine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among urine isolates from u.s. female outpatients in 2012 and assessed trends in antibiotic resistance comparing data from 2003 and 2012. the most common pathogen identified in 2012 (n = 285,325) was escherichia coli (64.9% of isolates). in 2012, e. coli resistance to nitrofurantoin was low (<3%) across all age groups. e. coli resistance to ciprofloxacin was high among a ...201626883714
new small plasmid harboring blakpc-2 in pseudomonas aeruginosa.the aim of this study was to characterize the genetic context of blakpc-2 in pseudomonas aeruginosa sequence type 244 from brazil. the blakpc-2 gene was detected in a new small plasmid, pbh6. complete sequencing revealed that pbh6 was 3,652 bp long and included the tn3 resolvase and tn3 inverted repeat (ir), a partial copy of iskpn6, and a putative ori region but no rep genes. pbh6 replicated stably into escherichia coli strain dh10b and p. aeruginosa strain pao.201626953192
characterization of the gut microbiome using 16s or shotgun metagenomics.the advent of next generation sequencing (ngs) has enabled investigations of the gut microbiome with unprecedented resolution and throughput. this has stimulated the development of sophisticated bioinformatics tools to analyze the massive amounts of data generated. researchers therefore need a clear understanding of the key concepts required for the design, execution and interpretation of ngs experiments on microbiomes. we conducted a literature review and used our own data to determine which ap ...201627148170
isolation and molecular characterisation of achromobacter phage phiaxp-3, an n4-like bacteriophage.achromobacter xylosoxidans, an opportunistic pathogen, is responsible for various nosocomial and community-acquired infections. we isolated phiaxp-3, an n4-like bacteriophage that infects a. xylosoxidans, from hospital waste and studied its genomic and biological properties. transmission electron microscopy revealed that, with a 67-nm diameter icosahedral head and a 20-nm non-contractile tail, phiaxp-3 has features characteristic of podoviridae bacteriophages (order caudovirales). with a burst s ...201627094846
high prevalence of multidrug resistant enterobacteriaceae isolated from outpatient urine samples but not the hospital environment in bo, sierra leone.the rising level of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is one of the most significant public health problems globally. while the antibiotic resistance of clinically important bacteria is closely tracked in many developed countries, the types and levels of resistance and multidrug resistance (mdr) among pathogens currently circulating in most countries of sub-saharan africa are virtually unknown.201627090787
antibiotics as a selective driver for conjugation dynamics.it is generally assumed that antibiotics can promote horizontal gene transfer. however, because of a variety of confounding factors that complicate the interpretation of previous studies, the mechanisms by which antibiotics modulate horizontal gene transfer remain poorly understood. in particular, it is unclear whether antibiotics directly regulate the efficiency of horizontal gene transfer, serve as a selection force to modulate population dynamics after such gene transfer has occurred, or both ...201627572835
bacterial strains isolated from river water having the ability to split alcohol ethoxylates by central fission.alcohol ethoxylates (ae) are a major component of the surfactant stream discharged into surface water. the "central fission" of ae with the formation of poly(ethylene glycols) (peg) is considered to be the dominant biodegradation pathway. however, information as to which bacterial strains are able to perform this reaction is very limited. the aim of this work was to establish whether such an ability is unique or common, and which bacterial strains are able to split ae used as a sole source of or ...201627053052
phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary-level reference hospital in turkey.enterobacteriaceae are among the most common pathogens that are responsible for serious community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and health-care associated infections. the emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (cre) have become an increasing concern for healthcare services worldwide. infections caused by these bacteria have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality and treatment options have been limited. the rapid and accurate detection of carbapenem resis ...201627048322
arginase 1 is an innate lymphoid-cell-intrinsic metabolic checkpoint controlling type 2 inflammation.group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ilc2s) regulate tissue inflammation and repair after activation by cell-extrinsic factors such as host-derived cytokines. however, the cell-intrinsic metabolic pathways that control ilc2 function are undefined. here we demonstrate that expression of the enzyme arginase-1 (arg1) during acute or chronic lung inflammation is a conserved trait of mouse and human ilc2s. deletion of mouse ilc-intrinsic arg1 abrogated type 2 lung inflammation by restraining ilc2 prolifera ...201627043409
