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chlamydia psittaci triggers the invasion of h9n2 avian influenza virus by impairing the functions of chicken macrophages.in a pilot study, simultaneous infection with chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) and h9n2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. however, the pathogenesis is still unclear. in the current study, we hypothesized that c. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates h9n2 infection. to explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of c. psittaci and h9n2 on the functions of hd11 cells in ...202032326284
[preparation of monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza and establishment of sandwich elisa].objective to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mab) against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), and develop a sandwich elisa for the detection of h4 subtype aiv. methods the balb/c mice were immunized with inactive h4 subtype aiv. a mab against h4 subtype aiv, designated as 6g4, was obtained by cell fusion, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) screening and subcloing. immuofluorescence cytochemistry and western blotting were used to detect the reactivity of 6g4 with h4 subtype ...202032314726
dendrigraft poly-l-lysines delivery of dna vaccine effectively enhances the immunogenic responses against h9n2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens.biodegradable nanomaterials can protect antigens from degradation, promote cellular absorption, and enhance immune responses. we constructed a eukaryotic plasmid [pcaggs-opti441-hemagglutinin (ha)] by inserting the optimized ha gene fragment of h9n2 aiv into the pcaggs vector. the pcaggs-opti441-ha/dgl was developed through packaging the pcaggs-opti441-ha with dendrigraft poly-l-lysines (dgls). dgl not only protected the pcaggs-opti441-ha from degradation, but also exhibited high transfection ef ...202032305593
global gene expression analysis data of chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus.this data article reports the global gene expression analysis data of chicken dcs infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) compared with mock infection. the differentially expressed genes (degs), and the data of go enrichment analysis and kegg pathway analysis for degs were reported here. in addition, some of these degs associated with innate immune response and antigen presentation were also verified by qpcr. the replication of h9n2 aiv in dcs, and the viability kinetic of dcs during h9n2 ...202032300615
[epidemiological characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol].objective: to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus. methods: epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the history of exposure, infection route, and disease progression. real-time fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr was used to test the samples collected from the case, close c ...202032294835
trend of changes in the titer of antibody against avian influenza virus h9n2 during raising period in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler farms in qazvin province, iran: a cohort study.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 is endemic in iran and its large-scale circulation in the poultry industry of the country is devastating. this virus was first reported in the industrial poultry populations of iran in july 1998. some of the published studies showed that inactivated avian influenza (ai) vaccines are capable of inducing an immune response and providing protection against morbidity and mortality in different countries (vasfi et al., 2002; tavakkoli et al., 2011). low pathogenicity ...202032291997
chimeric newcastle disease virus-like particles containing dc-binding peptide-fused haemagglutinin protect chickens from virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus challenge.newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two notorious avian respiratory pathogens that cause great losses in the poultry industry. current inactivated commercial vaccines against ndv and aiv have the disadvantages of inadequate mucosal responses, while an attenuated live vaccine bears the risk of mutation. dendritic cell (dc) targeting strategies are attractive for their potent mucosal and adaptive immune-stimulating ability against respiratory pathogens. i ...202032274680
baculovirus surface display of the ha protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus and its immunogenicity against a lethal challenge with h5n1 virus in chickens.in the present study, we have generated several h5n2 ha recombinant baculoviruses for production of a ha subunit vaccine against the lethal h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). the effective display of functional ha on the cell membrane and baculoviral envelope was examined. our results reveal that chickens immunized with the chimeric aiv ha protein fused with the baculovirus gp64 cytoplasmic domain (ctd) induced higher hi titer. to further increase the expression level of the h5n2 aiv ha protein, ...202032273019
influenza pb1-f2 inhibits avian mavs signaling.rig-i plays an essential role in the duck innate immune response to influenza infection. rig-i engages the critical adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (mavs) to activate the downstream signaling pathway. the influenza a virus non-structural protein pb1-f2 interacts with mavs in human cells to inhibit interferon production. as duck and human mavs share only 28% amino acid similarity, it is not known whether the influenza virus can similarly inhibit mavs signaling in avian cells. us ...202032272772
establishment of adequate functional cellular immune response in chicks is age dependent.the development of immunocompetence in chicks after hatching is not fully understood. however, detailed knowledge of immunocompetence and maturation processes in day-old chicks (docs) and juvenile chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) is necessary to implement enhanced immunization strategies. for viral diseases, this especially includes the development of cellular immunity focusing on t-cell-dependent responses. in the current study, we investigated t-cell subsets in blood and lymphoid tissues of ...202032267127
recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing m1-ha2 fusion protein provides protective mucosal immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.h9n2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is distributed worldwide and causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. despite immunization of almost all chickens with inactivated vaccines, the disease still remains widespread. we speculated that improving mucosal or cellular immune responses could contribute to improved control of h9n2 viruses. in this study, we constructed a novel lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisti ...202032266297
antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidin b1 against influenza a virus.cathelicidins (caths) are host defense peptides (hdps) that play an important role in the innate immune response against infections. although multiple functions of cathelicidins have been described, including direct antimicrobial activity and several immunomodulatory effects on the host, relatively little is known about their antiviral activity. therefore, in vitro antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidins and the underlying mechanism was investigated in this study against different influenza ...202032265870
immunization with the h5n1 recombinant vaccine candidate induces high protection in chickens against vietnamese highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains.abstract: vietnam is one of the countries most affected worldwide by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, which caused enormous economic loss and posed threats to public health. over nearly two decades, with the antigenic changes in the diversified h5ny viruses, the limited protective efficacy of the available vaccines was encountered. therefore, it is necessary to approach a technology platform for the country to accelerate vaccine production that enables quick response to new in ...202032252383
knockout of irf7 highlights its modulator function of host response against avian influenza virus and the involvement of mapk and tor signaling pathways in chicken.interferon regulatory factor 7 (irf7) is known as the master transcription factor of the type i interferon response in mammalian species along with irf3. yet birds only have irf7, while they are missing irf3, with a smaller repertoire of immune-related genes, which leads to a distinctive immune response in chickens compared to in mammals. in order to understand the functional role of irf7 in the regulation of the antiviral response against avian influenza virus in chickens, we generated irf7-/- ...202032252379
the immune enhancement effects of recombinant ndv expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the different avian influenza vaccine subtypes.avian influenza is an acute and highly contagious infectious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. avian influenza has been widely spread all over the world, has caused property loss and has threatened human life and security. in this study, the recombinant plasmid rclone30-chgm-csf was constructed and rescued to the recombinant virus rclone30-chgm-csf successfully. after 8 days of immunization with the recombinant virus, the titre of ndv hi (haemagglutination inhibition) antibodies in ...202032246561
attenuation of a recombinant marek's disease virus lacking the meq oncogene and evaluation on its immune efficacy against marek's disease virus.sc9-2 is a recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) strain lacking the meq oncogene. previous study demonstrated that sc9-2 virus provides good protection against challenge with a very virulent mdv rmd5, but it induces immunosuppressive effects in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. in the present study, sc9-2 was serially passaged on chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. the pathogenicity and immune efficacy of sc9-2/10th and sc9-2/40th against rmd5 were evaluated. animal experimenta ...202032241474
understanding the cross-talk between host and virus in poultry from the perspectives of microrna.in poultry, viral infections (e.g., marek's disease virus, avian leukosis virus, influenza a virus, and so on) can cause devastating mortality and economic losses. because viruses are solely dependent on host cells to propagate, they alter the host intracellular microenvironment. thus, understanding the virus-host interaction is important for antiviral immunity and drug development in the poultry industry. micrornas are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide spectrum ...202032241464
development of high-growth influenza h7n9 prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses in suspension mdck cells.influenza vaccine manufacturers traditionally use egg-derived candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) to produce high-yield influenza viruses for seasonal or pandemic vaccines; however, these egg-derived cvvs need an adaptation process for the virus to grow in mammalian cells. the low yields of cell-based manufacturing systems using egg-derived cvvs remain an unsolved issue. this study aimed to develop high-growth cell-derived cvvs for mdck cell-based vaccine manufacturing platforms.202032241276
comparison of pathogenicity of subtype h9 avian influenza wild-type viruses from a wide geographic origin expressing mono-, di-, or tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites.an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of > 1.2 in chickens or, in case of subtypes h5 and h7, expression of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site (hacs), signals high pathogenicity (hp). viruses of the h9n2-g1 lineage, which spread across asia and africa, are classified to be of low pathogenicity although, in the field, they became associated with severe clinical signs and epizootics in chickens. here we report on a pre-eminent trait of recent h9n2-g1 isolates from bangladesh and india, wh ...202032234073
combination of multiplex reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay and capillary electrophoresis provides high sensitive and high-throughput simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus subtypes.the pandemic of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in asia has caused enormous economic loss in poultry industry and human health threat, especially clade 2.3.4.4 h5 and h7 subtypes in recent years. the endemic chicken h6 virus in taiwan has also brought about human and dog infections. since wild waterfowls is the major aiv reservoir, it is important to monitor the diversified subtypes in wildfowl flocks in early stage to prevent viral reassortment and transmission. to develop a more efficient and s ...202032233132
insertion of basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin cleavage site of h4n2 avian influenza virus (aiv)-reduced virus fitness in chickens is restored by reassortment with highly pathogenic h5n1 aiv.highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) are naturally restricted to h5 and h7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (cs) in hemagglutinin (ha) and any aiv with an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) ≥ 1.2. although only a few non-h5/h7 viruses fulfill the criteria of hpaiv; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. in 2012, a unique h4n2 virus with a polybasic cs 322pekrrtr/g329 was isolated from quails in california which, however, was avirulent i ...202032231159
