Publications

[presternal abscess due to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis].		2007	17335709
phenotypic and genetic characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from pigs in rio grande do sul, brazil.	this study aimed to investigate the relatedness of porcine salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) serovar typhimurium strains isolated in southern brazil. sixty-six isolates from pigs belonging to three commercial companies were submitted to phage typing, xbai-macrorestriction (pfge), is200 hybridization, rep-pcr, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and pcr assay targeting the spvr region. all strains presented a unique rep-pcr pattern and 63 strains had a common is200 profile. one pulse-typ ...	2007	17336354
porcine differential gene expression in response to salmonella enterica serovars choleraesuis and typhimurium.	an investigation of the porcine response to gastrointestinal infection with salmonella enterica serovars choleraesuis (narrow host range) and typhimurium (broad host range) revealed markedly different transcriptional profiles. seven genes identified by suppression subtractive hybridization as up-regulated in the mesenteric lymph nodes at 24h (h) post-inoculation (p.i.) in serovar choleraesuis-infected pigs (arpc2, cct7, hsph1, lcp1, ptma, sdcbp, vcp) and three genes in serovar typhimurium-infect ...	2007	17337057
multiple environmental stress tests show no common phenotypes shared among contemporary epidemic strains of salmonella enterica.	phenotypic traits of coexisting epidemic and nonepidemic strains of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and newport were compared. different stress conditions were relatively more or less favorable for the epidemic strains. transcriptional analysis identified specific upregulated genes during defined stress conditions, but there were no common traits shared by epidemic serovars.	2007	17337548
endogenous endophthalmitis due to salmonella choleraesuis in an hiv-positive patient.	to report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by the gram-negative bacterium salmonella choleraesuis as a first sign of hiv infection in a patient from thailand.	2007	17558841
[a rare outbreak of food poisoning caused by salmonella enterica serovar. oranienburg--a case report and features of isolates].	a rare food poisoning outbreak caused by s. oranienburg occurred at a junior high school athletic meet in kurashiki, okayama, in september 2005. the 70 patients included junior high school students, teachers and other school staff, and their families. this bacillus was isolated from stools of two employees and another in catered sandwiches. the cause of the outbreak was determined by evidence and epidemiological investigation to be sandwiches served at the athletic meet. biochemical features, se ...	2007	17564111
outbreak of healthcare-associated infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg in florida.	in july 1999, a rare strain of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg was isolated from the sputum of a trauma patient. over a 6-year period (1999-2005) in northeast florida, this salmonella serovar spread to 66 other patients in 16 different healthcare facilities as a result of frequent transfers of patients among institutions. to our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of healthcare-associated infection and colonization with a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of s. senft ...	2007	17564982
testing an ecological model for transmission of salmonella enterica in swine production ecosystems using genotyping data.	an ecological model for transmission of salmonella enterica in swine production ecosystems was developed, identifying host species, environmental reservoirs, and temporal, spatial, and functional (i.e., stage of production) dimensions. it was hypothesized that transmission was most likely within spatial and functional compartments, between hosts of the same species and abiotic compartments of the same type. eighteen swine production systems in illinois, usa, were sampled in four collection cycle ...	2007	17570546
antibody-quantum dot conjugates exhibit enhanced antibacterial effect vs. unconjugated quantum dots.	the effect of a 20-min exposure to antibody-quantum dot (ab-qd) conjugates on colony counts of escherichia coli was assessed by the spread-plate method and compared with exposure to unconjugated qds having only amine or carboxyl groups on their surfaces. under these conditions, ab-qd conjugates generally exhibited >90% reduction in colony-forming units as compared to untreated e. coli and e. coli treated with unconjugated qds after incubation for as long as 41 h. the antibacterial effect of ab-q ...	2007	17571792
expressed salmonella antigens within macrophages enhance the proliferation of cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes by means of bystander dendritic cells.	atp-dependent lon protease-deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (strain cs2022) appeared to invade successfully the mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) and peyer's patches (pp) of balb/c mice and appeared to be easily eradicated by the host after oral immunization. as detected by flow cytometry, the population of major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i)-expressing macrophages and dendritic cells (dcs) was increased in the pp of mice immunized with cs2022 on day 6 after immunization ...	2007	17573927
mucosal lymphatic-derived gammadelta t cells respond early to experimental salmonella enterocolitis by increasing expression of il-2r alpha.	to better understand the roles of gammadelta t cells in mucosal infection, we utilized salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella serovar typhimurium) infection in cattle as it closely approximates salmonella serovar typhimurium-induced enterocolitis in humans. protein and gene expression in alphabeta and gammadelta t cells derived from lymphatic ducts draining the gut mucosa in salmonella serovar typhimurium-infected calves were analyzed. in calves with enterocolitis, general gene expr ...	2007	17574223
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain lacking pmrg-hm-d provides excellent protection against salmonellosis in murine typhoid model.	the superiority of live attenuated vaccines in systemic salmonellosis has been proven over killed and subunit vaccines, because of its ability to induce protective cell mediated immunity by cd8+ t cells. a live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine has been developed by systematic site directed deletion of the pmrg-hm-d chromosomal genomic loci. this gene confers involved in antimicrobial peptide resistance and is involved in lps modification, both of which are the major imm ...	2007	17574312
domain organization and polarity of tail needle gp26 in the portal vertex structure of bacteriophage p22.	the attachment of tailed bacteriophages to the host cell wall as well as the penetration and injection of the viral genome into the host is mediated by the virion tail complex. in phage p22, a member of the podoviridae family that infects salmonella enterica, the tail contains an approximately 220 a elongated protein needle, previously identified as tail accessory factor gp26. together with tail factors gp4 and gp10, gp26 is critical to close the portal protein channel and retain the viral dna i ...	2007	17574574
