Publications

marker vaccine potential of foot-and-mouth disease virus with large deletion in the non-structural proteins 3a and 3b.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious, economically important disease of transboundary importance. regular vaccination with chemically inactivated fmd vaccine is the major means of controlling the disease in endemic countries like india. however, the traditional inactivated vaccines may sometimes contain traces of fmd viral (fmdv) non-structural protein (nsp), therefore, interfering with the nsp-based serological discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals. the availabil ...	2015	26260689
virus-resistant pigs might help to stem next outbreak.	by genetically engineering pigs to degrade a crucial viral protein, livestock can be made less susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus.	2015	26222499
establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in mdbk cells.	in addition to acute infection and disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can cause persistent infection in ruminants. such "carrier" animals represent a potential risk for fmdv transmission to susceptible animals. however, the mechanisms and the factors that determine fmdv persistence remain unknown. we describe here the establishment of fmdv type o persistent infection in a bovine epithelial cell line (madin-darby bovine kidney; mdbk). preliminary experiments to assess the permissivity o ...	2015	26215440
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of dendritic cells triggers phosphorylation of erk1/2 inducing class i presentation and apoptosis.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this pathology is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). over time, the development of vaccines to prevent the spread of this illness became essential. vaccines currently used contain the inactivated form of the virus. however, vaccination generates an immune response different to that induced by the infection. we investigated whether these differences are related to intracellular mechanisms on de ...	2015	26212005
development of protective immunity against inactivated iranian isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o/irn/2007 using gamma ray-irradiated vaccine on balb/c mice and guinea pigs.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and is the most damaging disease of livestock worldwide, leading to great economic losses. the aim of this research was the inactivation of fmdv type o/irn/1/2007 to produce a gamma ray-irradiated (gri) vaccine in order to immunize mice and guinea pigs.	2015	26202581
clonality and intracellular polyploidy in virus evolution and pathogenesis.	in the present article we examine clonality in virus evolution. most viruses retain an active recombination machinery as a potential means to initiate new levels of genetic exploration that go beyond those attainable solely by point mutations. however, despite abundant recombination that may be linked to molecular events essential for genome replication, herein we provide evidence that generation of recombinants with altered biological properties is not essential for the completion of the replic ...	2015	26195777
a malaysia 97 monovalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (>6pd50/dose) protects pigs against challenge with a variant fmdv a sea-97 lineage virus, 4 and 7 days post vaccination.	pigs play a significant role during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) due to their ability to amplify the virus. it is therefore essential to determine what role vaccination could play to prevent clinical disease and lower virus excretion into the environment. in this study we investigated the efficacy of the double oil emulsion a malaysia 97 vaccine (>6pd50/dose) against heterologous challenge with an isolate belonging to the a sea-97 lineage at 4 and 7 days post vaccination (dpv). in a ...	2015	26192355
influence of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/chn/mya98/33-p strain leader protein on viral replication and host innate immunity.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/chn/mya98/33-p strain was isolated from the esophageal-pharyngeal fluid sample of cattle, and was shown to cause persistent infection. its leader protein contains 200 amino acids with one amino acid deletion, which is upstream and next to the second initiation codon compared with the majority of fmdv mya98 strains. the fmdv genome includes two initiation codons that can produce two different leader proteins, lab (from the first aug) and lb (from the second a ...	2015	26186028
quantitative proteomic analysis of bhk-21 cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.	stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) was used to quantitatively study the host cell gene expression profile, in order to achieve an unbiased overview of the protein expression changes in bhk-21 cells infected with fmdv serotype asia 1. the silac-based approach identified overall 2,141 proteins, 153 of which showed significant alteration in the expression level 6 h post fmdv infection (57 up-regulated and 96 down-regulated). among these proteins, six cellular proteins, ...	2015	26161868
systemic foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in cattle promotes specific antibody-secreting cells at the respiratory tract and triggers local anamnestic responses upon aerosol infection.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting biungulate species. commercial vaccines, formulated with inactivated fmd virus (fmdv), are regularly used worldwide to control the disease. here, we studied the generation of antibody responses in local lymphoid tissues along the respiratory system in vaccinated and further aerosol-infected cattle. animals immunized with a high-payload monovalent fmd vaccine developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies at 7 days post ...	2015	26157128
isolation of novel sequences targeting highly variable viral protein hemagglutinin.	rapid evolution is a hallmark of the viral kingdom and a major concern for developing universal vaccines. the isolation of substantial numbers of viral sequence variants at highly variable viral protein domains remains a major challenge. we previously developed a combinatorial method for the isolation of novel sequences to cope with rapid viral variations at the g-h loop of foot and mouth disease virus vp1 protein [1]. here we present a modification of that method in its application in the rando ...	2015	26150973
a new lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in india.	the complete nucleotide sequence of a new lineage of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o was determined. the lineage designated as ind2011 first appeared during 2011 in the southern region of india. excluding the poly c tract and poly a tail, the genome of ind2011 ranged from 8,169 to 8,172 nucleotides. variation in the genome length was due to insertions/deletions in lf-utr. the lineage had a higher sequence identity with lineage panasia-1 at p1 and p2 regions, and with lineage panas ...	2015	26129666
engineering foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o ind r2/1975 for one-step purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.	immobilized metal affinity chromatography (imac) allows for the efficient protein purification via metal affinity tag such as hexa-histidine (his6) sequence. to develop a new chromatography strategy for the purification and concentration of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles, we inserted the his6-tag at the earlier reported site in the vp1 g-h loop of the fmd virus serotype o vaccine strain ind r2/1975. display of the his6-tag on the capsid surface, endowed the virus with an increased ...	2015	26123433