the impacts of reassortant avian influenza h5n2 virus ns1 proteins on viral compatibility and regulation of immune responses.avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause severe diseases in poultry worldwide. h6n1 aiv was the dominant enzootic subtype in 1985 in the chicken farms of taiwan until the initial outbreak of a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 virus in 2003; thereafter, this and other lpais have been sporadically detected. in 2015, the outbreak of three novel h5nx viruses of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) emerged and devastated taiwanese chicken and waterfowl industries. the mechanism of variatio ...202032226416
coexpression of soluble and membrane-bound avian influenza virus h5 by recombinant newcastle disease virus leads to an increase in antigen levels.newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) haemagglutinin (ha) of subtype h5 simultaneously protect chickens from newcastle disease (nd) as well as avian influenza (ai). the expressed, membrane-bound surface protein ha is incorporated into virions while soluble ha has been described as a potent antigen. we tested whether co-expression of both ha variants from the same ndv vector increased the overall level of ha, which could be important for optimal immunogenici ...202032209169
application of an improved micro-amount of virion enrichment technique (mivet) for the detection of avian influenza a virus in spiked chicken meat samples.highly sensitive detection of pathogens is effective for screening meat during quarantine inspection and export. the "micro-amount of virion enrichment technique" (mivet) was recently developed, which is a new method combining virus concentration with immunomagnetic beads and simple rna extraction with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (sdbs) for the specific and sensitive detection of avian influenza viruses (aivs). aiv subtypes h3n2 and h4n2 were used to spike the surface of chicken breast meat ...202032193766
surveillance for avian influenza virus in captive wild birds and indigenous chickens in nigeria.several reports of avian influenza virus (aiv) have been made on commercial chickens and wild birds in sub-saharan africa, but there is paucity of information of aiv among captive wild birds and indigenous chickens. blood samples were obtained randomly from captive wild birds and chickens. aiv nucleoprotein antibody detection involved the use of enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and subsequent subtyping with h5 and h7 aiv antigens (haemagglutination inhibition). four hundred birds belonging to nine fam ...202032193749
duck trim32 functions in ifn-β signaling against the infection of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.in mammals, tripartite motif 32 (trim32) is essential for regulating host innate immune responses to viral infections. however, the antiviral effect of trim32 in birds has not been reported. here, we cloned the full-length duck trim32 (dutrim32) cdna from total spleen rna of peking duck. dutrim32 consists of 682 amino acids and has 95.5% similarity in amino acid sequences with chicken trim32 and 84.9% similarity with human trim32, respectively. dutrim32 mrna was found to be ubiquitously expresse ...202032184788
transcriptomic analysis of the chicken mda5 response genes.rig-i and mda5 are two key pattern recognition receptors that sense rna virus invasion, but rig-i is absent in chickens. although chickens have intact mda5, the genes downstream of chicken mda5 (chmda5) that may mediate antiviral response are not well studied. we compared the transcriptional profile of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (df1) transfected with chmda5, and poly(i:c), using rna-seq. transfected chmda5 and poly(i:c) in df1 cells were associated with the marked induction of many antiviral ...202032183248
equine influenza culture methods.equine influenza viruses are cultured in embryonated chicken eggs or in mammalian cells, generally madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, using methods much the same as for other influenza a viruses. mutations associated with host adaptation occur in both eggs and mdck cells, but the latter show greater heterogeneity and eggs are the generally preferred host. both equine-1 h7n7 and equine-2 h3n8 viruses replicate efficiently in 11-day-old eggs, but we find that equine-1 viruses kill the embryos ...202032170705
isolation of swine influenza a virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs.influenza virus isolation is a procedure to obtain a live and infectious virus that can be used for antigenic characterization, pathogenesis investigation, vaccine production, and so on. embryonated chicken egg inoculation is traditionally considered the "gold standard" method for influenza virus isolation and propagation. however, many primary cells and continuous cell lines have also been examined or developed for influenza virus isolation and replication. specifically, influenza a virus in sw ...202032170695
laboratory methods for assessing and licensing influenza vaccines for poultry.avian influenza (ai) vaccines for poultry are based on hemagglutinin (ha) proteins, and protection is specific to the subtype. an estimated 313 billion doses have been used between 2002 and 2018 for high pathogenicity ai control. no universal vaccines are currently available. the majority of ai vaccines are inactivated whole influenza viruses that are grown in embryonating chicken eggs, emulsified in oil adjuvant systems, and injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. live virus-vectored vaccin ...202032170691
avian influenza virus isolation, propagation, and titration in embryonated chicken eggs.avian influenza virus and some mammalian influenza a viruses can be isolated, propagated, and titrated in embryonated chicken eggs (eces). most sample types can be accommodated in ece culture with appropriate processing. isolation may also be accomplished in cell culture, and if a mammalian lineage influenza a is expected to be in an avian sample, for example swine influenza in turkey specimens, mammalian cell may be preferable. culture in eces is highly sensitive but is not specific for influen ...202032170687
