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establishment of xmap for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus.using luminex xmap (x = analyte, map = multi-analyte profiling) technology, a serological method for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) was established. nano-magnetic beads coated with purified ndv protein and aiv nucleoprotein were incubated with serum samples. using biotinylated rabbit anti-chicken igy and streptavidin-r-phycoerythrin, the optical signals measured by a luminex 200 detection system indicated the quantificati ...201930476286
development and evaluation of a c-elisa for rapid detection of antibody to aiv- h7.since 2013, the h7 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv-h7) has seriously endangered human life and health, and has had a serious impact on the poultry industry in china. a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) which detects the antibody for aiv-h7 was developed, basing on a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the neutralizing epitopes on hemagglutinin (ha)gene. twelve hybridoma cell lines were screened by cell fusion. hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay and indirect elisa were ...201930844367
recovery of influenza a viruses from lake water and sediments by experimental inoculation.influenza a viruses (iav) are zoonotic pathogens relevant to human, domestic animal and wildlife health. many avian iavs are transmitted among waterfowl via a faecal-oral-route. therefore, environmental water where waterfowl congregate may play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of avian iav. water and sediment may sustain and transmit virus among individuals or species. it is unclear at what concentrations waterborne viruses are infectious or remain detectable. to address this, w ...201931091283
genetics and pathogenicity of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and a chicken in japan during winter 2017-2018.an h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) outbreak occurred in poultry in japan during january 2018, and h5n6 hpaivs killed several wild birds in 3 prefectures during winter 2017-2018. time-measured phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the hemagglutinin (ha) and internal genes of these isolates were genetically similar to clade 2.3.4.4.b h5n8 hpaivs in europe during winter 2016-2017, and neuraminidase (na) genes of the poultry and wild bird isolates were gained through distinct ...201931071540
pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from south korea in 2016/2017.in 2016, novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in korea. during the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of korean native chicken (knc). a knc had a longer virus shedding period and longer mean death time than others. our study showed that this characteristic in the knc ...201931161745
opening pandora's box at the roof of the world: landscape, climate and avian influenza (h5n1).the purpose of this case study is to examine how environmental disruption and agricultural practices act synergistically to create a perfect storm for the spread of avian influenza. actors in this case study include the vast permafrost landscape of the qinghai-tibet plateau; a wild goose that migrates over the himalayas; the highest altitude railway in the world that traverses the plateau into tibet; and an avian virus (h5n1). commencing in 2001, tens of thousands of railway workers travelled to ...201931063711
spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n5 viruses in europe in 2016-2017 appears related to the timing of reassortment events.during the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus in europe in 2016-2017, hpai viruses of subtype h5n5 were also isolated. however, the detection of h5n5 viruses was limited compared to h5n8. in this study, we show that the genetic constellation of a newly isolated h5n5 virus is different from two genotypes previously identified in the netherlands. the introduction and spread of the three h5n5 genotypes in europe was studied using spatiotemporal and genetic analysis. th ...201931159210
difference in pathogenicity of 2 strains of avian leukosis virus subgroup j in broiler chicken.avian leukosis virus subgroup j has been found to infect many types of chickens with various genetic backgrounds. the alv-j strain nx0101, which was isolated from broiler breeders in 2001, mainly induces the formation of myeloid cell tumors. however, strain hn10py01, which was recently isolated from laying hens, mainly induces the formation of myeloid cell tumors and hemangioma. in order to determine the difference in pathogenicity of the 2 strains in broiler chickens, 2 groups of chicken embryo ...201930768138
attachment patterns of human and avian influenza viruses to trachea and colon of 26 bird species - support for the community concept.avian influenza a viruses (aivs) have a broad host range, but are most intimately associated with waterfowl (anseriformes) and, in the case of the h13 and h16 subtypes, gulls (charadriiformes). host associations are multifactorial, but a key factor is the ability of the virus to bind host cell receptors and thereby initiate infection. the current study aims at investigating the tissue attachment pattern of a panel of aivs, comprising h3n2, h6n1, h12n5, and h16n3, to avian trachea and colon tissu ...201931057520
rapid construction and immunogenicity testing of a novel h5 virus-like particle prototype vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.from october 2016 to july 2017, 47 countries have been affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 subtype, including european and african, and it has been the most severe hpai outbreak ever in europe. the development of effective influenza vaccines is required to combine preventive and control measures in order to avoid similar avian influenza epidemics taking place. here we describe a novel prototype recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine based ...201931131578
two single incursions of h7n7 and h5n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza in u.k. broiler breeders during 2015 and 2016.low pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a natural reservoir in wild birds. these cause few (if any) overt clinical signs, but include h5 and h7 lpaivs, which are notifiable in poultry. in the european union, notifiable avian disease (nad) demands laboratory confirmation with prompt statutory interventions to prevent dissemination of infection to multiple farms. crucially, for h5 and h7 lpaivs, movement restrictions and culling limit the further risk of mutation to the correspo ...201931131576
