Publications

efficient knockdown of human prnp mrna expression levels using hybrid hammerhead ribozymes.	prion diseases are invariably fatal infectious diseases of the central nervous system. the prion protein has been identified as the underlying causative agent as prp knockout mice (prnp(0/0)) are resistant to infection. this suggests that a significant reduction in the expression levels of prp(c) should interrupt disease progression. accomplishing this in vivo, upon presentation of symptoms, requires a mechanism that significantly reduces prnp mrna levels while lacking potential side effects tha ...	2009	19697238
rabid or good neighbors?		2009	19229218
response to protocol review scenario: federal oversight needed.		2009	19229219
response to protocol review scenario: whose watch?		2009	19229220
[rabies].	rabies is a fetal viral encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, that is mainly transmitted through the saliva of infected domestic or wild animals. rabies remains an important public health issue worldwide due to the prevalence of endemic dog rabies in developing countries. the epidemiological impact is particularly still high in asian and african countries. in contrast, in the developed countries, including japan, rabies is a re-emerging disease. the lyssaviruses (types eblv and abl) and rabie ...	2009	19235463
toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus negri bodies.	human neurons express the innate immune response receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3). tlr3 levels are increased in pathological conditions such as brain virus infection. here, we further investigated the production, cellular localisation, and function of neuronal tlr3 during neuronotropic rabies virus (rabv) infection in human neuronal cells. following rabv infection, tlr3 is not only present in endosomes, as observed in the absence of infection, but also in detergent-resistant perinuclear inc ...	2009	19247444
selective vulnerability of dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental rabies after peripheral inoculation of cvs-11 in adult mice.	the involvement of dorsal root ganglia was studied in an in vivo model of experimental rabies virus infection using the challenge virus standard (cvs-11) strain. dorsal root ganglia neurons infected with cvs in vitro show prolonged survival and few morphological changes, and are commonly used to study the infection. it has been established that after peripheral inoculation of mice with cvs the brain and spinal cord show relatively few neurodegenerative changes, but detailed studies of pathologic ...	2009	19252919
applying the milwaukee protocol to treat canine rabies in equatorial guinea.	in this first report of rabies in equatorial guinea, problems accompanying the application of the milwaukee protocol are described. with its apparent success, and despite a subsequent death from complications of malnutrition, we sound a note of optimism that canine as well as bat rabies may be treatable.	2009	19263274
evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central africa.	the burden of rabies in africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabv in western and central africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 african countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. this revealed that rabv currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'africa 2'. a detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of th ...	2009	19264663
the rabies virus phosphoprotein synthesis and subcellular localization are modified by nerve growth factor.	rabies virus p protein participates as a regulating factor in viral transcription and replication; recent studies found an antitranscriptional and antireplicative effect of nerve growth factor (ngf) and neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) in infected neuron cultures. we investigated here the specific effect of the neurotrophins on p protein, evaluating its synthesis and subcellular distribution in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures infected and treated with ngf or nt-3. the results showed that ng ...	2009	19283595
brain-targeting gene delivery and cellular internalization mechanisms for modified rabies virus glycoprotein rvg29 nanoparticles.	a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) was exploited as a ligand for efficient brain-targeting gene delivery. rvg29 was modified on polyamidoamine dendrimers (pamam) through bifunctional peg, then complexed with dna, yielding pamam-peg-rvg29/dna nanoparticles (nps). the nps were observed to be uptaken by brain capillary endothelial cells (bcecs) through a clathrin and caveolae mediated energy-depending endocytosis. the specific cellular uptake can be inhibited ...	2009	19467700
rapid detection of rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	in this study, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was established which can detect 10(3) copies of viral rna corresponding to approximately 5 fg of rna. rt-lamp with the phil primer set designed according to the nucleotide sequences obtained from a kyoto patient who contracted rabies in the philippines was able to amplify all 16 street viral sequences derived from the philippines. the specificity of rt-lamp products was easily confirmed by digestion with rsai ...	2009	19468177
human exposures to a rabid bat - montana, 2008.	on september 29, 2008, the ravalli county public health department (rcphd) notified the montana department of public health and human services (mdphhs) of a large-scale human exposure to a dead bat at an elementary school. on october 1, the bat was confirmed to be rabid, and on october 4, mdphhs requested assistance from cdc in evaluating persons for rabies exposure. of 107 persons assessed, only one person (1%) was recommended for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in accordance with guidanc ...	2009	19478724
expression of rabies virus g protein in carrots (daucus carota).	antigens derived from various pathogens can readily be synthesized at high levels in plants in their authentic forms. such antigens administered orally can induce an immune response and, in some cases, result in protection against a subsequent challenge. we here report the expression of rabies virus g protein into carrots. the g gene was subcloned into the pucpssrabg vector and then used to transform carrot embryogenic cells by particle bombardment. the carrot cells were selected in liquid mediu ...	2009	19479338
feline rabies. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.	overview: rabies virus belongs to the genus lyssavirus, together with european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. in clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. infection: rabid animals are the only source of infection. virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. the average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, ...	2009	19481038