spread of tem, vim, shv, and ctx-m β-lactamases in imipenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli isolated from egyptian hospitals.carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli resulting from β-lactamases have been reported to be an important cause of nosocomial infections and are a critical therapeutic problem worldwide. this study aimed to describe the prevalence of imipenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli isolates and detection of bla vim, bla tem, bla shv, bla ctx-m-1, and bla ctx-m-9 genes in these clinical isolates in egyptian hospitals. the isolates were collected from various clinical samples, identified by conventiona ...201627123005
escherichia coli β-lactamases: what really matters.escherichia coli strains belonging to diverse pathotypes have increasingly been recognized as a major public health concern. the β-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully to treat infections caused by pathogenic e. coli. however, currently, the utility of β-lactams is being challenged severely by a large number of hydrolytic enzymes - the β-lactamases expressed by bacteria. the menace is further compounded by the highly flexible genome of e. coli, and propensity of resistance disseminatio ...201627065978
rapid detection of escherichia coli o157 and shiga toxins by lateral flow immunoassays.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 (stec) cause food-borne illness that may be fatal. stec strains enumerate two types of potent shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2) that are responsible for causing diseases. it is important to detect the e. coli o157 and shiga toxins in food to prevent outbreak of diseases. we describe the development of two multi-analyte antibody-based lateral flow immunoassays (lfia); one for the detection of stx1 and stx2 and one for the detection of e. coli o157 that ma ...201627023604
genomic characterization of enterobacter cloacae isolates from china that coproduce kpc-3 and ndm-1 carbapenemases.here, we report twoenterobacter cloacaesequence type 231 isolates coproducing kpc-3 and ndm-1 that have caused lethal infections in a tertiary hospital in china. theblandm-1-harboring plasmids carry inca/c2and incr replicons, showing a mosaic plasmid structure, and theblandm-1is harbored on a novel class i integron-like element.blakpc-3is located on a tn3-δblatem-1-blakpc-3-δtn1722element, flanked by two 9-bp direct-repeat sequences and harbored on an incx6 plasmid.201626787700
characterization of antibiotic resistance profiles of ocular enterobacteriaceae isolates.emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) and fluoroquinolone resistance among ocular enterobacteriaceae is increasing in higher frequency. therefore, studies are being carried out to understand their multidrug resistance pattern. a total of 101 enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from various ocular diseases in a tertiary eye care center at chennai, india during the period of january 2011 to june 2014 were studied. forty one randomly chosen isolates were subjected to antibiotic suscep ...201627141313
gram-negative and -positive bacteria differentiation in blood culture samples by headspace volatile compound analysis.identification of microorganisms in positive blood cultures still relies on standard techniques such as gram staining followed by culturing with definite microorganism identification. alternatively, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or the analysis of headspace volatile compound (vc) composition produced by cultures can help to differentiate between microorganisms under experimental conditions. this study assessed the efficacy of volatile compound based ...201626973820
antimicrobials from cnidarians. a new perspective for anti-infective therapy?the ability of microbes to counter the scientific and therapeutic advancements achieved during the second half of the twentieth century to provide effective disease treatments is currently a significant challenge for researchers in biology and medicine. the discovery of antibiotics, and the subsequent development of synthetic antimicrobial compounds, altered our therapeutic approach towards infectious diseases, and improved the quality and length of life for humans and other organisms. the curre ...201627005633
detection of quiescent infections with multiple elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (eehvs), including eehv2, eehv3, eehv6, and eehv7, within lymphoid lung nodules or lung and spleen tissue samples from five asymptomatic adult african elephants.more than 80 cases of lethal hemorrhagic disease associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (eehvs) have been identified in young asian elephants worldwide. diagnostic pcr tests detected six types of eehv in blood of elephants with acute disease, although eehv1a is the predominant pathogenic type. previously, the presence of herpesvirus virions within benign lung and skin nodules from healthy african elephants led to suggestions that african elephants may be the source of eehv disea ...201626719245
emergence of oxa-162 carbapenemase- and dha-1 ampc cephalosporinase-producing sequence type 11 klebsiella pneumoniae causing community-onset infection in greece.oxa-48-like carbapenemases have only recently emerged in europe. oxa-162 is a rare oxa-48 variant usually coexpressed with extended-spectrum β-lactamases. here, we report the identification of the first oxa-162 carbapenemase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, which coexpressed an ampc cephalosporinase (dha-1), retrieved from a patient in greece. they belonged to a single sequence type (st11) and caused the first documented community-onset urinary tract infections attributable to an oxa-48 ...201626666930