soluble expression, rapid purification, biological identification of chicken interferon-alpha using a thioredoxin fusion system in e. coli and its antiviral effects to h9n2 avian influenza virus.in this paper, we report a soluble expression based on escherichia coli and two-step purification of a novel thioredoxin-tagged chicken interferon-α fusion protein (trx-rchifn-α) by using pet32a(+) expression system. the mature chifn-α gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and subcloned into pet-32a (+) vector prior to transformation into rosetta (de3) competent cells. after iptg induction, the recombinant fusion protein was expressed efficiently in the s ...201930734625
investigation of flexibility of neuraminidase 150-loop using tamiflu derivatives in influenza a viruses h1n1 and h5n1.this study focuses on design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potency of two series of sialylmimetic that target an exosite ("150-cavity") adjacent to the active site of influenza neuraminidases from a/california/07/2009 (h1n1) pandemic strain and a/chicken/nakorn-patom/thailand/cu-k2-2004 (h5n1). the structure-activity analysis as well as 3-d structure of the complex of parental compound with the pandemic neuraminidase p09n1 revealed high flexibility of the 150-cavity towards va ...201931128993
the cellular localization of avian influenza virus pb1-f2 protein alters the magnitude of ifn2 promoter and nfκb-dependent promoter antagonism in chicken cells.the accessory protein, pb1-f2, of influenza a virus (iav) functions in a chicken host to prolong infectious virus shedding and thus the transmission window. here we show that this delay in virus clearance by pb1-f2 in chickens is accompanied by reduced transcript levels of type 1 interferon (ifn)-induced genes and nfκb-activated pro-inflammation cytokines. in vitro, two avian influenza isolate-derived pb1-f2 proteins, h9n2 udl01 and h5n1 5092, exhibited the same antagonism of the ifn and pro-inf ...201930672726
immunosuppressive potential of fowl adenovirus serotype 4.fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4) is the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome. to clarify the effects of fadv-4 on immune organs in birds, we conducted a detailed examination of dynamic morphology and damage mechanisms in chickens randomly divided into 4 groups (fadv-4, vaccination, fadv-4 plus vaccination, and control). fadv-4 caused the depletion of lymphocytes and subsequent growth impairment in the thymus and bursa. chickens infected with fadv-4 and subjected to vaccination experie ...201930993349
insights from avian influenza surveillance of chickens and ducks before and after exposure to live poultry markets. 201930977013
co-infections, genetic, and antigenic relatedness of avian influenza h5n8 and h5n1 viruses in domestic and wild birds in egypt.a total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (n = 39) and commercial layers (n = 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from january 2016 to december 2017 were investigated. also, samples were collected from quail (n = 4), bluebird (sialis, n = 1), and greenfinch (chloris chloris, n = 1) for analysis. respiratory viral pathogens were screened by pcr and positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and genetic identification. antigenic relatedness of is ...201930668795
stable transfection of eimeria necatrix through nucleofection of second generation merozoites.eimeria spp., the causative agents of coccidiosis, are the most common protozoan pathogens of chickens. infection with these parasites can result in poor development or death of animals leading to a devastating economic impact on poultry production. the establishment of transfection protocols for genetic manipulation of eimeria species and stable expression of genes would help advance the biology of these parasites as well as establish these organisms as novel vaccine delivery vehicles. here, we ...201930658178
recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing h9 hemagglutinin providing protection against h9n2 avian influenza.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were prevailing in chickens, causing great economic losses and public health threats. in this study, turkey herpesviruses (hvt) was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (bac). recombinant hvt (rhvt-h9) containing hemagglutinin (ha) gene from h9n2 virus were constructed via galactokinase (galk) selection and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated 9 (crispr/cas9) gene editing system. the recombinant rhvt-h9 showe ...201930641481
protection afforded by avian influenza vaccination programmes consisting of a novel rna particle and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge in layer chickens up to 18 weeks post-vaccination.the efficacies of an oil adjuvanted-inactivated reverse genetics-derived h5 avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine and an alphavirus replicon rna particle (rp) aiv vaccine were evaluated in commercial leghorn chickens. challenge utilized a/turkey/mn/12582/2015, an isolate representing the u.s. h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 responsible for the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) epornitic in commercial poultry the united states. as part of a long-term, 36-week study, chickens were challenged at seven ...201930961360
positive charge of arg-201 on hemagglutinin is required for the binding of h6n1 avian influenza virus to its target through a two-step process.in our previous study, we produced a monoclonal antibody eb2 that recognized an epitope in the ha1 domain on the hemagglutinin (ha) of h6n1 influenza virus (a/chicken/taiwan/2838 v/00). the residue arg-201 (r201) on this epitope was protected by the glycan at asn-167 (n167) from tryptic digestion; therefore, the infectivity of the virus was retained. r201 was extremely conserved in various subtypes of the influenza virus. to explore the role of r201 and the protecting glycan, we developed a bi-c ...201930926385
impact of the variations in potential glycosylation sites of the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza virus.variations in the potential glycosylation sites were observed in hemagglutinin (ha) sequences of h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in china, deposited in the influenza virus resource of ncbi before 2017, which showed a deleted glycosylation site at amino acid residue 218, and an introduced glycosylation site at amino acid residue 313. based on the variations in the glycosylation sites at these amino acids, h9n2 avian influenza viruses could be divided into three categories. firstly, most of th ...201930594968
