Publications

an evaluation of two commercially available elisas and one in-house reference laboratory elisa for the determination of human anti-rabies virus antibodies.	the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus in vaccines induces the production of neutralizing antibodies important in the protection against the disease. the measurement of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good predictor of the degree of humoral immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. several assays exist for the serological determination of antibody protection against rabies virus infection. antibody neutralization by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibiti ...	2009	19429758
localization of serotoninergic neurons that participate in regulating diaphragm activity in the cat.	although a considerable body of literature indicates that serotoninergic neurons affect diaphragm activity both through direct inputs to phrenic motoneurons and multisynaptic connections involving the brainstem respiratory groups, the locations of the serotoninergic neurons that modulate breathing have not been well defined. the present study identified these neurons in cats by combining the transneuronal retrograde transport of rabies virus from the diaphragm with the immunohistochemical detect ...	2009	19433074
[construction and analysis of full-length cdna clone of rabies virus street strain].	to construct a expression plasmid containing the full-length cdna of rabies virus, four overlapped fragments covering full length cdna of rabies virus street stain hn10 were cloned into pvax1 sequentially in the genome except for the g-l noncoding region which was replaced with gfp gene. the plasmid containing the full-length viral cdna was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme (hamrz) and hepatitis delta ribozyme (hdvrz) sequences and arranged under the control of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. t ...	2009	19437881
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolated from cattle between 1997 and 2002 in an epizootic area in the state of são paulo, brazil.	the biogeographical history of rabies can be reconstructed using molecular data. this work describes the genetic characterization of the rabies virus variant that circulates in the desmodus rotundus (vampire bat) population in an epizootic area and is transmitted to herbivorous livestock. the n and g genes of this virus were sequenced, and the phylogenetic trees generated were topologically concordant. three genetic clusters were identified in the epizootic area and were designated rd1, rd2 and ...	2009	19442690
molecular characterization of the complete genome of a street rabies virus isolated in china.	in this study, the complete genomic sequence of a rabies virus isolate hn10, recovered from brain tissue of a rabid patient in china, was determined. this is the first chinese street isolate that has been fully characterized. the overall organization of this virus is typical of that observed for all other rabies viruses. alignments of amino acid sequences of the phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and large protein of hn10 with those of other rabies viruses were used to examine the extent of conservati ...	2009	19463716
comparative pathological study of the murine brain after experimental infection with classical rabies virus and european bat lyssaviruses.	european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 (eblv-1) and 2 (eblv-2) cause rabies in terrestrial species, but the pathological changes associated with neuroinvasion have yet to be fully elucidated. swiss of-1 mice were inoculated peripherally with strain rv61 (classical rabies virus), rv1423 (eblv-1) or rv1332 (eblv-2) to compare the nature and extent of histopathological changes produced. inoculated animals developed varying degrees of non-suppurative encephalitis, and lyssavirus infection was con ...	2009	19111840
landscape genetics of raccoons (procyon lotor) associated with ridges and valleys of pennsylvania: implications for oral rabies vaccination programs.	raccoons are the reservoir for the raccoon rabies virus variant in the united states. to combat this threat, oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs are conducted in many eastern states. to aid in these efforts, the genetic structure of raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed in southwestern pennsylvania to determine if select geographic features (i.e., ridges and valleys) serve as corridors or hindrances to raccoon gene flow (e.g., movement) and, therefore, rabies virus trafficking in this physiog ...	2009	19125658
high-level expression of rabies virus glycoprotein with the rna-based semliki forest virus expression vector.	rabies is to this date one of the most important death causing zoonotic viral diseases, with 98% of deaths reported in developing countries, where access to modern vaccines and tools for efficient diagnostic remain unaffordable. in this paper, we describe a newly engineered rna-based rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) expression vector based on the semliki forest virus (sfv) system. a recombinant sfv carrying an rna coding for rvgp (sfv-rvgp) was constructed and the rvgp expression was evaluated i ...	2009	19135103
subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells.	we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of rhesus monkeys to identify cortico-motoneuronal (cm) cells in the primary motor cortex (m1) that make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons innervating shoulder, elbow, and finger muscles. we found that m1 has 2 subdivisions. a rostral region lacks cm cells and represents an "old" m1 that is the standard for many mammals. the descending commands mediated by corticospinal efferents from old m1 must use the integ ...	2009	19139417
first production of fluorescent anti-ribonucleoproteins conjugate for diagnostic of rabies in brazil.	the laboratory tests recommended by the world health organization for detection of rabies virus and evaluation of specific antibodies are performed with fluorescent antibodies against the virus, the ribonucleoproteins (rnps), or by monoclonal antibodies. in this study, we purified the rabies virus rnps for the production of a conjugate presenting sensibility and specificity compatible with commercial reagents. the method employed for the purification of rnps was ultracentrifugation in cesium chl ...	2009	19140216