kpc-like carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae colonizing patients in europe and israel.in a 2008-2011 survey, 17,945 patients in 18 hospital units in europe and israel were screened for carriage of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-producing enterobacteriaceae, resulting in identification of 124 positive patients. the isolates were dominated by klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 (st258) kpc-2 and st512 kpc-3, mainly from greece and italy, respectively, whereas israeli isolates were of diverse species, clones, and kpc variants. various blakpc platforms were observed, a ...201626711772
risk factors and outcomes for intestinal carriage of ampc-hyperproducing enterobacteriaceae in intensive care unit patients.in a cohort of 1,209 intensive care unit (icu) patients, the prevalence of intestinal colonization with high-level expressed ampc cephalosporinase-producing enterobacteriaceae (hlac-pe) rose steadily from 2% at admission to 30% in patients with lengths of stay (los) exceeding 4 weeks. in multivariate analysis, los was the main predictor of carriage acquisition after adjustment on antimicrobial exposure. hlac-pe infection occurred in 15% of carriers. carriage and infection were associated with a ...201626666938
colistin-nonsusceptible pseudomonas aeruginosa sequence type 654 with blandm-1 arrives in north america.this study describes 3 different blandm-1 genetic platforms in 3 different species obtained from the same patient who was directly transferred to an institution in calgary, alberta, canada, following a prolonged hospital stay in india. the blandm-1 in the escherichia coli isolate was located on a 176-kb inca/c plasmid contained within an iscr1 region. the blandm-1 in the providencia rettgeri isolate was located on a 117-kb inct plasmid contained within tn3000, while the blandm-1 in the pseudomon ...201626824951
rapid detection of oxa-48-producing enterobacteriaceae by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.a rapid and sensitive (100%) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) assay was developed to detect oxa-48-type producers, using 161 previously characterized clinical isolates. ertapenem was monitored to detect carbapenem resistance, and temocillin was included in the assay as a marker for oxa-48-producers. structural analysis of temocillin is described. data are obtained within 60 min.201626677247
characterization of a novel achromobacter xylosoxidans specific siphoviruse: phiaxp-1.bacteriophages have recently been considered as an alternative biocontrol tool because of the widespread occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant achromobacter xylosoxidans. herein, we isolated a virulent bacteriophage (phiaxp-1) from a water sample of the bohai sea of china that specifically infects a. xylosoxidans. transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage phiaxp-1 belongs to the siphoviridae. we sequenced the genome of phiaxp-1, which comprises 45,045 bp with 64 open reading frames. m ...201626908262
inflammatory diseases modelling in zebrafish.the ingest of diets with high content of fats and carbohydrates, low or no physical exercise and a stressful routine are part of the everyday lifestyle of most people in the western world. these conditions are triggers for different diseases with complex interactions between the host genetics, the metabolism, the immune system and the microbiota, including inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), obesity and diabetes. the incidence of these disorders is growing worldwide; therefore, new strategies for ...201626929916
time for the 70°c water precautionary option in the home dilution of powdered infant formula.powdered infant formulas (pif) are usually not sterile and may frequently be contaminated by several bacteria strains. among them, cronobacter species, previously known as enterobacter sakazakii, is one of the most harmful, since it might be the causative agent of sepsis and meningitis in newborns and preterm infants during the first weeks of life. the mortality rate of these infections is up to 80 %. therefore, some precautions are required in the home handling and dilution of pif. whereas ther ...201626895705
biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms with therapeutic applications.marine microorganisms possess unique metabolic and physiological features and are an important source of new biomolecules, such as biosurfactants. some of these surface-active compounds synthesized by marine microorganisms exhibit antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogens), and could be used instead of existing drugs to treat infections caused by them. in other cases, these biosurfactants show anti ...201626901207
complete genome sequence of multidrug-resistant citrobacter freundii strain p10159, isolated from urine samples from a patient with esophageal carcinoma.citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause diarrhea, septicemia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections. we report here the complete genome sequence of c. freundii strain p10159, isolated from urine samples from a patient in china with esophageal carcinoma. the genome has 5,080,321 bp and 4,768 coding sequences, with a g+c content of 51.7%.201626893430