generation of highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant h9n2 avian influenza viruses by optimization of 3'end promoter and ns genome.we developed a/pr/8/34 (pr8) virus-based reverse genetics system in which six internal genes of pr8 and attenuated hemagglutinin and intact neuraminidase genes of field avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been used for the generation of highly productive recombinant vaccine strains. the 6 + 2 recombinant vaccine strains can induce protective humoral immunity against intended field aivs; however, the epitopes of b and t cells encoded by internal genes may be important for heterosubtypic protectio ...201930593370
a novel recombinant attenuated newcastle disease virus expressing h9 subtype hemagglutinin protected chickens from challenge by genotype vii virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus.newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two avian pathogens across the globe. inasmuch as most poultry flocks worldwide are vaccinated with a live low-virulence or attenuated ndv vaccine, we embarked on the development of vaccine prototypes that would have dual specificities and would allow a single immunization against both avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd). therefore, in the present work, a cloned full-length copy of the genome of the lentogen ...201930593364
dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h9n2.selenium supplementation in poultry feeds has been known to have beneficial effects on the bird health and performance; however antiviral effects of selenium have remained largely unknown. in this study, we have evaluated the effects of supplementation of chicken diets with organic (selenium enriched yeast; sey) and inorganic selenium (sodium selenite; ss) on low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (h9n2) shedding in the cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples as well as examined the expression o ...201930593352
modelling high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the commercial poultry industry.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks are devastating to poultry industries and pose a risk to human health. there is concern that demand for free-range poultry products could increase the number of hpai outbreaks by increasing the potential for low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) introduction to commercial flocks. we formulate stochastic mathematical models to understand how poultry-housing (barn, free-range and caged) within the meat and layer sectors interacts with a continuous ...201930825417
combined h5nd inactivated vaccine protects chickens against challenge by different clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype h5 and virulent newcastle disease virus.the aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses including hpai-h5n8 and the virulent genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) (vndv).201930936661
stability and virucidal efficacies using powder and liquid forms of fresh charcoal ash and slaked lime against newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus.the present study was examined the virucidal activity comparison between fresh charcoal ash (fca) and slaked lime (sl) against avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv), using powder and liquid forms, either in the absence or presence of organic materials. in addition, both fca and sl were evaluated for the persistence of virucidal activity in wet and dry conditions and stability of the solution.201930936648
prevalence of h7n9 subtype avian influenza viruses in poultry in china, 2013-2018.h7n9 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv) circulating in china over recent years have had an enormous impact on public health and economy. during the period between november 2016 and april 2017, an increase in human infections caused by these viruses was reported, with rapid emergence and spread of variants in china. consequently, the government of china implemented a controversial vaccination strategy in september 2017. here, we provide evidence of the prevalence of h7n9 aivs in china based on ...201930903740
antiviral, embryo toxic and cytotoxic activities of astragalus membranaceus root extracts.antiviral activity of astragalus membranaceus aqueous and methanol root extracts was determined against avian influenza h9 virus. toxicity profile of extracts was evaluated using chicken embryos and bhk-21 cell line. different concentrations (400, 200, 100, 50, 25. 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12μg/ml) of both aqueous and methanol extracts were mixed with standard virus inoculum (4haunits) and incubated for 30minutes at 37°c prior to inject the chicken embryos. chorioallantoic fluid harvested 72 hours post ...201930772802
study of the underlying mechanisms and consequences of pathogenicity differences between two in vitro selected g1-h9n2 clones originating from a single isolate.the g1-h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) has caused significant economic losses in the commercial poultry industry due to reduced egg production and increased mortality. the field observations have shown that h9n2 viruses circulate and naturally mix with other pathogens and these simultaneous infections can exacerbate disease. to avoid an incorrect virus characterization, due to co-infection, isolates were purified by in vitro plaque assays. two plaque purified g1-h9n2 clones, selected on differe ...201930823888
sequential dna immunization of chickens with bivalent heterologous vaccines induce highly reactive and cross-specific antibodies against influenza hemagglutinin.vaccines against avian influenza are mostly based on hemagglutinin (ha), which is the main antigen of this virus and a target for neutralizing antibodies. traditional vaccines are known to be poorly efficient against newly emerging strains, which is an increasing worldwide problem for human health and for the poultry industry. as demonstrated by research and clinical data, sequential exposure to divergent influenza has can boost induction of universal antibodies which recognize conserved epitope ...201930184142
hemagglutinin characteristics, changes in pathogenicity, and antigenic variation of highly pathogenic h7n9 avian influenza viruses in china. 201930267798
novel application of influenza a virus-inoculated chorioallantoic membrane to characterize a np-specific monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry assaying.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are widely applied in disease diagnoses. herein, we report a mab, wf-4, against influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np), its broad response with influenza a virus, and its application in an immunohistochemistry (ihc) assay. wf-4 was screened by immunofluorescence assay (ifa). the results showed that its reactivity with baculovirus-expressed full-length recombinant np (rnp) in western blot (wb), indicating its ihc applicability. fifteen influenza a virus (reference subty ...201930481981