comparative analysis of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors bearing lyssavirus glycoproteins for neuronal gene transfer.	the delivery of therapeutic genes to the central nervous system (cns) using viral vectors represents an appealing strategy for the treatment of nerve injury and disorders of the cns. important factors determining cns targeting include tropism of the viral vectors and retrograde transport of the vector particles. retrograde transport of equine anemia virus (eiav)-based lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the glycoprotein derived from the rabies virus rabera strain from peripheral muscle to spinal ...	2009	19144125
lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route.	lagos bat virus (lbv) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in the lyssavirus genus. in contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (rabv), lbv was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. however, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of lbv only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. in the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of represent ...	2009	19144249
genetic stability (in vivo) of the attenuated oral rabies virus vaccine sad b19.	the distribution of oral rabies vaccine baits containing replication-competent live viruses poses certain environmental safety risks; among others, the possibility of reversion to or an increase in virulence. hence, the genetic stability of the complete genome of the most widely used oral rabies vaccine virus, sad b19, was examined after four and 10 serial i.c. passages in foxes and mice, respectively. it was shown that the consensus strain of sad b19 was extremely stable in vivo. after 10 conse ...	2009	19161553
dual transneuronal tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by intracerebral injection of recombinant rabies virus vectors.	dual transneuronal tracing is a novel viral tracing methodology which employs two recombinant viruses, each expressing a different reporter protein. peripheral injection of recombinant pseudorabies viruses has been used as a powerful method to define neurons that coordinate outputs to various peripheral targets of motor and autonomic systems. here, we assessed the feasibility of recombinants of rabies virus (rv) vector for dual transneuronal tracing in the central nervous system. first, we exami ...	2009	19169410
influence of culture conditions on recombinant drosophila melanogaster s2 cells producing rabies virus glycoprotein cultivated in serum-free medium.	the recombinant g glycoprotein from the surface of the rabies virus (rvgp) is a promising candidate as a rabies vaccine component and also for diagnostic purposes. in this study, rvgp production by transfected drosophila melanogaster s2 cells cultivated in a serum-free medium (supplemented ipl-41 medium) was carried out. the effects of ph and po(2) were evaluated in batch culture in parallel spinner flasks. the use of a ph equal to 6.3 and a po(2) of 40% air saturation resulted in the highest rv ...	2009	19059791
molecular epidemiology of rabies: focus on domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) from northern south africa.	phylogenetic relationships of rabies viruses recovered from black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in northern south africa were investigated to determine whether the black-backed jackal is an emerging maintenance host species for rabies in this region. a panel of 123 rabies viruses obtained from the two host species between 1980 and 2006 were characterised by nucleotide sequencing of the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein gene and the non-coding g-l inte ...	2009	19061924
attenuation of rabies virus replication and virulence by picornavirus internal ribosome entry site elements.	gene expression of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is regulated at the transcriptional level and relies on the canonical 5'-end-dependent translation of capped viral mrnas. here, we have used internal ribosome entry sites (ires) from picornaviruses to control the expression level of the phosphoprotein p of the neurotropic rabies virus (rv; rhabdoviridae), which is critically required for both viral replication and escape from the host interferon response. in a dual luciferase reporter r ...	2009	19073737
induction of immune responses and protection in mice against rabies using a self-replicating rna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein.	a self-replicating rna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein gene was developed utilizing sindbis virus rna replicon. the in vitro transcribed rna (sin-rab-g rna) was transfected in mammalian cells and analysed for self-replication and expression of rabies glycoprotein. to generate immune responses against rabies, mice were immunized with 10microg of sin-rab-g rna and immune responses developed were compared with mice immunized with rabies dna vaccine and commercial cell culture vaccine (ra ...	2009	19081687
a unique substitution at position 333 on the glycoprotein of rabies virus street strains isolated from non-hematophagous bats in brazil.	the amino acid r or k at position 333 on the glycoprotein of the rabies virus is considered necessary for virulence in adult mice. although some exceptions exist, substitution at this position causes expression of a phenotype that is either less pathogenic or non-virulent. to date, such substitutions have only been found in fixed strains of rabies virus. in this study, the authors found 333h, 333n, and 333q substitutions at this position in rabies virus street strains isolated from non-hematopha ...	2009	18941881
risk-based cost modelling of oral rabies vaccine interventions for raccoon rabies.	distribution of oral rabies vaccine (orv) is an effective but costly strategy to control raccoon rabies. because of high costs, orv for raccoon rabies in the u.s. has been limited primarily to epizootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any orv intervention. several cost scenarios for orv application in raccoon rabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modelled in new york state to obtain estimated costs of orv baits per scenario and potential savings compared with a unifo ...	2009	18771519
genetic diversity of chinese rabies viruses: evidence for the presence of two distinct clades in china.	there have been three major rabies epidemics in china since the 1950s. to gain more insights into the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses (rvs) for the third (the current) epidemic, we isolated rv from dogs and humans in major endemic areas, and characterized these isolates genetically by sequencing the entire glycoprotein (g) gene and the g-l non-coding region. these sequences were also compared phylogenetically with rvs isolated in china during previous epidemics and those around the worl ...	2009	19041424