virus excretion from foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier cattle and their potential role in causing new outbreaks.	the role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) carrier cattle in causing new outbreaks is still a matter of debate and it is important to find out these carrier animals by post-outbreak serosurveillance to declare freedom from fmdv infection. in this study we explore the differences in viral shedding between carrier and non-carrier animals, quantify the transmission rate of fmdv infection from carriers to susceptible animals and identify potential viral determinants of viral persistence. we col ...	2015	26110772
emergence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a and o in bangladesh.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in bangladesh and is predominantly due to fmdv serotype o. in 2012, fmd outbreaks were identified in five different districts of bangladesh. of 56 symptomatic cattle epithelial tissue samples, diagnostic pcr assay based on 5'-urt detected 38 fmdv infections. viral genotyping targeting vp1-encoding region confirmed emergence of two distinct serotypes, a and o with an abundance of serotype a in chittagong and gazipur districts and serotype o in pabna and far ...	2015	23734722
effects of germanium biotite supplement on immune responses of vaccinated mini-pigs to foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge.	since the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south korea in 2010-2011, a trivalent vaccine has been used as a routine vaccination. despite the high efficacy of the trivalent vaccine, low antibody formation was reported in the pig industry and there is considerable concern about the ability of the vaccine to protect against the andong strain responsible for recent outbreaks in south korea. to overcome these problems, immunostimulators have been widely used to improve vaccine efficacy in ...	2015	25058651
challenges for serology-based characterization of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in endemic areas; identification of two separate lineages of serotype o fmdv in uganda in 2011.	control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in uganda by ring vaccination largely depends on costly trivalent vaccines, and use of monovalent vaccines could improve the cost effectiveness. this, however, requires application of highly specific diagnostic tests. this study investigated outbreaks of fmd in seven ugandan districts, during 2011, using the priocheck® fmdv ns elisa, solid-phase blocking elisas (spbes) and virus neutralization tests (vnts), together with virological analyses for characteri ...	2015	24118785
a review of oie country status recovery using vaccinate-to-live versus vaccinate-to-die foot-and-mouth disease response policies i: benefits of higher potency vaccines and associated nsp diva test systems in post-outbreak surveillance.	to rapidly return to trade, countries with oie status, fmd-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. this two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous oie status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 ...	2015	24112127
heterogeneity in the antibody response to foot-and-mouth disease primo-vaccinated calves.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines are routinely used as effective control tools in large regions worldwide and to limit outbreaks during epidemics. vaccine-induced protection in cattle has been largely correlated with the fmd virus (fmdv)-specific antibodies. genetic control of cattle immune adaptive responses has been demonstrated only for peptide antigens derived from fmdv structural proteins. here, we quantify the heterogeneity in the antibody response of cattle primo-vaccinated against f ...	2015	23895140
analysis of recent serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses from livestock in kenya: evidence of four independently evolving lineages.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in kenya where four serotypes (o, a, sat 1 and sat 2) of the virus are currently in circulation. within 2010 and 2011, the national laboratory recorded an increase in the number of fmd outbreaks caused by serotype o virus. the characteristics of these viruses were determined to ascertain whether these were independent outbreaks or one single strain spreading throughout the country. the sequences of the complete vp1-coding region were analysed from viruses ...	2015	23931583
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in tanzania between 1967 and 2009.	this paper describes the molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) recovered from outbreaks in tanzania that occurred between 1967 and 2009. a total of 44 fmdv isolates, containing representatives of serotypes o, a, sat 1 and sat 2 from 13 regions of tanzania, were selected from the fao world reference laboratory for fmd (wrlfmd) virus collection. vp1 nucleotide sequences were determined for rt-pcr amplicons, and phylogenetic reconstructions were determined by maximum l ...	2015	24460931
collection of oral fluids using cotton ropes as a sampling method to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs.	in high-density farming practices, it is important to constantly monitor for infectious diseases, especially diseases that have the potential to spread rapidly between holdings. pigs are known to amplify foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) by excreting large amounts of virus, and it is therefore important to detect the virus quickly and accurately to minimize the spread of disease. ropes were used to collect oral fluid samples from pigs, and each sample was compared to saliva samples collected from ind ...	2015	24325543
complete genome sequences of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses recovered from experimental persistently infected cattle.	for the first time, the complete genome sequences of the six serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses from persistently infected carrier cattle are reported here. no consistent amino acid changes were found in these viruses obtained from persistently infected cattle compared with the complete genome of the parent virus that was used to infect the cattle.	2015	26159521
complete genome sequences of three african foot-and-mouth disease viruses from clinical samples isolated in 2009 and 2010.	the complete genome sequences of three foot-and-mouth disease viruses (one virus of each serotype sat1, sat2 and o) were directly sequenced from rna extracted from clinical bovine samples, demonstrating the feasibility of full-genome sequencing from strong positive samples taken from symptomatic animals.	2016	27151795
computational predictions suggest that structural similarity in viral polymerases may lead to comparable allosteric binding sites.	the identification of ligand-binding sites is often the first step in drug targeting and design. to date there are numerous computational tools available to predict ligand binding sites. these tools can guide or mitigate the need for experimental methods to identify binding sites, which often require significant resources and time. here, we evaluate four ligand-binding site predictor (lbsp) tools for their ability to predict allosteric sites within the hepatitis c virus (hcv) polymerase. our res ...	2016	27262620