intratumoral delivery and suppression of prostate tumor growth by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium carrying plasmid-based small interfering rnas.	the facultative anaerobic, invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has been shown to retard the growth of established tumors. we wondered if a more effective antitumor response could be achieved in vivo if these bacteria were used as tools for delivering specific molecular antitumor therapeutics. constitutively activated transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) promotes the survival of a number of human tumors. in this study, we in ...	2007	17575154
ordered expression of virulence genes in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	using transcriptional promoter fusions, we investigated the expression of selected spi-1 and spi-2 genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). promoters of genes related to the invasion of the epithelial cell (hila, hilc, hild, invf, sica, sopa, sopb and sope2) were active in luria-bertani (lb) medium and lb with butyrate but were suppressed by bile salts and in glucose minimal (m9) medium. genes related to s. typhimurium intracellular survival (phop, ssra, ssab, ssag, sif ...	2007	17575908
fcgamma receptors are crucial for the expression of acquired resistance to virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in vivo but are not required for the induction of humoral or t-cell-mediated immunity.	antibodies play an important role in immunity to salmonella enterica. here we evaluated the requirement for fcgamma receptors in host resistance to s. enterica using an in vivo model of systemic infection. we show that mice lacking fcgammari, ii and iii can control and clear a primary infection with s. enterica micro-organisms of low virulence, but are impaired in the expression of vaccine-induced acquired immunity to oral challenge with virulent bacteria. we also show that, in vivo, fcgammari, ...	2007	17328787
mlc regulation of salmonella pathogenicity island i gene expression via hile repression.	the global regulator mlc is a repressor of several genes and operons that are involved in sugar uptake and metabolism. a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mlc mutant showed reduced levels of invasion and cytotoxicity compared to the wild-type, and exhibited reduced expression levels of hild, hila and invf, which are regulatory genes in the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). however, the effects of mlc on hild expression and bacterial invasiveness were not seen in the hile mutant, an ...	2007	17329372
kinetics of the human antibody response against salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium determined by lipopolysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were employed to measure levels of immunoglobulin g (igg), igm, and iga antibodies against salmonella in sera from 303 danish patients diagnosed by fecal culture with either salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infections. the elisas were based on serovar enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (lps) and serovar typhimurium lps. the antibody levels were assessed approximately 1, 3, 6, and 12 months afte ...	2007	17329442
oral attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine expressing codon-optimized hiv type 1 gag enhanced intestinal immunity in mice.	oral immunization is a safe and easily applicable route to induce mucosal immunity to hiv infection. we examined the ability of oral attenuated salmonella typhimurium (st) vaccine expressing gag for the efficiency of generating gag-specific mucosal iga and cd8+ t cell responses in intestinal lymphoid tissues. by optimizing the codon of hiv-1 gag to the preferred codon bias of salmonella, the expression of gag in salmonella was dramatically improved. the oral st-gag vaccine by itself was not so p ...	2007	17331034
role of eal-containing proteins in multicellular behavior of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	ggdef and eal domain proteins are involved in turnover of the novel secondary messenger cyclic di(3'-->5')-guanylic acid (c-di-gmp) in many bacteria. the rdar morphotype, a multicellular behavior of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium characterized by the expression of the extracellular matrix components cellulose and curli fimbriae is controlled by c-di-gmp. in this work the roles of the eal and ggdef-eal domain proteins on rdar morphotype development were investigated. knockout of four of ...	2007	17322315
surface expression of toll-like receptor 9 is upregulated on intestinal epithelial cells in response to pathogenic bacterial dna.	colonic epithelial cells are constantly exposed to high levels of bacterial dna in the intestinal lumen and must recognize and respond appropriately to pathogens, while they maintain a tolerance to nonpathogenic commensal bacterial strains. bacterial dna is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9). the aim of this study was to investigate tlr9 expression and localization in colonic epithelial cells under basal conditions and in response to bacterial dna. ht-29 cells were exposed to dna from var ...	2007	17325049
dissemination of an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase blatem-52 gene-carrying inci1 plasmid in various salmonella enterica serovars isolated from poultry and humans in belgium and france between 2001 and 2005.	we report here the dissemination of a conjugative inci1 plasmid carrying bla(tem-52) on a tn3 transposon conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in salmonella enterica serovar agona, derby, infantis, paratyphi b dt(+), and typhimurium isolates from poultry and humans in belgium and france from 2001 to 2005. the most prevalent serovar spreading this resistance was serovar infantis.	2007	17325216
net replication of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and choleraesuis in porcine intestinal mucosa and nodes is associated with their differential virulence.	salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen of worldwide importance and causes a spectrum of diseases depending on serovar- and host-specific factors. oral infection of pigs with s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain 4/74 produces acute enteritis but is rarely fatal, whereas serovar choleraesuis strain a50 causes systemic disease with a high mortality rate. with a porcine ligated ileal loop model, we observed that systemic virulence of serovar choleraesuis a50 is not associated ...	2007	17548482
salicylidene acylhydrazides that affect type iii protein secretion in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	a collection of nine salicylidene acylhydrazide compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the activity of virulence-associated type iii secretion systems (t3sss) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the compounds strongly affected salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) t3ss-mediated invasion of epithelial cells and in vitro secretion of spi1 invasion-associated effector proteins. the use of a spi1 effector beta-lactamase fusion protein implicated intracellular entrapment of the ...	2007	17548496
