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receptor-independent ambient ph signaling by ubiquitin attachment to fungal arrestin-like palf.the seven-transmembrane receptor palh and its coupled, positive-acting arrestin-like protein palf are key components of a molecular sensor that in aspergillus nidulans and other ascomycete fungi mediates activation of an intracellular signaling cascade by alkaline ambient ph. palf is ubiquitinated in an alkaline ph- and palh-dependent manner. we show here that palf assists the plasma membrane localization of palh and that palf overexpression slightly hypersensitizes the pathway to alkaline ph bu ...201020368671
the choc gene encoding a putative phospholipid methyltransferase is essential for growth and development in aspergillus nidulans.phosphatidylcholines (pcs) are a class of major cell membrane phospholipids that participate in many physiological processes. three genes, choa, chob and choc, have been proposed to function in the endogenous biosynthesis of pc in aspergillus nidulans. in this study, we characterize the choc gene encoding a putative highly conserved phospholipid methyltransferase. the previously reported choc3 mutant allele results from a mutation leading to the e177k amino acid substitution. the transcript of c ...201020379720
[guideline based treatment of invasive aspergillosis].invasive fungus infections caused by aspergillus spp. occur most frequently in immunocompromised patients. a high infection-associated death rate of up to and over 50% is attributed even today to these fungi. the disease in humans is caused mainly by aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus and aspergillus niger. other species, for example, aspergillus terreus or aspergillus nidulans are quantitatively less prevalent. evidence based treatment of invasive aspergillosis has become safer and more ...201020433655
differential expression of cita gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate synthase of aspergillus nidulans in response to developmental status and carbon sources.as an extension of our previous studies on the mitochondrial citrate synthase of aspergillus nidulans and cloning of its coding gene (cita), we analyzed differential expression of cita in response to the progress of development and change of carbon source. the cdna consisted of 1,700 nucleotides and was predicted to encode a 474-amino acid protein. by comparing the cdna sequence with the corresponding genomic sequence, we confirmed that cita gene contains 7 introns and that its transcription sta ...201020437151
predicting the chemical composition and structure of aspergillus nidulans hyphal wall surface by atomic force microscopy.in fungi, cell wall plays an important role in growth and development. major macromolecular constituents of the aspergilli cell wall are glucan, chitin, and protein. we examined the chemical composition and structure of the aspergillus nidulans hyphal wall surface by an atomic force microscope (afm). to determine the composition of the cell wall surface, the adhesion forces of commercially available beta-glucan, chitin, and various proteins were compared to those of corresponding fractions prepa ...201020437158
analysis of a novel calcium auxotrophy in aspergillus nidulans.in aspergillus nidulans a combination of null mutations in hala, encoding a protein kinase, and slta, encoding a zinc-finger transcription factor having no yeast homologues, results in an elevated calcium requirement ('calcium auxotrophy') without impairing net calcium uptake. slta(-) (+/-hala(-)) mutations result in hypertrophy of the vacuolar system. in hala(-)slta(-) (and slta(-)) strains, transcript levels for pmca and pmcb, encoding vacuolar ca(2+)-atpase homologues, are highly elevated, su ...201020438880
in vitro susceptibility testing in aspergillus species: an update.aspergillus species are the most common causes of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. the introduction of new antifungal agents and recent reports of resistance emerging during treatment of aspergillus infections have highlighted the need for in vitro susceptibility testing. various testing procedures have been proposed, including macro- and micro-dilution, disk diffusion, etest (ab biodisk, sweden) and other commercial tests. although aspergillus species are generally suscep ...201020441550
development of rapid and specific molecular discrimination methods for pathogenic emericella species.aspergillosis is an important mycosis caused primarily by aspergillus fumigatus and its relatives. the genus emericella is a teleomorph related to the aspergillus section nidulantes. the typical anamorphic stage species in this genus is aspergillus nidulans, which is sometimes a significant agent in chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) patients. the mortality rate of osteomyelitis in cgd patients due to a. nidulans ( e. nidulans ) is very high compared to that due to a. fumigatus. moreover, two e ...201020467199
high-throughput screening of dna binding sites for transcription factor amyr from aspergillus nidulans using dna beads display system.we established a high-throughput screening method for the dna binding sequence of a eukaryotic transcription factor by using the bead display system with emulsion pcr and flow cytometry and applied it for identifying a eukaryotic transcriptional activator amyr, which is known to regulate amylolytic gene expression in aspergillus species. segmented parts of the binding site of amyr were randomized to make a dna library on beads, onto which male-tagged amyr protein and fluorescent anti-male tag an ...201020471587
core promoters of the penicillin biosynthesis genes and quantitative rt-pcr analysis of these genes in high and low production strain of penicillium chrysogenum.the transcription start points of the penicillin biosynthesis genes from penicillium chrysogenum were mapped using the primer extension method. for each of the three genes consensus sequences of the core promoter elements were identified, supporting the notion that the basal transcription of these genes is mediated separately. interestingly, transcription start of the pcbc gene is located within the potential inr element with no tata box-like sequence being found at expected position. this is in ...201020490754
the fps1p aquaglyceroporin facilitates the use of small aliphatic amides as a nitrogen source by amidase-expressing yeasts.saccharomyces cerevisiae acquires a resistance to high, toxic levels of acetic acid by destabilizing fps1p, the plasma membrane aquaglyceroporin through which this acid - in its undissociated state - enters the cell. in this study, fps1p loss was shown to confer resistances to acetic acid, acrolein and allyl alcohol, not just in s. cerevisiae but also in the osmotolerant spoilage yeast zygosaccharomyces rouxii. however, in z. rouxii, the loss of fps1p severely compromised the use of acetamide an ...201020491941
atp-citrate lyase is required for production of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme a and development in aspergillus nidulans.acetyl coenzyme a (coa) is a central metabolite in carbon and energy metabolism and in the biosynthesis of cellular molecules. a source of cytoplasmic acetyl-coa is essential for the production of fatty acids and sterols and for protein acetylation, including histone acetylation in the nucleus. in saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans acetyl-coa is produced from acetate by cytoplasmic acetyl-coa synthetase, while in plants and animals acetyl-coa is derived from citrate via atp-citrate ly ...201020495057