neural circuits controlling diaphragm function in the cat revealed by transneuronal tracing.	although a number of studies have considered the neural circuitry that regulates diaphragm activity, these pathways have not been adequately discerned, particularly in animals such as cats that utilize the respiratory muscles during a variety of different behaviors and movements. the present study employed the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the extended neural pathways that control diaphragm function in felines. in all animals deemed to have successful rabies viru ...	2009	18974365
tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in human rabies.	rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis characterized by a clinically acute and progressive course. with rare exceptions, there is a discrepancy between clinical outcome and frank histological alterations in rabies. investigators have postulated that rabies virus may modify neurotransmission through occupancy of cellular receptors or alteration of ion channels. we took advantage of these observations to improvise a successful therapy for rabies. the milwaukee protocol ( www.mcw.edu/rabies ) was fur ...	2009	18949578
rabies vaccination in japan.		2009	19007834
effect of cellular cholesterol depletion on rabies virus infection.	although there are several reports on candidates for rabies virus (rabv) receptor, possible roles played by these receptor candidates in determination of highly neurotropic nature of rabv have not been well understood. since these candidate receptors for rabv were reported to be frequently associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains characterized by lipid rafts and caveolae structures, we attempted to determine whether the disturbance of microdomains caused by the cholesterol depletion showed ...	2009	19010362
emergence of dog rabies in the northern region of israel.	between 1979 and 2000, foxes constituted the main reservoir of rabies in the northern regions of israel. following the implementation of the fox-targeted oral vaccination programme (orv) in 1998, rabies was eradicated from this area. subsequently during 2004-2007, the biological and molecular characterization of the rabies isolates showed that stray dogs emerged as the main animal reservoir in northern israel while lower numbers of cases were reported in domestic animals. the virus isolates from ...	2009	18796169
ovine anti-rabies antibody production and evaluation.	in view of the disadvantages of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin still there is urgent needs for safe and cost-control anti-rabies immunoglobulins especially for person who have been severely exposed (categories iii) to the virus. our attempt to produce a less immunogenic and cheaper anti-rabies immunoglobulin affordable for those people living in developing countries, has been harnessed the ovine as a bioreactor instead the horse. the animals have been intramuscular immunized, and the pla ...	2009	18242705
study of kinetic parameters for the production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein.	gene expression in insect cells is an advantageous system for recombinant protein production, mainly because of its capacity to produce complex proteins with correct post-translational modifications. recently, we identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of rabies virus glycoprotein, expressed in drosophila melanogaster cells, by about 60%. in this work, the kinetic parameters for cell growth and recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein product ...	2009	19842054
correlation of cytokine expression with rabies virus distribution in rabies encephalitis.	rabies encephalitis is a significant health hazard, particularly in asia. to understand the role of immune mechanisms and cytokines in rabies encephalitis, we performed a retrospective and prospective study on the autopsy material. representative histopathological sections were studied and subjected to immunostaining for rabies virus antigen, tnf-alpha and il-1beta. immunohistochemistry for il-1beta and tnf-alpha revealed expression of these cytokines in 96% of cases in microglial cells, macroph ...	2009	19857907
risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, united states.	the united states is the world's largest wildlife importer, and imported wild animals represent a potential source of zoonotic pathogens. using data on mammals imported during 2000-2005, we assessed their potential to host 27 selected risk zoonoses and created a risk assessment that could inform policy making for wildlife importation and zoonotic disease surveillance. a total of 246,772 mammals in 190 genera (68 families) were imported. the most widespread agents of risk zoonoses were rabies vir ...	2009	19891857
human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait - pennsylvania, 2009.	since 2003, the u.s. department of agriculture's wildlife services has coordinated a multistate oral rabies vaccination (orv) program for wildlife in a 15-state zone extending from maine to alabama and in texas. the program seeks to enhance local control and prevent the spread of epizootic rabies among raccoons and, in texas, among gray foxes and coyotes. the program uses baits containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine. because contact with ruptured baits ca ...	2009	19893480
human rabies - missouri, 2008.	on november 24, 2008, the missouri state public health laboratory notified cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years from missouri. the man had been bitten by a bat 4--6 weeks before symptom onset and had not sought medical care at the time of the bite. after visiting two emergency departments (eds) with symptoms consistent with rabies, he was hospitalized on november 23 and treated using the milwaukee protocol. on november 26, infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-ha ...	2009	19893481
rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ...	2009	19901385
evidence for a 4-dose vaccine schedule for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in previously non-vaccinated individuals.	after exposure, human rabies is preventable by prompt application of post-exposure prophylaxis. historically, the total number of rabies vaccine doses administered during human prophylaxis has decreased, as modern biologics have improved and scientific knowledge has grown. a review of the literature on rabies virus pathogenesis, experimental animal studies, clinical trials, epidemiological surveillance, and economic analyses was conducted to determine the potential utility of reducing the curren ...	2009	19925944
rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines.	despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. in this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. two-month-old syrian hamsters, 4-week-old icr mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. thereafter, prophyl ...	2009	19925945
"early death" and the contraindication of vaccine during treatment of rabies.	administration of rabies vaccine or rabies immune globulin (rig) during symptomatic rabies is ineffective, and there are concerns about the phenomenon of "early death" reported in animals that develop rabies after receipt of rabies vaccine or immune globulin. survival analyses of the original animal data confirm these findings in two species, whereas analyses of human case reports and the milwaukee protocol registry suggest lower risk of "early death" in humans. there may be a deleterious intera ...	2009	19925949
a robust lentiviral pseudotype neutralisation assay for in-field serosurveillance of rabies and lyssaviruses in africa.	the inflexibility of existing serological techniques for detection of rabies in surveillance constrains the benefit to be gained from many current control strategies. we analysed 304 serum samples from tanzanian dogs for the detection of rabies antibodies in a pseudotype assay using lentiviral vectors bearing the cvs-11 envelope glycoprotein. compared with the widely used gold standard fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay, a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 94.4% with a strong c ...	2009	19925950
influence of oral rabies vaccine bait density on rabies seroprevalence in wild raccoons.	the effect of different oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait densities (75, 150, and 300 baits/km(2)) on the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvnas) in raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed at a 15% seroprevalence difference threshold in rural areas of northeast ohio. results (n=588 raccoons) indicated that seropositivity for rvnas was associated with both bait density and bait campaign frequency. associations were not detected for raccoon gender, age, or macro-habitat. the odds ...	2009	19925951
oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine.	oral vaccination is an important part of wildlife rabies control programs. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus is the only oral rabies vaccine licensed in the united states, and it is not effective in skunks. in the current study, captive raccoons and skunks were used to evaluate a vaccine developed by incorporating the rabies virus glycoprotein gene into a canine adenovirus serotype 2 vector (cav2-rvg). seven of 7 raccoons orally vaccinated with cav2-rvg developed viru ...	2009	19925952
poxvirus-vectored vaccines for rabies--a review.	oral rabies vaccination of target reservoir species has proved to be one of the pillars of successful rabies elimination programs. the use of live attenuated rabies virus vaccines has been extensive but several limitations hamper its future use. a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine has also been successfully used for the oral vaccination of several species. nevertheless, its lack of efficacy in certain important rabies reservoirs and concerns on the use of this potent live virus as vaccine carr ...	2009	19925953
development of combined vaccines for rabies and immunocontraception.	rabies prevention and appropriate population management of free-ranging animals have an important role to play in the eventual elimination of rabies in dogs. an effective sterilant based on rabies vaccines has the potential to create a supportive measure of public acceptability and to reduce associated clinic visit costs. we inserted the coding sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) into different locations within the rabies virus era glycoprotein (g) gene, and demonstrated that the a ...	2009	19925954
no adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive gonacon and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs.	parenteral vaccination campaigns are integral to the elimination of canine rabies. to maximize herd immunity in dogs, immunocontraception provided at the time of rabies vaccination should reduce fecundity and dog abundance. gonacon has been used successfully as an immunocontraceptive in a variety of mammals, and by inference, the dog would be an ideal candidate for testing. as an initial step in evaluating a combination-vaccination program, we assessed the effects of gonacon on rabies virus neut ...	2009	19925955
enhancing comparative rabies dna vaccine effectiveness through glycoprotein gene modifications.	enhancing dna vaccine effectiveness remains a challenge, especially if the desired goal is immunization efficacy after a single dose. the glycoprotein gene from the rabies virus evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain was modified by mutation at amino acid residue 333 from arginine to glutamine. the modified and original unmodified glycoprotein genes were cloned separately and developed as dna vaccines for immunization in mice. the intramuscular (im) route using a single dose (100 microg) of a m ...	2009	19925956
[reverse genetic system for rabies virus vaccine evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth strain].	to establish a reverse genetic system of rabies virus for producing safe and efficient rabies vaccine.	2009	19873761
rabies virus-based vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies, poly-functional cd8+ t cell, and protect rhesus macaques from aids-like disease after siv(mac251) challenge.	highly attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccine vectors were evaluated for their ability to protect against highly pathogenic siv(mac251) challenge. mamu-a*01 negative rhesus macaques were immunized in groups of four with either: rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, a combination of rv expressing siv(mac239)-env and rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, or with empty rv vectors. eight weeks later animals received a booster immunization with a heterologous rv expressing the same antigens. at 12 weeks post-b ...	2009	19879223
