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effect of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis live vaccines on the immune system and production parameters of experimentally infected broiler chickens with h9n2 avian influenza.h9n2 avian influenza (ai) is an infectious disease which considered to have low pathogenic virulence, but in the case of coinfection with other pathogens it has the potential to become a major threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle diseases (nd) are other common problems to the poultry industry, which there are an extensive vaccination program against these viral pathogens. to investigate the effects of administration of infectious bronchitis and newcastle disea ...202032417570
a within-host mathematical model of h9n2 avian influenza infection and type-i interferon response pathways in chickens.chickens infected with avian influenza virus (aiv) transmit the virus via respiratory and cloacal shedding. while previous mathematical models have shown that the innate immune response is necessary for the early suppression of virus production in infected respiratory cells, the different pathways by which the innate immune response can affect cloacal viral shedding have not been studied in chickens. the present study aims to evaluate the sensitivity of h9n2 low pathogenic aiv shedding in chicke ...202032407720
response to a dna vaccine against the h5n1 virus depending on the chicken line and number of doses.avian influenza virus infections cause significant economic losses on poultry farms and pose the threat of a possible pandemic outbreak. routine vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is not recommended in europe, however it has been ordered in some other countries, and more countries are considering use of the avian influenza vaccine as a component of their control strategy. although a variety of such vaccines have been tested, most research has concentrated on specific antibodies and c ...202032381003
chlamydia psittaci triggers the invasion of h9n2 avian influenza virus by impairing the functions of chicken macrophages.in a pilot study, simultaneous infection with chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) and h9n2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. however, the pathogenesis is still unclear. in the current study, we hypothesized that c. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates h9n2 infection. to explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of c. psittaci and h9n2 on the functions of hd11 cells in ...202032326284
[preparation of monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza and establishment of sandwich elisa].objective to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mab) against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), and develop a sandwich elisa for the detection of h4 subtype aiv. methods the balb/c mice were immunized with inactive h4 subtype aiv. a mab against h4 subtype aiv, designated as 6g4, was obtained by cell fusion, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) screening and subcloing. immuofluorescence cytochemistry and western blotting were used to detect the reactivity of 6g4 with h4 subtype ...202032314726
dendrigraft poly-l-lysines delivery of dna vaccine effectively enhances the immunogenic responses against h9n2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens.biodegradable nanomaterials can protect antigens from degradation, promote cellular absorption, and enhance immune responses. we constructed a eukaryotic plasmid [pcaggs-opti441-hemagglutinin (ha)] by inserting the optimized ha gene fragment of h9n2 aiv into the pcaggs vector. the pcaggs-opti441-ha/dgl was developed through packaging the pcaggs-opti441-ha with dendrigraft poly-l-lysines (dgls). dgl not only protected the pcaggs-opti441-ha from degradation, but also exhibited high transfection ef ...202032305593
global gene expression analysis data of chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus.this data article reports the global gene expression analysis data of chicken dcs infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) compared with mock infection. the differentially expressed genes (degs), and the data of go enrichment analysis and kegg pathway analysis for degs were reported here. in addition, some of these degs associated with innate immune response and antigen presentation were also verified by qpcr. the replication of h9n2 aiv in dcs, and the viability kinetic of dcs during h9n2 ...202032300615
[epidemiological characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol].objective: to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus. methods: epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the history of exposure, infection route, and disease progression. real-time fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr was used to test the samples collected from the case, close c ...202032294835
trend of changes in the titer of antibody against avian influenza virus h9n2 during raising period in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler farms in qazvin province, iran: a cohort study.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 is endemic in iran and its large-scale circulation in the poultry industry of the country is devastating. this virus was first reported in the industrial poultry populations of iran in july 1998. some of the published studies showed that inactivated avian influenza (ai) vaccines are capable of inducing an immune response and providing protection against morbidity and mortality in different countries (vasfi et al., 2002; tavakkoli et al., 2011). low pathogenicity ...202032291997
chimeric newcastle disease virus-like particles containing dc-binding peptide-fused haemagglutinin protect chickens from virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus challenge.newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two notorious avian respiratory pathogens that cause great losses in the poultry industry. current inactivated commercial vaccines against ndv and aiv have the disadvantages of inadequate mucosal responses, while an attenuated live vaccine bears the risk of mutation. dendritic cell (dc) targeting strategies are attractive for their potent mucosal and adaptive immune-stimulating ability against respiratory pathogens. i ...202032274680
baculovirus surface display of the ha protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus and its immunogenicity against a lethal challenge with h5n1 virus in chickens.in the present study, we have generated several h5n2 ha recombinant baculoviruses for production of a ha subunit vaccine against the lethal h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). the effective display of functional ha on the cell membrane and baculoviral envelope was examined. our results reveal that chickens immunized with the chimeric aiv ha protein fused with the baculovirus gp64 cytoplasmic domain (ctd) induced higher hi titer. to further increase the expression level of the h5n2 aiv ha protein, ...202032273019