gene silencing of transgenes inserted in the aspergillus nidulans alcm and/or alcs loci.while carrying out a systematic disruption of the genes of unknown function in the alc gene cluster from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, we observed a strong diminution of the transcription of markers inserted in the alcs gene. this was found to be the case for the two markers tested, nada (from a. nidulans) and pyrg (from a. fumigatus) involved in purine utilization and uracil/uridine biosynthetic pathway, respectively. the same phenomenon was also observed with insertion of the na ...201020495807
nek1 silencing slows down dna repair and blocks dna damage-induced cell cycle arrest.never in mitosis a (nima)-related kinases (nek) are evolutionarily conserved proteins structurally related to the aspergillus nidulans mitotic regulator nima. nek1 is one of the 11 isoforms of the neks identified in mammals. different lines of evidence suggest the participation of nek1 in response to dna damage, which is also supported by the interaction of this kinase with proteins involved in dna repair pathways and cell cycle regulation. in this report, we show that cells with nek1 knockdown ...201020501547
the transcription repressor nmra is subject to proteolysis by three aspergillus nidulans proteases.the role of specific cleavage of transcription repressor proteins by proteases and how this may be related to the emerging theme of dinucleotides as cellular signaling molecules is poorly characterized. the transcription repressor nmra of aspergillus nidulans discriminates between oxidized and reduced dinucleotides, however, dinucleotide binding has no effect on its interaction with the zinc finger in the transcription activator area. protease activity in a. nidulans was assayed using nmra as th ...201020506376
cucu modification of mrna promotes decapping and transcript degradation in aspergillus nidulans.in eukaryotes, mrna decay is generally initiated by the shortening of the poly(a) tail mediated by the major deadenylase complex ccr4-caf1-not. the deadenylated transcript is then rapidly degraded, primarily via the decapping-dependent pathway. here we report that in aspergillus nidulans both the caf1 and ccr4 orthologues are functionally distinct deadenylases in vivo: caf1 is required for the regulated degradation of specific transcripts, and ccr4 is responsible for basal degradation. intriguin ...201019901075
unilateral ureteral obstruction caused by aspergillus, subgenus nidulantes in a patient on steroid therapy: a case report and review of the literature.urinary tract obstructions caused by aspergillus bezoars has been reported on rare occasions. we describe in this paper an unusual case caused by an isolate of the aspergillus nidulantes subgenus, and review the literature on 13 additional cases of ureteral obstruction due to renoureteric aspergillosis so as to provide the characteristics of this disease entity. our case presented with a unilateral ureteral obstruction and acute renal failure due to aspergillus bezoars. the patient was immunocom ...201019905965
proteomic analysis of early phase of conidia germination in aspergillus nidulans.in order to investigate proteins involved in early phase of conidia germination, proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2d-ge) in conjunction with maldi-tof mass spectrometry (ms). the expression levels of 241 proteins varied quantitatively with statistical significance (p<0.05) at the early phase of the germination stage. out of these 57 were identified by maldi-tof ms. through classification of physiological functions from conserved domain database analysis ...201019919853
ppoc from aspergillus nidulans is a fusion protein with only one active haem.in aspergillus nidulans ppos [psi (precocious sexual inducer)-producing oxygenases] are required for the production of so-called psi factors, compounds that control the balance between the sexual and asexual life cycle of the fungus. the genome of a. nidulans harbours three different ppo genes: ppoa, ppob and ppoc. for all three enzymes two different haem-containing domains are predicted: a fatty acid haem peroxidase/dioxygenase domain in the n-terminal region and a p450 haem-thiolate domain in ...201019878096
genome mining of mycosporine-like amino acid (maa) synthesizing and non-synthesizing cyanobacteria: a bioinformatics study.mycosporine-like amino acids (maas) are a family of more than 20 compounds having absorption maxima between 310 and 362 nm. these compounds are well known for their uv-absorbing/screening role in various organisms and seem to have evolutionary significance. in the present investigation we tested four cyanobacteria, e.g., anabaena variabilis pcc 7937, anabaena sp. pcc 7120, synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 and synechococcus sp. pcc 6301, for their ability to synthesize maa and conducted genomic and phy ...201019879348
heterologous expression of an agaricus meleagris pyranose dehydrogenase-encoding gene in aspergillus spp. and characterization of the recombinant enzyme.pyranose dehydrogenase (pdh) is a flavin-dependant sugar oxidoreductase found in the family agaricaceae, basidiomycetes that degrade lignocellulose-rich forest litter, and is catalytically related to the fungal enzymes pyranose 2-oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase. it has broad substrate specificity and displays similar activities with most sugar constituents of lignocellulose including disaccharides and oligosaccharides, a number of (substituted) quinones, and metal ions are suitable electron ...201019888575
aspergillus fumigatus meda governs adherence, host cell interactions and virulence.in medically important fungi, regulatory elements that control development and asexual reproduction often govern the expression of virulence traits. we therefore cloned the aspergillus fumigatus developmental modifier meda and characterized its role in conidiation, host cell interactions and virulence. as in the model organism aspergillus nidulans, disruption of meda in a. fumigatus dramatically reduced conidiation. however, the conidiophore morphology was markedly different between the two spec ...201019889083
the antifungal protein paf interferes with pkc/mpk and camp/pka signalling of aspergillus nidulans.the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in aspergillus nidulans. we report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. paf activates the camp/protein kinase a (pka) signalling cascade. a pkaa deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards paf. this was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: paf aggravated the effect of the activator 8-br-camp and partially relieved the repressive activ ...201019889092
genetic analysis of conidiation regulatory pathways in koji-mold aspergillus oryzae.conidia of koji-mold aspergillus oryzae are often used as starters in the fermented food industry. however, little is known about conidiation regulation in a. oryzae. to improve the productivity of conidia in a. oryzae, it is necessary to understand conidiation regulation in the strain. therefore, we analyzed the conidiation regulatory system in a. oryzae using 10 kinds of conidiation regulatory gene disruptants. the phenotypes of aorflug, aorflba, aorflbb, aorflbc, aorflbd, aorflbe, aorbrla, ao ...201019850144
a fungal ph-responsive signaling pathway regulating aspergillus adaptation and invasion into the cornea.to investigate the role of palb and pacc, two components of a ph-responsive signal-transduction pathway of aspergillus nidulans, during the pathogenesis of fungal infection of the cornea.201019850840
aoxa is a major peroxisomal long chain fatty acyl-coa oxidase required for beta-oxidation in a. nidulans.filamentous fungi can use a variety of fatty acids (fa) as sole carbon and energy sources. aspergillus nidulans has been shown to possess both peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathways. in these studies, the major peroxisomal long chain fatty acyl coenzyme a oxidase aoxa was identified. aoxa was shown to be localised to peroxisomes and deletion of the aoxa gene leads to reduced growth on long chain fa, but not on short chain fa. aoxa is predicted to be part of the same peroxisomal be ...201020043225
