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study of the host specificity of pb1-f2-associated virulence.influenza a viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. the pb1-f2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. in this work, we compared the effects of pb1-f2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian h7n1 virus. in vitro, the h7n1 virus did not behave differently when pb1-f2 wa ...202134125653
pa-x is an avian virulence factor in h9n2 avian influenza virus.influenza a viruses encode several accessory proteins that have host- and strain-specific effects on virulence and replication. the accessory protein pa-x is expressed due to a ribosomal frameshift during translation of the pa gene. depending on the particular combination of virus strain and host species, pa-x has been described as either acting to reduce or increase virulence and/or virus replication. in this study, we set out to investigate the role pa-x plays in h9n2 avian influenza viruses, ...202133544070
the role of glycosylation in the n-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique h4n2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo.to date, only low pathogenic (lp) h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses (aiv) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (hp) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site (hacs) to polybasic motifs. the lpaiv monobasic hacs is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the hpaiv polybasic hacs is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. however, glycosylation near the hacs can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of so ...202133538209
low-pathogenicity influenza viruses replicate differently in laughing gulls and mallards.wild aquatic birds are natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). laughing gulls inoculated with four gull-origin lpaivs (h7n3, h6n4, h3n8, and h2n3) had a predominate respiratory infection. by contrast, mallards inoculated with two mallard-origin lpaivs (h5n6 and h4n8) became infected and had similar virus titers in oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs. the trend toward predominate op shedding in gulls suggest a greater role of direct bird transmission in mai ...202134109758
genetic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from falcated ducks and environmental water in japan in november 2020.we isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in japan. our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with h5n8 hpaivs recently isolated in south korea, a distant part of japan, and european countries. these results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of hpaivs.202133557405
exposure assessment for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the united arab emirates.worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. the aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding ...202134333870
genetic and biological properties of h7n9 avian influenza viruses detected after application of the h7n9 poultry vaccine in china.the h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) that emerged in china have caused five waves of human infection. further human cases have been successfully prevented since september 2017 through the use of an h7n9 vaccine in poultry. however, the h7n9 aiv has not been eradicated from poultry in china, and its evolution remains largely unexplored. in this study, we isolated 19 h7n9 aivs during surveillance and diagnosis from february 2018 to december 2019, and genetic analysis showed that these viruses have ...202133905456
high immune efficacy against different avian influenza h5n1 viruses due to oral administration of a saccharomyces cerevisiae-based vaccine in chickens.a safe and effective vaccine is the best way to control large-scale highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) a (h5n1) outbreaks. saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae) is an ideal mucosal delivery vector for vaccine development, and we have previously shown that conventional administration of a s. cerevisiae-based vaccine (eby100/pyd1-ha) via injection led to protection against the homologous h5n1 virus in a mouse model. because the diameter of s. cerevisiae is approximately 10 μm, which ...202133903693
antiviral activity of isoimperatorin against influenza a virus in vitro and its inhibition of neuraminidase.influenza a virus (iav) poses a severe threat to human health and is a major public health problem worldwide. as global anti-influenza virus drug resistance has increased significantly, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs, especially drugs from natural products. isoimperatorin, an active natural furanocoumarin, exhibits a broad range of pharmacologic activities including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and other pharmacological effects, ...202133927632
the effects of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on intestinal morphology and humoral immune responses of broiler chickens.tsukamurella species are gram-positive rods that exist in a broad range of environments. in this study, the efficacy of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and humoral immune responses of broiler chicken was evaluated.202133889366
characterization of four novel h5n6 avian influenza viruses with the internal genes from h5n1 and h9n2 viruses and experimental challenge of chickens vaccinated with current commercially available h5 vaccines.since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry. in this study, four h5n6 virus strains were isolated from faecal samples of sick white ducks and dead chickens in shandong in 2019. these h5n6 viruses were triple-reassortant viruses that have not been previously characterized. their ha genes were derived from the h5 viruses and were closely related to the vaccine strain re-11. their na genes all fell into the n6-like lineage and the intern ...202133872465
potential risk factors of avian influenza virus infection in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks in selected areas of bangladesh during 2019.avian influenza is a zoonotic disease with a pandemic potential that can infect avian and mammalian species, including humans. studies aimed at investigating avian influenza virus (aiv) status in asymptomatic chickens and their shedding are uncommon in bangladesh. therefore, the current study aimed to examine the distribution of aiv subtypes in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks and to identify the possible risk factors associated with this infection in two selected sub-districts of banglade ...202133860012