avian influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time rt-pcr.real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) has been used for avian influenza virus (aiv) detection since the early 2000s. this method has been applied to surveillance, outbreaks and research. some of the advantages of rrt-pcr are high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid time to result, scalability, cost, and its inherently quantitative nature. furthermore, rrt-pcr can be used with numerous sample types and is less expensive than virus isolation in chicken embryos, and since infectious virus is inactivated earl ...202032170686
hemagglutination assay for influenza virus.the hemagglutination assay (ha) is a tool used to screen cell culture supernatant or amniotic-allantoic fluid harvested from embryonated chicken eggs for hemagglutinating agents, such as type a influenza. the ha is not an identification assay, as other agents also have hemagglutinating properties. live and inactivated viruses are detected by the ha test. amplification by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture is typically required before ha activity can be detected from a cl ...202032170676
sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in korea from 2007 to 2017.the present study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial h9n2 vaccines produced in korea from 2007 to 2017. recorded sales of h9n2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016, with a slight fall in 2017. multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90% of all vaccine sales, and around 30% of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. the regional vaccination rate was ...202032169392
structures of the mhc-i molecule bf2*1501 disclose the preferred presentation of an h5n1 virus-derived epitope.lethal infections by strains of the highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 pose serious threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. a lack of confirmed hpaiv epitopes recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has hindered the utilization of cd8+ t-cell-mediated immunity and has precluded the development of effectively diversified epitope-based vaccination approaches. in particular, an hpaiv h5n1 ctl-recognized epitope based on the peptide mhc-i-β2m (pmhc-i) ...202032152225
aptamer-based field-effect transistor for detection of avian influenza virus in chicken serum.early diagnosis of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) is significant for preventing and controlling a global pandemic. however, there is no existing electrical biosensor for detecting biomarkers for aiv in clinically relevant samples such as chicken serum. herein, we report the first use of an aptamer-functionalized field-effect transistor (fet) as a label-free sensor for aiv detection in chicken serum. a dna aptamer is employed as a sensitive and selective receptor for hemag ...202032148026
intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza h9n2 ha2 and m2e mrna molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens.chitosan nanoparticles (cnps) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs), which subsequently stimulate protective immune responses against infectious diseases. herein, we prepared cnps encapsulating mrna molecules followed by surface coating with conserved h9n2 ha2 and m2e influenza proteins. we demonstrated that cnps efficiently delivered mrna molecules into apcs and had effectively penetrated the mucosal barrier to reach to th ...202032143695
novel hpaiv h5n8 reassortant (clade 2.3.4.4b) detected in germany.a novel h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was detected in a greater white-fronted goose in january 2020 in brandenburg, germany, and, in february 2020, in domestic chickens belonging to a smallholding in baden-wuerttemberg, germany. full-genome sequencing was conducted on the minion platform, enabling further phylogenetic analyses. the virus of clade 2.3.4.4b holds six segments from a eurasian/asian/african hpaiv h5n8 reassortant and two segments from low pathogenic avian infl ...202032143363
author correction: a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge.an amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.202032139794
immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening.developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ...202032139720
engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza.passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ...202032138253
comparison of the efficiency of blup and gblup in genomic prediction of immune traits in chickens.: poultry diseases pose a large threat to poultry production. selection to improve immune traits is a feasible way to prevent and control avian diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of estimation of genetic parameters for antibody response to avian influenza virus (ab-aiv), antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ab-ndv), sheep red blood cell antibody titer (srbc), the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (h/l), immunoglobulin g (igg), the spleen immune ind ...202032138151
the effect of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles on growth performance, toxicopathological and immunological parameters of broiler chickens.the present study aimed to evaluate what dosage of gold nanoparticles (gnps) would improve growth performance, antioxidant levels and immune defense in broiler chickens. the experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old mixbred cobb chicks. the birds were allocated into three groups with three replicates. group (1) kept as a negative control. groups (2) and (3) received 5, 15 ppm gnps via drinking water weekly for 35 days of chicks' life. blood samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 36 days for ...202032124930
domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in south korea.the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 spread from eastern china to korea in 2014 and caused outbreaks in domestic poultry until 2016. to understand how h5n8 hpaivs spread at host species level in korea during 2014-2016, a bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used for ancestral state reconstruction and estimation of the host transition dynamics between wild waterfowl, domestic ducks and chickens. our data support that h5n8 hpaiv most likely transmitt ...202031675474
limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in north american waterfowl.during 2014, highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) of the a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage (gsgd-hp-h5), originating from asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in canada and the us. these clade 2.3.4.4 gsgd-hp-h5 viruses included reassortants possessing north american lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the pacific, central, and mississippi flyways; and caused the largest hp iav outbreak in poultry in us history. to determine if an antibody response ...202031556839