new monoclonal antibodies against a novel subtype of shiga toxin 1 produced by enterobacter cloacae and their use in analysis of human serum.shiga toxin (stx) is a major virulence factor of several bacterial pathogens that cause potentially fatal illness, including escherichia coli and shigella spp. the continual emergence of new subtypes of stxs presents challenges for the clinical diagnosis of infections caused by stx-producing organisms. here, we report the development of four new monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against stx1e, a novel subtype of stx1 that was produced by an enterobacter cloacae strain and had limited reactivity with ...201627303707
involvement of a novel class c beta-lactamase in the transglutaminase mediated cross-linking cascade of streptomyces mobaraensis dsm 40847.streptomyces mobaraensis dsm 40847 secretes transglutaminase that cross-links proteins via γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine isopeptide bonds. characterized substrates are inhibitory proteins acting against various serine, cysteine and metalloproteases. in the present study, the bacterial secretome was examined to uncover additional transglutaminase substrates. fractional ethanol precipitation of the exported proteins at various times of culture growth, electrophoresis of the precipitated proteins, and sequen ...201626886195
a highly precise and portable genome engineering method allows comparison of mutational effects across bacterial species.currently available tools for multiplex bacterial genome engineering are optimized for a few laboratory model strains, demand extensive prior modification of the host strain, and lead to the accumulation of numerous off-target modifications. building on prior development of multiplex automated genome engineering (mage), our work addresses these problems in a single framework. using a dominant-negative mutant protein of the methyl-directed mismatch repair (mmr) system, we achieved a transient sup ...201626884157
hiding in fresh fruits and vegetables: opportunistic pathogens may cross geographical barriers.different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. this study was aimed at identifying some microbial communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local samples (oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of enterobacteriaceae, enterococcus, and staphylococcus aureus. the isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (pcr) and biochem ...201626989419
transient inhibition of ror-γt therapeutically limits intestinal inflammation by reducing th17 cells and preserving group 3 innate lymphoid cells.rar-related orphan receptor-γt (ror-γt) directs differentiation of proinflammatory t helper 17 (th17) cells and is a potential therapeutic target in chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. however, ror-γt-dependent group 3 innate lymphoid cells ilc3s provide essential immunity and tissue protection in the intestine, suggesting that targeting ror-γt could also result in impaired host defense after infection or enhanced tissue damage. here, we demonstrate that transient chemical inhibition o ...201626878233
nonproliferative and proliferative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and salivary glands of the rat and mouse.the inhand (international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for lesions in rats and mice) project is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic pathology from europe (estp), great britain (bstp), japan (jstp), and north america (stp) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. the purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and diagnostic cri ...201626973378
epidemiology and burden of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in a pediatric hospital in senegal.severe bacterial infections are not considered as a leading cause of death in young children in sub-saharan africa. the worldwide emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae (esbl-e) could change the paradigm, especially in neonates who are at high risk of developing healthcare-associated infections.201626867226
antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae from intensive care units at hamad medical corporation, qatar.the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing isolates has important clinical and therapeutic implications. high prevalence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae has been reported in the literature for clinical samples from a variety of infection sites. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae, and to perform molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates from patients admitted t ...201626865975
drug and vaccine development for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections.urinary tract infections (uti) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans, affecting millions of people every year. uti cause significant morbidity in women throughout their lifespan, in infant boys, in older men, in individuals with underlying urinary tract abnormalities, and in those that require long-term urethral catheterization, such as patients with spinal cord injuries or incapacitated individuals living in nursing homes. serious sequelae include frequent recurrences, pyelon ...201626999391
characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from escherichia coli and klebsiella species from north eastern nigeria.resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious global health concern complicating treatment strategies and increasing health-care costs. the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria stand out as bacteria of great epidemic concern among gram negative bacilli. control and appropriate interventions for antimicrobial resistance depend on effective surveillance and knowledge of the patterns and determinants of resistance.201627042460
analysis of the structure and function of fox-4 cephamycinase.class c β-lactamases poorly hydrolyze cephamycins (e.g., cefoxitin, cefotetan, and moxalactam). in the past 2 decades, a new family of plasmid-based ampc β-lactamases conferring resistance to cefoxitin, the fox family, has grown to include nine unique members descended from the aeromonas caviae chromosomal ampc. to understand the basis for the unique cephamycinase activity in the fox family, we determined the first x-ray crystal structures of fox-4, apo enzyme and the acyl-enzyme with its namesa ...201626525784
multiyear, multinational survey of the incidence and global distribution of metallo-β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) hydrolyze all classes of β-lactams except monobactams and are not inhibited by classic serine β-lactamase inhibitors. gram-negative pathogens isolated from patient infections were collected from 202 medical centers in 40 countries as part of a global surveillance study from 2012 to 2014. carbapenem-nonsusceptible enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa were characterized for bla genes encoding vim, imp, ndm, spm, and gim variants using pcr and sequencing. a tota ...201626643349
complete sequence of blakpc-2-harboring plasmid with a mosaic of incn1- and incn3-type plasmids in a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from south korea. 201626643324
in vitro antimicrobial activity of a siderophore cephalosporin, s-649266, against enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, including carbapenem-resistant strains.s-649266 is a novel siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with a catechol moiety on the 3-position side chain. two sets of clinical isolate collections were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of s-649266 against enterobacteriaceae. these sets included 617 global isolates collected between 2009 and 2011 and 233 β-lactamase-identified isolates, including 47 kpc-, 49 ndm-, 12 vim-, and 8 imp-producers. the mic90 values of s-649266 against the first set of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumo ...201626574013
comparative study of a novel biochemical assay, the rapidec carba np test, for detecting carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae.the novel biochemical test, the rapidec carba np (rcnp), was evaluated using carbapenemase- and non-carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates. the rcnp test was compared with the carba np test (cnp) and the modified hodge test. compared to the cnp test, the rcnp test had identical sensitivity (96%) and lower specificity (93% versus 100%). the medium used to culture the isolates significantly affected test sensitivity and specificity. the rcnp test was quicker and easier to perform than ...201626582833
use of an enrichment broth improves detection of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in clinical stool samples.this study evaluated the impact of preenrichment on the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (esbl-e) in clinical stool samples. esbl-e were detected in 41 of 343 patients (12.0%). as 31.7% of the esbl-e carriers were identified by preenrichment, only this additional diagnostic step significantly improved the detection of esbl-e.201626607984
evaluation of the byg carba test, a new electrochemical assay for rapid laboratory detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae.accurate detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) constitutes a major laboratory diagnostic challenge. we evaluated an electrochemical technique (the byg carba test) which allows detection of cpe in less than 35 min. the byg carba test was first validated in triplicate against 57 collection isolates with previously characterized β-lactam resistance mechanisms (oxa-48, n = 12; kpc, n = 8; ndm, n = 8; vim, n = 8; imp, n = 3; gim, n = 1; ges-6, n = 1; no carbapenemase, n = 16) ...201626637378
high yield 1,3-propanediol production by rational engineering of the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde bottleneck in citrobacter werkmanii.imbalance in cofactors causing the accumulation of intermediates in biosynthesis pathways is a frequently occurring problem in metabolic engineering when optimizing a production pathway in a microorganism. in our previous study, a single knock-out citrobacter werkmanii ∆dhad was constructed for improved 1,3-propanediol (pdo) production. instead of an enhanced pdo concentration on this strain, the gene knock-out led to the accumulation of the toxic intermediate 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-hpa). t ...201626822953
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