expression of concern: recombinant m2e protein-based elisa: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones. 202133857264
nf-кb pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype h9n2.1. chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. however, the expression of the nf-κb pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv h9n2), has not been extensively studied.2. the following study determined the ...202133843365
serosurvey of avian influenza viruses (h5, h7, and h9) and associated risk factors in backyard poultry flocks of lahore district, pakistan.rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (aivs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. a cross-sectional survey of villages of lahore district was conducted from july 2009 to august 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (pps) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. a random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of lahore were ...202133842573
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) has a preferable host tropism for waterfowl reflected in its inefficient transmission to terrestrial poultry.highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) incurred into europe in late 2017 and was predominantly detected in wild birds, with very few terrestrial poultry cases. pekin ducks directly-infected with a uk virus (h5n6-2017) were donors of infection to investigate contact transmission to three recipient species: ducks, chickens and turkeys. h5n6-2017 transmission to ducks was 100% efficient, but transmission to in-contact galliforme species was infrequent and unpredictabl ...202133839461
development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of h7 subtype avian influenza viruses.h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) including highly and low pathogenic viruses have been detected in china since 2013. h7n9 aiv has a high mortality rate after infection in humans, and most human cases have close contacted with poultry in the live poultry market. therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid point-of-care testing (poct) technique for h7n9 aiv detection.202133827632
comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines.low pathogenicity avian influenza causes mild disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems of wild and domestic birds. avian influenza research often emphasizes the effect of the virus genetics on disease, but the influence of host genetics on resistance to infection is not well understood. the genetic determinants of enhanced resistance to influenza can be explored by using genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines that differ in susceptibility to influe ...202133823380
identification of the dominant non-neutralizing epitope in the haemagglutinin of h7n9 avian influenza virus.h7n9 avian influenza vaccines induce high levels of non-neutralizing (nonneu) antibodies against the haemagglutinin (ha). however, the antigenic epitopes underlying this particular antibody response are still undefined. in this study, a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the ha protein of h7n9 virus was generated and 12 of them had no hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing activities. one linear epitope in the stalk (373-taa-375) recognized by three mabs and one conform ...202133819520
egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were resistant to experimental inoculation with avian-origin influenza a virus of subtype h9n2, but are susceptible to experimental infection with bat-borne h9n2 virus.influenza a viruses (iav) of subtype h9n2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the asian h7n9 viruses. recently, a h9n2 bat influenza a virus was found in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for iav. here, we studied the susceptibility ...202133919890
neuraminidase-associated plasminogen recruitment enables systemic spread of natural avian influenza viruses h3n1.repeated outbreaks due to h3n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) in belgium were associated with unusually high mortality in chicken in 2019. those events caused considerable economic losses and prompted restriction measures normally implemented for eradicating high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (hpaiv). initial pathology investigations and infection studies suggested this virus to be able to replicate systemically, being very atypical for h3 lpaiv. here, we investigate t ...202133891662
within-host model of respiratory virus shedding and antibody response to h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccination and infection in chickens.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 subtype is an infectious pathogen that can affect both the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in chickens and continues to have an important economic impact on the poultry industry. while the host innate immune response provides control of virus replication in early infection, the adaptive immune response aids to clear infections and prevent future invasion. modelling virus-innate immune response pathways can improve our understanding of early infection dyn ...202133778216
genetic characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in korea.in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported y280-lineage h9n2 viruses from two live bird markets in korea in june 2020. genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous h9n2 viruses circulating in korea and had highest homology to a/chicken/shandong/1844/2019(h9n2) viruses. their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype s, which is the predominant genotype in china since 2010, where genotype s viruses have infected humans an ...202133774937
infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south china.the coinfection of swine influenza (si) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. this study analyzed surveillance data on si in south china and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection wit ...202133744674
inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host-pathogen interactions.mammalian three-dimensional (3d) enteroids mirror in vivo intestinal organisation and are powerful tools to investigate intestinal cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. we have developed complex multilobulated 3d chicken enteroids from intestinal embryonic villi and adult crypts. these avian enteroids develop optimally in suspension without the structural support required to produce mammalian enteroids, resulting in an inside-out enteroid conformation with media-facing apical brush border ...202133742093
genetic analysis of genotype g57 h9n2 avian influenza virus isolate a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 recovered in central asia.this paper presents genetic data on the full genome analysis of a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 h9n2 influenza virus isolated in september 2018 from chicken pathological material received from poultry farms of the republic of tajikistan and subtyped as h9n2 by serological and molecular methods. according to the results of hemagglutinin gene sequencing, the amino acid sequence of the cleavage site was rssr/glf, which is typical for low-virulent avian influenza virus. phylogenetic analysis of the n ...202133740120
reassortment with dominant chicken h9n2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth h7n9 virus human epidemic.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. whether h9n2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. since 2013, avian h7n9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in china; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. here, we found t ...202133731452
immunosecurity: immunomodulants enhance immune responses in chickens.the global population has increased with swift urbanization in developing countries, and it is likely to result in a high demand for animal-derived protein-rich foods. animal farming has been constantly affected by various stressful conditions, which can be categorized into physical, environmental, nutritional, and biological factors. such conditions could be exacerbated by banning on the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter together with a pandemic situation including, but not limited to, af ...202133705619
synergistic effect of spirulina platensis and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, serum metabolites, immune responses, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broiler chickens.this study examined the effects of dietary spirulina platensis (sp) at levels of 0, 5, and 10 g.kg-1 and selenium nanoparticles (senps) at 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg.kg-1, individually and in combination, on heat-stressed broiler chickens for 5 weeks. four hundred fifty one-day-old ross-308 chicks were allocated to 9 dietary groups with 5 replicates (10 chicks each). the control diet was consisted of corn-soybean-based basal diet. the obtained results displayed a significant increase in final body weigh ...202133674946
pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds.abstractseveral subtypes of avian influenza (ai) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. to assess the risk of mammalian infection by ai viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. all selected ai virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess eurasian lineage, although reassortment with north american lineage a ...202133666526
exosomal mirna profiling from h5n1 avian influenza virus-infected chickens.exosomes are membrane vesicles containing proteins, lipids, dna, mrna, and micro rna (mirna). exosomal mirna from donor cells can regulate the gene expression of recipient cells. here, ri chickens were divided into resistant (mx/a; bf2/b21) and susceptible (mx/g; bf2/b13) trait by genotyping of mx and bf2 genes. then, ri chickens were infected with h5n1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv). exosomes were purified from blood serum of resistant chickens for small rna sequencing. sequ ...202133658079
surveillance and sequestration strategies to reduce the likelihood of transporting hpaiv contaminated layer manure.movement and land application of manure is a known risk factor for secondary spread of avian influenza (ai) viruses. during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), movement of untreated (i.e., fresh) manure from premises known to be infected would be prohibited. however, moving manure from apparently healthy (i.e., clinically normal) flocks may become critical, because some egg-layer facilities have limited on-site storage capacity. the objective of this analysis was to evaluate ...202133647945
elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 m2e and ha2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response in chicken following immunization with recombinant m2e-ha2 fusion protein.the study was aimed to evaluate the elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus (aiv) m2e and ha2-specific immunity in chicken to develop broad protective influenza vaccine against hpai h5n1. based on the analysis of indian aiv h5n1 sequences, the conserved regions of extracellular domain of m2 protein (m2e) and ha2 were identified. synthetic gene construct coding for m2e and two immunodominant ha2 conserved regions was designed and synthesized after codon optimization. the fus ...202133614753
a live attenuated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine prevents the viral reassortment by exchanging the ha and ns1 packaging signals.the h9n2 avian influenza virus is not only an important zoonotic pathogen, it can also easily recombine with other subtypes to generate novel reassortments, such as the h7n9 virus. although h9n2 live attenuated vaccines can provide good multiple immunities, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, the risk of reassortment between the vaccine strain and wild-type virus is still a concern. here, we successfully rescued an h9n2 live attenuated strain [rtx-ns1-128 (mut)] that can interdict ...202133613465
g1-like m and pb2 genes are preferentially incorporated into h7n9 progeny virions during genetic reassortment.genotype s h9n2 viruses have become predominant in poultry in china since 2010. these viruses frequently donate their whole internal gene segments to other emerging influenza a subtypes such as the novel h7n9, h5n6, and h10n8 viruses. we recently reported that the pb2 and m genes of the genotype s h9n2 virus, which are derived from the g1-like virus, enhance the fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. however, whether the g1-like pb2 and m genes are preferentially ...202133588843
quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza h5 and h7 strains into poland via legal import of live poultry.low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) caused by h5 and h7 viruses is considered a threatening disease for poultry production due to the possibility of prolonged undetected virus circulation in a poultry flock and its potential to mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). the occurrence of hpai may have devastating impact on the poultry industry and has serious economic consequences. the possibility of lpai virus (lpaiv) being introduced into poland via import of live poultry from eu co ...202133588326
the biological characteristics of novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its pathogenesis in ducks.clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in the world. some of these viruses acquired internal genes from other subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h9 and h6 for the generation of novel reassortant viruses and continually circulated in poultry. here, we applied a duck-origin virus dk87 and a chicken-origin virus ck66 to assess the biological characteristics of novel reassortant h5n6 hpaivs and its pathogenesis in ducks. a g ...202133584629
h7n7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high pathogenicity on a layer chicken farm in the uk.avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5 and h7 are capable of mutating from low to high pathogenicity strains, causing high mortality in poultry with significant economic losses globally. during 2015, two outbreaks of h7n7 low pathogenicity aiv (lpaiv) in germany, and one each in the united kingdom (uk) and the netherlands occurred, as well as single outbreaks of h7n7 high pathogenicity aiv (hpaiv) in germany and the uk. both hpaiv outbreaks were linked to precursor h7n7 lpaiv outbreaks on the s ...202133567525
data on swan arrival, departure, and population size on the asadokoro tidal flat, aomori prefecture, japan, from 1956 to 2010.the arrival and departure dates and the daily maximum populations of migrating swans (cygnus cygnus) on the asadokoro tidal flat, hiranai town, aomori prefecture, japan, were recorded by elementary school students for more than 50 years between 1956 and 2010. the asadokoro tidal flat, which lies along the coast of mutsu bay, has been designated a national special natural monument, known as the swans of kominato and their migration grounds. this long history of observation unfortunately came to a ...202133659589
pathological analysis and genetic characterization of the first outbreak h5n8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from wild swan in shandong, china.in january 2021, an outbreak of h5n8 subtype avian influenza was identified from wild mute swans (cygnus olor) in an overwintering site located within yellow river delta nature reserve in shandong, china, for the first time. we sequenced the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genome segments of the virus, named a/mute swan/shandong/1/2021 (h5n8), and explored the genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. the wild swans prior to death showed nervou ...202134359099
incursion of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus, the netherlands, october 2020.highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus was detected in mute swans in the netherlands during october 2020. the virus shares a common ancestor with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses detected in egypt during 2018-2019 and has similar genetic composition. the virus is not directly related to h5n8 viruses from europe detected in the first half of 2020.202134013854
development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus.h7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. the conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay despite lengthy operation time. in this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus (aiv) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemaggl ...202133531001
effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet.1. the effect of foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (eo) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined.2. a total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg ...202133530744
cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in chickens.copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) are consciously used to control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. several studies documented the beneficial and hazardous effects of cuo-nps on human cells and different experimental animals but there are not many studies that report the effect of cuo-nps in poultry. therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, immune status, oxidant/antioxidant capacity, ...202133484442
effect of chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and immune response of unstressed broiler chickens: a dose-response meta-analysis.studies investigating the effects of chromium (cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. the results showed that cr supplementation was not as ...202133454850
a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus.low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ...202133452423
retraction notice to modified newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the h5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens vaccine 32(35) (2014) 4428-4435. 202133446369
molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ...202133437876
n-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the ha protein of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses.since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the asian lineage h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in southern and eastern china, while the h5n6 subtype is the most prevalent. we have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein due to the t160a mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx subtypes. our present study aims to explore other effects of this ...202133436086
dynamics of influenza a (avian influenza) virus in poultry in the greater accra region of ghana amongst the production levels.this research explores, through active surveillance, influenza a prevalence at different production levels in the greater accra region of ghana, a study area with previous outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. the prevalence of influenza a was determined by rtrtpcr. this was achieved by screening 2040 samples comprising tracheal and cloacal swabs from chicken, ducks, pigeons, guinea fowls, and turkeys. influenza a prevalence by production levels and species was computed at 95 ...202134355640