assessing the potential spread and maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in wild ungulates: general principles and application to a specific scenario in thrace.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), due to infection with serotype o virus, occurred in wild boar and within eleven outbreaks in domestic livestock in the south-east of bulgaria, thrace region, in 2011. hence, the issue of the potential for the spread and maintenance of fmd virus (fmdv) infection in a population of wild ungulates became important. this assessment focused on the spread and maintenance of fmdv infection within a hypothetical wild boar and deer population in an environment, which is char ...	2016	24903641
inhibition of ehmt2 induces a robust antiviral response against foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis virus infections in bovine cells.	the genetic regulatory network controlling the innate immune system is well understood in many species. however, the role of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the expression of immunoregulatory genes is less clear, especially in livestock species. histone h3 lysine 9 dimethylation (h3k9me2) is an epigenetic modification associated with transcriptional silencing within the euchromatin regions. euchromatic histone-lysine n-methyltransferase 2 (ehmt2; also known as g9a) is a crucial enzyme respo ...	2016	26418342
further evaluation of an elisa kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	an elisa kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) was further evaluated using sequentially collected serum samples of experimentally infected animals, because the sensitivity of the kit used in a previous study was significantly low in field animals. the kit fully detected antibodies in infected animals without vaccination; however, the first detections of antibodies by the kit were later than those by the liquid-phase blocking elisa that is use ...	2016	26498533
identification of a conserved linear epitope using a monoclonal antibody against non-structural protein 3b of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a member of the family picornaviridae that has caused severe economic losses in many countries of the world. regular vaccinations have been effectively used to control foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in countries where the disease is enzootic. distinguishing between infected and vaccinated animals in herds after immunization is an important component of effective eradication strategies. nonstructural protein (nsp) 3b of fmdv is part of a larger antigen that is ...	2016	26563318
construction of nef-positive doxycycline-dependent hiv-1 variants using bicistronic expression elements.	conditionally replicating hiv-1 variants that can be switched on and off at will are attractive tools for hiv research. we previously developed a genetically modified hiv-1 variant that replicates exclusively when doxycycline (dox) is administered. the nef gene in this hiv-rtta variant was replaced with the gene encoding the dox-dependent rtta transcriptional activator. because loss of nef expression compromises virus replication in primary cells and precludes studies on nef function, we tested ...	2016	26615334
stable peptides instead of stapled peptides: highly potent αvβ6-selective integrin ligands.	the αvβ6 integrin binds the rgd-containing peptide of the foot and mouth disease virus with high selectivity. in this study, the long binding helix of this ligand was downsized to an enzymatically stable cyclic peptide endowed with sub-nanomolar binding affinity toward the αvβ6 receptor and remarkable selectivity against other integrins. computational studies were performed to disclose the molecular bases underlying the high binding affinity and receptor subtype selectivity of this peptide. fina ...	2016	26663660
multi‑transgenic minipig models exhibiting potential for hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic apoptosis.	there are currently no multi‑transgenic minipig models of diabetes for the regulation of multiple genes involved in its pathogenesis. the foot and mouth disease virus 2a (f2a)‑mediated polycistronic system possesses several advantages, and the present study developed a novel multi‑transgenic minipig model associated with diabetes using this system. the tissue‑specific polycistronic system used in the present study consisted of two expression cassettes, separated by an insulator: (i) 11‑β‑hydroxy ...	2016	26648014
increased humoral antibody response of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in growing pigs pre-treated with poly-γ-glutamic acid.	this study was conducted to determine if humoral antibody response of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine improved in 8-week-old growing pigs born to well-vaccinated sows pre-treated with 60 mg of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga) three days before vaccination. antibody against fmd virus serotype o was measured 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-vaccination, using a priocheck fmdv type o elisa kit. the results showed that positive antibody reactions against fmdv serotype o antigen among a component of the vac ...	2016	26645341
anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus effects of chinese herbal kombucha in vivo.	the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is sensitive to acids and can be inactivated by exposure to low ph conditions. spraying animals at risk of infection with suspensions of acid-forming microorganisms has been identified as a potential strategy for preventing fmd. kombucha is one of the most strongly acid-forming symbiotic probiotics and could thus be an effective agent with which to implement this strategy. moreover, certain chinese herbal extracts are known to have broad-spectrum antiviral ...	2016	26691487
gold nanoparticles impair foot-and-mouth disease virus replication.	in this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of gold nanoparticles (aunps) against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), that causes a contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals. the anti-fmdv activity of aunps was assessed using plaque reduction assay. mtt assay was used for quantitatively measuring the cytopathic effect caused by the viral infection. the 50% cytotoxicity concentration of nanoparticles was measured and found to be 10.4 μg/ml. the virus yield reduction assay showed tha ...	2016	26685261
immunogenicity of adenovirus-derived porcine parvovirus-like particles displaying b and t cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease.	virus-like particles (vlps) vaccines combine many of the advantages of whole-virus vaccines and recombinant subunit vaccines, integrating key features that underlay their immunogenicity, safety and protective potential. we have hypothesized here the effective insertion of the vp1 epitopes (three amino acid residues 21-40, 141-160 and 200-213 in vp1, designated vpe) of foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) within the external loops of ppv vp2 could be carried out without altering assembly based on struct ...	2016	26685093
coordinated protein co-expression in plants by harnessing the synergy between an intein and a viral 2a peptide.	a novel approach is developed for coordinated expression of multiple proteins from a single transgene in plants. an ssp dnae mini-intein variant engineered for hyper-n-terminal autocleavage is covalently linked to the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a (f2a) peptide with unique ribosome skipping property, via a peptide linker, to create an 'intf2a' self-excising fusion protein domain. this intf2a domain acts, in cis, to direct highly effective release of its flanking proteins of interest (pois) fro ...	2016	27879048