influenza pb1-f2 inhibits avian mavs signaling.rig-i plays an essential role in the duck innate immune response to influenza infection. rig-i engages the critical adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (mavs) to activate the downstream signaling pathway. the influenza a virus non-structural protein pb1-f2 interacts with mavs in human cells to inhibit interferon production. as duck and human mavs share only 28% amino acid similarity, it is not known whether the influenza virus can similarly inhibit mavs signaling in avian cells. us ...202032272772
establishment of adequate functional cellular immune response in chicks is age dependent.the development of immunocompetence in chicks after hatching is not fully understood. however, detailed knowledge of immunocompetence and maturation processes in day-old chicks (docs) and juvenile chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) is necessary to implement enhanced immunization strategies. for viral diseases, this especially includes the development of cellular immunity focusing on t-cell-dependent responses. in the current study, we investigated t-cell subsets in blood and lymphoid tissues of ...202032267127
recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing m1-ha2 fusion protein provides protective mucosal immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.h9n2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is distributed worldwide and causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. despite immunization of almost all chickens with inactivated vaccines, the disease still remains widespread. we speculated that improving mucosal or cellular immune responses could contribute to improved control of h9n2 viruses. in this study, we constructed a novel lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisti ...202032266297
antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidin b1 against influenza a virus.cathelicidins (caths) are host defense peptides (hdps) that play an important role in the innate immune response against infections. although multiple functions of cathelicidins have been described, including direct antimicrobial activity and several immunomodulatory effects on the host, relatively little is known about their antiviral activity. therefore, in vitro antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidins and the underlying mechanism was investigated in this study against different influenza ...202032265870
immunization with the h5n1 recombinant vaccine candidate induces high protection in chickens against vietnamese highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains.abstract: vietnam is one of the countries most affected worldwide by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, which caused enormous economic loss and posed threats to public health. over nearly two decades, with the antigenic changes in the diversified h5ny viruses, the limited protective efficacy of the available vaccines was encountered. therefore, it is necessary to approach a technology platform for the country to accelerate vaccine production that enables quick response to new in ...202032252383
knockout of irf7 highlights its modulator function of host response against avian influenza virus and the involvement of mapk and tor signaling pathways in chicken.interferon regulatory factor 7 (irf7) is known as the master transcription factor of the type i interferon response in mammalian species along with irf3. yet birds only have irf7, while they are missing irf3, with a smaller repertoire of immune-related genes, which leads to a distinctive immune response in chickens compared to in mammals. in order to understand the functional role of irf7 in the regulation of the antiviral response against avian influenza virus in chickens, we generated irf7-/- ...202032252379
the immune enhancement effects of recombinant ndv expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the different avian influenza vaccine subtypes.avian influenza is an acute and highly contagious infectious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. avian influenza has been widely spread all over the world, has caused property loss and has threatened human life and security. in this study, the recombinant plasmid rclone30-chgm-csf was constructed and rescued to the recombinant virus rclone30-chgm-csf successfully. after 8 days of immunization with the recombinant virus, the titre of ndv hi (haemagglutination inhibition) antibodies in ...202032246561
attenuation of a recombinant marek's disease virus lacking the meq oncogene and evaluation on its immune efficacy against marek's disease virus.sc9-2 is a recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) strain lacking the meq oncogene. previous study demonstrated that sc9-2 virus provides good protection against challenge with a very virulent mdv rmd5, but it induces immunosuppressive effects in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. in the present study, sc9-2 was serially passaged on chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. the pathogenicity and immune efficacy of sc9-2/10th and sc9-2/40th against rmd5 were evaluated. animal experimenta ...202032241474
understanding the cross-talk between host and virus in poultry from the perspectives of microrna.in poultry, viral infections (e.g., marek's disease virus, avian leukosis virus, influenza a virus, and so on) can cause devastating mortality and economic losses. because viruses are solely dependent on host cells to propagate, they alter the host intracellular microenvironment. thus, understanding the virus-host interaction is important for antiviral immunity and drug development in the poultry industry. micrornas are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide spectrum ...202032241464
development of high-growth influenza h7n9 prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses in suspension mdck cells.influenza vaccine manufacturers traditionally use egg-derived candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) to produce high-yield influenza viruses for seasonal or pandemic vaccines; however, these egg-derived cvvs need an adaptation process for the virus to grow in mammalian cells. the low yields of cell-based manufacturing systems using egg-derived cvvs remain an unsolved issue. this study aimed to develop high-growth cell-derived cvvs for mdck cell-based vaccine manufacturing platforms.202032241276
comparison of pathogenicity of subtype h9 avian influenza wild-type viruses from a wide geographic origin expressing mono-, di-, or tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites.an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of > 1.2 in chickens or, in case of subtypes h5 and h7, expression of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site (hacs), signals high pathogenicity (hp). viruses of the h9n2-g1 lineage, which spread across asia and africa, are classified to be of low pathogenicity although, in the field, they became associated with severe clinical signs and epizootics in chickens. here we report on a pre-eminent trait of recent h9n2-g1 isolates from bangladesh and india, wh ...202032234073