effective prevention against rabies by intracerebral immunization in mice.	to evaluate the efficacy of intracerebral (ic) immunization, mice were immunized with a rabies vaccine by the subcutaneous (sc), intramuscular (im) or ic route, and 10-fold the 50% lethal dose of rabies virus was inoculated into the hindleg of the immunized or non-immunized mice. the antibody titer in serum was elevated and boosted by additional immunization via all routes, but highest after the ic immunization followed by the im and sc routes, in this order. intracerebrally immunized mice were ...	2009	19887739
development of a mouse monoclonal antibody cocktail for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in humans.	as the demand for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) treatments has increased exponentially in recent years, the limited supply of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin (hrig and erig) has failed to provide the required passive immune component in pep in countries where canine rabies is endemic. replacement of hrig and erig with a potentially cheaper and efficacious alternative biological for treatment of rabies in humans, therefore, remains a high priority. in this study, we set out to ass ...	2009	19888334
imported human rabies--california, 2008.	compared with rabies in developing countries, human rabies is rare in the united states, but animal rabies is common. in the united states, most human rabies cases are associated with rabid bats, whereas in developing countries, dogs are the most common reservoir and vector species. in march 2008, a case of imported human rabies in a recently arrived, undocumented mexican immigrant was laboratory confirmed by public health officials in california. the rabies virus isolated from the patient was a ...	2009	19590490
naturally occurring and synthetic peptides acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are pentameric membrane-bound proteins belonging to the large family of ligand-gated ion channels. nachrs possess various binding sites which interact with compounds of different chemical nature, including peptides. historically first peptides found to act on nachr were synthetic fragments of snake alpha-neurotoxins, competitive receptor antagonists. later it was shown that fragments of glycoprotein from rabies virus, having homology to alpha-neurotoxin ...	2009	19601841
rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells. i: design of expression/selection vectors, subpopulations selection and influence of sodium butyrate and culture medium on protein expression.	the cdna encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) gene was cloned in expression plasmids under the control of the inductive metallothionein promoter. they were designed in order to bear or not a secretion signal (i) and a cdna coding for the selection hygromycin. these vectors were transfected into s2 cells, cell populations selected and subpopulations were then obtained by reselection with hygromycin. cell cultures were examined for kinetics of cell growth, detection of rvgp mrna and expre ...	2009	19615415
antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (pcecv) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains.	tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (rabv) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. a cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with pcecv protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 and 2 and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). virus neutralizing an ...	2009	19615958
rabies virus dissemination in neural tissues of autopsy cases due to rabies imported into japan from the philippines: immunohistochemistry.	two japanese men, 65 and 69 years old, developed rabies in japan around 2-3 months after dog-bite exposure in the philippines. laboratory diagnosis of rabies was made following the detection of rabies virus genome on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from saliva, and on immunohistochemistry of a nuchal skin punch biopsy in one case. the patients died 9 and 19 days after clinical onset. at autopsy, no macroscopic changes in the cns were observed. histopathology indicated that eosino ...	2009	19627539
phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from sudan provides evidence of a viral clade with a unique molecular signature.	rabies is endemic in sudan and remains a continual threat to public health as transmission to humans is principally dog-mediated. additionally, large-scale losses of livestock occur each year causing economic and social dilemmas. in this study, we analysed a cohort of 143 rabies viruses circulating in sudan collected from 10 different animal species between 1992 and 2006. partial nucleoprotein sequence data (400 bp) were obtained and compared to available sequence data of african classical rabie ...	2009	19628013
1h, 13c and 15n resonance assignments of the pdz of microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 205 (mast205) in complex with the c-terminal motif from the rabies virus glycoprotein.	most of microbes hijack the cellular machinery to their advantage by interacting with specific target of the host cell. glycoprotein of rabies virus is a key factor controlling the homeostasis of infected neuronal cells and proteins belonging to the human microtubule associated serine threonine kinase family have been identified as potential cellular partners. as a first step towards its structural study, we have assigned the backbone and side chain nuclei resonances of the pdz domain (psd-95, d ...	2009	19636944
[development and evaluation of taqman-based one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of japanese encephalitis virus].	to establish a taqman based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of japanese encephalitis virus.	2009	19642386
inhibition of rabies virus replication by multiple artificial micrornas.	the rna interference (rnai) technology has been recognized as a promising antiviral therapy for a few years. one of the potential limitations for applying this technology against wild type rabies virus is its high rate of genetic variation. recently, an rnai vector system that incorporated modified dsrna within microrna structure [or artificial mirnas(amirnas)] has been described. this allowed expression of multiple amirnas of single or multiple targets from a single construct. in this study, we ...	2009	19646485
emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1.	in this 2-part review, i will focus on emerging virus infections of the central nervous system (cns). part 1 will introduce the basic features of emerging infections, including their definition, epidemiology, and the frequency of cns involvement. important mechanisms of emergence will be reviewed, including viruses spreading into new host ranges as exemplified by west nile virus (wnv), japanese encephalitis (je) virus, toscana virus, and enterovirus 71 (ev71). emerging infections also result fro ...	2009	19667214