complete genome sequence of pig-originated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o from bangladesh.	in this article, we document the first pig-isolated complete genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o in bangladesh. the complete viral genome revealed a potential serotypic recombination at the 5' untranslated region (utr). conventional amino acid deletion was lacking in 3a region, and antigenic heterogeneity to circulatory type o existed within the vp1 region.	2016	27789636
foot-and-mouth disease virus-associated abortion and vertical transmission following acute infection in cattle under natural conditions.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. during recent fmd outbreaks in india, spontaneous abortions were reported amongst fmd-affected and asymptomatic cows. the current study was an opportunistic investigation of these naturally occurring bovine abortions to assess causality of abortion and vertical transmission of fmdv from infected cows to fetuses. for this purpose, fetal t ...	2016	27977708
challenges of generating and maintaining protective vaccine-induced immune responses for foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.	vaccination can play a central role in the control of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) by reducing both the impact of clinical disease and the extent of virus transmission between susceptible animals. recent incursions of exotic fmd virus lineages into several east asian countries have highlighted the difficulties of generating and maintaining an adequate immune response in vaccinated pigs. factors that impact vaccine performance include (i) the potency, antigenic payload, and formulati ...	2016	27965966
transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus during the incubation period in pigs.	understanding the quantitative characteristics of a pathogen's capability to transmit during distinct phases of infection is important to enable accurate predictions of the spread and impact of a disease outbreak. in the current investigation, the potential for transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) during the incubation (preclinical) period of infection was investigated in seven groups of pigs that were sequentially exposed to a group of donor pigs that were infected by simulated-n ...	2016	27917386
foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the disease affects many areas of the world, often causing extensive epizootics in livestock, mostly farmed cattle and swine, although sheep, goats and many wild species are also susceptible. in countries where food and farm animals are essential for subsistence agriculture, outbreaks of fmd seriously impact food security and development. in highly industrialized developed nations, fmd endemics cause economic a ...	2016	28040311
generation of mabs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a and application in a competitive elisa for serodiagnosis.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. of the seven fmd virus (fmdv) serotypes, serotype a is one of the most widespread cross the world. currently antibodies to fmdv are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (vnt) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the vnt is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while elisa has the advantage of using inactivated a ...	2016	27894355
evolutionary phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o and a circulating in vietnam.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the highest risk factors that affects the animal industry of the country. the virus causes production loss and high ratio mortality in young cloven-hoofed animals in vietnam. the vp1 coding gene of 80 fmdv samples (66 samples of the serotype o and 14 samples of the serotype a) collected from endemic outbreaks during 2006-2014 were analyzed to investigate their phylogeny and genetic relationship with other available fmdvs globally.	2016	27894299
erratum to: the carboxy-terminal half of nonstructural protein 3a is not essential for foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cultured cell lines.		2016	27038829
ires-mediated translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cultured cells derived from fmdv-susceptible and -insusceptible animals.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) possess a positive sense, single stranded rna genome. internal ribosomal entry site (ires) element exists within its 5' untranslated region (5'utr) of the viral rna. translation of the viral rna is initiated by internal entry of the 40s ribosome within the ires element. this process is facilitated by cellular factors known as ires trans-acting factors (itafs). foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is host-restricted disease for cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and ...	2016	27036295
low-dose oral interferon modulates expression of inflammatory and autoimmune genes in cattle.	while the safety and efficacy profiles of orally administered bovine interferon (ifn) alpha have been documented, the mechanism(s) that result in clinical benefits remain elusive. one approach to delineating the molecular pathways of ifn efficacy is through the use of gene expression profiling technologies. in this proof-of-concept study, different (0, 50, 200 and 800 units) oral doses of natural bovine ifn (type i) were tested in cattle to determine if oral ifn altered the expression of genes t ...	2016	27032505
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a capsid coding (p1) region on a timescale of three decades in an endemic context.	three decades-long (1977-2013) evolutionary trend of the capsid coding (p1) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a isolated in india was analysed. the exclusive presence of genotype 18 since 2001 and the dominance of the vp3(59)-deletion group of genotype 18 was evident in the recent years. clade 18c was found to be currently the only active one among the three clades (18a, 18b and 18c) identified in the deletion group. the rate of evolution of the indian isolates at the capsid ...	2016	27020544
comparative transcriptome analyses indicate enhanced cellular protection against fmdv in pk15 cells pretreated with ifn-γ.	interferon gamma (ifn-γ) can induce a host antiviral response to foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vivo and in vitro. to elucidate the mechanism of ifn-γ anti fmdv infection in host cells, high-throughput rna sequencing was analyzed for systemic changes in gene expression profiles in pk15 cells infected by fmdv with or without ifn-γ pretreatment. more than 25 million reads, covering 1.2-1.5 gb, were analyzed from each experiment panel. fmdv challenge altered the transcription of genes invol ...	2016	27018244
emergence of antigenic variants within serotype a fmdv in the middle east with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions.	a new immunologically distinct strain (a-iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a emerged in the middle east in 2003 that replaced the previously circulating strains (a-iran-96 and a-iran-99) in the region. this resulted in introduction of a new vaccine of this strain (a/tur/2006) in 2006. though this vaccine strain has been predominantly used to control fmd in the region, recent viruses isolated in 2012 and 2013 have shown antigenic drift and a poor match with it. in this study, we r ...	2016	27016651