identification of efficacious vaccines against contemporary north american h7 avian influenza viruses.five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial nonreplicating alphavirus-vectored rna particle (rp) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from the united states (a/turkey/in/1403-1/2016 h7n8). one of the inactivated vaccines and the rp vaccine were prepared with a/turkey/in/16-01571-6/2016 h7n8 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv; t ...202134339130
establishment of a genetically engineered chicken df-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin.the initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. this is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. in cell culture systems, ha is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. the vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian.202133413322
efficacy of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor and neuraminidase inhibitors against h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing severe viral pneumonia in cynomolgus macaques.h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. a/duck/japan/aq-he29-22/2017 (h7n9) (dk/he29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other h7 hpaivs. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of dk/he29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase ...202133257455
comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses.strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. in this study we characterize three recent h5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the h5n8-2014 group a virus and the h5n8-2016 and h5n6-2017 group b viruses. the pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, pekin ducks and eurasian wigeons was compared. the three viruses wer ...202133350337
knock-in of the duck retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) into the mx gene in df-1 cells enables both stable and immune response-dependent rig-i expression.waterfowls, such as ducks, are natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv) and can genetically limit the pathogenicity. on the other hand, some aiv strains cause severe pathogenicity in chickens. it is suggested that differences in the pathogenicity of aiv infection between waterfowls and chickens are related to the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i), a pattern recognition receptor that chickens evolutionally lack. here, we knocked-in the duck rig-i bearing the t2a peptide seq ...202134381879
establishment of recombinant eimeria acervulina expressing multi-copies m2e derived from avian influenza virus h9n2.the potential of eimeria parasites as live vaccine vectors has been reported with successful genetic manipulation on several species like e. tenella, e. mitis and e. necatrix. among seven eimeria species infecting chickens, e. acervulina is a highly prevalent, moderately pathogenic species. thus, it is valuable for the study of transfection and for use as a potential as vaccine vector. in this study, a plasmid containing expression cassette with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp), red fl ...202134358207
targeting haemagglutinin antigen of avian influenza virus to chicken immune cell receptors dec205 and cd11c induces differential immune-potentiating responses.improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines is critical to reducing disease impacts. one strategy used to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines is the selective delivery of protective antigens to the antigen presenting cells (apcs). in this study, we have developed a targeted antigen delivery vaccine (tadv) system by recombinantly fusing the ectodomain of hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of h9n2 influenza a virus to single chain fragment variable (scfv) antibodies specific for th ...202134358200
evaluation of protective efficacy of influenza virus like particles prepared from h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 in chickens.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses continue to cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. hpai virus of subtype h5n1 was reported in egypt in 2006, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. the current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (vlp) based vaccine in vivo using specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. the vaccine was prepared from the hpai h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 using the baculovirus expression system. the v ...202134358131
first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in norway.several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) caused by influenza a virus of subtype h5n8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in europe during autumn 2020. norway is one of the few countries in europe that had not previously detected hpai virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005.202134118927
genetic characterization and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus h7n3 isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea, early 2019.low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) introduced by migratory birds circulate in wild birds and can be transmitted to poultry. these viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses causing severe disease and death in poultry. in march 2019, an h7n3 avian influenza virus-a/spot-billed duck/south korea/wku2019-1/2019 (h7n3)-was isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea. this study aimed to evaluate the phylogenetic and mutational analysis of this isolate. mo ...202134067187
efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bangladesh.h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in bangladesh since 2007. while clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two h5 vaccines licensed in bangladesh, re-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an h5 insert (rhvt-h5), for protection against recent ...202133910774