regulation of dmbt1 via nod2 and tlr4 in intestinal epithelial cells modulates bacterial recognition and invasion.	mucosal epithelial cell layers are constantly exposed to a complex resident microflora. deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (dmbt1) belongs to the group of secreted scavenger receptor cysteine-rich proteins and is considered to be involved in host defense by pathogen binding. this report describes the regulation and function of dmbt1 in intestinal epithelial cells, which form the primary immunological barrier for invading pathogens. we report that intestinal epithelial cells up-regulate dmbt1 up ...	2007	17548659
tandem repeat analysis for surveillance of human salmonella typhimurium infections.	in denmark, as part of the national laboratory-based surveillance system of human enteric infections, all salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates are currently subtyped by using phage typing, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). we evaluated the value of real-time typing that uses multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) of s. typhimurium to detect possible outbreaks. because only a few subtypes identified by pfge and phag ...	2007	17552091
drug-resistant nontyphoidal salmonella bacteremia, thailand.		2007	17552113
international spread of multidrug-resistant salmonella schwarzengrund in food products.	we compared 581 salmonella enterica serotype schwarzengrund isolates from persons, food, and food animals in denmark, thailand, and the united states by antimicrobial drug susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing. resistance, including resistance to nalidixic acid, was frequent among isolates from persons and chickens in thailand, persons in the united states, and food imported from thailand to denmark and the united states. a total of 183 pfge patterns were observed, an ...	2007	17553251
inhibition of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis on agar and raw chicken by carvacrol vapour.	carvacrol is known to inhibit a number of food borne pathogens. the activity of carvacrol vapour was evaluated against s. enterica serotype enteritidis on tryptone soya agar and on pieces of raw chicken. on agar, the size of the inhibition zone increased with decreasing volume of agar, increasing vapour exposure period, increasing temperature, increasing volume of carvacrol used and with decreasing bacterial density. inhibition was equally effective under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. on chi ...	2007	17553584
prevalence of selected enteropathogenic bacteria in hungarian finishing pigs.	the aim of this study was to obtain prevalence estimates about the most important enteropathogenic bacteria: lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli, salmonella enterica and clostridium perfringens a and c in hungarian farrow-to-finish pig herds. a total of 31 herds were selected, from where six pooled faecal samples, each containing three individual rectal faecal samples were collected from fattening pigs of 5-6 months of age. all 186 samples were examined b ...	2007	17555287
identification of a transcriptional regulator that controls intracellular gene expression in salmonella typhi.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the aetiological agent of typhoid fever, is an exclusively human pathogen. little is known about specific factors that may confer to this bacterium its unique pathogenic features. one of these determinants is cdtb, a homologue of the active subunit of the cytolethal distending toxin, which causes dna damage leading to cell cycle arrest and distension of intoxicated cells. a unique property of s. typhi cdtb is that it is only synthesized when this bac ...	2007	17555437
clonal reconquest of antibiotic-susceptible salmonella enterica serotype typhi in son la province, vietnam.	in the last three decades, high rates of resistance to common first-line antimicrobial agents have been reported in salmonella enterica serotype typhi (typhi), the causative organism of typhoid fever (tf), in many regions of the world, especially in south east asia. analysis of typhi strains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of tf in son la province, northwest vietnam, in 2002 revealed that 94.5% (85/90) of the isolates were fully susceptible to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazo ...	2007	17556632
experimental infection of salmonella enteritidis by the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae.	dermanyssus gallinae is an important ectoparasite of laying hens in europe and it is suspected of being a vector of pathogens. we carried out an in vitro study to evaluate the role of d. gallinae as a vector of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis. two means of infecting the mite were tested: through the blood meal and after cuticular contact. mites became carriers of salmonella immediately after the infection with 29% and 53%, respectively, for oral route and cuticular conta ...	2007	17382475
multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a harbors inchi1 plasmids similar to those found in serovar typhi.	salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a cause systemic infections in humans which are referred to as enteric fever. multidrug-resistant (mdr) serovar typhi isolates emerged in the 1980s, and in recent years mdr serovar paratyphi a infections have become established as a significant problem across asia. mdr in serovar typhi is almost invariably associated with inchi1 plasmids, but the genetic basis of mdr in serovar paratyphi a has remained predominantly undefined. the dna sequence of ...	2007	17384186
assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the live/dead baclight kit in combination with flow cytometry.	the commercially available live/dead baclight kit is enjoying increased popularity among researchers in various fields of microbiology. its use in combination with flow cytometry brought up new questions about how to interpret live/dead staining results. intermediate states, normally difficult to detect with epifluorescence microscopy, are a common phenomenon when the assay is used in flow cytometry and still lack rationale. it is shown here that the application of propidium iodide in combinatio ...	2007	17384309
an anti-infective peptide that selectively modulates the innate immune response.	we show that an innate defense-regulator peptide (idr-1) was protective in mouse models of infection with important gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. when given from 48 h before to 6 h after infection, the peptide was effective by both local and systemic administration. because protection by idr-1 was prevented by in vivo depletion of monocytes and macrop ...	2007	17384586
dot enzyme immunoassay (typhidot) in diagnosis of typhoid fever in children.		2007	17387102
salmonella enteritidis in meat, poultry, and pasteurized egg products regulated by the u.s. food safety and inspection service, 1998 through 2003.	the u.s. food safety and inspection service (fsis) tests for salmonella in meat, poultry, and egg products through three regulatory testing programs: the pathogen reduction-hazard analysis and critical control point (pr-haccp) program, the ready-to-eat program for meat and poultry products, and the pasteurized egg products program. from 1998 through 2003, 293,938 samples collected for these testing programs were analyzed for the presence of salmonella enterica serotypes. of these samples, 12,699 ...	2007	17388045