isolation and genetic characterization of h13n8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus from migratory birds in eastern china.low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is an important zoonotic pathogen. migratory birds are the natural reservoir for all 16 haemagglutinin (ha) and nine neuraminidase (na) subtypes of lpaiv. surveillance of lpaiv in migratory waterfowl and poultry is important for animal and public health. an understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of lpai viruses in their reservoirs is beneficial for routine surveillance projects. here, we report the isolation of an h13n8 lpaiv from black-tailed ...201930291732
molecular characterization of h10 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in eastern china.in recent years, avian-origin h10 influenza viruses have proved capable of infecting human beings, and they pose a potential public health threat. seven h10 avian influenza viruses (aivs), h10n3 (n = 2), h10n7 (n = 1), and h10n8 (n = 4), were isolated from chickens in zhejiang province, eastern china, during surveillance of aivs in live poultry markets in 2016 and 2017. phylogenetic analysis indicated that zhejiang h10 strains received gene segments from h10, h3, and h7 viruses from birds in eas ...201930302582
genomic loci associated with antibody-mediated immune responses in an f2 chicken population.immunity-related traits are heritable in chicken, therefore, it is possible to improve the inherent immunity by breeding programs. in this study using the illumina chicken 60k single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) chip, we performed a set of genome-wide association studies to determine candidate genes and loci responsible for primary and secondary antibody-mediated responses against sheep red blood cell. a f2 population descended from a commercial meat-type breed and an iranian indigenous chick ...201930451125
an avian influenza virus a(h7n9) reassortant that recently emerged in the united states with low pathogenic phenotype does not efficiently infect swine.in 2017, outbreaks of low and highly pathogenic avian h7n9 viruses were reported in four states in the united states. in total, over 270 000 birds died or were culled, causing significant economic loss. the potential for avian-to-swine transmission of the u.s. avian h7n9 was unknown. in an experimental challenge in swine using a representative low pathogenic h7n9 (a/chicken/tennessee/17-007431-3/2017; lpai tn/17) isolated from these events, no infectious virus in the upper and minimal virus in t ...201930761746
comparative transcriptome analysis of ethiopian indigenous chickens from low and high altitudes under heat stress condition reveals differential immune response.ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country; the low altitude regions are hot and humid whereas the high altitude regions are cooler. in this study we analyzed the transcriptome response of high altitude (addis ababa) and low altitude (awash) chickens to heat stress conditions that are prevalent in the low altitude regions. the chickens were free ranged for 20 h in an enclosure in awash, and then the heart, breast muscle and spleen tissues were collected at 6:00 am, 12:00 noon and 6:00 pm to fol ...201930474213
susceptibility of laughing gulls (leucophaeus atricilla) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) to ruddy turnstone (arenaria interpres morinella) origin type a influenza viruses.delaware bay, us is the only documented location where influenza a virus (iav) is consistently detected in a shorebird species, the ruddy turnstone (rutu; arenaria interpres morinella). although iav in shorebirds has been well studied at this site for decades, the importance of other species in the avian community as potential sources for the iavs that infect rutus each spring remains unclear. we determined the susceptibility of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and laughing gulls (leucophaeus atric ...202031532732
domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in south korea.the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 spread from eastern china to korea in 2014 and caused outbreaks in domestic poultry until 2016. to understand how h5n8 hpaivs spread at host species level in korea during 2014-2016, a bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used for ancestral state reconstruction and estimation of the host transition dynamics between wild waterfowl, domestic ducks and chickens. our data support that h5n8 hpaiv most likely transmitt ...202031675474
limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in north american waterfowl.during 2014, highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) of the a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage (gsgd-hp-h5), originating from asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in canada and the us. these clade 2.3.4.4 gsgd-hp-h5 viruses included reassortants possessing north american lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the pacific, central, and mississippi flyways; and caused the largest hp iav outbreak in poultry in us history. to determine if an antibody response ...202031556839
transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of cambodian influenza a/h5n1 viruses.influenza a/h5n1 has circulated in asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. in cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. during this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. in particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) unti ...202032666894
association of wild bird densities around poultry farms with the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n8 outbreaks in the netherlands, 2016.highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aiv) can spread globally through migratory birds and cause massive outbreaks in commercial poultry. aiv outbreaks have been associated with proximity to waterbodies, presence of waterfowl or wild bird cases near poultry farms. in this study, we compared densities of selected hpai high-risk wild bird species around 7 locations (h farms) infected with hpaiv h5n8 in the netherlands in 2016-2017 to densities around 21 non-infected reference farms. nine ...202032419342
the association between saα2,3gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (spatula discors).individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (saα2,3gal) in the intestines and bursa of fabricius in wild ducks (anas and spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (anas platyrhync ...202033167978