differences in highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viral pathogenicity and inflammatory response in chickens and ducks.infection with h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. but, some recent h5nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. the variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some h5nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. here, we characterized two representative h5n6 viruses, a/pavo cristatus/jiangx ...202133584608
genomic evolution, transmission dynamics, and pathogenicity of avian influenza a (h5n8) viruses emerging in china, 2020.multiple recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n8 viruses originating in aquatic birds frequently occurred in most european countries, russia, south korea, and japan during the winter of 2020-21, and one zoonotic event of poultry workers infected with novel h5n8 viruses were reported in russia. strikingly, these novel h5n8 viruses had emerged and been co-circulating in wild birds and poultry in multiple provinces of china during 2020-21. in china, the population of aquatic birds has risen sign ...202134141450
molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus during co-circulation with newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus in iran.identification of molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus provides insights into the evolution of this subtype due to the modulation of genomic characteristics in co-circulation with another subtype. the present study aimed to analyze the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the current lpai h9n2 virus in characteristics of internal proteins are crucial for the adaptations of aivs viruses to a new host. since h9n2 is indigenous among poultry, contin ...202134130471
a broad spectrum hvt-h5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity.current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from hpai infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. current conventional inactivated ai vaccin ...202133483211
reassortment and persistence of influenza a viruses from diverse geographic origins within australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of ruddy turnstones.australian lineages of avian influenza a viruses (aivs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in eurasia and the americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. however, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of aivs in australia remain poorly understood. waders (order charadriiformes, family scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of aivs, particularly ...202133627387
thermal image scanning for the early detection of fever induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks and its application in farms.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is considered as one of the most devastating poultry diseases. it is imperative to immediately report any known outbreaks to the world organization for animal health. early detection of infected birds is of paramount importance to control virus spread, thus minimizing the associated economic loss. in this study, thermal imaging camera devices were used to detect change in the maximum surface temperature (mst) of chickens (n = 5) and ducks (n = 2) as an ea ...202134113668
h5n1 avian flu infection in hubbard broiler chicken can be prevented or cured by methylated soy protein during 42 days rearing.methylated soy protein (msp) which is positively charged with enhanced hydrophobicity may have antiviral action. this study is verifying if msp can act inhibit h5n1 inside an animal model. five groups of hubbard chicks were challenged at the 25th day of the experiment with aiv virus (h5n1; 0.1 × 105 eid50/ml); 1 group did not receive any treatment (positive control), 2 groups (protective) received treatments before and after the challenge (0.1-0.2 g/l in drinking water ad libitum), and 2 groups ...202134110560
a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n1 (hpai h5n1) in the menoufia governorate, egypt.the poultry industry in egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, subtype h5n1 since 2006. however, the emergence of h9n2, h5n8, and h5n2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a quantitative risk assessment (qra) model which used daily outbreak data of hpai-h5n1 subtype in egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016.202134098961
epidemiological surveillance of h9n2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in egypt 2015-2016.lpai h9n2 infection among the poultry population in egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial and backyard chickens in egypt. a 2-year survey of h9n2 aiv in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016.202134083945
combination therapy of zinc and trimethoprim inhibits infection of influenza a virus in chick embryo.respiratory rna viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. these viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. we examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (tri-z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza a virus in chick embryo model.202134082750
equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment.influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. there are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. equine influenza (ei) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in prague. the influenza a viruses responsible for ei are h7n7 and h3n8. outbreaks of ei are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize h3n8 outbr ...202134075870
antigenic evolution of contemporary clade 2.3.4.4 hpai h5 influenza a viruses and impact on vaccine use for mitigation and control.since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 subtype have been maintained in poultry, periodically spilling back into wild migratory birds and spread to other geographic regions, with re-introduction to domestic birds causing severe impacts for poultry health, production and food sustainability. successive waves of infection have also resulted in substantial genetic evolution and reassortment, enabling the emergence of multiple clades and subtypes within the h5 2.3.4.4 ...202134074548
a semiquantitative scoring system for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of lesions and tissue tropism in avian influenza.the main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. the lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in br ...202134065126
plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via lactococcus surface display.influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. in this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for ...202134051041
genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern china, october 2019.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of h5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. in recent years, h5n6 subtype has rapidly replaced h5n1 as the most predominate hpaiv subtype circulating in domestic poultry in china. in this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent h5n6 strain in guangdong, china.202134049549
first report of field cases of y280-like lpai h9n2 strains in south korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization.h9n2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses have long been circulating in the world poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. in addition to bird health consequences, viruses from specific lineages such as g1 and y280 are also known to have the potential to cause a pandemic within the human population. in south korea, after introducing inactivated h9n2 vaccines in 2007, there were no field outbreaks of h9n2 lpai since 2009. however, in june 2020, an h9n2 virus was isolat ...202134013789
the pb2 co-adaptation of h10n8 avian influenza virus increases the pathogenicity to chickens and mice.avian influenza (ai) is an important zoonotic disease, which can be transmitted across species barriers to other hosts, especially humans, posing a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health. in recent years, human cases infected with the h10n8, h9n2, and h7n9 of avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been identified frequently as have the internal genes of h7n9 and h10n8, which are derived from h9n2 viruses. the adaptive mutation of the pb2 gene is an important way for the h10n8, h9n ...202134008327
h7n9 influenza virus-like particle based on bevs protects chickens from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic h7n9 avian influenza virus.h7n9 avian influenza virus poses a dual threat to both poultry industry and public health. therefore, it is highly urgent to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. virus-like particles (vlp) represent an effective approach for pandemic vaccine development. in this study, a recombinant baculovirus co-expressing the ha, na and m1 genes of the h7n9 virus was constructed for generation of h7n9 vlp. single immunization of chickens with 15 μg of the vlp or the commercial whole ...202134004568
asp149 and asp152 in chicken and human anp32a play an essential role in the interaction with influenza viral polymerase.the acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member a (anp32a) is a cellular host factor that determines the host tropism of the viral polymerase (vpol) of avian influenza viruses (aivs). compared with human anp32a (hanp32a), chicken anp32a contains an additional 33 amino acid residues (176-208) duplicated from amino acid residues 149-175 (27 residues), suggesting that these residues could be involved in increasing vpol activity by strengthening interactions between anp32a and vpol. however, the ...202133982347
viral-host interactome analysis reveals chicken stau2 interacts with non-structural protein 1 and promotes the replication of h5n1 avian influenza virus.as a highly pathogenic influenza virus, h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to poultry production and public health. h5n1 aiv has a small genome and, therefore, relies heavily on its host cellular machinery to replicate. to develop a comprehensive understanding of how h5n1 aiv rewires host cellular machinery during the course of infection, it is crucial to identify which host proteins and complexes come into physical contact with the viral proteins. here, we utilized affinity p ...202133968009
distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014-2018, china.recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have posted a persistent threat. it is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. the aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of aivs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (pma) of china, compare the aivs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze ...202133957986
a novel epitope-blocking elisa for specific and sensitive detection of antibodies against h5-subtype influenza virus hemagglutinin.h5-subtype highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause high mortality in domestic birds and sporadic infections in humans with a frequently fatal outcome, while h5n1 viruses have pandemic potential. due to veterinary and public health significance, these hpaivs, as well as low pathogenicity (lp) h5-subtype aivs having a propensity to mutate into hp viruses, are under epidemiologic surveillance and must be reported to the world organization for animal health (oie). our previous wo ...202133931074
influenza a virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (anser caerulescens).some snow geese (anser caerulescens) migrate between eurasia and north america and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza a viruses (iavs). hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of iavs. our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of iavs. thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by su ...202133621417
diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls.influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ...202134072256
serological evidence of backyard pig exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus during 2016-2017 epizootic in france.in autumn/winter 2016-2017, hpai-h5n8 viruses belonging to the a/goose/guandong/1/1996 (gs/gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in hpai-h5nx confirmed mixed herds. in this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern france from december 2016 to may 2017 and serological analyses for influenza a virus (iav) infections were carried out by elisa and hemagglutination i ...202134070190
health monitoring in birds using bio-loggers and whole blood transcriptomics.monitoring and early detection of emerging infectious diseases in wild animals is of crucial global importance, yet reliable ways to measure immune status and responses are lacking for animals in the wild. here we assess the usefulness of bio-loggers for detecting disease outbreaks in free-living birds and confirm detailed responses using leukocyte composition and large-scale transcriptomics. we simulated natural infections by viral and bacterial pathogens in captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos ...202134031452