parp is involved in replicative aging in neurospora crassa.modification of proteins by the addition of poly(adp-ribose) is carried out by poly(adp-ribose) polymerases (parps). parps have been implicated in a wide range of biological processes in eukaryotes, but no universal function has been established. a study of the aspergillus nidulans parp ortholog (prpa) revealed that the protein is essential and involved in dna repair, reminiscent of findings using mammalian systems. we found that a neurospora parp orthologue (npo) is dispensable for cell surviva ...201020045739
reduced expression of the o-mannosyltransferase 2 (afpmt2) leads to deficient cell wall and abnormal polarity in aspergillus fumigatus.protein o-mannosyltransferases (pmts) initiate o-mannosylation of secretory proteins, which are of fundamental importance in eukaryotes. the human fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus possesses three genes encoding for pmts, namely, afpmt1, afpmt2 and afpmt4. we have previously shown that lack of afpmt1 leads to a temperature-sensitive phenotype featured with severe defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity and morphology at elevated temperatures. in this study, a conditional m ...201020053626
regulation of ustilago maydis dimorphism, sporulation, and pathogenic development by a transcription factor with a highly conserved apses domain.in ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut, the morphological transition from yeast to filamentous growth is inextricably linked to pathogenicity; budding haploid cells are saprobic and, upon mating of compatible strains, the fungus converts to dikaryotic filamentous growth and obligate parasitism. the filamentous dikaryon proliferates in the host plant, inducing tumor formation and undergoing additional morphological changes that eventually result in the production of melanized diploid t ...201020064064
reaction coordinate of isopenicillin n synthase: oxidase versus oxygenase activity.isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) can have both oxidase and oxygenase activity depending on the substrate. for the native substrate, acv, oxidase activity exists; however, for the substrate analogue acov, which lacks an amide nitrogen, ipns exhibits oxygenase activity. the potential energy surfaces for the o-o bond elongation and cleavage were calculated for three different reactions: homolytic cleavage via traditional fenton chemistry, heterolytic cleavage, and nucleophilic attack. these surfaces ...201020078029
identification of possible targets of the aspergillus fumigatus crz1 homologue, crza.calcineurin, a serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase, plays an important role in the control of cell morphology and virulence in fungi. calcineurin regulates localization and activity of a transcription factor called crz1. recently, we characterize aspergillus fumigatus crz1 homologue, afcrza. here, we investigate which pathways are influenced by a. fumigatus afcrza during a short pulse of calcium by comparatively determining the transcriptional profile of a. fumigatus wild type and delt ...201020078882
mechanism of de novo branched-chain amino acid synthesis as an alternative electron sink in hypoxic aspergillus nidulans cells.although branched-chain amino acids are synthesized as building blocks of proteins, we found that the fungus aspergillus nidulans excretes them into the culture medium under hypoxia. the transcription of predicted genes for synthesizing branched-chain amino acids was upregulated by hypoxia. a knockout strain of the gene encoding the large subunit of acetohydroxy acid synthase (ahas), which catalyzes the initial reaction of the synthesis, required branched-chain amino acids for growth and excrete ...201020081005
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of carboxy analogues of arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (ami-1).here we report the synthesis of a number of compounds structurally related to arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (ami-1). the structural alterations that we made included: 1) the substitution of the sulfonic groups with the bioisosteric carboxylic groups; 2) the replacement of the ureidic function with a bis-amidic moiety; 3) the introduction of a n-containing basic moiety; and 4) the positional isomerization of the aminohydroxynaphthoic moiety. we have assessed the biological activity of th ...201020091730
the transposon impala is activated by low temperatures: use of a controlled transposition system to identify genes critical for viability of aspergillus fumigatus.genes that are essential for viability represent potential targets for the development of anti-infective agents. however, relatively few have been determined in the filamentous fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. a novel solution employing parasexual genetics coupled with transposon mutagenesis using the fusarium oxysporum transposon impala had previously enabled the identification of 20 essential genes from a. fumigatus; however, further use of this system required a better understanding of ...201020097738
lipoperoxidation affects ochratoxin a biosynthesis in aspergillus ochraceus and its interaction with wheat seeds.in aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus flavus, and aspergillus parasiticus, lipoperoxidative signalling is crucial for the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis, conidiogenesis, and sclerotia formation. resveratrol, which is a lipoxygenase (lox) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor, downmodulates the biosynthesis of ochratoxin a (ota) in aspergillus ochraceus. in the genome of a. ochraceus, a lox-like sequence (aoloxa; national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) accession number: dq087531) for a l ...201020101489
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase homologs of coccidioides posadasii.two full-length cdnas were isolated from coccidioides posadasii that encode two deduced proteins (cphex1 and cphex2) with homology to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family of beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases. cphex1 consists of 595 amino acids, has a predicted molecular mass of 68 kda and shares the highest identity with the n-acetylhexosaminidase (naga) of aspergillus nidulans, while cphex2 consists of 603 amino acids, has a predicted molecular mass of 68.5 kda and shares the highest identity with nag1 ...201020109094
photodynamic inactivation of conidia of the fungi metarhizium anisopliae and aspergillus nidulans with methylene blue and toluidine blue.antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (pdt) is a promising method that can be used to control localized mycoses or kill fungi in the environment. a major objective of the current study was to compare the conidial photosensitization of two fungal species (metarhizium anisopliae and aspergillus nidulans) with methylene blue (mb) and toluidine blue (tbo) under different incubation and light conditions. parameters examined were media, photosensitizer (ps) concentration and light source. pdt with mb a ...201020113427
erl1, a novel era-like gtpase from magnaporthe oryzae, is required for full root virulence and is conserved in the mutualistic symbiont glomus intraradices.comparative analyses of genome sequences from several plant-infecting fungi have shown conservation and expansion of protein families with plant disease-related functions. here, we show that this hypothesis can be extended to mutualistic symbiotic fungi. we have identified a gene encoding an era (escherichia coli ras)-like gtpase in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae and found that it is orthologous to the mature amino terminal part of the gin1 protein from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) ...201019958140