efficient knockdown of human prnp mrna expression levels using hybrid hammerhead ribozymes.	prion diseases are invariably fatal infectious diseases of the central nervous system. the prion protein has been identified as the underlying causative agent as prp knockout mice (prnp(0/0)) are resistant to infection. this suggests that a significant reduction in the expression levels of prp(c) should interrupt disease progression. accomplishing this in vivo, upon presentation of symptoms, requires a mechanism that significantly reduces prnp mrna levels while lacking potential side effects tha ...	2009	19697238
safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species.	a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ...	2009	19698811
complete genome analysis of a rabies virus isolate from brazilian wild fox.	the complete genome sequence of wild-type rabies virus (rabv) isolated from a wild brazilian hoary fox (dusicyon sp.), the br-pfx1 isolate, was determined and compared with fixed rabv strains. the genome structure and organization of the br-pfx1 isolate were composed of 11,924 nt and included the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. sequences of mrna start and stop signals for transcription were highly conserved among all structural protein genes of the br-pfx1 isolate. all amino acid residues ...	2009	19701711
peptides that mimic the amino-terminal end of the rabies virus phosphoprotein have antiviral activity.	we wanted to develop a therapeutic approach against rabies disease by targeting the lyssavirus transcription/replication complex. because this complex (nucleoprotein n-rna template processed by the l polymerase and its cofactor, the phosphoprotein p) is similar to that of other negative-strand rna viruses, we aimed to design broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that could be used as a complement to postexposure vaccination and immunotherapy. recent progress in understanding the structure/function of t ...	2009	19706704
rhabdovirus evasion of the interferon system.	the family rhabdoviridae contains important pathogens of humans, livestock, and crops, including the insect-transmitted vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and the neurotropic rabies virus (rv), which is directly transmitted between mammals. in spite of a highly similar organization of rna genomes, proteins, and virus particles, cell biology of vsv and rv is divergent in several aspects, particularly with respect to their interplay with the cellular host defense. while infection with both rhabdovir ...	2009	19715459
role of chemokines in the enhancement of bbb permeability and inflammatory infiltration after rabies virus infection.	induction of innate immunity, particularly through the induction of interferon and chemokines, by rabies virus (rabv) infection has been reported to be inversely correlated with pathogenicity. to further investigate the association between the expression of chemokines and rabv infection, laboratory-attenuated rabv (b2c) and wild-type (wt) rabv (drv) were administered to balb/c mice intramuscularly. chemokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability w ...	2009	19720239
[new animal hosts of rabies virus in mountain areas in zhejiang province].	to understand the prevalence of rabies among wild animals and the animal species in rabies epidemic areas of zhejiang province.	2009	19731524
posterior parietal cortex areas mip and lipv receive eye position and velocity inputs via ascending preposito-thalamo-cortical pathways.	neuronal activity encoding eye position and gaze signals participates in updating the spatial representations found in the posterior parietal cortex and is necessary for spatial accuracy in goal-directed movements. using retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus in combination with a conventional tracer, we studied direct and polysynaptic inputs to the ventral lateral intraparietal area (lipv) and medial intraparietal area (mip) in non-human primates, to identify possible sources of eye ...	2009	19735295
the roles of chemokines in rabies virus infection: overexpression may not always be beneficial.	it was found previously that induction of innate immunity, particularly chemokines, is an important mechanism of rabies virus (rabv) attenuation. to evaluate the effect of overexpression of chemokines on rabv infection, chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (mip-1alpha), rantes, and ip-10 were individually cloned into the genome of attenuated rabv strain hep-flury. these recombinant rabvs were characterized in vitro for growth properties and expression of chemokines. it was found tha ...	2009	19740983
replication-deficient rabies virus-based vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates.	although current postexposure prophylaxis rabies virus (rv) vaccines are effective, approximately 40,000-70,000 rabies-related deaths are reported annually worldwide. the development of effective formulations requiring only 1-2 applications would significantly reduce mortality. we assessed in mice and nonhuman primates the efficacy of replication-deficient rv vaccine vectors that lack either the matrix (m) or phosphoprotein (p) gene. a single dose of m gene-deficient rv induced a more rapid and ...	2009	19764884
dual modes of rabies p-protein association with microtubules: a novel strategy to suppress the antiviral response.	conventional nuclear import is independent of the cytoskeleton, but recent data have shown that the import of specific proteins can be either facilitated or inhibited by microtubules (mts). nuclear import of the p-protein from rabies virus involves a mt-facilitated mechanism, but here, we show that p-protein is unique in that it also undergoes mt-inhibited import, with the mode of mt-interaction being regulated by the oligomeric state of the p-protein. this is the first demonstration that a prot ...	2009	19773364
bayesian phylogeography finds its roots.	as a key factor in endemic and epidemic dynamics, the geographical distribution of viruses has been frequently interpreted in the light of their genetic histories. unfortunately, inference of historical dispersal or migration patterns of viruses has mainly been restricted to model-free heuristic approaches that provide little insight into the temporal setting of the spatial dynamics. the introduction of probabilistic models of evolution, however, offers unique opportunities to engage in this sta ...	2009	19779555