combination of multiplex reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay and capillary electrophoresis provides high sensitive and high-throughput simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus subtypes.the pandemic of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in asia has caused enormous economic loss in poultry industry and human health threat, especially clade 2.3.4.4 h5 and h7 subtypes in recent years. the endemic chicken h6 virus in taiwan has also brought about human and dog infections. since wild waterfowls is the major aiv reservoir, it is important to monitor the diversified subtypes in wildfowl flocks in early stage to prevent viral reassortment and transmission. to develop a more efficient and s ...202032233132
insertion of basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin cleavage site of h4n2 avian influenza virus (aiv)-reduced virus fitness in chickens is restored by reassortment with highly pathogenic h5n1 aiv.highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) are naturally restricted to h5 and h7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (cs) in hemagglutinin (ha) and any aiv with an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) ≥ 1.2. although only a few non-h5/h7 viruses fulfill the criteria of hpaiv; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. in 2012, a unique h4n2 virus with a polybasic cs 322pekrrtr/g329 was isolated from quails in california which, however, was avirulent i ...202032231159
the impacts of reassortant avian influenza h5n2 virus ns1 proteins on viral compatibility and regulation of immune responses.avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause severe diseases in poultry worldwide. h6n1 aiv was the dominant enzootic subtype in 1985 in the chicken farms of taiwan until the initial outbreak of a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 virus in 2003; thereafter, this and other lpais have been sporadically detected. in 2015, the outbreak of three novel h5nx viruses of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) emerged and devastated taiwanese chicken and waterfowl industries. the mechanism of variatio ...202032226416
coexpression of soluble and membrane-bound avian influenza virus h5 by recombinant newcastle disease virus leads to an increase in antigen levels.newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) haemagglutinin (ha) of subtype h5 simultaneously protect chickens from newcastle disease (nd) as well as avian influenza (ai). the expressed, membrane-bound surface protein ha is incorporated into virions while soluble ha has been described as a potent antigen. we tested whether co-expression of both ha variants from the same ndv vector increased the overall level of ha, which could be important for optimal immunogenici ...202032209169
application of an improved micro-amount of virion enrichment technique (mivet) for the detection of avian influenza a virus in spiked chicken meat samples.highly sensitive detection of pathogens is effective for screening meat during quarantine inspection and export. the "micro-amount of virion enrichment technique" (mivet) was recently developed, which is a new method combining virus concentration with immunomagnetic beads and simple rna extraction with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (sdbs) for the specific and sensitive detection of avian influenza viruses (aivs). aiv subtypes h3n2 and h4n2 were used to spike the surface of chicken breast meat ...202032193766
surveillance for avian influenza virus in captive wild birds and indigenous chickens in nigeria.several reports of avian influenza virus (aiv) have been made on commercial chickens and wild birds in sub-saharan africa, but there is paucity of information of aiv among captive wild birds and indigenous chickens. blood samples were obtained randomly from captive wild birds and chickens. aiv nucleoprotein antibody detection involved the use of enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and subsequent subtyping with h5 and h7 aiv antigens (haemagglutination inhibition). four hundred birds belonging to nine fam ...202032193749
duck trim32 functions in ifn-β signaling against the infection of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.in mammals, tripartite motif 32 (trim32) is essential for regulating host innate immune responses to viral infections. however, the antiviral effect of trim32 in birds has not been reported. here, we cloned the full-length duck trim32 (dutrim32) cdna from total spleen rna of peking duck. dutrim32 consists of 682 amino acids and has 95.5% similarity in amino acid sequences with chicken trim32 and 84.9% similarity with human trim32, respectively. dutrim32 mrna was found to be ubiquitously expresse ...202032184788
transcriptomic analysis of the chicken mda5 response genes.rig-i and mda5 are two key pattern recognition receptors that sense rna virus invasion, but rig-i is absent in chickens. although chickens have intact mda5, the genes downstream of chicken mda5 (chmda5) that may mediate antiviral response are not well studied. we compared the transcriptional profile of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (df1) transfected with chmda5, and poly(i:c), using rna-seq. transfected chmda5 and poly(i:c) in df1 cells were associated with the marked induction of many antiviral ...202032183248
equine influenza culture methods.equine influenza viruses are cultured in embryonated chicken eggs or in mammalian cells, generally madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, using methods much the same as for other influenza a viruses. mutations associated with host adaptation occur in both eggs and mdck cells, but the latter show greater heterogeneity and eggs are the generally preferred host. both equine-1 h7n7 and equine-2 h3n8 viruses replicate efficiently in 11-day-old eggs, but we find that equine-1 viruses kill the embryos ...202032170705
isolation of swine influenza a virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs.influenza virus isolation is a procedure to obtain a live and infectious virus that can be used for antigenic characterization, pathogenesis investigation, vaccine production, and so on. embryonated chicken egg inoculation is traditionally considered the "gold standard" method for influenza virus isolation and propagation. however, many primary cells and continuous cell lines have also been examined or developed for influenza virus isolation and replication. specifically, influenza a virus in sw ...202032170695
laboratory methods for assessing and licensing influenza vaccines for poultry.avian influenza (ai) vaccines for poultry are based on hemagglutinin (ha) proteins, and protection is specific to the subtype. an estimated 313 billion doses have been used between 2002 and 2018 for high pathogenicity ai control. no universal vaccines are currently available. the majority of ai vaccines are inactivated whole influenza viruses that are grown in embryonating chicken eggs, emulsified in oil adjuvant systems, and injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. live virus-vectored vaccin ...202032170691
avian influenza virus isolation, propagation, and titration in embryonated chicken eggs.avian influenza virus and some mammalian influenza a viruses can be isolated, propagated, and titrated in embryonated chicken eggs (eces). most sample types can be accommodated in ece culture with appropriate processing. isolation may also be accomplished in cell culture, and if a mammalian lineage influenza a is expected to be in an avian sample, for example swine influenza in turkey specimens, mammalian cell may be preferable. culture in eces is highly sensitive but is not specific for influen ...202032170687