do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity?long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is important. while wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. the swan goose (anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different hpaiv infection recor ...202134000793
biological properties and genetic characterization of novel low pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks in the caspian region, dagestan, russia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. novel evolutionary lineages of aiv that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. the vast continental reservoir of aivs in eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp ...202133920551
multiple reassortants of h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in south korea during the winter of 2020-2021.during october 2020-january 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in south korea. we sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene showed that all the isolates belong to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clu ...202133809549
evaluation of insulated isothermal pcr devices for the detection of avian influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) transmission, controlling aiv outbreaks is challenging. hpaiv is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. therefore, surveillance of aiv in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of out ...202133711374
detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea.we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ...202133523603
highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus spread by short- and long-range transmission, france, 2016-17.we detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in france during winter 2016-17. genotype a viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern france. our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype a viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern france. in some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. the intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the den ...202133496244
efficacy of recombinant marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse h5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.the genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses of goose/guangdong (gs/gd) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective h5 influenza a vaccine. here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vhvt)-h5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4a-derived h5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) inserts with challenge by homologous an ...202133715903
bird flu outbreak amidst covid-19 pandemic in south africa: efforts and challenges at hand.over the months of april and may 2021, south africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (h5n1) in different poultry farms. this came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly covid-19 pandemic. the emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. employees have also been encouraged t ...202134081338
transmission of infectious viruses in the natural setting at human-animal interface.most viral pathogens causing epidemics and pandemics are zoonotic, emerging from wildlife reservoirs like sars cov2 causing the global covid-19 pandemic, although animal origin of this virus remains a mystery. cross-species transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is known as zoonosis. however, pathogens are also transmitted from humans to animals in regions where there is a close interaction between animals and humans by 'reverse transmission' (anthroponosis). molecular evidence for the ...202134250513
detection of virus-related sequences associated with potential etiologies of hepatitis in liver tissue samples from rats, mice, shrews, and bats.hepatitis is a major global health concern. however, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis e virus, are zoonotic pathogens. rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. in this study, viral metagenomics and pcr methods were used ...202134177835
pathogenicity of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of different lineages isolated from live bird markets tested in three animal models: spf chickens, korean native chickens, and ducks.since its first appearance in 1996, h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) of the y439 lineage persisted in korean live bird markets (lbms) until the last documented occurrence in 2018. however, in june 2020, the avian influenza surveillance program detected a novel h9n2 aiv belonging to the y280 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, in a korean native chicken (knc) from a lbm. in this study, we infected kncs and ducks (the 2 major species held at lbms), as well as spf chickens, with y280-lineage h9n ...202134284181
effects of in ovo feeding of vitamin e or vitamin c on egg hatchability, performance, carcass traits and immunity in broiler chickens.the effect of in ovo feeding of different levels of vitamins c and e on egg hatchability, immune response, growth and carcass traits of broiler chickens were investigated. a total of 672 fertilized eggs were assigned to one of eight experimental groups having three replicates with 28 eggs as follows: (1) negative control (not injected); (2) positive control (injected with 0.2 ml deionized water); (3) vitamin c at 1 mg; (4) vitamin c at 3 mg; (5) vitamin c at 6 mg; (6) vitamin e at 0.5 iu; (7) vi ...202134278962
the pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market h2n2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, pekin ducks, and guinea fowl.h2n2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) have persisted in live bird markets (lbms) in the northeastern united states since 2014. although unrelated to the 1957 pandemic h2n2 lineage, there is concern that the virus could have animal and public health consequences because of high contact with humans and numerous species in the lbm system. the pathogenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility of six lbm h2n2 viruses isolated from three avian species in lbms were examined in chi ...202134271303
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