the ccaat-binding complex coordinates the oxidative stress response in eukaryotes.the heterotrimeric ccaat-binding complex is evolutionary conserved in eukaryotic organisms. the corresponding aspergillus nidulans ccaat-binding factor (ancf) consists of the subunits hapb, hapc and hape. all of the three subunits are necessary for dna binding. here, we demonstrate that ancf senses the redox status of the cell via oxidative modification of thiol groups within the histone fold motif of hapc. mutational and in vitro interaction analyses revealed that two of these cysteine residues ...201019965775
transport-dependent endocytosis and turnover of a uric acid-xanthine permease.in this work we unmask a novel downregulation mechanism of the uric acid/xanthine transporter uapa, the prototype member of the ubiquitous nucleobase-ascorbate transporter family, directly related to its function. in the presence of substrates, uapa is endocytosed, sorted into the multivesicular body pathway and degraded in vacuoles. substrate-induced endocytosis, unlike ammonium-induced turnover, is absolutely dependent on uapa activity and several lines of evidence showed that the signal for i ...201020002879
formate-nitrite transporters: optimisation of expression, purification and analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic representatives.the formate-nitrite transporter family is composed of integral membrane proteins that possess six to eight alpha-helical transmembrane domains. genes encoding these proteins are observed widely in prokaryotic genomes as well as certain groups of lower eukaryotes. thus far, no structural information is available for this transporter family. towards this aim, and to provide protein for biophysical studies, overexpression of a prokaryotic (tpnirc, from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium thermofi ...201020006708
caspofungin etest endpoint for aspergillus isolates shows poor agreement with the reference minimum effective concentration.the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) m38-a2 reference broth microdilution (bmd) method for the antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi now includes guidelines for testing echinocandin activity using the minimum effective concentration (mec) as the endpoint measurement. in this study, we compared the caspofungin etest mic on rpmi agar and mueller-hinton agar (supplemented with glucose and methylene blue [mgm]) to the bmd mec for 345 clinical aspergillus isolates, ...201020007389
the crystal structure of an lll-configured depsipeptide substrate analogue bound to isopenicillin n synthase.isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) is a non-heme iron(ii) oxidase, which catalyses the biosynthesis of isopenicillin n (ipn) from the tripeptide delta-l-alpha-aminoadipoyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (lld-acv) in a remarkable oxidative bicyclisation reaction. the natural substrate for ipns is the lld-configured tripeptide. lll-acv is not turned over by the enzyme, but inhibits turnover of the lld-tripeptide. the mechanism by which this inhibition takes place is not fully understood. recent studies have em ...201020024142
a novel motif in fungal class 1 histone deacetylases is essential for growth and development of aspergillus.acetylation of the n-terminal tails of core histones is an important regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic organisms. in filamentous fungi, little is known about the enzymes that modify histone tails. however, it is increasingly evident that histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases are critical factors for the regulation of genes involved in fungal pathogenicity, stress response, and production of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics or fungal toxins. here, we show that depletion of ...201019940017
peroxisomal localization and function of nadp+ -specific isocitrate dehydrogenases in yeast.yeast peroxisomal nadp(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (idp3) contains a canonical type i peroxisomal targeting sequence (a carboxyl-terminal cys-lys-leu tripeptide), and provides the nadph required for beta-oxidation of some fatty acids in that organelle. cytosolic yeast idp2 carrying a pts1 (idp2(+ckl)) was only partially localized to peroxisomes, and the enzyme was able to function in lieu of either peroxisomal idp3 or cytosolic idp2. the analogous isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme (idpa) ...201019854152
cloning of a heat-stable chitin deacetylase gene from aspergillus nidulans and its functional expression in escherichia coli.a gene encoding chitin deacetylase was cloned by polymerase chain reaction from aspergillus nidulans. sequencing result showed 40% homology to the corresponding gene from colletotrichum lindemuthianum. the complete gene contains an open reading frame of 747 nucleotides encoding a sequence of 249 amino acid residues. the chitin deacetylase gene was subcloned into a pet28a expression vector and expressed in escherichia coli bl21 and then purified by metal affinity chromatography using a his-bind c ...201019760058
the aspergillus genome database, a curated comparative genomics resource for gene, protein and sequence information for the aspergillus research community.the aspergillus genome database (aspgd) is an online genomics resource for researchers studying the genetics and molecular biology of the aspergilli. aspgd combines high-quality manual curation of the experimental scientific literature examining the genetics and molecular biology of aspergilli, cutting-edge comparative genomics approaches to iteratively refine and improve structural gene annotations across multiple aspergillus species, and web-based research tools for accessing and exploring the ...201019773420
meab-dependent nutrition sensing regulates autolysis in carbon starved aspergillus nidulans cultures.carbon starvation induced autolysis is an active process of self-digestion and is under complex regulation in aspergillus nidulans. in this study we investigated how autolysis depends on the composition of the culture medium, especially on the presence of yeast extract. we demonstrated that the rate of autolytic cell wall degradation as well as the extracellular chitinase and proteinase productions significantly decreased in the presence of this nutrient. the effect of yeast extract on carbon st ...201023100816
cytological characterization of an aspergillus nidulans mutant from a strain with chromosomic duplication.a development mutant, named v103, was obtained spontaneously from the a strain of a. nidulans. the a strain contains a duplicated segment of chromosome i that has undergone translocation to chromosome ii (i ii). it is mitotically unstable and generates phenotypically deteriorated types, some with enhanced stability. the deteriorated variants of a. nidulans show abnormal development, exhibiting slower colony growth, variations in colony pigmentation and changes in conidiophore structure. the alte ...201024031489
[screening and application of phosphate-dissolving microorganism suitable for corn production].to obtain phosphate-dissolving strains which can be suitable for corn production.201021365915
[comparison of genomes between aspergillus nidulans and 30 filamentous ascomycetes].to investigate the conserved homologs of filamentous ascomycetes genomes, the local fungal genome database used in this analysis was established, which consisted of 31 latest and complete genome data publicly available on the internet. an expectation value cutoff of 0.1 was used to identify significant hits. each complete gene set of the query genome aspergillus nidulans genome with 10,560 annotated genes was splitted into individual fasta files with seqverter and then compared separately agains ...201021513172