genetic characterization of avian influenza a (h11n9) virus isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea in 2018.in july 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (a/mandarin duck/south korea/knu18-12/2018(h11n9)) was isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea. phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the h11n9 strain. phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain h11n9 belonged to the eurasian lineages. analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes revealed the highest homology with a/ ...202032059510
pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in rooks (corvus frugilegus).rooks (corvus frugilegus) are considered migratory crows in japan. some rooks share a wintering site in the izumi plain in kagoshima prefecture with hooded cranes (grus monacha) and white-necked cranes (grus vipio), which are designated as "endangered" in the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list of threatened species. highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), caused by h5 subtype viruses, has recently been reported in these crane species in japan, in conjunction with a ...202032013539
association of wild bird densities around poultry farms with the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n8 outbreaks in the netherlands, 2016.highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aiv) can spread globally through migratory birds and cause massive outbreaks in commercial poultry. aiv outbreaks have been associated with proximity to waterbodies, presence of waterfowl or wild bird cases near poultry farms. in this study, we compared densities of selected hpai high-risk wild bird species around 7 locations (h farms) infected with hpaiv h5n8 in the netherlands in 2016-2017 to densities around 21 non-infected reference farms. nine ...202032419342
outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in zoo birds caused by ha clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 subtype viruses in japan in winter 2016.in late 2016, two zoos, one in northern japan and the other in central japan, experienced highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks, in which multiple zoo birds were infected with h5n6 subtype hpai virus (hpaiv). here, we report an overview of these hpai outbreaks. hpaiv infections were confirmed by virus isolation in three black swans (cygnus atratus) and three snowy owls (bubo scandiacus) kept in the omoriyama zoo hospital. at higashiyama zoo and botanical gardens, following the death ...202031605424
the association between saα2,3gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (spatula discors).individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (saα2,3gal) in the intestines and bursa of fabricius in wild ducks (anas and spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (anas platyrhync ...202033167978
natural and experimental persistence of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses in slurry of domestic ducks, with or without lime treatment.infections by a/h5 and a/h7 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. during winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (hp) aivs belonging to the a/h5n1, a/h5n2 and a/h5n9 subtypes, were detected in south-western france. throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections mainly caused by a/h5n8 hp aiv (a/gooses/gd/1/96 clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across europe. on both occasions, the viruse ...202033008818
characterization of avian influenza virus h10-h12 subtypes isolated from wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019.h10, h11 and h12 (h10-h12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (aiv) are associated with waterfowl. although these subtypes of aiv are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other aiv subtypes. few h10-h12 subtypes of aiv have been isolated from wild birds in china. in this study, 12 aiv isolates of h10-h12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019, including two h10, three h11 and seven h12 isolates. seque ...202032992999
analysis of mirnas and their target genes associated with mucosal damage caused by transport stress in the mallard duck intestine.bowel health is an important factor for duck rearing that has been linked to feed uptake and growth and death rates. because the regulatory networks associated with acute stress-mediated injury in the duck gastrointestinal tract have not clearly elucidated, we aimed to explore potential mirna-mrna pairs and their regulatory roles in oxidative stress injury caused by transport stress. here, 1-day-old mallard ducklings from the same breeder flock were collected and transported for 8 h, whereas the ...202032810175
genetic characteristics and pathogenesis of h5 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic ducks in south korea.h5 and h7 subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) can mutate to highly pathogenic forms and are therefore subject to stringent controls. we characterized h5 lpaivs isolated from wild-bird habitats and duck farms in south korea from 2010 to 2017. through nationwide active surveillance for aivs, 59 h5 lpaivs were isolated from wild-bird habitats (a mean annual rate of 5.3% of aiv isolations). in 2015, one lpai h5n3 strain was isolated on a duck farm. phylogenetic analysis revea ...202032699272
molecular cloning, tissue distribution and function analysis of duck tlr7.toll-like receptors (tlrs) play an important role in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). among the tlrs, tlr7 is involved in the recognition of antiviral compounds and single-stranded rna. this study was designed to explore the structure and function of tlr7 in duck (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for avian influenza virus. firstly, the full-length cdna of shaoxing egg-laying duck tlr7 (dutlr7) was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) ...202032609043
regional transmission and reassortment of 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in bulgarian poultry 2017/18.between 2017 and 2018, several farms across bulgaria reported outbreaks of h5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. in this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within bulgaria. both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of dobrich, and another largely restricted to central and eastern bulgaria including places such as plovdiv, sliven and stara zagora, ...202032492965