binding of rabies virus polymerase cofactor to recombinant circular nucleoprotein-rna complexes.	in rabies virus, the attachment of the l polymerase (l) to the viral nucleocapsids (ncs)-a nucleoprotein (n)-rna complex that serves as template for rna transcription and replication-is mediated by the polymerase cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). p forms dimers (p(2)) that bind through their c-terminal domains (p(ctd)) to the c-terminal region of the n. recombinant circular n(m)-rna complexes containing 9 to 12 protomers of n (hereafter, the subscript m denotes the number of n protomers) served ...	2009	19781554
novel vaccines to human rabies.	rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in southeast asia and africa. safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. however, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times fo ...	2009	19787033
emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century.	the diagnosis of rabies is routinely based on clinical and epidemiological information, especially when exposures are reported in rabies-endemic countries. diagnostic tests using conventional assays that appear to be negative, even when undertaken late in the disease and despite the clinical diagnosis, have a tendency, at times, to be unreliable. these tests are rarely optimal and entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. in the course of the past three decades, the ap ...	2009	19787037
overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies.	each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. rabies is a life-threatening disease caused by an rna virus that is usually transmitted to humans through bites from rabid animals. more recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be adm ...	2009	19792992
[preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus cvs-11 strain].	to get the high specific and sensitive mononclonal antibodies against rv.	2009	19799024
[the function of helper plasmids from hep-flury strain rabies virus on encapsidating the full-length genome of ctn strain].	to identify the helper plasmids from hep-flury strain rabies virus that could encapsidate the full-length genome of ctn strain.	2009	19799148
[exposure to human rabies and the related risk factors in guangdong].		2009	19799159
[rabies in artibeus lituratus bats in montes claros, state of minas gerais].	the first isolation of the rabies virus in frugivorous bats of the species artibeus lituratus in montes claros, state of minas gerais, is presented. the diagnosis was obtained through the direct immunofluorescence reaction, biological tests and viral profiling. although canine rabies is under control in this city, the rabies virus continues to circulate in bats in the urban area.	2009	19802484
the production of antibody by invading b cells is required for the clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system.	the pathogenesis of rabies is associated with the inability to deliver immune effectors across the blood-brain barrier and to clear virulent rabies virus from cns tissues. however, the mechanisms that facilitate immune effector entry into cns tissues are induced by infection with attenuated rabies virus.	2009	19806203
selection and affinity maturation of human antibodies against rabies virus from a scfv gene library using ribosome display.	we selected useful antibody fragments against rabies virus from a human single chain variable fragment (scfv) gene library using ribosome display technique. the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) was used as an antigen to isolate specific scfvs. after five rounds of selection, the analysis demonstrated that scfv-ribosome-mrna complexes were specifically selected against rvgp. sequence analysis showed that mutations were introduced at random by pcr among the rounds of selection and vari ...	2009	19818816
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008.	during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ...	2009	19751163
reemerging rabies and lack of systemic surveillance in people's republic of china.	rabies is a reemerging disease in china. the high incidence of rabies leads to numerous concerns: a potential carrier-dog phenomenon, undocumented transmission of rabies virus from wildlife to dogs, counterfeit vaccines, vaccine mismatching, and seroconversion testing in patients after their completion of postexposure prophylaxis (pep). these concerns are all scientifically arguable given a modern understanding of rabies. rabies reemerges periodically in china because of high dog population dens ...	2009	19751575
molecular epidemiology of rabies in southern people's republic of china.	in recent years, the number of human rabies cases in the people's republic of china has increased during severe epidemics in 3 southern provinces (guizhou, guangxi, and hunan). to analyze the causes of the high incidence of human rabies in this region, during 2005-2007, we collected 2,887 brain specimens from apparently healthy domestic dogs used for meat consumption in restaurants, 4 specimens from suspected rabid dogs, and 3 from humans with rabies in the 3 provinces. partial nucleoprotein gen ...	2009	19751579
human rabies and rabies in vampire and nonvampire bat species, southeastern peru, 2007.	after a human rabies outbreak in southeastern peru, we collected bats to estimate the prevalence of rabies in various species. among 165 bats from 6 genera and 10 species, 10.3% were antibody positive; antibody prevalence was similar in vampire and nonvampire bats. thus, nonvampire bats may also be a source for human rabies in peru.	2009	19751600
high level expression of a functionally active cholera toxin b: rabies glycoprotein fusion protein in tobacco seeds.	a synthetic dna construct containing cholera toxin b subunit, genetically fused to the surface glycoprotein of rabies virus was expressed in tobacco plants from a seed specific (legumin) promoter. seed specific expression was monitored by real-time pcr, gm1-elisa and western blot analyses. the fusion protein accumulated in tobacco seeds at up to 1.22% of the total seed protein. it was functionally active in binding to the gm1-ganglioside receptors, suggesting its assembly into pentamers in seeds ...	2009	19820945
rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells: influence of re-selection on protein expression.	the aim of this study was to achieve expression of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) in drosophila s2 cells. for this, a cdna coding for the selection hygromycin antibiotic and the cdna encoding the rvgp protein under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (ac) were cloned in an expression plasmid, which was transfected into s2 cells. s2 cell populations (s2acrvgphy) showed rrvgp expression in cell lysates, attaining concentrations up to 1.5 microg/10(7) cells (705 microg/l). ...	2009	19824020