kin3 protein, a nima-related kinase of saccharomyces cerevisiae, is involved in dna adduct damage response.kin3 is a nonessential serine/threonine protein kinase of the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae with unknown cellular role. it is an ortholog of the aspergillus nidulans protein kinase nima (never-in mitosis, gene a), which is involved in the regulation of g2/m phase progression, dna damage response and mitosis. the aim of this study was to determine whether kin3 is required for proper checkpoint activation and dna repair. here we show that kin3 gene deficient cells present sensitivity and ...201021577056
gene knockdown by ihprna-triggering in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete fungus laccaria bicolor.ectomycorrhiza (ecm) is a mutualistic association between fungi and the roots of the vast majority of trees. these include numerous ecologically and economically relevant species and the participating fungal symbionts are predominantly filamentous basidiomycetes. in natural ecosystems the plant nutrient uptake from soil takes place via the extraradical mycelia of these ecm mycosimbionts as a trade for plant photosyntates. the symbiotic phase in the life cycle of ecm basidiomycetes is the dikaryo ...201021326837
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the nmra-like ddb_g0286605 protein from the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum.the ddb_g0286605 gene product from dictyostelium discoideum, an nmra-like protein that belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 295 k. a 1.64 å resolution data set was collected using synchrotron radiation. the ddb_g0286605 protein crystals belonged to space group p2(1), with unit-cell parameters a=67.598, b=54.935, c=84.219 å, β = 109.620°. assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the so ...201021206034
enzymatic synthesis of β-xylosyl-oligosaccharides by transxylosylation using two β-xylosidases of glycoside hydrolase family 3 from aspergillus nidulans fgsc a4.two β-xylosidases of glycoside hydrolase family 3 (gh 3) from aspergillus nidulans fgsc a4, bxla and bxlb were produced recombinantly in pichia pastoris and secreted to the culture supernatants in yields of 16 and 118 mg/l, respectively. bxla showed about sixfold higher catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/k(m)) than bxlb towards para-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside (pnpx) and β-1,4-xylo-oligosaccharides (degree of polymerisation 2-6). for both enzymes k(cat)/k(m) decreased with increasing β-1,4-xylo-oli ...201021215963
adaptative and developmental responses to stress in aspergillus nidulan.development in the ascomycete a. nidulans is principally determined by environmental signals. adaptability to oxidative stimuli can derive in changes of growth patterns and /or the activation of sexual or asexual reproductive cycles but this model fungus might also respond to high osmotic or salt concentrations, the redox state, the availability and quantity of carbon or nitrogen sources and the degree or quality of illumination. since each cell within the colony follows a single morphogenetic p ...201021235506
phg/psilbaγ vector system for efficient gene silencing in homobasidiomycetes: optimization of ihprna - triggering in the mycorrhizal fungus laccaria bicolor.psilbaγ silencing vector was constructed for efficient rna silencing triggering in the model mycorrhizal fungus laccaria bicolor. this cloning vector carries the agaricus bisporus gpdii promoter, two multiple cloning sites separated by a l. bicolor nitrate reductase intron and the aspergillus nidulans trpc terminator. psilbaγ allows an easy oriented two-step pcr cloning of hairpin sequences to be expressed in basidiomycetes. with one further cloning step into phg, a pcambia1300-based binary vect ...201021255319
laea control of velvet family regulatory proteins for light-dependent development and fungal cell-type specificity.vea is the founding member of the velvet superfamily of fungal regulatory proteins. this protein is involved in light response and coordinates sexual reproduction and secondary metabolism in aspergillus nidulans. in the dark, vea bridges velb and laea to form the velb-vea-laea (velvet) complex. the vea-like protein velb is another developmental regulator, and laea has been known as global regulator of secondary metabolism. in this study, we show that velb forms a second light-regulated developme ...201021152013
ffvel1 and fflae1, components of a velvet-like complex in fusarium fujikuroi, affect differentiation, secondary metabolism and virulence.besides industrially produced gibberellins (gas), fusarium fujikuroi is able to produce additional secondary metabolites such as the pigments bikaverin and neurosporaxanthin and the mycotoxins fumonisins and fusarin c. the global regulation of these biosynthetic pathways is only poorly understood. recently, the velvet complex containing vea and several other regulatory proteins was shown to be involved in global regulation of secondary metabolism and differentiation in aspergillus nidulans. here ...201020572938
telomere position effect is regulated by heterochromatin-associated proteins and nkua in aspergillus nidulans.gene-silencing mechanisms are being shown to be associated with an increasing number of fungal developmental processes. telomere position effect (tpe) is a eukaryotic phenomenon resulting in gene repression in areas immediately adjacent to telomere caps. here, tpe is shown to regulate expression of transgenes on the left arm of chromosome iii and the right arm of chromosome vi in aspergillus nidulans. phenotypes found to be associated with transgene repression included reduction in radial growth ...201020724388
the bzip transcription factor meab mediates nitrogen metabolite repression at specific loci.in fusarium fujikuroi, bikaverin (bik) biosynthesis is subject to repression by nitrogen. unlike most genes subject to nitrogen metabolite repression, it has been shown that transcription of bik biosynthetic genes is not area dependent. searching for additional transcription factors that may be involved in nitrogen regulation, we cloned and characterized the orthologue of aspergillus nidulans meab, which encodes a bzip transcription factor. two transcripts are derived from f. fujikuroi meab: the ...201020729292
repercussion of a deficiency in mitochondrial ß-oxidation on the carbon flux of short-chain fatty acids to the peroxisomal ß-oxidation cycle in aspergillus nidulans.the fungus aspergillus nidulans contains both a mitochondrial and peroxisomal ß-oxidation pathway. this work was aimed at studying the influence of mutations in the foxa gene, encoding a peroxisomal multifunctional protein, or in the scda/echa genes, encoding a mitochondrial short-chain dehydrogenase and an enoyl-coa hydratase, respectively, on the carbon flux to the peroxisomal ß-oxidation pathway. a. nidulans transformed with a peroxisomal polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) synthase produced pha from ...201020736083
a set of aspartyl protease-deficient strains for improved expression of heterologous proteins in kluyveromyces lactis.secretion of recombinant proteins is a common strategy for heterologous protein expression using the yeast kluyveromyces lactis. however, a common problem is degradation of a target recombinant protein by secretory pathway aspartyl proteases. in this study, we identified five putative pfam00026 aspartyl proteases encoded by the k. lactis genome. a set of selectable marker-free protease deletion mutants was constructed in the prototrophic k. lactis gg799 industrial expression strain background us ...201021166768