eggshell penetration of various types of hens' eggs by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	egg weight, shell thickness, number of pores, cuticle deposition, eggshell strength (dynamic stiffness and damping ratio), and the ability of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) to penetrate the eggshell were determined. penetration was assessed by filling the eggs with a selective medium that allowed viewing of salmonella growth on the inside of the shell and membrane complex. after inoculation of each shell with on average 2.71 log cfu, the eggs were stored for up to 14 days at 20 deg ...	2007	17388050
using aqueous chlorine dioxide to prevent contamination of tomatoes with salmonella enterica and erwinia carotovora during fruit washing.	chlorine dioxide (clo2) is an antimicrobial agent recognized for its disinfectant properties. in this study, the sanitizing effects of clo2 solutions against salmonella enterica and erwinia carotovora in water, on tomato surfaces, and between loads of tomatoes were evaluated. in water, clo2 at 5, 10, and 20 ppm caused a > or = 5-log reduction of s. enterica within 6, 4, and 2 s, respectively. higher lethality was observed with e. carotovora; a 5-log reduction was achieved after only 2 s with 10 ...	2007	17388051
salmonella pathogenicity island 4 encodes a giant non-fimbrial adhesin and the cognate type 1 secretion system.	pathogenicity islands play a major role in the pathogenesis of infections by salmonella enterica. the molecular function of salmonella pathogenicity island 4 (spi4) is largely unknown, but recent work indicated a role of spi4 for salmonella pathogenesis in certain animal models. we analysed the virulence functions of spi4 and observed that spi4 is contributing to intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. on a cellular level, spi4 mediates adhesion to epithelial cells. we demonstrate the function ...	2007	17388786
acquisition and diffusion of bla ctx-m-9 gene by r478-inchi2 derivative plasmids.	escherichia coli and salmonella enterica isolates carrying the bla(ctx-m-9) gene located on plasmids prevailed at the hospital de la santa creu i sant pau, barcelona, spain in the 1996-1999 period. the bla(ctx-m-9)-carrying plasmids showed a great variability in size, suggesting the mobilization of the gene among different plasmid scaffolds. the aim of the present work was to identify and better characterize the plasmids involved in the spread of the bla(ctx-m-9) gene. results showed that the ma ...	2007	17391369
comparison of the vidas system, fta filter-based pcr and culture on sm id for detecting salmonella in dermanyssus gallinae.	to compare different analytical methods for detecting salmonella in dermanyssus gallinae.	2007	17397483
growth rate toxicity phenotypes and homeostatic supercoil control differentiate escherichia coli from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium share high degrees of dna and amino acid identity for 65% of the homologous genes shared by the two genomes. yet, there are different phenotypes for null mutants in several genes that contribute to dna condensation and nucleoid formation. the mutant r436-s form of the gyrb protein has a temperature-sensitive phenotype in salmonella, showing disruption of supercoiling near the terminus and replicon failure at 42 degrees c. but this muta ...	2007	17400739
yhdj, a nonessential ccrm-like dna methyltransferase of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.	the caulobacter crescentus dna adenine methyltransferase ccrm and its homologs in the alpha-proteobacteria are essential for viability. ccrm is 34% identical to the yhdj gene products of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. this study provides evidence that the e. coli yhdj gene encodes a dna adenine methyltransferase. in contrast to an earlier report, however, we show that yhdj is not an essential gene in either e. coli or s. enterica.	2007	17400740
microcin j25 has dual and independent mechanisms of action in escherichia coli: rna polymerase inhibition and increased superoxide production.	microcin j25 (mccj25) uptake by escherichia coli requires the outer membrane receptor fhua and the inner membrane proteins tonb, exbd, exbb, and sbma. mccj25 appears to have two intracellular targets: (i) rna polymerase (rnap), which has been described in e. coli and salmonella enterica serovars, and (ii) the respiratory chain, reported only in s. enterica serovars. in the current study, it is shown that the observed difference between the actions of microcin on the respiratory chain in e. coli ...	2007	17400747
unilateral orchitis and epididymitis caused by salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae infection in a ram.	a case of unilateral suppurative epididymo-orchitis associated with salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) infection is described in a 2-year-old ram. gross lesions were characterized by severe enlargement of the scrotal contents, fibrous adhesions between testicular layers, coexistence of epididymal abscesses and foci of fibrinous exudate, and testicular atrophy. microscopically, testicular and epididymal microabscesses and diffuse inflammatory infiltrates with abundant macr ...	2007	17402617
systemic cd8 t-cell memory response to a salmonella pathogenicity island 2 effector is restricted to salmonella enterica encountered in the gastrointestinal mucosa.	to better understand the evolution of a systemic memory response to a mucosal pathogen, we monitored antigen-specific ot1 cd8 t-cell responses to a fusion of the ssph2 protein and the peptide siinfekl stably expressed from the chromosome of salmonella enterica and loaded into the class i pathway of antigen presentation of professional phagocytes through the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system (ttss). this strategy has revealed that effector memory cd8 t cells with low lev ...	2007	17403871
evidence for glycosylation on a dna-binding protein of salmonella enterica.	all organisms living under aerobic atmosphere have powerful mechanisms that confer their macromolecules protection against oxygen reactive species. microorganisms have developed biomolecule-protecting systems in response to starvation and/or oxidative stress, such as dna biocrystallization with dps (dna-binding protein from starved cells). dps is a protein that is produced in large amounts when the bacterial cell faces harm, which results in dna protection. in this work, we evaluated the glycosy ...	2007	17407574
activity of synergistic combination amoxy-cassia against salmonella.	the object of this study was to formulate new, cost effective anti-microbial combination for multi drug resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica serover typhi (sest) based on the synergistic activity of amoxicillin with the aqueous fruit solution of cassia fistula (cff), a medicinal plant found in pakistan which when tested alone have weak antimicrobial activity against blood isolates of mdr sest. mic of mdr sest for amoxicillin and cff alone was 750 microg/ml and 3750 microg/ml. the mic of amoxicill ...	2007	17416570
structural properties of periplasmic sodci that correlate with virulence in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica strains survive and propagate in macrophages by both circumventing and resisting the antibacterial effectors normally delivered to the phagosome. an important aspect of salmonella resistance is the production of periplasmic superoxide dismutase to combat phagocytic superoxide. s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain 14028 produces two periplasmic superoxide dismutases: sodci and sodcii. both enzymes are produced during infection, but only sodci contributes to virulence in the ...	2007	17416645