avian influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time rt-pcr.real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) has been used for avian influenza virus (aiv) detection since the early 2000s. this method has been applied to surveillance, outbreaks and research. some of the advantages of rrt-pcr are high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid time to result, scalability, cost, and its inherently quantitative nature. furthermore, rrt-pcr can be used with numerous sample types and is less expensive than virus isolation in chicken embryos, and since infectious virus is inactivated earl ...202032170686
hemagglutination assay for influenza virus.the hemagglutination assay (ha) is a tool used to screen cell culture supernatant or amniotic-allantoic fluid harvested from embryonated chicken eggs for hemagglutinating agents, such as type a influenza. the ha is not an identification assay, as other agents also have hemagglutinating properties. live and inactivated viruses are detected by the ha test. amplification by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture is typically required before ha activity can be detected from a cl ...202032170676
sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in korea from 2007 to 2017.the present study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial h9n2 vaccines produced in korea from 2007 to 2017. recorded sales of h9n2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016, with a slight fall in 2017. multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90% of all vaccine sales, and around 30% of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. the regional vaccination rate was ...202032169392
structures of the mhc-i molecule bf2*1501 disclose the preferred presentation of an h5n1 virus-derived epitope.lethal infections by strains of the highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 pose serious threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. a lack of confirmed hpaiv epitopes recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has hindered the utilization of cd8+ t-cell-mediated immunity and has precluded the development of effectively diversified epitope-based vaccination approaches. in particular, an hpaiv h5n1 ctl-recognized epitope based on the peptide mhc-i-β2m (pmhc-i) ...202032152225
aptamer-based field-effect transistor for detection of avian influenza virus in chicken serum.early diagnosis of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) is significant for preventing and controlling a global pandemic. however, there is no existing electrical biosensor for detecting biomarkers for aiv in clinically relevant samples such as chicken serum. herein, we report the first use of an aptamer-functionalized field-effect transistor (fet) as a label-free sensor for aiv detection in chicken serum. a dna aptamer is employed as a sensitive and selective receptor for hemag ...202032148026
intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza h9n2 ha2 and m2e mrna molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens.chitosan nanoparticles (cnps) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs), which subsequently stimulate protective immune responses against infectious diseases. herein, we prepared cnps encapsulating mrna molecules followed by surface coating with conserved h9n2 ha2 and m2e influenza proteins. we demonstrated that cnps efficiently delivered mrna molecules into apcs and had effectively penetrated the mucosal barrier to reach to th ...202032143695
novel hpaiv h5n8 reassortant (clade 2.3.4.4b) detected in germany.a novel h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was detected in a greater white-fronted goose in january 2020 in brandenburg, germany, and, in february 2020, in domestic chickens belonging to a smallholding in baden-wuerttemberg, germany. full-genome sequencing was conducted on the minion platform, enabling further phylogenetic analyses. the virus of clade 2.3.4.4b holds six segments from a eurasian/asian/african hpaiv h5n8 reassortant and two segments from low pathogenic avian infl ...202032143363
author correction: a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge.an amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.202032139794
immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening.developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ...202032139720
engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza.passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ...202032138253
comparison of the efficiency of blup and gblup in genomic prediction of immune traits in chickens.: poultry diseases pose a large threat to poultry production. selection to improve immune traits is a feasible way to prevent and control avian diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of estimation of genetic parameters for antibody response to avian influenza virus (ab-aiv), antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ab-ndv), sheep red blood cell antibody titer (srbc), the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (h/l), immunoglobulin g (igg), the spleen immune ind ...202032138151
the effect of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles on growth performance, toxicopathological and immunological parameters of broiler chickens.the present study aimed to evaluate what dosage of gold nanoparticles (gnps) would improve growth performance, antioxidant levels and immune defense in broiler chickens. the experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old mixbred cobb chicks. the birds were allocated into three groups with three replicates. group (1) kept as a negative control. groups (2) and (3) received 5, 15 ppm gnps via drinking water weekly for 35 days of chicks' life. blood samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 36 days for ...202032124930
quick and improved immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of albizia julibrissin saponins.h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. ajsaf is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of albizzia julibrissin. in this study, ajsaf was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccine (ih9v) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant.202033160337
identification of efficacious vaccines against contemporary north american h7 avian influenza viruses.five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial non-replicating alphavirus vectored rna particle (rp) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from the us (a/turkey/in/1403-1/2016 h7n8). one of the inactivated vaccines and the rp vaccine were prepared with a/turkey/in/16-01571-6/2016 h7n8 low pathogenic aiv (tk/in/16), which i ...202033152750
variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus h5n3 under immune pressure.mutations arising in influenza viruses that have undergone immune pressure may promote a successful spread of mutants in nature. in order to evaluate the variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus a/duck/moscow/4182-c/2010(h5n3) and to determine the common epitopes between it and highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses (hpaiv), a set of escape mutants was selected due to action of mabs specific against a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83(h5n2), a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) and a/duck/novosibirsk/ ...202033151742
effects of licorice extract, probiotic, toxin binder and poultry litter biochar on performance, immune function, blood indices and liver histopathology of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-b1.probiotics, toxin binders, and plant extracts improve health and immunity of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin. the effects of licorice extract (le), protexin probiotic, toxin binder (agrabound), and poultry litter biochar (plb) in experimental aflatoxicosis were evaluated. in a completely randomized design, 504 broiler chickens were allotted to 7 treatments and 6 replicates with 12 broiler chickens in each. the experimental groups were as follows: t1) basal diet (b) without any feed additiv ...202033142507
genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus from chickens in guangdong, china. 202033098955
analysis of the microrna expression profiles of chicken dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza virus infection.microrna (mirna) plays a key role in virus-host interactions. here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine cellular mirna expression profiles in chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). a total of 66 known and 36 novel mirnas were differently expressed upon h9n2 infection, including 72 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated mirnas. functional analysis showed that the predicted targets of these mirnas were significantly enriched in several pathways includin ...202033069243
comparison of the effectiveness of two different vaccination regimes for avian influenza h9n2 in broiler chicken.low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the middle east region for decades. attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of h9n2 in egypt and middle eastern countries. this present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in egypt. two commercial broiler ...202033066560
probiotic lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replication in chicken cecal tonsil mononuclear cells.low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. the growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. however, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. the objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of l ...202033066282
haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different h5n1 viruses in chickens.the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. the currently available avian influenza h5n1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling h5n1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed.202033059676
selection and antigenic characterization of immune-escape mutants of h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus using homologous polyclonal sera.understanding the dynamics of the selection of influenza a immune escape variants by serum antibody is critical for designing effective vaccination programs for animals, especially poultry where large populations have a short generation time and may be vaccinated with high frequency. in this report, immune-escape mutants of a/turkey/new york/4450/1994 h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were selected by serially passaging the virus in the presence of continuously increasing concentrations ...202033045306
selective usage of anp32 proteins by influenza b virus polymerase: implications in determination of host range.the influenza b virus (ibv) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. ibv mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. the replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of ibv are largely unknown. in this study, we found that the host anp32 proteins are required for the function of the ibv polymerase. human anp32a/b strongly supports ibv replication, while anp32e has a limited role. un ...202033045004
co-inections of domestic and wild birds with avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses: implications for control and genetic mutations.co-infections of birds' upper respiratory tract by avian pathogens are common and cause increasing economic losses. this study determines co-infection status of avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) in birds in two nigerian states with different highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) records and where modified stamping out policy contained the virus for seven years after which the virus resurged with higher infectivity in 2015. a cross-sectional study sampling 910 apparently healthy ...202033040313
emergence of highly pathogenic h5n2 and h7n1 influenza a viruses from low pathogenic precursors by serial passage in ovo.highly pathogenic (hpai) strains emerge from their low pathogenic (lpai) precursors and cause severe disease in poultry with enormous economic losses, and zoonotic potential. understanding the mechanisms involved in hpai emergence is thus an important goal for risk assessments. in this study ostrich-origin h5n2 and h7n1 lpai progenitor viruses were serially passaged seventeen times in 14-day old embryonated chicken eggs and ion torrent ultra-deep sequencing was used to monitor the incremental ch ...202033031421
a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the rapid detection of antibody against influenza a virus in chicken and goat sera.highly pathogenic influenza a viruses (iavs) cause substantial damage to the poultry industry. a simple and quick testing method is required for strict control of this infectious agent. the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (fpia) is a rapid test based on antigen-antibody binding, which can detect antigen-specific antibody in the infected animal samples within a few minutes. fpia is a one-step reaction assay that does not require a secondary antibody and complicated steps. we evaluated the u ...202033025860
phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene and evaluation of the viral shedding of h9n2 avian influenza viruses using real-time rt-pcr in spf chickens.in recent years, the h9n2 influenzavirus has been circulating widely in poultry farms causing extensive damage. the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of the two virus isolates of h9n2 subtype in specific pathogen-free chickens were studied to determine the shedding rate in the host’s oropharyngeal and cloacal routes and their genetic relationship. the sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the samples were performed by comparing each isolate with other h9n2 isolates in the gene bank. in th ...202033025774