inability of fmdv replication in equine kidney epithelial cells is independent of integrin αvβ3 and αvβ6.	integrins can function as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in epithelium. horses are believed to be insusceptible to this disease, but the mechanism of resistance remains unclear. to detect whether fmdv can use integrin to attach to equine epithelial, we compared the utilities of αvβ3 and αvβ6 between bovine and equine kidney epithelial cells (kecs). equine kecs showed almost equal efficiency to those of bovine. further, the integrin αv, β3, and β6 subunits from bovine and equin ...	2016	27011223
application of the thermofluor pastry technique for improving foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine formulation.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has a major economic impact throughout the world and is a considerable threat to food security. current fmd virus (fmdv) vaccines are made from chemically inactivated virus and need to contain intact viral capsids to maximize efficacy. fmdv exists as seven serotypes, each made up by a number of constantly evolving subtypes. a lack of immunological cross-reactivity between serotypes and between some strains within a serotype greatly complicates efforts to control fmd ...	2016	27002540
development of an isothermoal amplification-based assay for rapid visual detection of an orf virus.	orf virus (orfv) is the causative agent of a severe infectious skin disease (also known as contagious ecthyma) in goats, sheep and other small ruminants. importantly, orfv also infect humans which causes a public health concern in the context of changing environment and increase in human populations. the rapid detection is critical in effective control of the disease and urgently needed.	2016	26993468
bovine mx1 enables resistance against foot-and-mouth disease virus in naturally susceptible cells by inhibiting the replication of viral rna.	innate immunity, especially the anti-viral genes, exerts an important barrier function in preventing viral infections. myxovirus-resistant (mx) gene take an anti-viral role, whereas its effects on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in naturally susceptible cells are still unclear. the bovine primary fetal tracheal epithelial cell line bpte-simx1, in which bovine mx1 gene was silenced, was established and treated with ifn alpha for 6 hr before fmdv infection. the copy numbers of the negative and ...	2016	26982472
differential persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in african buffalo is related to virus virulence.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) circulates as multiple serotypes and strains in many regions of endemicity. in particular, the three southern african territories (sat) serotypes are maintained effectively in their wildlife reservoir, the african buffalo, and individuals may harbor multiple sat serotypes for extended periods in the pharyngeal region. however, the exact site and mechanism for persistence remain unclear. fmd in buffaloes offers a unique opportunity to study fmdv persisten ...	2016	26962214
full protection of swine against foot-and-mouth disease by a bivalent b-cell epitope dendrimer peptide.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. we have reported (cubillos et al., 2008) that a synthetic dendrimeric peptide consisting of four copies of a b-cell epitope [vp1(136-154)] linked through thioether bonds to a t-cell epitope [3a(21-35)] of fmdv [b4t(thi)] elicits potent b- and t-cell specific responses and confers solid protection in pigs to type c fmdv challenge. herein we show that downsized versions of this peptide bearing two copi ...	2016	26956030
development of tobacco ringspot virus-based vectors for foreign gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing in a variety of plants.	we report here the development of tobacco ringspot virus (trsv)-based vectors for the transient expression of foreign genes and for the analysis of endogenous gene function in plants using virus-induced gene silencing. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was inserted between the trsv movement protein (mp) and coat protein (cp) regions, resulting in high in-frame expression of the rna2-encoded viral polyprotein. gfp was released from the polyprotein via an n-terminal homologous mp- ...	2016	26950504
the carboxy-terminal half of nonstructural protein 3a is not essential for foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cultured cell lines.	in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd)-endemic parts of the globe, control is mainly implemented by preventive vaccination with an inactivated purified vaccine. elisas detecting antibodies to the viral nonstructural proteins (nsp) distinguish fmd virus (fmdv)-infected animals in the vaccinated population (diva). however, residual nsps present in the vaccines are suspected to be a cause of occasional false positive results, and therefore, an epitope-deleted negative marker vaccine strategy is considered ...	2016	26935917
quantitative detection of the foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o 146s antigen for vaccine production using a double-antibody sandwich elisa and nonlinear standard curves.	the efficacy of an inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine is mainly dependent on the integrity of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles. at present, the standard method to quantify the active component, the 146s antigen, of fmd vaccines is sucrose density gradient (sdg) analysis. however, this method is highly operator dependent and difficult to automate. in contrast, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is a time-saving technique that provides greater simplicity a ...	2016	26930597
expression and purification of virus like particles (vlps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus in eri silkworm (samia cynthia ricini) larvae.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease, which causes severe economic loss to livestock. virus like particles (vlps) produced by recombinant dna technology are gaining importance because of their immunogenic properties and safety in developing a new vaccine for fmd. in the present study, a practical and economically feasible approach of expression, purification and characterization of vlps of fmdv in eri silkworm (samia cynthia ricini) larvae was described. although thr ...	2016	26925448
pathogenesis and micro-anatomic characterization of a cell-adapted mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: impact of the jumonji c-domain containing protein 6 (jmjd6) and route of inoculation.	a companion study reported jumonji-c domain containing protein 6 (jmjd6) is involved in an integrin- and hs-independent pathway of fmdv infection in cho cells. jmjd6 localization was investigated in animal tissues from cattle infected with either wild type a24-fmdv (a24-wt) or mutant fmdv (jmjd6-fmdv) carrying e95k/s96l and rgd to kge mutations in vp1. additionally, pathogenesis of mutant jmjd6-fmdv was investigated in cattle through aerosol and intraepithelial lingual (iel) inoculation. interes ...	2016	26914509
foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein vp3 degrades janus kinase 1 to inhibit ifn-γ signal transduction pathways.	foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). to replicate efficiently in vivo, fmdv has evolved methods to circumvent host antiviral defense mechanisms, including those induced by interferons (ifns). previous research has focused on the effect of fmdv l(pro) and 3c(pro) on type i ifns. in this study, fmdv vp3 was found to inhibit type ii ifn signaling pathways. the overexpression of fmdv vp3 inhibited ...	2016	26901336