natural and experimental persistence of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses in slurry of domestic ducks, with or without lime treatment.infections by a/h5 and a/h7 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. during winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (hp) aivs belonging to the a/h5n1, a/h5n2 and a/h5n9 subtypes, were detected in south-western france. throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections mainly caused by a/h5n8 hp aiv (a/gooses/gd/1/96 clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across europe. on both occasions, the viruse ...202033008818
characterization of avian influenza virus h10-h12 subtypes isolated from wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019.h10, h11 and h12 (h10-h12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (aiv) are associated with waterfowl. although these subtypes of aiv are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other aiv subtypes. few h10-h12 subtypes of aiv have been isolated from wild birds in china. in this study, 12 aiv isolates of h10-h12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019, including two h10, three h11 and seven h12 isolates. seque ...202032992999
analysis of mirnas and their target genes associated with mucosal damage caused by transport stress in the mallard duck intestine.bowel health is an important factor for duck rearing that has been linked to feed uptake and growth and death rates. because the regulatory networks associated with acute stress-mediated injury in the duck gastrointestinal tract have not clearly elucidated, we aimed to explore potential mirna-mrna pairs and their regulatory roles in oxidative stress injury caused by transport stress. here, 1-day-old mallard ducklings from the same breeder flock were collected and transported for 8 h, whereas the ...202032810175
genetic characteristics and pathogenesis of h5 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic ducks in south korea.h5 and h7 subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) can mutate to highly pathogenic forms and are therefore subject to stringent controls. we characterized h5 lpaivs isolated from wild-bird habitats and duck farms in south korea from 2010 to 2017. through nationwide active surveillance for aivs, 59 h5 lpaivs were isolated from wild-bird habitats (a mean annual rate of 5.3% of aiv isolations). in 2015, one lpai h5n3 strain was isolated on a duck farm. phylogenetic analysis revea ...202032699272
molecular cloning, tissue distribution and function analysis of duck tlr7.toll-like receptors (tlrs) play an important role in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). among the tlrs, tlr7 is involved in the recognition of antiviral compounds and single-stranded rna. this study was designed to explore the structure and function of tlr7 in duck (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for avian influenza virus. firstly, the full-length cdna of shaoxing egg-laying duck tlr7 (dutlr7) was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) ...202032609043
regional transmission and reassortment of 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in bulgarian poultry 2017/18.between 2017 and 2018, several farms across bulgaria reported outbreaks of h5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. in this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within bulgaria. both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of dobrich, and another largely restricted to central and eastern bulgaria including places such as plovdiv, sliven and stara zagora, ...202032492965
active virological surveillance in backyard ducks in bangladesh: detection of avian influenza and gammacoronaviruses.domestic waterfowl play an important role in the perpetuation and transmission of avian pathogens including avian influenza viruses (aiv) of low and high pathogenicity, which pose severe economic and public health concerns in bangladesh. this study focused on active surveillance of several avian viral pathogens with a special reference to aiv in selected backyard duck populations in bangladesh. a total of 500 pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal samples from individual ducks of four districts were t ...202032271094
live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of h9n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in korea.live bird markets (lbms) in korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (aivs); however, little was known about the role of lbms in the epidemiology of aivs in korea until recently. through 10 years of surveillance (2006-2016) we have isolated and sequenced h9n2 viruses in korean lbms. to understand how h9n2 evolves and spreads in korea, a statistical bayesian phylogenetic model was used. phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introduct ...202032183621
a brief introduction to avian influenza virus.the earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity aiv in poultry were reported in italy in the 1870s. avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (lp) or highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) can result in substantial economic consequences. productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because of disease leading to decreased egg or meat yield, ...202032170682
genetic and antigenic characterization of the first h7n7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in vietnam.during the annual surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in vietnam in 2018, three h7n7 aiv isolates were identified in domestic ducks in a single flock in vinh long province. the present study is the first documented report of h7n7 virus isolates in vietnam and aimed to characterize these viruses, both genetically and antigenically. deduced amino acid sequences for the hemagglutinins (has) indicated a low pathogenicity of these viruses in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that th ...202031760087
a brief introduction to influenza a virus in marine mammals.influenza a infection has been detected in marine mammals going back to 1975, with additional unconfirmed outbreaks as far back as 1931. over the past forty years, infectious virus has been recovered on ten separate occasions from both pinnipeds (harbor seal, elephant seal, and caspian seal) and cetaceans (striped whale and pilot whale). recovered viruses have spanned a range of subtypes (h1, h3, h4, h7, h10, and h13) and, in all but h1n1, show strong evidence for deriving directly from avian so ...202032170708
serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008.despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ...202031237822
survey of serum amyloid a and bacterial and viral frequency using qpcr levels in recently captured feral donkeys from death valley national park (california).feral donkey removal from state land has raised concerns in terms of disease transmission between equine species. disease outbreaks may occur as a result of the relocation of animals to new environments. virus and bacteria dna load and serum amyloid a derived from the pathogenic processes that they involve were measured in recently captured donkeys. blood and nasal swabs were collected from 85 donkeys (death valley national park, shoshone, california); 24 were retested after 30/60 days in the sc ...202032585994
cross-protection by inactivated h5 pre-pandemic vaccine seed strains against diverse goose/guangdong lineage h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 a/goose/guangdong/1996 lineage (gs/gd) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world, and has caused lethal, sporadic infections in humans. vaccines are important in hpai control for both poultry and in pre-pandemic preparedness in humans. this study assessed inactivated pre-pandemic vaccine strains in a one health framework, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field h5n1 gs/gd viruses from the agricultural sec ...202032999029
serosurvey of coyotes (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes vulpes, urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza a viruses in the usa.we tested coyote (canis latrans), fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus, vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (procyon lotor) sera for influenza a virus exposure. we found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had iav antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 h1n1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal h1n1 virus.202032320339
swine micrornas ssc-mir-221-3p and ssc-mir-222 restrict the cross-species infection of avian influenza virus.avian influenza virus (aiv) can cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals. however, these species-cross transmissions are most often dead-end infections due to host restriction. current research about host restriction focuses mainly on the barriers of cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and host proteins; whether micrornas (mirnas) play a role in host restriction is largely unknown. in this study, we used porcine alveolar macrophage (pam) cells as a model to elucidate the role of mi ...202032907982
'big data' in animal health research - opportunities and challenges.automated systems for high-input data collection and data storage have led to exponential growth in the availability of information. such datasets and the tools applied to them have been referred to as 'big data'. starting with a systematic review of the terms 'informatics, bioinformatics and big data' in animal health this special issue of ahrr illustrates some big-data applications with papers on how the use of various omics methods may be used to facilitate the development of improved diagnos ...202032684189
investigation of a cluster of severe respiratory disease referred from uganda to kenya, february 2017.on february 22, 2017, hospital x-kampala and us cdc-kenya reported to the uganda ministry of health a respiratory illness in a 46-year-old expatriate of company a. the patient, mr. a, was evacuated from uganda to kenya and died. he had recently been exposed to dromedary camels (mers-cov) and wild birds with influenza a (h5n6). we investigated the cause of illness, transmission, and recommended control. we defined a suspected case of severe acute respiratory illness (sari) as acute onset of fever ...202032324075
influenza a virus infections in dromedary camels, nigeria and ethiopia, 2015-2017.we examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in nigeria and ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. we detected antibodies against influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses and isolated an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09-like virus from a camel in nigeria. influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed.202031855544
orbitally shaken single-use bioreactor for animal cell cultivation: fed-batch and perfusion mode.increasing the cultivation volume from small to large scale can be a rather complex and challenging process when the method of aeration and mixing is different between scales. orbitally shaken bioreactors (osbs) utilize the same hydrodynamic principles that define the success of smaller-scale cultures, which are developed on an orbitally shaken platform, and can simplify scale-up. here we describe the basic working principles of scale-up in terms of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kl ...202031858465
the development and study of recombinant immunoglobulin a to hemagglutinins of the influenza virus.we obtained recombinant variants of human antibody fi6 broadly specific to hemagglutinins of the influenza a virus. on the basis of a bi-promoter (cmv, hef1-htlv) vector, we developed genetic constructs for the expression of the heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulins of iga1-, iga2m1-, and igg-isotypes. following transfection and selection, stable chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines were produced. the antibodies of iga1-, iga2m1-, and igg-isotypes were purified from culture media. we p ...202030116613
murine model for the study of influenza d virus.a novel genus within the orthomyxoviridae family was identified in the united states and named influenza d virus (idv). bovines have been proposed to be the primary host, and three main viral lineages (d/ok-like, d/660-like, and d/japan-like) have been described. experimental infections had previously been performed in swine, ferrets, calves, and guinea pigs in order to study idv pathogenesis. we developed a murine experimental model to facilitate the study of idv pathogenesis and the immune res ...202031776281
wild bird-origin h5n6 avian influenza virus is transmissible in guinea pigs. 202032145213
characterization of experimental oro-nasal inoculation of seba's short-tailed bats (carollia perspicillata) with bat influenza a virus h18n11.in 2012 and 2013, the genomic sequences of two novel influenza a virus (iav) subtypes, designated h17n10 and h18n11, were identified via next-generation sequencing in the feces of the little yellow-shouldered fruit bat (sturnira lilium) and the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (artibeus planirostris), respectively. the pathogenesis caused by these viruses in their respective host species is currently insufficiently understood, which is primarily due to the inability to obtain and keep these bat speci ...202032093076
evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia.influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ...202033132612
genetic characterization of avian influenza a (h11n9) virus isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea in 2018.in july 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (a/mandarin duck/south korea/knu18-12/2018(h11n9)) was isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea. phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the h11n9 strain. phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain h11n9 belonged to the eurasian lineages. analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes revealed the highest homology with a/ ...202032059510
mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice.h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ...202031982962
quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ...202031951644
reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china.human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ...202031951605
experimental infections and serology indicate that american white ibis (eudociumus albus) are competent reservoirs for type a influenza virus.the american white ibis (eudocimus albus) is a nomadic wading bird common to wetland habitats in the southeastern us. in south florida, us, habitat depletion has driven many ibis to become highly urbanized. although they forage in neighborhood parks, artificial wetlands, backyards, and golf courses, the majority continue to nest in natural wetlands, often in dense, mixed species colonies. adults and juveniles commonly disperse thousands of kilometers to other breeding colonies along the gulf and ...202031895646
irradiation by a combination of different peak-wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes enhances the inactivation of influenza a viruses.influenza a viruses (iavs) pose a serious global threat to humans and their livestock. this study aimed to determine the ideal irradiation by ultraviolet-light emitting diodes (uv-leds) for iav disinfection. we irradiated the iav h1n1 subtype with 4.8 mj/cm2 uv using eight uv-leds [peak wavelengths (wl) = 365, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, and 260 nm)] or a mercury low pressure (lp)-uv lamp (peak wl = 254 nm). inactivation was evaluated by the infection ratio of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells ...202032650492
eco-epidemiological evidence of the transmission of avian and human influenza a viruses in wild pigs in campeche, mexico.influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza a virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-gal and sialyl-α-2,6-gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. to date, it is not known whether wild pigs in mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. in this work, 61 hogs from two municipalitie ...202032403268
co-circulation of multiple reassortant h6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern china, 2016-2017.h6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. however, little is known about the prevalence of h6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern china, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the east asian-australasian flyway.202032349760
antiviral properties of extracts of streptomyces sp. smu 03 isolated from the feces of elephas maximus.actinobacteria are historically and continued to be an important source for drug discovery. the annual epidemics and periodic pandemics of humans induced by influenza a virus (iav) prompted us to develop new effective antiviral drugs with different modes of action. an actinobacterium of streptomyces sp. smu 03 was identified from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. by employing an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system, the anti-iav effect of the dichloromethane extrac ...202032330578
emerging diseases of avian wildlife.climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ...202032327043
development and evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for quantitative and qualitative recognition of h5 subtype of avian influenza viruses.avian influenza viruses (aiv) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) h5n1 were first identified in southeast asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. the viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species and deadly infections in humans. multiple conventional methods have been so far introduced for the dete ...202032291998
using environmental sampling techniques to conduct influenza a virus surveillance in poultry and waterfowl at ohio agricultural exhibitions.the outbreak of highly pathogenic h5nx influenza a viruses (iavs) in the united states during 2014-2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic h5nx from u.s. poultry flocks. one such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. during the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was ...202032267131
highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 presents in vitro characteristics consistent with its predicted tropism for avian species.avian influenza a viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. since 1997, several highly pathogenic h5n1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. during 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern france. different subtypes circulated, including the a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 h5n1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the ...202032267129
detection of h3n8 influenza a virus with multiple mammalian-adaptive mutations in a rescued grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup.avian influenza a viruses (iavs) in different species of seals display a spectrum of pathogenicity, from sub-clinical infection to mass mortality events. here we present an investigation of avian iav infection in a 3- to 4-month-old grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup, rescued from st michael's mount, cornwall in 2017. the pup underwent medical treatment but died after two weeks; post-mortem examination and histology indicated sepsis as the cause of death. iav np antigen was detected by immunohis ...202032211197
h7n9 influenza virus in china.in early 2013, human infections caused by a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in china; these infections caused severe disease and death. the virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. importantly, the h7n9 low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) evolved into highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poul ...202032205415