the surface protease pgte of salmonella enterica affects complement activity by proteolytically cleaving c3b, c4b and c5.	complement activity in mammalian serum is fundamentally based on three homologous components c3b, c4b and c5. during systemic infection, the gastrointestinal pathogen salmonella enterica disseminates within host phagocytic cells but also extracellularly. consequently, systemic salmonella transiently confronts the complement system. we show here that the surface protease pgte of s. enterica proteolytically cleaves c3b, c4b and c5 and that the expression of pgte enhances bacterial resistance to hu ...	2007	17418141
serological and blood culture investigations of nepalese fever patients.	serological testing of paired (i.e. admission and convalescent) sera from 103 fever patients in kathmandu, nepal, was performed to estimate the prevalence rates of scrub typhus, murine typhus, leptospira and dengue virus antibodies and to determine their role in the cause of active infections. blood cultures from 15 patients grew salmonella enterica serovar typhi, 8 grew s. paratyphi a and 6 grew other bacteria. diagnostic antibody levels were detected against murine typhus (27/103; 26%), scrub ...	2007	17433390
in vivo priming heterophil innate immune functions and increasing resistance to salmonella enteritidis infection in neonatal chickens by immune stimulatory cpg oligodeoxynucleotides.	oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) containing cpg dinucleotides (cpg-odn) mimic bacterial dna and stimulate the innate immune system of vertebrates. here, we investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (ip) administered cpg-odn on the innate immune functions of chicken heterophils. our results demonstrated cpg-odn-dependent priming of chicken heterophil degranulation and oxidative burst. heterophils from chickens treated with cpg-odn exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) degranulation activity compar ...	2007	17434210
aerobic and anaerobic growth modes and expression of type 1 fimbriae in salmonella.	the aim of this study was to clarify the growth rates of facultatively anaerobic salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strain in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and the expression of type 1 fimbriae in relation to the growth phases. the cultivation was carried out in a portable microbe enrichment unit (pmeu) where in same conditions one can grow the cells in parallel by modifying, e.g. aerobiosis only. the results obtained show that although the anaerobic metabolism is generally believed to b ...	2007	17434297
protective immunity of biodegradable nanoparticle-based vaccine against an experimental challenge with salmonella enteritidis in mice.	salmonella spp. infections transmitted by contaminated poultry and eggs represent a major global health burden. salmonella enterica serovar. enteritidis is the leading cause of human salmonellosis worldwide. the cell surface antigens of salmonella enteritidis play an important role in the host-pathogen interactions and as such represent potential candidates for subunit-vaccine development. an immunogenic subcellular extract obtained from whole salmonella enteritidis cells (he) was encapsulated i ...	2007	17434651
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrs1 found in salmonella enterica strains isolated in the uk.	to determine the prevalence of qnr genes in selected salmonella enterica and escherichia coli isolated in the uk.	2007	17434878
polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.	biogenic polyamines (e.g., spermidine and spermine) are a group of essential polycationic compounds found in all living cells. the effects of spermine and spermidine on antibiotic susceptibility were examined with gram-negative escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium bacteria and clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa and with gram-positive staphylococcus aureus bacteria, including methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa). exogenous spermine exerted a dose-dependent inhib ...	2007	17438056
weakening of salmonella with selected microbial metabolites of berry-derived phenolic compounds and organic acids.	gram-negative bacteria are important food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. their unique outer membrane (om) provides them with a hydrophilic surface structure, which makes them inherently resistant to many antimicrobial agents, thus hindering their control. however, with permeabilizers, compounds that disintegrate and weaken the om, gram-negative cells can be sensitized to several external agents. although antimicrobial activity of plant-derived phenolic compounds has been widely reported, thei ...	2007	17439151
a hotel-based outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) in the united kingdom, 2006.	an outbreak of food-borne salmonella enteritidis pt4 occurred in cumbria, in north-west england, in the summer of 2006. fifteen people, all with positive stool samples, met the case definition; three of these were admitted to hospital, including one patient who died. preliminary investigations suggested a link to a meal served at a local hotel. a case control study was implemented, together with microbiological and environmental investigations. fifteen microbiologically confirmed cases and 27 un ...	2007	17439807
treatment with anti-tnf alpha does not induce reactivation of latent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in c3h/hen mice.	therapy with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha)-blocking agents is successful in treating inflammatory disorders, but carries an increased risk of manifest and reactivating infection with intracellular bacteria. in a mouse model of latent salmonella typhimurium infection, neutralization of tnfalpha did not result in reactivation of infection, suggesting only a minor role for tnfalpha during latency of persistent salmonella infection.	2007	17444950
travel-acquired salmonellosis due to salmonella kentucky resistant to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole and associated with treatment failure.		2007	17449886
an oral salmonella vaccine promotes the down-regulation of cell surface toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and tlr2 expression in mice.	a single oral immunization with the lon-protease-deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (strain cs2022) induced protective immunity in mice against a subcutaneous challenge with virulent listeria monocytogenes as well as virulent salmonella serovar typhimurium. the populations of cell surface toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and tlr2 on peritoneal macrophages decreased at week 6 after immunization. this population decrease was not reversed after a challenge with either salmonella or lister ...	2007	17451442