active virological surveillance in backyard ducks in bangladesh: detection of avian influenza and gammacoronaviruses.domestic waterfowl play an important role in the perpetuation and transmission of avian pathogens including avian influenza viruses (aiv) of low and high pathogenicity, which pose severe economic and public health concerns in bangladesh. this study focused on active surveillance of several avian viral pathogens with a special reference to aiv in selected backyard duck populations in bangladesh. a total of 500 pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal samples from individual ducks of four districts were t ...202032271094
live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of h9n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in korea.live bird markets (lbms) in korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (aivs); however, little was known about the role of lbms in the epidemiology of aivs in korea until recently. through 10 years of surveillance (2006-2016) we have isolated and sequenced h9n2 viruses in korean lbms. to understand how h9n2 evolves and spreads in korea, a statistical bayesian phylogenetic model was used. phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introduct ...202032183621
a brief introduction to avian influenza virus.the earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity aiv in poultry were reported in italy in the 1870s. avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (lp) or highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) can result in substantial economic consequences. productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because of disease leading to decreased egg or meat yield, ...202032170682
genetic and antigenic characterization of the first h7n7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in vietnam.during the annual surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in vietnam in 2018, three h7n7 aiv isolates were identified in domestic ducks in a single flock in vinh long province. the present study is the first documented report of h7n7 virus isolates in vietnam and aimed to characterize these viruses, both genetically and antigenically. deduced amino acid sequences for the hemagglutinins (has) indicated a low pathogenicity of these viruses in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that th ...202031760087
antibody response of a h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo.a semi-annual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remains unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds, and to explore a more reasonable and effective immun ...202033108447
characterization of myxovirus resistance protein in birds showing different susceptibilities to highly pathogenic influenza virus.we compared the mx expression and anti-viral function and the 3d structure of mx protein in four species: chicken (gallus gallus), whooper swan (cygnus cygnus), jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos), and rock dove (columba livia). we observed different mortalities associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection to understand the relationship between mx function as an immune response factor and hpaiv proliferation in bird cells. different levels of mx were observed among th ...202032173692
molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in the democratic republic of congo in 2017.in may 2017, high mortality of chickens and muscovy ducks due to the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was reported in the democratic republic of congo (dr congo). in this study, we assessed the molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic features in poultry of the h5n8 hpaiv from the 2017 congolese outbreaks. phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral gene segments revealed that all 12 dr congo isolates clustered in clade 2.3.4.4b together with other h5n8 hpaivs isolated in africa and ...202031707455
susceptibility of laughing gulls (leucophaeus atricilla) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) to ruddy turnstone (arenaria interpres morinella) origin type a influenza viruses.delaware bay, us is the only documented location where influenza a virus (iav) is consistently detected in a shorebird species, the ruddy turnstone (rutu; arenaria interpres morinella). although iav in shorebirds has been well studied at this site for decades, the importance of other species in the avian community as potential sources for the iavs that infect rutus each spring remains unclear. we determined the susceptibility of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and laughing gulls (leucophaeus atric ...202031532732
outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, western china, 2020.in january 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in xinjiang, western china. the virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. antigenically, this subclade is similar to the h5n1 vaccine seed virus re-11.202033030424
experimental infection of domestic geese (anser anser var. domesticus) with h5n8 gs/gd and h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.prior to the emergence of the asian-origin h5 goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd) lineage, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) had rarely caused high mortalities in domestic geese. in 2016/2017 european epidemics, h5n8 gs/gd clade 2.3.4.4 group b produced an unprecedented number of outbreaks in waterfowl holdings. in this study, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with h7n1 hpaiv, and the role of domestic geese in the epidemiology of these viruses, were evaluated. local and comme ...202032795171
complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic strain a/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) of the avian influenza virus, isolated in kazakhstan in 2005.here, we present the complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza a virus/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) (gs/1/05), which belongs to clade 2.2. this strain of the influenza virus was isolated in northern kazakhstan in 2005.202032139571
host innate immune response of geese infected with clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6 viruses have circulated in waterfowls and caused human infections in china, posing significant threats to the poultry industry and the public health. however, the genetics, pathogenicity and innate immune response of h5n6 hpaivs in geese remain largely unknown. in this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristic of the two h5n6 viruses (gs38 and dk09) isolated from apparently healthy domestic goose and duck in live poultry markets (lpms ...202032046051