role of jumonji c-domain containing protein 6 (jmjd6) in infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) utilizes four integrins (αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, and αvβ8) as its primary cell receptor. during cell culture propagation, fmdv frequently adapts to use heparan sulfate (hs), and rarely utilizes an unidentified third receptor. capsid mutations acquired by a soluble integrin resistant fmdv cause (i) adaptation to cho-677 cells (ii) increased affinity to membrane-bound jumonji c-domain containing protein 6 (jmjd6) (iii) induced jmjd6 re-localization from the cell surfa ...	2016	26896934
role of a single amino acid substitution of vp3 h142d for increased acid resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles lose infectivity due to their dissociation into pentamers at ph value below 6.5. after the uptake of fmdv by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the acid-dependent dissociation process is required for the release of fmdv genome inside endosomes. nevertheless, dissociation of fmdv particles in mildly acidic conditions renders the inactivated fmd vaccine less effective. to improve the acid stability of inactivated fmd vaccine during the manufacturing proces ...	2016	26873406
novel foot-and-mouth disease virus in korea, july-august 2014.	despite nation-wide immunization with o, a, and asia 1 type vaccines in republic of korea, foot-and-mouth disease type o occurred again in july 2014 after three years and three months. this virus was a mya-98 strain of the southeast asian topotype and was most similar to the identified type that circulated in east asia in 2014. this was new virus with the deletion of 23 amino acids in 3a/3b1 region and low pathogenic property.	2016	26866028
immunogenicity of a recombinant sendai virus expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this study, sev was used as a vector to express capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by using reverse genetics. the rescue recombinant sev (rsev-p1) can efficiently propagate and express p1 protein by western blot and ifa analysis. to evaluate the immunogenicity of rsev-p1, balb/c mice were divided into several groups and immunized intramuscularly with various doses of rsev-p1, rsev-egfp, pbs and commercial fmd vaccine, respectively, and then challenged wit ...	2016	26850558
transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the kruger national park, south africa: can the risk be mitigated?	in southern africa, the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is the natural reservoir of foot and mouth disease (fmd). contacts between this species and cattle are responsible for most of the fmd outbreaks in cattle at the edge of protected areas, which generate huge economic losses. during the late 1980's and 90's, the erection of veterinary cordon fences and the regular vaccination of cattle exposed to buffalo contact at the interface of the kruger national park (knp), proved to be efficient to c ...	2016	26848115
correction: transgenic shrna pigs reduce susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection.		2016	26840180
the vp3 structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the ifn-β signaling pathway.	foot-and-mouth disease is a frequently occurring disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by infection with the foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv). fmdv circumvents the type-i ifn response by expressing proteins that antagonize cellular innate immunity, such as leader protease and 3c protease. we identified the fmdv structural protein vp3 as a negative regulator of the virus-triggered ifn-β signaling pathway. expression of fmdv vp3 inhibited the sendai virus-triggered activation of ifn regulator ...	2016	26813975
effects of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus on reproductive performance of beef cows.	this study compared reproductive performance of cows vaccinated against the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus before timed ai or during early pregnancy (exp. 1), as well as rectal temperature (rt) and plasma concentrations of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin in cattle vaccinated or not against the fmd virus (exp. 2). cattle utilized in exp. 1 and 2 originated from herds with no historical occurrences of fmd and that received vaccination against the fmd virus biannually. in exp. 1, 604 lactat ...	2016	26812345
effect of storage conditions on subpopulations of peripheral blood t lymphocytes isolated from naïve cattle and cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry is important in infectious disease research. in animal experiments and other longitudinal studies, the processing, prompt staining, and analysis of fresh samples is a logistical challenge and daily assay variation can confound data interpretation.	2016	26802284
complete genome sequence of a serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus from an outbreak in saudi arabia during 2015.	the complete genome of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) type a virus isolated from cattle in saudi arabia in 2015 is described here. this virus belongs to an fmd virus lineage named genotype vii, which is normally endemic on the indian subcontinent.	2016	26798100
the vp1 s154d mutation of type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus enhances viral replication and pathogenicity.	one of the proteins encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the vp1 protein, a capsid protein, plays an important role in integrin receptor attachment and humoral immunity-mediated host responses. the integrin receptor recognition motif and an important antigenic epitope exist within the g-h loop, which is comprised of amino acids 134-160 of the vp1 protein. fmdv strain, asia1/hn/cha/06, isolated from a pig, was passaged four times in suckling mice and sequenced. sequencing analyses ...	2016	26792712
novel chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles harboring serotype o vp1 protect guinea pigs against challenge.	foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious, acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animal species causing severe economic losses worldwide. among the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), serotype o is predominant, but its viral capsid is more acid sensitive than other serotypes, making it more difficult to produce empty serotype o vlps in the low ph insect hemolymph. therefore, a novel chimeric virus-like particle (vlp)-based candidate vaccine for serotype o fmdv was develope ...	2016	26790940
swine trim21 restricts fmdv infection via an intracellular neutralization mechanism.	the tripartite motif protein 21 (trim21) is a ubiquitously expressed e3 ubiquitin ligase and an intracellular antibody receptor. trim21 mediates antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (adin) in cytosol and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. in this study, swine trim21 (strim21) was cloned and its role in adin was investigated. the expression of strim21 is induced by type i interferon in pk-15 cells. strim21 restricts fmdv infect ...	2016	26777733