adaptative and developmental responses to stress in aspergillus nidulan.development in the ascomycete a. nidulans is principally determined by environmental signals. adaptability to oxidative stimuli can derive in changes of growth patterns and /or the activation of sexual or asexual reproductive cycles but this model fungus might also respond to high osmotic or salt concentrations, the redox state, the availability and quantity of carbon or nitrogen sources and the degree or quality of illumination. since each cell within the colony follows a single morphogenetic p ...201021190514
horizontal transfer of a large and highly toxic secondary metabolic gene cluster between fungi.genes involved in intermediary and secondary metabolism in fungi are frequently physically linked or clustered. for example, in aspergillus nidulans the entire pathway for the production of sterigmatocystin (st), a highly toxic secondary metabolite and a precursor to the aflatoxins (af), is located in a ∼54 kb, 23 gene cluster. we discovered that a complete st gene cluster in podospora anserina was horizontally transferred from aspergillus. phylogenetic analysis shows that most podospora cluster ...201021194949
simple identification of vea1 mutation in aspergillus nidulans.the vea gene plays an important role in development of a homothallic filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. the vea1 phenotype can be difficult to distinguish from the wild-type vea. despite the importance of the vea allele, no efficient identification method has been reported besides dna sequencing. here, we present simple physiological and molecular biological ways to distinguish between the vea wild-type and vea1 allele. the novel approaches, which involve incubation in the presence of oxal ...201021221952
cross-talk between light and glucose regulation controls toxin production and morphogenesis in aspergillus nidulans.light is a major environmental stimulus that has a broad effect on organisms, triggering a cellular response that results in an optimal adaptation enhancing fitness and survival. in fungi, light affects growth, and causes diverse morphological changes such as those leading to reproduction. light can also affect fungal metabolism, including the biosynthesis of natural products. in this study we show that in aspergillus nidulans the effect of light on the production of the sterigmatocystin (st) to ...201020816830
characterization of the developmental regulator flbe in aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans.several upstream developmental activators control asexual development (conidiation) in aspergillus. in this study, we characterize one of such activators called flbe in aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans. the predicted flbe protein is composed of 222 and 201 aa in a. fumigatus and a. nidulans, respectively. while flbe is transiently expressed during early phase of growth in a. nidulans, it is somewhat constitutively expressed during the lifecycle of a. fumigatus. the deletion of flbe ...201020817115
analysis of intact and dissected fungal polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase in vitro and in saccharomyces cerevisiae.the widely found fungal iterative pks-nrps hybrid megasynthetases are highly programmed biosynthetic machines involved in the synthesis of 3-acyltetramic acids and related natural products. in vitro analysis of iterative pks-nrps has been hampered by the difficulties associated with obtaining pure and functional forms of these large enzymes (>400 kda). we successfully expressed aspergillus nidulans aspyridone synthetase (apda) from an engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. the complete func ...201020828130
screening for antifungal peptides and their modes of action in aspergillus nidulans.many short cationic peptides have been identified as potent antimicrobial agents, but their modes of action are not well understood. peptide synthesis on cellulose membranes has resulted in the generation of peptide libraries, while high-throughput assays have been developed to test their antibacterial activities. in this paper a microtiter plate-based screening method for fungi has been developed and used to test nine antibacterial peptides against the model fungus aspergillus nidulans. microsc ...201020833782
mitotic recombination: a genotoxic effect of the antidepressant citalopram in aspergillus nidulans.this report evaluates the potential of the antidepressant drug citalopram to induce homozygotization of genes previously present in a heterozygous condition, by homologous recombination. in order to address this question, a heterozygous diploid strain of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans and the homozygotization assay were utilized. non-cytotoxic concentrations of citalopram (50, 75 and 100 μmol/l) showed a strong recombinogenic effect in a. nidulans, inducing homozygosis of the diploi ...201020851831
aspergillus fumigatus flbb encodes two basic leucine zipper domain (bzip) proteins required for proper asexual development and gliotoxin production.the opportunistic human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus reproduces asexually by forming a massive number of mitospores called conidia. in this study, we characterize the upstream developmental regulator a. fumigatus flbb (afuflbb). northern blotting and cdna analyses reveal that afuflbb produces two transcripts predicted to encode two basic leucine zipper domain (bzip) polypeptides, afuflbbβ (420 amino acids [aa]) and afuflbbα (390 aa). the deletion of afuflbb results in delayed/reduced sporulati ...201020852021
quantification of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers induced by uvb radiation in conidia of the fungi aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, metarhizium acridum and metarhizium robertsii.conidia are responsible for reproduction, dispersal, environmental persistence and host infection of many fungal species. one of the main environmental factors that can kill and/or damage conidia is solar uv radiation. cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (cpd) are the major dna photoproducts induced by uvb. we examined the conidial germination kinetics and the occurrence of cpd in dna of conidia exposed to different doses of uvb radiation. conidia of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans and met ...201020860693
the microtubule plus-end localization of aspergillus dynein is important for dynein-early-endosome interaction but not for dynein atpase activation.cytoplasmic dynein in filamentous fungi accumulates at microtubule plus-ends near the hyphal tip, which is important for minus-end-directed transport of early endosomes. it was hypothesized that dynein is switched on at the plus-end by cargo association. here, we show in aspergillus nidulans that kinesin-1-dependent plus-end localization is not a prerequisite for dynein atpase activation. first, the walker a and walker b mutations in the dynein heavy chain aaa1 domain implicated in blocking diff ...201020876661
global gene expression analysis of aspergillus nidulans reveals metabolic shift and transcription suppression under hypoxia.hypoxia imposes a challenge upon most filamentous fungi that require oxygen for proliferation. here, we used whole genome dna microarrays to investigate global transcriptional changes in aspergillus nidulans gene expression after exposure to hypoxia followed by normoxia. aeration affected the expression of 2,864 genes (27% of the total number of genes in the fungus), of which 50% were either induced or repressed under hypoxic conditions. up-regulated genes included those for glycolysis, ethanol ...201020878186