type i interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during francisella infection.	francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium whose virulence is linked to its ability to replicate within the host cell cytosol. entry into the macrophage cytosol activates a host-protective multimolecular complex called the inflammasome to release the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1beta and -18 and trigger caspase-1-dependent cell death. in this study, we show that cytosolic f. tularensis subspecies novicida (f. novicida) induces a type i interferon (ifn) response that is essen ...	2007	17452523
[emergence of multidrug resistant salmonella strains in lome (togo)].	this study had for aim to compare antibiotic resistance of 332 salmonella enterica strains identified in human samples in the course of infections, in lome.	2007	17459634
detection of pathogens in ovine and caprine abortion samples from sardinia, italy, by pcr.	during 2003-2005, 399 abortion samples (315 fetuses and 84 placentae) were collected from 107 ovine and caprine farms in northern sardinia. tissues from aborted fetuses and placentae were examined by pcr assay to detect dna from coxiella burnetii, chlamydophila abortus, salmonella enterica serovar abortusovis, toxoplasma gondii, and neospora caninum. the dna from at least 1 of these 5 infectious agents was amplified in 41% of ovine fetuses, while only 17% of the caprine fetuses yielded a positiv ...	2007	17459840
specific bifidobacterium strains isolated from elderly subjects inhibit growth of staphylococcus aureus.	cell-free, ph-controlled supernatants of thirty-eight bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy elderly subjects were subjected to antimicrobial activity assay. bioluminescent indicator strains staphylococcus aureus rn4220, escherichia coli k-12, and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium atcc 14028 were used as targets of antimicrobial activity. the effect of nutrient depletion on the inhibition was eliminated with spent-culture controls. three out of thirty-eight bifidobacterium strains w ...	2007	17462772
in vivo-selected mutations in methyl-directed mismatch repair suppress the virulence attenuation of salmonella dam mutant strains following intraperitoneal, but not oral, infection of naïve mice.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that lacks the dna adenine methylase (dam) ectopically expresses multiple genes that are preferentially expressed during infection, is attenuated for virulence, and confers heightened immunity in vaccinated hosts. the safety of dam mutant salmonella vaccines was evaluated by screening within infected mice for isolates that have an increased capacity to cause disease relative to the attenuated parental strain. since dam mutant strains are sensitive to the d ...	2007	17468250
detection of escherichia coli o157, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcal enterotoxin b in a single sample using enzymatic bio-nanotransduction.	enzymatic bio-nanotransduction is a biological detection scheme based on the production of nucleic acid nano-signals (rna) in response to specific biological recognition events. in this study, we applied an enzymatic bio-nanotransduction system to the detection of important food-related pathogens and a toxin. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) were chosen because of the implications of these targets to food safety. primary an ...	2007	17477251
isolation of salmonella typhimurium from outbreak-associated cake mix.	during may and june of 2005, 26 persons in several states were infected by a single strain (isolates indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium after eating cake batter ice cream. the cake mix used to prepare the cake batter in the ice cream was implicated by epidemiologic investigation as the source of salmonella contamination. initial tests did not detect salmonella in cake mix collected during the outbreak investigation. the objective of ...	2007	17477273
innate interferon response in macrophage and epithelial cells infected with wild-type compared to dna adenine methylase and flagellin mutant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is highly virulent and mediates robust interferon (ifn)-stimulated gene (isg) induction, whereas bacterial mutants that lack the dna adenine methylase (dam) are attenuated, elicit a reduced isg activation profile, and establish immunity to murine typhoid fever. we show here that in contrast to observations in mice, infection of macrophage cell cultures with either wild-type (wt) or dam(-) mutant salmonella resulted in surprisingly similar kinetics and ampl ...	2007	17477819
evaluation of stocking density and subtherapeutic chlortetracycline on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica shedding in growing swine.	the objective of this research was to determine the effect of stocking density and inclusion of subtherapeutic chlortetracycline in the diet on salmonella fecal prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in growing swine. a 2 x 2 factorial design was employed on a privately owned commercial swine farm. four finisher rooms were included in the study. two of the rooms received 50 g/tonnes of chlortetracycline in the ration, two rooms received no antimicrobials in the feed. in each room, alternate pen ...	2007	17482387
a nosocomial, foodborne outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in a university hospital in greece: the importance of establishing haccp systems in hospital catering.		2007	17482719
release of the lipopolysaccharide deacylase pagl from latency compensates for a lack of lipopolysaccharide aminoarabinose modification-dependent resistance to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin b in salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica modifies its lipopolysaccharide (lps), including the lipid a portion, to adapt to its environments. the lipid a 3-o-deacylase pagl exhibits latency; deacylation of lipid a is not usually observed in vivo despite the expression of pagl, which is under the control of a two-component regulatory system, phop-phoq. in contrast, pagl is released from latency in pmra and pmre mutants, both of which are deficient in aminoarabinose-modified lipid a, although the biological significanc ...	2007	17483225
delineation of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium hila regulon through genome-wide location and transcript analysis.	the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium hila protein is the key regulator for the invasion of epithelial cells. by a combination of genome-wide location and transcript analysis, the hila-dependent regulon has been delineated. under invasion-inducing conditions, hila binds to most of the known target genes and a number of new target genes. the sopb, sope, and sopa genes, encoding effector proteins secreted by the type iii secretion system on salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), were ide ...	2007	17483226
comparative evaluation of a bivalent killed salmonella vaccine to prevent egg contamination with salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, typhimurium, and gallinarum biovar pullorum, using 4 different challenge models.	we evaluated a newly developed commercial bivalent killed salmonella vaccine oilvax set for its ability to decrease contamination with salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium in layer chickens. in either an oral or intravaginal challenge model, the fecal shedding was decreased in vaccinated hens, but egg contamination was not evaluated due to scarcity of contaminated eggs even in the unvaccinated control groups. in contrast, an intravenous and an intraperitoneal challenge result ...	2007	17485152