antiviral activity of a novel mixture of natural antimicrobials, in vitro, and in a chicken infection model in vivo.the aim of this study was to test in vitro the ability of a mixture of citrus extract, maltodextrin, sodium chloride, lactic acid and citric acid (aurashield l) to inhibit the virulence of infectious bronchitis, newcastle disease, avian influenza, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and bovine coronavirus viruses. secondly, in vivo, we have investigated its efficacy against infectious bronchitis using a broiler infection model. in vitro, these antimicrobials had expressed antivi ...202033024252
evaluation of vaccination strategies to control an avian influenza outbreak in french poultry production networks using evacs tool.france recently faced two epizootic waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry (h5n6 in 2015-2016 and h5n8 in 2016-2017), mainly in the fattening duck production sector. vaccination against avian influenza (ai) is currently not authorised in france even though its potential benefits were discussed during these epizootic events. the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential efficiency of different vaccination strategies that could be applied against ai in france. the ...202033002655
research note: rapid detection of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus with real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification.in this study, specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed to target the thymidine kinase (tk) gene sequence of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). through specificity and sensitivity tests, a real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification (rf-raa) method for detecting iltv was established. the results showed that the method was specific and could be used to accurately detect iltv, and there was no cross-reaction with newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian infl ...202032988516
experimental infection and pathology of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow and chicken in house crows (corvus splendens).we investigated the experimental infection of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow (a/crow/assam/142119/2008) and chicken (a/chicken/sikkim/151466/2009) in house crows (corvus splendens). both viruses caused infection in crows, where four out of six and three out of six crows succumbed to h5n1 infection within 11 days post challenge by crow and chicken viruses, respectively. the major clinical signs in crows were wing paralysis, circling and torticollis. the viru ...202032985206
genetic characterization of a novel genotype h9n2 avian influenza virus from chicken in south china. 202032956732
effectiveness of a simultaneous rhvt-f(nd) and rhvt-h5(ai) vaccination of day-old chickens and the influence of ndv- and aiv-specific mda on immune response and conferred protection.the recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rhvt) vaccines targeting newcastle disease (nd) and h5nx avian influenza (ai) have been demonstrated efficient in chickens when used individually at day-old. given the practical field constraints associated with administering two vaccines separately and in the absence of a currently available bivalent rhvt vector vaccine expressing both f(nd) and h5(ai) antigens, the aim of this study was to investigate whether interference occurs between the two vaccines w ...202032948028
enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species.in 2016/2017, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of the goose/guangdong lineage spread from asia to europe, causing the biggest and most widespread hpai epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in europe. we hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 h5n8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older hpaiv viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses, allowing more ef ...202032928280
lactobacillus plantarum surface-displayed influenza antigens (np-m2) with flic flagellin stimulate generally protective immune responses against h9n2 influenza subtypes in chickens.the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. vaccines that induce a mucosal immune response may be successful against influenza virus infection because its transmission occurs primarily in the mucosa. to develop novel and potent oral vaccines based on lactobacillus plantarum (l. plantarum) to control the spread of aiv in poultry industry, in the present study, we constructed and expressed fusions of the influenza antigens np and m2 with ...202032919197
pathobiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h7n1 and h5n8 in different chicken breeds and role of mx 2032 g/a polymorphism in infection outcome.chickens are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs). however, the severity of infection varies depending of the viral strain and the genetic background of the host. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenesis of two hpaivs (h7n1 and h5n8) and assessed the susceptibility to the infection of local and commercial chicken breeds from spain. eight chicken breeds were intranasally inoculated with 105 eld50 of a/chicken/italy/5093/1999 (h7n1) or a/goose/spain/ia17cr02 ...202032912265
orally administered recombinant baculovirus vaccine elicits partial protection against avian influenza virus infection in mice.avian influenza outbreaks have placed a tremendous economic burden on the poultry industry, necessitating the need for an effective vaccine. although multiple vaccine candidates are available, its development is hindered by several drawbacks associated with the vaccine platforms and as such, more improvements to the vaccines are needed. therefore, in this study, the vaccine efficacy in the murine models was assessed prior to evaluation in chickens. an oral recombinant baculovirus (rbv) vaccine e ...202032910984
continued evolution of h5nx avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets: pathogenic potential in poultry and mammalian models.the genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. this is of particular concern in bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the a(h5n1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three a(h5) genotypes, designated h5n1-r1, h5n1-r2, and h5n2-r3, that arose from reassortment of a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. the ...202032907981
efficacy evaluation of commercial vaccines against circulating filed isolates of avian influenza h9n2 and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler chickens. 202032896117
assessing the efficacy of a recombinant h9n2 avian influenza virus-inactivated vaccine.the h9n2 avian influenza virus has been widely spread in poultry around the world. it is proved to the world that the avian influenza virus can directly infect human beings without any intermediate host adaptation in "1997 hong kong avian influenza case," which shows that the avian influenza virus not only causes significant losses to the poultry industry but also affects human health. in this study, we aimed to address the problem of low protection of avian h9n2 subtype influenza virus vaccine ...202032867977
low pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates with different levels of defective genome segments vary in pathogenicity and transmission efficiency.defective interfering particles (dips) of influenza virus are generated through incorporation of highly truncated forms of genome segments, mostly those coding polymerase complex proteins (pb2, pb1, pa). such particles are able to replicate only in the presence of a virus with the complete genome, thus dips may alter the infection outcome by suppressing production of standard virus particles, but also by stimulating the immune response. in the present study we compared the clinical outcome, mort ...202032859269
comparison of autogenous and commercial h9n2 avian influenza vaccines in a challenge with recent dominant virus.avian influenza (ai) caused by ai virus subtype h9n2 is a prevalent viral disease with enormous economic losses in poultry farms through significant respiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations. the degree of protection obtained from a vaccine strongly depends on the level of antigenic similarity between challenge and vaccine virus.202032849889
the emergence of h7n7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus using an in ovo embryo culture model.outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) often result in the infection of millions of poultry, causing up to 100% mortality. hpaiv has been shown to emerge from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) in field outbreaks. direct evidence for the emergence of h7n7 hpaiv from a lpaiv precursor with a rare di-basic cleavage site (dbcs) was identified in the uk in 2008. the dbcs contained an additional basic amino acid compared to commonly circulating lpaivs that harbor a ...202032839404
co-infection of salmonella enteritidis with h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.salmonella and avian influenza virus are important pathogens affecting the poultry industry and human health worldwide. in this experimental study, we evaluated the consequences of co-infection of salmonella enteritidis (se) with h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2-aiv) in chickens. four groups were included: control group, h9n2-aiv group, h9n2-aiv + se group, and se group. infected chickens were intranasally inoculated with h9n2-aiv at 21 days of age and then orally administered se on the same day ...202032835500
detection of pb2 627 k mutation in two highly pathogenic isolates of the h7n9 subtype influenza a virus from chickens in northern china. 202032828821
taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide inhibits h9n2 subtype influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo.the h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most prevalent aiv subtypes that can be found throughout most countries. currently, due to the neglect of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) and monotonous control technique, an expanding h9n2 virus epizootic have been arisen and causes great economic losses in the poultry industry. therefore, novel anti-influenza drugs are necessary for the prevention and control of h9n2 aiv. our previous studies have found that taishan pinus ...202032827926
population genomic transformations induced by isolation of wild bird avian influenza viruses (orthomyxoviridae) in embryonated chicken eggs.isolation and cultivation of wild-type viruses in model organism cells or tissues is standard practice in virology. oftentimes, the virus host species is distantly related to the species from which the culture system was developed. thus, virus culture in these tissues and cells basically constitutes a host jump, which can lead to genomic changes through genetic drift and/or adaptation to the culture system. we directly sequenced 70 avian influenza virus (orthomyxoviridae) genomes from oropharyng ...202032827730
anti-influenza protective efficacy of a h6 virus-like particle in chickens.h6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a worldwide distribution, and they pose a potential concern for public health. in taiwan, h6 aivs have circulated in domestic chickens for more than 40 years, and certain strains have crossed the species barrier to infect mammals. with the goal of containing the disease, there is a pressing need to develop a safe and effective vaccine for pandemic preparedness. in this study, we prepared a virus-like particle (vlp) that consisted of the hemagglutinin (ha) a ...202032825685
continuous reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenetic avian influenza viruses demonstrating high risk to public health.since it firstly emerged in china in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) has rapidly replaced predominant h5n1 to become the dominant h5 subtype in china, especially in ducks. not only endemic in china, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in south korea, japan, and europe. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaivs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. phylogenetic analys ...202032824873
generation of a recombinant chickenized monoclonal antibody against the neuraminidase of h9n2 avian influenza virus.we previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mab), 1g8, against the neuraminidase (na) of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) with significant na inhibitory activity. to generate a recombinant chickenized mab (rcmab) against the na of h9n2 aiv for passive immunization in poultry, the gene of the fragment of antigen binding (fab) of mab 1g8 was cloned and fused with the fragment crystallizable (fc) gene of chicken igy. the rcmab 1g8 was expressed in cos-1 cells and could be detected in cell culture ...202032816156
understanding the motivation of western java smallholder broiler farmers to uptake measures against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai).understanding broiler farmers' intention toward highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) control is important to design successful hpai control programs. we used theory of planned behavior (tpb) to identify factors (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) associated with the intentions of western-java small-scale broiler farmers toward implementing cleaning and disinfection (c&d), vaccination, reporting, and stamping-out without or with 50% compensation. for this, 203 ...202032793640
vaccine efficacy on the novel reassortant h9n2 virus in indonesia.vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the avian influenza (ai) viruses in indonesia. the variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. in this study, we identified the reassortant h9n2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. the reassortant h9n2 viruses derived the pb2 gene from the h5n1 virus. the pathogenicity t ...202032785201
pathogenicity and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n6 in pigeons.pigeons were previously thought to be resistant to h5 viruses and to play a minimal role in spreading these viruses. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of two clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 viruses in pigeons and the potential viral transmissibility to specific-pathogen-free chickens in direct close contact with experimentally infected pigeons. no pigeons from the a/goose/eastern china/xin/2015 (gs/xin) group exhibited clinical signs or mortality, and the virus was only detected in a few organs. ...202032768222