isolation of two novel reassortant h3n6 avian influenza viruses from long-distance migratory birds in jiangxi province, china.two novel reassortant avian influenza a (h3n6) viruses were isolated from swan goose in poyang lake, jiangxi province, china, in 2014. phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most likely derived from the eurasian-originated h3ny (n3, n6, n8) and h5n6 viruses circulating among wild and domestic birds. it is noteworthy that h9n2 viruses have contributed pb1 gene to these novel h3n6 viruses. our findings provide phylogenetic evidence to elucidate the ongoing viral reassortment in the ...202032468676
data mining and model-predicting a global disease reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza (a) in the wider pacific rim using big data sets.avian influenza (ai) is a complex but still poorly understood disease; specifically when it comes to reservoirs, co-infections, connectedness and wider landscape perspectives. low pathogenic (low-path lp) ai in chickens caused by less virulent strains of ai viruses (aivs)-when compared with highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs)-are not even well-described yet or known how they contribute to wider ai and immune system issues. co-circulation of lpaivs with hpaivs suggests their interactions in their eco ...202033033298
exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8).swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ...202133987931
establishment of a genetically engineered chicken df-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin.the initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. this is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. in cell culture systems, ha is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. the vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian.202133413322
comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses.strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. in this study we characterize three recent h5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the h5n8-2014 group a virus and the h5n8-2016 and h5n6-2017 group b viruses. the pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, pekin ducks and eurasian wigeons was compared. the three viruses wer ...202133350337
a cluster epidemic of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).in january 2019, four cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) kept at a japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. although we were unable to isolate the virus, the np gene of influenza a virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. from a food tray swab which test ...202133576190
messenger rna biomarkers of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in the whole blood of dairy calves.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a primary viral cause of bovine respiratory disease (brd) in young calves, which is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. infection with brsv induces global gene expression changes in respiratory tissues. if these changes are observed in tissues which are more accessible in live animals, such as whole blood, they may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of the disease. therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the wh ...202133931718
pathogenicity and transmissibility of current h3n2 swine influenza virus in southern china: a zoonotic potential.swine are considered as 'mixing vessels' of influenza a viruses and play an important role in the generation of novel influenza pandemics. in this study, we described that the h3n2 swine influenza (swh3n2) viruses currently circulating in pigs in guangdong province carried six internal genes from 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (pmd09), and their antigenicity was obviously different from that of current human h3n2 influenza viruses or recommended vaccine strains (a/guangdong/1194/2019, a/hong kong/4801 ...202134132051
n-glycolylneuraminic acid in animal models for human influenza a virus.the first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc) are the two main species. animal models with α2,6 linked neu5ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza a viruses. animal models that are c ...202134062844
pb1 s524g mutation of wild bird-origin h3n8 influenza a virus enhances virulence and fitness for transmission in mammals.influenza h3n8 viruses have been recovered frequently from wild bird species, including anseriformes (primarily from migratory ducks) and charadriiformes (primarily from shorebirds). however, little attention has been given to the transmission ability of h3n8 avian influenza viruses among mammals. here, we study the potential human health threat and the molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of h3n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild bird reservoirs. we classified eight h3n8 virus ...202133840358
avian influenza a viruses reassort and diversify differently in mallards and mammals.reassortment among co-infecting influenza a viruses (iavs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic iavs. observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. these factors in turn are expected to vary among the di ...202133808674
a quantitative approach to assess influenza a virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs.efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza a viruses (iav), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. to address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. with t ...202133731462
respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza a virus in california sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques.to understand susceptibility of wild california sea lions and northern elephant seals to influenza a virus (iav), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple iav subtypes. we first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human iav. trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 california sea lions, 2 northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains r ...202134037419
host-cell dependent role of phosphorylated keratin 8 during influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in mammalian cells.in this study, we investigated the involvement of keratin 8 during human influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in semi-permissive rhesus monkey-kidney (llc-mk2) and permissive human type ii alveolar epithelial (a549) cells. in a549 cells, keratin 8 showed major expression and phosphorylation levels. influenza a/nws/33 virus was able to subvert keratin 8 structural organization at late stages of infection in both cell models, promoting keratin 8 phosphorylation in a549 cells at early phases o ...202133556415
establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a female domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) with an x chromosome instability.the domestic ferret (ferret; mustela putorius furo) is an important animal model for neuroscience and preclinical/veterinary medicine owing to its highly developed cerebral cortex and susceptibility to avian influenza and corona viruses. nevertheless, there is a lack of in vitro ferret models, since immortal cell lines including induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) of ferrets have been scarce. in this study, we established an ipsc line from ferret skin fibroblasts. the established ipsc line, f ...202134088013
low-pathogenicity influenza viruses replicate differently in laughing gulls and mallards.wild aquatic birds are natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). laughing gulls inoculated with four gull-origin lpaivs (h7n3, h6n4, h3n8, and h2n3) had a predominate respiratory infection. by contrast, mallards inoculated with two mallard-origin lpaivs (h5n6 and h4n8) became infected and had similar virus titers in oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs. the trend toward predominate op shedding in gulls suggest a greater role of direct bird transmission in mai ...202134109758
genetic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from falcated ducks and environmental water in japan in november 2020.we isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in japan. our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with h5n8 hpaivs recently isolated in south korea, a distant part of japan, and european countries. these results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of hpaivs.202133557405
efficacy of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor and neuraminidase inhibitors against h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing severe viral pneumonia in cynomolgus macaques.h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. a/duck/japan/aq-he29-22/2017 (h7n9) (dk/he29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other h7 hpaivs. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of dk/he29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase ...202133257455
development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus.h7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. the conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay despite lengthy operation time. in this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus (aiv) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemaggl ...202133531001
effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet.1. the effect of foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (eo) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined.2. a total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg ...202133530744
cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in chickens.copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) are consciously used to control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. several studies documented the beneficial and hazardous effects of cuo-nps on human cells and different experimental animals but there are not many studies that report the effect of cuo-nps in poultry. therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, immune status, oxidant/antioxidant capacity, ...202133484442
effect of chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and immune response of unstressed broiler chickens: a dose-response meta-analysis.studies investigating the effects of chromium (cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. the results showed that cr supplementation was not as ...202133454850
a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus.low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ...202133452423
retraction notice to modified newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the h5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens vaccine 32(35) (2014) 4428-4435. 202133446369
molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ...202133437876
n-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the ha protein of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses.since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the asian lineage h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in southern and eastern china, while the h5n6 subtype is the most prevalent. we have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein due to the t160a mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx subtypes. our present study aims to explore other effects of this ...202133436086
the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses.the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ...202133424035
first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in norway.several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) caused by influenza a virus of subtype h5n8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in europe during autumn 2020. norway is one of the few countries in europe that had not previously detected hpai virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005.202134118927
influenza a virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (anser caerulescens).some snow geese (anser caerulescens) migrate between eurasia and north america and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza a viruses (iavs). hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of iavs. our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of iavs. thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by su ...202133621417
reassortment and persistence of influenza a viruses from diverse geographic origins within australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of ruddy turnstones.australian lineages of avian influenza a viruses (aivs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in eurasia and the americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. however, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of aivs in australia remain poorly understood. waders (order charadriiformes, family scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of aivs, particularly ...202133627387
exposure assessment for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the united arab emirates.worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. the aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding ...202134333870
antibody response of an h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo.a semiannual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remain unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds and to explore a more reasonable and effective immuniza ...202134339128
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