vapor-phase activities of cinnamon, thyme, and oregano essential oils and key constituents against foodborne microorganisms.	the aim of the study presented here was to gain knowledge about the vapor-phase antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils and their major putatively active constituents against a range of foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. in a first step, the vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of three commercially available essential oils (eos)-cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (thymus vulgaris), and oregano (origanum vulgare)-were evaluated against a wide range of microorganisms, includin ...	2007	17488023
effects of crp deletion in salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum.	salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum (s. gallinarum) remains an important pathogen of poultry, especially in developing countries. there is a need to develop effective and safe vaccines. in the current study, the effect of crp deletion was investigated with respect to virulence and biochemical properties and the possible use of a deletion mutant as vaccine candidate was preliminarily tested.	2007	17488512
influence of temperature fluctuations on escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in cow manure.	the effects of four average temperatures (7, 16, 23 and 33 degrees c) and daily oscillations with three amplitudes (0, +/-4, +/-7 degrees c) on the survival of the enteropathogens escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella serovar typhimurium were investigated in small microcosms. manure was inoculated with a green fluorescent protein transformed strain of either pathogen at 10(7) cells g(-1) dry weight. samples were collected immediately after inoculation, and 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation for e ...	2007	17490417
salmonella-induced sipb-independent cell death requires toll-like receptor-4 signalling via the adapter proteins tram and trif.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is an intracellular pathogen that causes macrophage cell death by at least two different mechanisms. rapid cell death is dependent on the salmonella pathogenicity island-1 protein sipb whereas delayed cell death is independent of sipb and occurs 18-24 hr post infection. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is essential for the delayed cell death. lps is the main structural component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is recognized by ...	2007	17490432
genetic surveillance of endemic bovine salmonella infantis infection.	salmonella serovar infantis is endemic in finnish food-producing animals since the 1970s. the purpose of this study was to describe the molecular epidemiology of the infection in cattle during 1985-2005, to follow the persistence of the feed-related outbreak strain from 1995 in the cattle population, and to analyse the stability of xbai-banding patterns in individual herds during long-lasting infections.	2007	17493281
induction of specific immune responses by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike dna vaccine with or without interleukin-2 immunization using different vaccination routes in mice.	dna vaccines induce humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models and humans. to analyze the immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov), sars-cov, spike dna vaccine and the immunoregulatory activity of interleukin-2 (il-2), dna vaccine plasmids pcdna-s and pcdna-il-2 were constructed and inoculated into balb/c mice with or without pcdna-il-2 by using three different immunization routes (the intramuscular route, electroporation, or the oral route wit ...	2007	17494640
temperature-hypersensitive sites of the flagellar switch component flig in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	three flagellar proteins, flig, flim, and flin (fligmn), are the components of the c ring of the flagellar motor. the genes encoding these proteins are multifunctional; they show three different phenotypes (fla(-), mot(-), and che(-)), depending on the sites and types of mutations. some of the mot(-) mutants previously characterized are found to be motile. reexamination of all mot(-) mutants in fligmn genes so far studied revealed that many of them are actually temperature sensitive (ts); that i ...	2007	17496083
a functional homing endonuclease in the bacillus anthracis nrde group i intron.	the essential bacillus anthracis nrde gene carries a self-splicing group i intron with a putative homing endonuclease belonging to the giy-yig family. here, we show that the nrde pre-mrna is spliced and that the homing endonuclease cleaves an intronless nrde gene 5 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the intron insertion site, producing 2-nt 3' extensions. we also show that the sequence required for efficient cleavage spans at least 4 bp upstream and 31 bp downstream of the cleaved coding strand. the p ...	2007	17496101
an efficient system for markerless gene replacement applicable in a wide variety of enterobacterial species.	we describe an improved allelic-exchange method for generating unmarked mutations and chromosomal dna alterations in enterobacterial species. initially developed for use in salmonella enterica, we have refined the method in terms of time, simplicity, and efficiency. we have extended its use into related bacterial species that are more recalcitrant to genetic manipulations, including enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli and vibrio parahaemolyticus. data from over 50 experiments ...	2007	17496950
a longitudinal study of environmental salmonella contamination in caged and free-range layer flocks.	the environmental contamination by salmonella was examined over a 12-month period in 74 commercial layer flocks from eight farms in the uk, which previously had been identified as being contaminated with salmonella. samples of faeces, dust, litter, egg belt spillage and wildlife vectors were taken, plus swabs of cages, feeders, drinkers, floors, egg belts and boots. some sampling was performed in each month of the year. numerous serovars were detected but salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis ...	2007	17497330
the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion systems play a major role in pathogenesis of systemic disease and gastrointestinal tract colonization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the chicken.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of chickens is a major public and animal health problem. in young chicks, s. typhimurium infection results in severe systemic infection; in older chicks, infection results in prolonged gastrointestinal tract colonization. here we determined the role of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1) and salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) type iii secretion systems in systemic infection and gastrointestinal tract colonization of the chicken t ...	2007	17497331
membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils.	natural antimicrobial compounds perform their action mainly against cell membranes. the aim of this work was to evaluate the interaction, meant as a mechanism of action, of essential oil antimicrobial compounds with the microbial cell envelope. the lipid profiles of escherichia coli o157:h7, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, pseudomonas fluorescens, and brochothrix thermosphacta cells treated with thymol, carvacrol, limonene, eugenol, and cinnamaldehyde have been an ...	2007	17497876