hypertonic conditions trigger transient plasmolysis, growth arrest and blockage of transporter endocytosis in aspergillus nidulans and saccharomyces cerevisiae.by using aspergillus nidulans strains expressing functional gfp-tagged transporters under hypertonic conditions, we noticed the rapid appearance of cortical, relatively static, fluorescent patches (0.5-2.3 μm). these patches do not correspond to transporter microdomains as they co-localize with other plasma membrane-associated molecules, such as the pleckstrin homology (ph) domain and the ssoa t-snare, or the lipophilic markers fm4-64 and filipin. in addition, they do not show characteristics of ...201020919858
fungal development and the cop9 signalosome.the conserved cop9 signalosome (csn) multiprotein complex is located at the interface between cellular signaling, protein modification, life span and the development of multicellular organisms. csn is required for light-controlled responses in filamentous fungi. this includes the circadian rhythm of neurospora crassa or the repression of sexual development by light in aspergillus nidulans. in contrast to plants and animals, csn is not essential for fungal viability. therefore fungi are suitable ...201020934903
suppressor mutagenesis identifies a velvet complex remediator of aspergillus nidulans secondary metabolism.fungal secondary metabolites (sm) are bioactive compounds that are important in fungal ecology and, moreover, both harmful and useful in human endeavors (e.g., as toxins and pharmaceuticals). recently a nuclear heterocomplex termed the velvet complex, characterized in the model ascomycete aspergillus nidulans, was found to be critical for sm production. deletion of two members of the velvet complex, laea and vea, results in near loss of sm and defective sexual spore production in a. nidulans and ...201020935144
hapx-mediated adaption to iron starvation is crucial for virulence of aspergillus fumigatus.iron is essential for a wide range of cellular processes. here we show that the bzip-type regulator hapx is indispensable for the transcriptional remodeling required for adaption to iron starvation in the opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. hapx represses iron-dependent and mitochondrial-localized activities including respiration, tca cycle, amino acid metabolism, iron-sulfur-cluster and heme biosynthesis. in agreement with the impact on mitochondrial metabolism, hapx-deficiency ...201020941352
fungal tyrosine betaine, a novel secondary metabolite from conidia of entomopathogenic metarhizium spp. fungi.fungi, including the entomopathogenic deuteromycete metarhizium anisopliae, produce a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that either can be secreted or stored in specific developmental structures, e.g., conidia. some secondary metabolites, such as pigments, polyols and mycosporines, are associated with pathogenicity and/or fungal tolerance to several stress-inducing environmental factors, including temperature and solar radiation extremes. extracts of m. anisopliae var. anisopliae (strain e ...201020943158
functional characterization of a new member of the cdk9 family in aspergillus nidulans.cdk9-like kinases in complex with t-type cyclins are essential components of the eukaryotic transcription elongation machinery. the full spectrum of cdk9/cyclin t targets, as well as the specific consequences of phosphorylations, is still largely undefined. we identify and characterize here a cdk9 kinase (ptka) in the filamentous ascomycete aspergillus nidulans. deletion of ptka had a lethal effect in later stages of vegetative growth and completely impeded asexual development. overexpression of ...201020952582
activation of a silent fungal polyketide biosynthesis pathway through regulatory cross talk with a cryptic nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster.filamentous fungi produce numerous natural products that constitute a consistent source of potential drug leads, yet it seems that the majority of natural products are overlooked since most biosynthesis gene clusters are silent under standard cultivation conditions. screening secondary metabolite genes of the model fungus aspergillus nidulans, we noted a silent gene cluster on chromosome ii comprising two nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) genes, inpa and inpb, flanked by a regulatory gene t ...201020952652
novel mutations reveal two important regions in aspergillus nidulans transcriptional activator metr.expression of the sulfur assimilation pathway in aspergillus nidulans is under control of sulfur metabolite repression, which is composed of scon genes encoding subunits of ubiquitin ligase and the metr gene coding for a transcriptional activator. in this paper we report three dominant suppressors of methionine requirement isolated from a metb3 diploid strain. all three mutations lead to the substitution of phenylalanine 48 by serine or leucine in the conserved n-terminal region of the metr prot ...201020955810
pectin lyase production by recombinant penicillium griseoroseum strain 105.recombinant penicillium griseoroseum strain 105 overproduces an extracellular pectin lyase (pl) under the transcriptional control of the strong gpda promoter of aspergillus nidulans. our aim was to evaluate pl production by recombinant p. griseoroseum strain 105 in submerged fermentation system bioreactors biofloiii and biofloiv using 2 or 10 l working volumes under different growth conditions and to analyze the production of cellulase, polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, and protease. pl ...201020962906
transcriptome analysis of nitrate assimilation in aspergillus nidulans reveals connections to nitric oxide metabolism.nitrate is a dominant form of inorganic nitrogen (n) in soils and can be efficiently assimilated by bacteria, fungi and plants. we studied here the transcriptome of the short-term nitrate response using assimilating and non-assimilating strains of the model ascomycete aspergillus nidulans. among the 72 genes positively responding to nitrate, only 18 genes carry binding sites for the pathway-specific activator nira. forty-five genes were repressed by nitrate metabolism. because nira(-) strains ar ...201020969648
microbiological analysis of a mummy from the archeological museum in zagreb.in this paper we report the results of the microbiological analysis of the samples taken from the mummy from the collection of the archaeological museum in zagreb, croatia. samples were taken from specific places such as oral, orbital, abdominal cavity and bandages surrounding the mummy, and analyzed in department of microbiology and hospital infections in university hospital "dubrava" in zagreb and in national reference laboratory for systemic mycoses of croatian national institute of public he ...201020977065
an ortholog of fara of aspergillus nidulans is implicated in the transcriptional activation of genes involved in fatty acid utilization in the yeast yarrowia lipolytica.the yeast yarrowia lipolytica effectively utilizes hydrophobic substrates such as fatty acids and n-alkanes. to identify a gene(s) regulating fatty acid utilization in y. lipolytica, we first studied homologous genes to oaf1 and pip2 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, but their disruption did not change growth on oleic acid at all. we next characterized a y. lipolytica gene, por1 (primary oleate regulator 1), an ortholog of fara encoding a transcriptional activator that regulates fatty acid utilizatio ...201020977884
in vitro susceptibility testing of aspergillus spp. against voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin b and caspofungin.during recent years, the incidence of serious infections caused by opportunistic fungi has increased dramatically due to alterations of the immune status of patients with hematological diseases, malignant tumors, transplantations and so forth. unfortunately, the wide use of triazole antifungal agents to treat these infections has lead to the emergence of aspergillus spp. resistant to triazoles. the present study was to assess the in vitro activities of five antifungal agents (voriconazole, itrac ...201021034656