serum antibody titers following routine rabies vaccination in african elephants.	to evaluate serum antibody titers in captive african elephants (loxodonta africana) following routine vaccination with a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine.	2009	19827985
validation and operational application of a rapid method for rabies antigen detection.	the veterinary laboratory europe (vle) deployed a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test (drit), developed by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), to the us military veterinary units in iraq and afghanistan. the test detects rabies virus antigen in fresh and frozen brainstem samples from various animal species. the goal was to conduct surveillance in 2 countries without current rabies diagnostic capabilities and little historical data on rabies prevalence. during the deployment ...	2009	20088045
[safety and immunogenicity of rabies vaccine (chick embryo cell) for human use produced in germany and india].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of rabipur produced in india.	2009	20084974
[rabies virus isolation in the salivary glands of insectivorous bats].	this study determined the presence of the rabies virus in salivary glands, as well as its titre and antigenic characterisation and the level of exposure to the virus from contact between domestic animals and humans. twenty-six positive brain samples were selected, 80% of which were from the brazilian free-tailed bat, tadarida brasiliensis, corresponding to the period 1999-2005. antigenic characterisation was conducted on a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus nucleoprotei ...	2009	20462155
standardization and assessment of cell culture media quantities in roller poly ethylene terephthalate bottles employed in the industrial rabies viral vaccine production.	vero cells are utilized for production of rabies vaccine. this study deals with the optimize quantity media require for the rabies vaccine production in the smooth roller surface. the rabies virus (pasteur vaccine strain) is infected to monolayer of the various experimented bottles. to analyze the optimal quantity of media for the production of rabies viral harvest during the process of vero cell derived rabies vaccine. the trials are started from 200 to 400 ml (ptarv-1, ptarv-2, ptarv-3, ptarv- ...	2009	20384277
bat rabies--a gordian knot?	although classical rabies is one of the earliest identified and best studied infectious diseases, there is still limited knowledge about lyssaviruses and their major natural hosts, bats. focussing on bat rabies in europe caused by european bat lyssaviruses 1 (eblv-1) and 2, for instance the association of eblv-1 to eptesicus bats and eblv-2 to myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme together with an apparent clustering of cases is one question still to be answered. furthermore, the question whether ...	2009	19999377
[biological characteristics of a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein].	to obtain a bivalence vaccine against canine rabies virus and canine parvovirus, a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein was generated by the technique of reverse genetics. it was shown that the chimeric virus designated as hep-flury (vp2) grew well on bhk-21 cells and the vp2 gene could still be stably expressed after ten passages on bhk-21 cells. experiments on the mice immunized with the chimeric virus hep-flury (vp2) demonstrated that specific antibodies against rabi ...	2009	19954113
[study on the feasibility of a cell-culture inoculation test in the detection and isolation of street rabies virus].	feasibility of using mna cell-culture inoculation test to detect and isolate the street rabies virus.	2009	19957630
new adenovirus in bats, germany.	we tested 55 deceased vespertilionid bats of 12 species from southern germany for virus infections. a new adenovirus was isolated from tissue samples of 2 pipistrellus pipistrellus bats, which represents the only chiropteran virus isolate found in europe besides lyssavirus (rabies virus). evidence was found for adenovirus transmission between bats.	2009	19961700
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.	steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...	2009	20027214
[protective activity of panavir in experimental rabies infection].	significant and reliable activity of panavir was shown in experiments on mice intramuscularly infected with the rabies virus. the animal protection depended on the dose of panavir and the treatment scheme. the reliable protection (30-45% of the mice, p<0.05-0.01) was observed only after the panavir intramuscular injection to the site of the virus inoculation (the infection atrium), but not after the systemic (intraperitoneal) administration. high titers of the virus-neutralizing antibodies (7.92 ...	2009	20052915
[diagnosis of a human rabies case in jujuy, 2008].	on july 22, 2008, a previously healthy 8 years old boy from jujuy, argentina, died of encephalitis later confirmed as rabies. diagnosis was made on the basis rabies-specific antibodies presence in a serum sample and it was confirmed by detection of the viral antigens in brain necropsy using the immunofluorescent test. antigenic characterization identified dog as source of infection. molecular analysis recognized the same genetic variant circulating in jujuy since 2003. this report presents the p ...	2009	20053605
therapy of rabies encephalitis.		2009	20128341
[human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia].	human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia a case of rabies encephalitis is presented in a teenaged male, which developed four months after a bat bite in the urban area of floridablanca, santander province, colombia. the complex clinical manifestations prevented the confirmation of an antemortem diagnosis, principally because of the lengthy incubation period and the absence of other similar urban cases. despite application of several therapies, including the mil ...	2009	20128344
[complete genome sequencing and analyses of rabies viruses isolated from wild animals (chinese ferret-badger) in zhejiang province].	based on sequencing the full-length genomes of two chinese ferret-badger, we analyzed the properties of rabies viruses genetic variation in molecular level to get information on prevalence and variation of rabies viruses in zhejiang, and to enrich the genome database of rabies viruses street strains isolated from chinese wildlife.	2009	20193207