ires mediated expression of viral 3c protease for enhancing the yield of fmdv empty capsids using baculovirus system.	for expression of fmdv empty capsids, high protease activity associated with 3c co-expressed with p1 polyprotein has been reported to adversely affect the yields of capsids. limiting the levels of 3cpro relative to p1-2a polypeptide is thus critical to enhance the yields. in this study, fmdv internal ribosome entry site (ires) sequence which serves as an alternative to the cap-dependent translation initiation mechanism, was used for controlled translation of 3c protease. baculovirus expressing b ...	2016	26775685
foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: progress and problems.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been a major threat to livestock across the world. the predominant method of controlling this disease in endemic regions is through regular vaccination with inactivated vaccine. however, there are many limitations. for instance, cultivation of virulent fmd virus (fmdv) in the manufacturing units poses a risk of escape from production sites. vaccines may sometimes contain traces of fmd viral non-structural proteins (nsps), therefore, interfering with the nsp-based ...	2016	26760264
productive entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus via macropinocytosis independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	virus entry is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. here, using a combination of electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay, sirna interference, specific pharmacological inhibitors, and dominant negative mutation, we demonstrated that the entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) triggered a substantial amount of plasma membrane ruffling. we also found that the internalization of fmdv induced a robust increase in fluid-phase uptake, and virions internalized within macropinoso ...	2016	26757826
unrecognized circulation of sat 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds around queen elizabeth national park in uganda.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in uganda in spite of the control measures used. various aspects of the maintenance and circulation of fmd viruses (fmdv) in uganda are not well understood; these include the role of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) as a reservoir for fmdv. to better understand the epidemiology of fmd at the livestock-wildlife-interface, samples were collected from young, unvaccinated cattle from 24 pastoral herds that closely interact with wildlife around queen eliza ...	2016	26739166
evaluation of infectivity, virulence and transmission of fdmv field strains of serotypes o and a isolated in 2010 from outbreaks in the republic of korea.	since the early 2000s outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) have been described in several previously fmd-free asian nations, including the republic of korea (south korea). one outbreak with fmd virus (fdmv) serotype a and two with serotype o occurred in south korea in 2010/2011. the causative viruses belonged to lineages that had been spreading in south east asia, far east and east asia since 2009 and presented a great threat to the countries in that region. most fmdv strains infect ruminan ...	2016	26735130
pharmacological characterization of the αvβ6 integrin binding and internalization kinetics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus derived peptide a20fmdv2.	a20fmdv2 is a peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus with a high affinity and selectivity for the alpha-v beta-6 (αvβ6) arginyl-glycinyl-aspartic acid (rgd)-binding integrin. it has been shown to be an informative tool ligand in pre-clinical imaging studies for selective labelling of the αvβ6 integrin in a number of disease models. in a radioligand binding assay using a radiolabelled form of the peptide ([3h]a20fmdv2), its high affinity (k(d): 0.22 nmol/l) and selectivity (at leas ...	2016	26734728
the rescue and evaluation of flag and his epitope-tagged asia 1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses.	the vp1 g-h loop of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) contains the primary antigenic site, as well as an arg-gly-asp (rgd) binding motif for the αv-integrin family of cell surface receptors. we anticipated that introducing a foreign epitope tag sequence downstream of the rgd motif would be tolerated by the viral capsid and would not destroy the antigenic site of fmdv. in this study, we have designed, generated, and characterized two recombinant fmdvs with a flag tag or histidine (his) inse ...	2016	26732485
thermal inactivation of foot and mouth disease virus in extruded pet food.	the risk of importing foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious viral disease of livestock, severely restricts trade and investment opportunities in many developing countries where the virus is present. this study was designed to investigate the inactivation of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) by heat treatments used in extruded commercial pet food manufacture. if extrusion could be shown to reliably inactivate the virus, this could potentially facilitate trade for fmdv-endemic countries. t ...	2016	28332656
vp1 sequencing protocol for foot and mouth disease virus molecular epidemiology.	nucleotide sequences of field strains of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) contribute to our understanding of the distribution and evolution of viral lineages that circulate in different regions of the world. this paper outlines a practical reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing strategy that can be used to generate rna sequences encoding the vp1 (1d) region of fmdv. the protocol contains a panel of pcr and sequencing primers that can be selected to characterise ...	2016	28332654
the impact of importation of live ruminants on the epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in saudi arabia.	approximately five million live ruminants are imported annually into saudi arabia. the majority of these animals are imported shortly before the pilgrimage season from sudan and the horn of africa, where foot and mouth disease (fmd) is known to be enzootic. this study was designed to investigate the impact of the importation of these live ruminants on the epizootiology of fmd in saudi arabia. the authors carried out antibody testing on a total of 480 sheep and 233 cattle from the sacrificial liv ...	2016	28332652
multiple efficacy studies of an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a24 subunit vaccine in cattle using homologous challenge.	the safety and efficacy of an experimental, replication-deficient, human adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a24 cruzeiro capsid-based subunit vaccine (adta24) was examined in eight independent cattle studies. adta24 non-adjuvanted vaccine was administered intramuscularly to a total of 150 steers in doses ranging from approximately 1.0×10(8) to 2.1×10(11) particle units per animal. no detectable local or systemic reactions were observed after vaccination. at 7 days p ...	2016	26707216
genome sequencing of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o isolate gre/23/94.	the complete genome of a foot-and-mouth disease type o virus originating from an epidemic in greece in 1994 is reported. this virus belongs to the middle east-south asia topotype.	2016	27174269