aspergillus nidulans asexual development: making the most of cellular modules.asexual development in aspergillus nidulans begins in superficial hyphae as the programmed emergence of successive pseudohyphal modules, collectively known as the conidiophore, and is completed by a layer of specialized cells (phialides) giving rise to chains of aerial spores. a discrete number of regulatory factors present in hyphae play different stage-specific roles in pseudohyphal modules, depending on their cellular localization and protein-protein interactions. their multiple roles include ...201021035346
the cop9 signalosome mediates transcriptional and metabolic response to hormones, oxidative stress protection and cell wall rearrangement during fungal development.the cop9 signalosome complex (csn) is a crucial regulator of ubiquitin ligases. defects in csn result in embryonic impairment and death in higher eukaryotes, whereas the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans survives without csn, but is unable to complete sexual development. we investigated overall impact of csn activity on a. nidulans cells by combined transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analysis. absence of csn5/csne affects transcription of at least 15% of genes during development, inclu ...201021062371
type 2c protein phosphatases in fungi.type 2c ser/thr phosphatases are a remarkable class of protein phosphatases, which are conserved in eukaryotes and involved in a large variety of functional processes. unlike in other ser/thr phosphatases, the catalytic polypeptide is not usually associated with regulatory subunits, and functional specificity is achieved by encoding multiple isoforms. for fungi, most information comes from the study of type 2c protein phosphatase (pp2c) enzymes in saccharomyces cerevisiae, where seven pp2c-encod ...201021076010
human leukocytes kill aspergillus nidulans by reactive oxygen species-independent mechanisms.invasive aspergillosis is a major threat for patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease (cgd). although aspergillus fumigatus is the most commonly encountered aspergillus species, the presence of a. nidulans appears to be disproportionately high in cgd patients. the purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of the nadph oxidase and the resulting reactive oxygen species (ros) in host defense against fungi and to clarify their relationship toward a. nidulans. murine cgd a ...201021078850
penicillium marneffei actin expression during phase transition, oxidative stress, and macrophage infection.penicillium marneffei is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that exhibits thermally regulated dimorphism. at 25°c, this fungus grows vegetatively as mycelia, but at 37°c or upon invasion of a host, a fission yeast form is established. yet, despite increased numbers of molecular studies involving this fungus, the role of p. marneffei stress response-related proteins is not well characterized. actin is one of the proteins that have been proposed to play a role not only in cell transition, but also i ...201021088905
conserved components, but distinct mechanisms for the placement and assembly of the cell division machinery in unicellular and filamentous ascomycetes.cytokinesis is essential for cell proliferation, yet its molecular description is challenging, because >100 conserved proteins must be spatially and temporally co-ordinated. despite the high importance of a tight co-ordination of cytokinesis with chromosome and organelle segregation, the mechanism for determining the cell division plane is one of the least conserved aspects of cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. budding and fission yeast have developed fundamentally distinct mechanisms to ensure pr ...201021091496
involvement of the aspergillus nidulans protein kinase c with farnesol tolerance is related to the unfolded protein response.previously, we demonstrated that the aspergillus nidulans calc2 mutation in protein kinase c pkca was able to confer tolerance to farnesol (foh), an isoprenoid that has been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. here, we investigate in more detail the role played by a. nidulans pkca in foh tolerance. we demonstrate that pkca overexpression during foh exposure causes increased cell death. foh is also able to activate several markers of endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress and the unfo ...201021091509
homologue expression of a β-xylosidase from native aspergillus niger.xylan constitutes the second most abundant source of renewable organic carbon on earth and is located in the cell walls of hardwood and softwood plants in the form of hemicellulose. based on its availability, there is a growing interest in production of xylanolytic enzymes for industrial applications. β-1,4-xylan xylosidase (ec 3.2.1.37) hydrolyses from the nonreducing end of xylooligosaccharides arising from endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity. this work reports the partial characterization of a purif ...201021116681
recruitment of the inhibitor cand1 to the cullin substrate adaptor site mediates interaction to the neddylation site.cand1 inhibits cullin ring ubiquitin ligases by binding unneddylated cullins. the cand1 n-terminus blocks the cullin neddylation site, whereas the c-terminus inhibits cullin adaptor interaction. these cand1 binding sites can be separated into two functional polypeptides which bind sequentially. c-terminal cand1 can directly bind to unneddylated cullins in the nucleus without blocking the neddylation site. the smaller n-terminal cand1 cannot bind to the cullin neddylation region without c-termina ...201021119001
hapx positively and negatively regulates the transcriptional response to iron deprivation in cryptococcus neoformans.the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals such as aids patients. the ability of the fungus to acquire nutrients during proliferation in host tissue and the ability to elaborate a polysaccharide capsule are critical determinants of disease outcome. we previously showed that the gata factor, cir1, is a major regulator both of the iron uptake functions needed for growth in host tissue and the key virulence factors such as capsule, melan ...201021124817
the aspergillus nidulans nuca(endog) homologue is not involved in cell death.upon apoptosis induction, translocation of mammalian mitochondrial endonuclease g (endog) to the nucleus coincides with large-scale dna fragmentation. here, we describe for the first time a homologue of endog in filamentous fungi by investigating if the aspergillus nidulans homologue of the endog gene, named nuca(endog), is being activated during farnesol-induced cell death. our results suggest that nuca is not involved in cell death, but it plays a role in the dna-damaging response in a. nidula ...201021131437
survey and analysis of simple sequence repeats in the laccaria bicolor genome, with development of microsatellite markers.it is becoming clear that simple sequence repeats (ssrs) play a significant role in fungal genome organization, and they are a large source of genetic markers for population genetics and meiotic maps. we identified ssrs in the laccaria bicolor genome by in silico survey and analyzed their distribution in the different genomic regions. we also compared the abundance and distribution of ssrs in l. bicolor with those of the following fungal genomes: phanerochaete chrysosporium, coprinopsis cinerea, ...201021132299
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