distinct mirna profile of cellular and extracellular vesicles released from chicken tracheal cells following avian influenza virus infection.innate responses provide the first line of defense against viral infections, including the influenza virus at mucosal surfaces. communication and interaction between different host cells at the early stage of viral infections determine the quality and magnitude of immune responses against the invading virus. the release of membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (evs), from host cells, is defined as a refined system of cell-to-cell communication. evs contain a diverse array of biomolecules, ...202032764349
aiv polyantigen epitope expressed by recombinant baculovirus induces a systemic immune response in chicken and mouse models.the protective efficacy of avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccines is unsatisfactory due to the presence of various serotypes generated by genetic reassortment. thus, immunization with a polyantigen chimeric epitope vaccine may be an effective strategy for protecting poultry from infection with different aiv subtypes.202032758272
contribution of segment 3 to the acquisition of virulence in contemporary h9n2 avian influenza viruses.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) circulate in poultry throughout much of asia, the middle east, and africa. these viruses cause huge economic damage to poultry production systems and pose a zoonotic threat both in their own right and in the generation of novel zoonotic viruses, for example, h7n9. in recent years, it has been observed that h9n2 viruses have further adapted to gallinaceous poultry, becoming more highly transmissible and causing higher morbidity and mortality. here, we investiga ...202032727875
14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza a(h5n1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity.influenza a virus (iav) infection represents a global health challenge. excavating antiviral active components from traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is a promising anti-iav strategy. our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (dap), a major ingredient of a tcm herb called andrographis paniculata, shows anti-iav activity that is mainly effective against a/chicken/hubei/327/2004 (h5n1), a/duck/hubei/xn/2007 (h5n1), and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) in vitro and in viv ...202032702348
sequence analysis and pathogenicity of avian orthoavulavirus 1 strains isolated from poultry flocks during 2015-2019.newcastle disease (nd) causes severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. egyptian poultry industry suffered from severe economic losses since the isolation of velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) genotype viid in 2011 and up till now despite the use of different vaccination programs. so, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the vndv from a total of 120 poultry flocks from ten provinces in the egyptian delta region with a history of respiratory manifestation, high mortaliti ...202032698866
evolution and extensive reassortment of h5 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in china over the past decade.lethal infection of wild birds with different subtypes of h5 viruses continuously occur. to investigate the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of h5 viruses in wild birds, we performed a detailed genetic and biologic analysis of 27 viruses, including h5n1, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8 subtypes, that were responsible for avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds in china over the past decade. we found that these 27 viruses, bearing different clades/subclades of ha, were complicated reassortants and formed ...202032686602
detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in sekong province lao pdr 2018-potential for improved surveillance and management in endemic regions.significant global efforts have been directed towards understanding the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) across poultry production systems and in wild-bird reservoirs, yet understanding of disease dynamics in the village poultry setting remains limited. this article provides a detailed account of the first laboratory-confirmed outbreak of hpai in the south-eastern provinces of lao pdr, which occurred in a village in sekong province in october 2018. perspectives from an an ...202032686364
co-circulation of both low and highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in current poultry epidemics in taiwan.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4c of the a/goose/guangdong/1/96-like (gs/gd) lineage caused severe global outbreaks in domestic birds from 2014 to 2015, that also represented the first incursions of gs/gd viruses into taiwan and the usa. however, few studies have investigated the circulation of clade 2.3.4.4c viruses after 2015. here, we describe gs/gd clade 2.3.4.4c and mexican-like h5n2 viruses that were isolated in taiwan during active surveill ...202032661493
patterns of avian influenza a (h5) and a (h9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in bangladesh.in order to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus spread in endemically infected countries, a detailed understanding of infection patterns is required. we conducted cross-sectional studies in bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. although all sampled birds were negative for h5 virus by rt-pcr, h5 antibodies were detected in unvaccinated birds on all three farming systems. higher ...202032639112
replication of a dog-origin h6n1 influenza virus in cell culture and mice.the world's first natural avian-origin h6n1 influenza a virus infection case in dogs was confirmed in taiwan in 2014. the h6n1 virus in chickens has been endemic in taiwan since 1972. whether the dog h6n1 virus has interspecies transmission potential is the key issue we aim to understand. following one virus passage in embryonated eggs and two further passages in mdck cells, we obtained two virus derivatives, e01ee (pb1 739e and pb2 627e) and e01gk (pb1 739g and pb2 627k), respectively. the path ...202032629810
risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza a virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central chile.backyard production systems (bps) are a common form of poultry and swine production worldwide. the limited implementation of biosecurity standards in these operations makes bps a potential source for the emergence of pathogens that have an impact on both animal and public health. information regarding circulation of influenza a virus (iav) in poultry and swine raised in bps is scarce; particularly in south american countries. the objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and seroprevale ...202032086880
an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus.influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ...202032085430
a unique feature of swine anp32a provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs.both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. the polymerases of most avian influenza a viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. however, the mole ...202032084248
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