crystal structure of the 3c protease from southern african territories type 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is dependent on the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)). as in other picornaviruses, 3c(pro) performs most of the proteolytic processing of the polyprotein expressed from the large open reading frame in the rna genome of the virus. previous work revealed that the 3c(pro) from serotype a-one of the seven serotypes of fmdv-adopts a trypsin-like fold. on the basis of capsid sequence comparisons the fmdv serotypes are grouped into two phylogenet ...	2016	27168976
chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o displaying a serotype asia1 antigenic epitope at the surface.	to determine whether the g-h loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o can function as a target structure to harbour and display serotype asia1 antigenic epitope at the surface.	2016	27160994
transmission of foot-and-mouth disease sat2 viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface of two major transfrontier conservation areas in southern africa.	over a decade ago, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) re-emerged in southern africa specifically in beef exporting countries that had successfully maintained disease-free areas in the past. fmd virus (fmdv) serotype sat2 has been responsible for a majority of these outbreaks. epidemiological studies have revealed the importance of the african buffalo as the major wildlife fmd reservoir in the region. we used phylogeographic analysis to study dynamics of fmd transmission between buffalo and domestic ca ...	2016	27148217
the foot-and-mouth disease carrier state divergence in cattle.	the pathogenesis of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection was investigated in 46 cattle that were either naive or had been vaccinated using a recombinant, adenovirus-vectored vaccine 2 weeks before challenge. the prevalence of fmdv persistence was similar in both groups (62% in vaccinated cattle, 67% in nonvaccinated cattle), despite vaccinated cattle having been protected from clinical disease. analysis of antemortem infection dynamics demonstrated that the subclinical diverg ...	2016	27147736
involvement of a joker mutation in a polymerase-independent lethal mutagenesis escape mechanism.	we previously characterized a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with three amino acid replacements in its polymerase (3d) that conferred resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin. here we show that passage of this mutant in the presence of high ribavirin concentrations resulted in selection of viruses with the additional replacement i248t in 2c. this 2c substitution alone (even in the absence of replacements in 3d) increased fmdv fitness mainly in the presence of ribavirin, pre ...	2016	27136067
development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus: use of rapid molecular assays to differentiate between vesicular disease viruses.	vesicular stomatitis (vs) is endemic in central america and northern regions of south america, where sporadic outbreaks in cattle and pigs can cause clinical signs that are similar to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). there is therefore a pressing need for rapid, sensitive and specific differential diagnostic assays that are suitable for decision making in the field. rt-lamp assays have been developed for vesicular diseases such as fmd and swine vesicular disease (svd) but there is currently no rt-l ...	2016	27118518
genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o isolated from morocco in 2015.	the genome of a virus isolated from an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in morocco in 2015 is described here. this virus is classified as lineage ind-2001d within serotype o, topotype me-sa (middle east-south asia). this lineage is endemic on the indian subcontinent but has caused outbreaks in the middle east and north africa since 2013.	2016	27103736
differential gene expression in porcine sk6 cells infected with wild-type and sap domain-mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in livestock. the viral proteinase l(pro) of fmdv is involved in pathogenicity, and mutation of the l(pro) sap domain reduces fmdv pathogenicity in pigs. to determine the gene expression profiles associated with decreased pathogenicity in porcine cells, we performed transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing technology and compared differentially expressed genes in sk6 cells infected with fmdv ...	2016	27097918
genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus outside the 3a region is also responsible for virus replication in bovine cells.	the deletion of residues 93-102 in non-structure protein 3a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is associated with the inability of fmdv to grow in bovine cells and attenuated virulence in cattle.whereas, a previously reported fmdv strain o/hkn/21/70 harboring 93-102 deletion in 3a protein grew equally well in bovine and swine cells. this suggests that changes infmdv genome sequence, in addition to 93-102 deletion in 3a, may also affectthe viral growth phenotype in bovine cellsduring infectio ...	2016	27094491
foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates independently of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and type iii phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases.	picornaviruses form replication complexes in association with membranes in structures called replication organelles. common themes to emerge from studies of picornavirus replication are the need for cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (pi4p). in infected cells, type iii phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (pi4kiiis) generate elevated levels of pi4p, which is then exchanged for cholesterol at replication organelles. for the enteroviruses, replication organelles form at golgi membranes in ...	2016	27093462
distance effects during polyprotein processing in the complementation between defective fmdv rnas.	passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in bhk-21 cells resulted in the segmentation of the viral genome into two defective rnas lacking part of either the l- or the capsid-coding region. the two rnas are infectious by complementation. electroporation of l-defective rna in bhk-21 cells resulted in the accumulation of the precursor p3 located away from the deleted sequence. expression of l in trans led to the processing of p3, indicating that there is a connection between l protease activi ...	2016	27073008
molecular infectious disease epidemiology: survival analysis and algorithms linking phylogenies to transmission trees.	recent work has attempted to use whole-genome sequence data from pathogens to reconstruct the transmission trees linking infectors and infectees in outbreaks. however, transmission trees from one outbreak do not generalize to future outbreaks. reconstruction of transmission trees is most useful to public health if it leads to generalizable scientific insights about disease transmission. in a survival analysis framework, estimation of transmission parameters is based on sums or averages over the ...	2016	27070316
immunoprotective mechanisms in swine within the "grey zone" in antibody response after immunization with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by the fmd virus (fmdv). vaccination represents one approach for limiting the effects of fmd. the level of protection in vaccinated animals after challenge with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is closely related to the antibody titer, which can be classified into three zones: a "white zone", a "grey zone", and a "black zone". the aim of the present study was to clarify the immunoprotective mechanisms ...	2016	27067203