peptidyl boronates inhibit salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lon protease by a competitive atp-dependent mechanism.	lon is a homo-oligomeric atp-dependent serine protease that functions in the degradation of damaged and certain regulatory proteins. this enzyme has emerged as a novel target in the development of antibiotics because of its importance in conferring bacterial virulence. in this study, we explored the mechanism by which the proteasome inhibitor mg262, a peptidyl boronate, inhibits the peptide hydrolysis activity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lon. in addition, we synthesized a fluoresc ...	2007	17497890
biochemical and crystallographic analysis of substrate binding and conformational changes in acetyl-coa synthetase.	the adenylate-forming enzymes, including acyl-coa synthetases, the adenylation domains of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps), and firefly luciferase, perform two half-reactions in a ping-pong mechanism. we have proposed a domain alternation mechanism for these enzymes whereby, upon completion of the initial adenylation reaction, the c-terminal domain of these enzymes undergoes a 140 degrees rotation to perform the second thioester-forming half-reaction. structural and kinetic data of mutan ...	2007	17497934
the effects of the bt/tamus 2032 cationic peptides on innate immunity and susceptibility of young chickens to extraintestinal salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection.	the bt/tamus 2032 (bt) cationic peptides are a group of related cationic peptides produced by a gram-positive bacterium. cationic amphiphilic peptides have been found to stimulate or prime the innate immune responses in mammals. the innate immune system of poultry is functionally inefficient during the first week post-hatch enabling pathogens such as salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) to invade and colonize the visceral organs of these immature birds. the objective of the present study ...	2007	17499193
global transcriptional response of porcine mesenteric lymph nodes to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	to elucidate the host transcriptional response to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, affymetrix porcine genechip analysis of pig mesenteric lymph nodes was used to identify 848 genes showing differential expression across different times after inoculation or when compared to non-inoculated controls. annotation analyses showed that a high proportion of these differentially expressed (de) genes are involved in immune and inflammatory responses. t helper 1, innate/inflammatory, and antigen-pr ...	2007	17499962
a novel linear plasmid mediates flagellar variation in salmonella typhi.	unlike the majority of salmonella enterica serovars, salmonella typhi (s. typhi), the etiological agent of human typhoid, is monophasic. s. typhi normally harbours only the phase 1 flagellin gene (flic), which encodes the h:d antigen. however, some s. typhi strains found in indonesia express an additional flagellin antigen termed h:z66. molecular analysis of h:z66+ s. typhi revealed that the h:z66 flagellin structural gene (fljb(z66)) is encoded on a linear plasmid that we have named pbssb1. the ...	2007	17500588
obstructing ileal duplication cyst infected with salmonella in a 2-year-old boy: a case report and review of the literature.	alimentary tract duplications (atds) are rare congenital anomalies, with an incidence of 1 in 4500 individuals. patients with these lesions present in a variety of ways, and although histologically benign, atds can lead to lethal complications including volvulus, intussusception, or bowel obstruction. irrespective of anatomical location, the epithelial lining of atds contains ectopic acid-secreting mucosa in more than 50% of cases, which can lead to ulceration, bleeding, or transmural erosion an ...	2007	17502171
enhanced immunity to plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (pfcsp) by using salmonella enterica serovar typhi expressing pfcsp and a pfcsp-encoding dna vaccine in a heterologous prime-boost strategy.	two salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains that express and export a truncated version of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein (tcsp) fused to salmonella serovar typhi cytolysin a (clya) were constructed as a first step in the development of a preerythrocytic malaria vaccine. synthetic codon-optimized genes (t-csp1 and t-csp2), containing immunodominant b- and t-cell epitopes present in native p. falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein (pfcsp), were fused in frame to the ...	2007	17502396
inhibition of type iii secretion in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by small-molecule inhibitors.	type iii secretion systems (t3ss) are conserved in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. small molecules that specifically target t3ss in yersinia and chlamydia spp. have recently been identified. here we show that two such compounds inhibit salmonella t3ss-1, preventing secretion of t3ss-1 effectors, invasion of cultured epithelial cells, and enteritis in vivo.	2007	17502403
resistance to quinolones in salmonella infantis due to overexpression of an active efflux system and a mutation in the gyra gene.		2007	17504693
a real-time pcr for the detection of salmonella enteritidis in poultry meat and consumption eggs.	a robust duplex 5' nuclease (taqman) real-time pcr was developed and in-house validated for the specific detection of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis in whole chicken carcass rinses and consumption eggs. the assay uses specifically designed primers and a taqman probe to target the prot6e gene located on the s. enteritidis specific 60-kb virulence plasmid. as an internal amplification control to monitor salmonella dna in the sample, a second primer/taqman probe set det ...	2007	17512995
physiological and molecular responses of lactuca sativa to colonization by salmonella enterica serovar dublin.	this paper describes the physiological and molecular interactions between the human-pathogenic organism salmonella enterica serovar dublin and the commercially available mini roman lettuce cv. tamburo. the association of s. enterica serovar dublin with lettuce plants was first determined, which indicated the presence of significant populations outside and inside the plants. the latter was evidenced from significant residual concentrations after highly efficient surface disinfection (99.81%) and ...	2007	17513585
risk factors for changing test classification in the danish surveillance program for salmonella in dairy herds.	a surveillance program in which all cattle herds in denmark are classified into salmonella infection categories has been in place since 2002. dairy herds were considered test negative and thus most likely free of infection if salmonella antibody measurements were consistently low in bulk tank milk samples collected every 3 mo. herds were considered test positive and thus most likely infected if the 4-quarter moving average bulk tank milk antibody concentration was high or if there was a large in ...	2007	17517722