an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts.in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ...202032161172
serological evidence of avian influenza in captive wild birds in a zoo and two safari parks in bangladesh.avian influenza (ai) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2. among avian influenza a viruses (aiv), h5, h7, and h9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in bangladesh. to screen for aiv in captive birds to assess potential public health threat ...202032882787
serological screening of influenza a virus antibodies in cats and dogs indicates frequent infection with different subtypes.influenza a viruses (iavs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. infections with some subtypes of iav were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. in addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic iav infections. in this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for iav antibodies against seven iav subtypes, using three distinctive iav-specific assays differing in iav s ...202032878956
poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems in southern vietnam.avian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in asia for two decades. farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. we used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. we found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% highe ...202032840482
influenza a virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites.influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. we provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." in the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig w ...202032811826
avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017.avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016.202032794162
functional neuraminidase inhibitor resistance motifs in avian influenza a(h5nx) viruses.neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are antiviral agents recommended worldwide to treat or prevent influenza virus infections in humans. past influenza virus pandemics seeded by zoonotic infection by avian influenza viruses (aiv) as well as the increasing number of human infections with aiv have shown the importance of having information about resistance to nais by avian nas that could cross the species barrier. in this study we introduced four nai resistance-associated mutations (n2 numbering) prev ...202032750468
health profile of free-range wild boar (sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in santa catarina state, brazil.wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. this study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of santa catarina (sc), south of brazil. for this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from october 2017 to november 2018. all 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the follo ...202032725949
genetic characterization of a novel north american-origin avian influenza a (h6n5) virus isolated from bean goose of south korea in 2018.the complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. during annual surveillance in south korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza h6n5 (k6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the k ...202032709116
immune escape adaptive mutations in the h7n9 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein increase virus replication fitness and decrease pandemic potential.h7n9 avian influenza viruses (aivs) continue to evolve and remain a huge threat to human health and the poultry industry. previously, serially passaging the h7n9 a/anhui/1/2013 virus in the presence of homologous ferret antiserum resulted in immune escape viruses containing amino acid substitutions alanine to threonine at residues 125 (a125t) and 151 (a151t) and leucine to glutamine at residue 217 (l217q) in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. these ha mutations have also been found in field isolate ...202032699084
full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses.202032680533
evolutionarily missing and conserved trna genes in human and avian.viral infection heavily relies on host transfer rna (trna) for viral rna decoding. counterintuitively, not all trna species based on anticodon are matched to all 64-triplet codons during evolution. life solves this problem by cognate trna species via wobbling decoding. we found that 14 out of 64 trna genes in humans and the main avian species (chicken and duck) were parallelly missing, including 8 trna-a34nn and 6 trna-g34nn species. by analyzing the conservation of key motifs in trna genes, we ...202032679345
induction of cross-group broadly reactive antibody response by natural h7n9 avian influenza virus infection and immunization with inactivated h7n9 vaccine in chickens.pre-existing immunity against the conserved haemagglutinin (ha) stalk underlies the elicitation of cross-group antibody induced by natural h7n9 virus infection and immunization in humans. however, whether broadly reactive antibodies can be induced by h7n9 infection and immunization in the absence of pre-existing stalk-specific immunity is unclear. in this study, antibody response induced by h7n9 virus infection and immunization with inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in naïve chickens ...202032602258
seroprevalence of avian influenza in baltic common eiders (somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus).blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (somateria molissima, n = 183) in three danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in central norway (svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the finnish baltic sea (russian breeding population). these species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the western to the eastern and nort ...202032585505
year‑round influenza a virus surveillance in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) reveals genetic persistence during the under‑sampled spring season.active influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild waterfowl in the united states has revolved around convenience-based sampling methods, resulting in gaps in surveillance during the spring season. we conducted active iav surveillance in mallards continuously from july 2017 to july 2019 in the coastal marshes of lake erie near port clinton, ohio. we aimed to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics of iav across multiple seasons, including the under‑sampled spring season. we collected 20 ...202032545281
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