development and evaluation of a rapid neutralizing antibody test for rabies.	the level of virus-neutralizing antibody, which plays a crucial role in the prevention of rabies, is determined by rabies virus (rabv) neutralizing test, which are time- and cost-consuming. in order to determine the level of neutralizing antibody in vaccinees, an easy and reliable method is needed. based on the principle of immunochromatography, we developed a rapina (rapid neutralizing antibody) test to determine the presence of neutralizing antibody in serum. in the rapina test, if neutralizin ...	2009	19481115
immunogenicity and safety of recombinant rabies viruses used for oral vaccination of stray dogs and wildlife.	rabies is a zoonotic disease and stray dogs, wild carnivores and bats are the natural reservoirs of rabies. oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free ranging terrestrial animals. we have developed the double glycoprotein (g) rabies virus (rv) variant spbngas-gas that has great promise to be used as a live-attenuated vaccine. oral immunization of rodents and several target animal species with this double g rv variant resulted in the induction ...	2009	19486317
[epidemiological profile of rabies in the northwestern region of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007].	the epidemiology of animal rabies in the region of araçatuba, in the northwest of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007, is described according to the results from diagnoses made at laboratories in the region, using the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. out of 10,579 samples analyzed, 4.9% were positive (518/10,579). dogs accounted for 67% of the cases (346/518) and these occurred between 1993 and 1997. among the other positive samples, 16% (84/518) were in cattle and 9.7% (50/518) ...	2009	19287928
[antigen profile of rabies virus isolated from different species of non-hematophagous bats in the region of presidente prudente, state of são paulo].	using the monoclonal antibody technique, the clinical and molecular virology laboratory of the institute of biomedical sciences of the university of são paulo typed 18 rabies virus samples from non-hematophagous bats of several species from the region of presidente prudente, sp, brazil. among these samples, 15 (82.3%) were defined as variant 3 (compatible with samples isolated from desmodus rotundus bats) and three (16.7%) as variant 4 (compatible with samples isolated from tadarida brasiliensis ...	2009	19287929
furious rabies after an atypical exposure.		2009	19296718
use of rabies postexposure prophylaxis supplied by the alaska section of epidemiology, alaska, 2002-2007.	the aim of this study was to summarize the alaska experience in centralizing distribution of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep).	2009	19320368
proteomics analysis of bhk-21 cells infected with a fixed strain of rabies virus.	rabies is a neurotropic virus that causes a life threatening acute viral encephalitis. the complex relationship of rabies virus (rv) with the host leads to its replication and spreading toward the neural network, where viral pathogenic effects appeared as neuronal dysfunction. in order to better understand the molecular basis of this relationship, a proteomics study on baby hamster kidney cells infected with challenge virus standard strain of rv was performed. this cell line is an in vitro model ...	2009	19322775
a three-year clinical study on immunogenicity, safety, and booster response of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly or intradermally to 12- to 18-month-old thai children, concomitantly with japanese encephalitis vaccine.	after concomitant administration of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and japanese encephalitis vaccine to toddlers, adequate rabies and japanese encephalitis virus neutralizing antibodies concentrations were demonstrated by day 49, 7 days after a booster at 1 year, and in the majorly at 3 years postvaccination. the inclusion of rabies vaccine in the expanded program on immunization should be considered in rabies endemic countries.	2009	19333080
[investigation of antibody levels following rabies vaccination in the subjects who were biten by animals].	rabies is still an important public health problem in developing countries. vaccination against rabies should be initiated as soon as possible following the suspicious bite. it is not yet clear whether previously vaccinated people should be re-vaccinated in case of re-exposure to rabies virus. in this study it is aimed to determine the antibody titer in sera of vaccinated people and also to evaluate the relation between the antibody titer and number of vaccination. the study group consisted of 1 ...	2009	19334389
modular organization of rabies virus phosphoprotein.	a phosphoprotein (p) is found in all viruses of the mononegavirales order. these proteins form homo-oligomers, fulfil similar roles in the replication cycles of the various viruses, but differ in their length and oligomerization state. sequence alignments reveal no sequence similarity among proteins from viruses belonging to the same family. sequence analysis and experimental data show that phosphoproteins from viruses of the paramyxoviridae contain structured domains alternating with intrinsica ...	2009	19341745
changes to interneuron-driven striatal microcircuits in a rat model of parkinson's disease.	striatal interneurons play key roles in basal ganglia function and related disorders by modulating the activity of striatal projection neurons. here we have injected rabies virus (rv) into either the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata or the globus pallidus and took advantage of the trans-synaptic spread of rv to unequivocally identify the interneurons connected to striatonigral- or striatopallidal-projecting neurons, respectively. large numbers of rv-infected parvalbumin (pv+/rv+) and choline ...	2009	19341798
pathology of the spinal cord of c57bl/6j mice infected with rabies virus (cvs-11 strain).	fixed rabies viruses (cvs-11 strain) were inoculated intramuscularly to c57bl/6j mice, and the pathomorphological changes of the spinal cord including dorsal root spinal ganglion cells were investigated. at 4 days postinoculation (pi), viral antigens were first detected in the spinal neurons and dorsal root spinal ganglion cells without producing morphological changes. at 5 days pi, mild infiltration of lymphocytes was observed around the central canal, small blood vessels and leptomeninges. cel ...	2009	19346700
neuroanatomical mapping of rabies nucleocapsid viral antigen distribution and apoptosis in pathogenesis in street dog rabies--an immunohistochemical study.	to date, there is no study from asian countries describing the pathology and topographic distribution of virulent, "street" rabies viral infection in the canine brain. in the present study, neuroanatomical distribution of rabies viral antigen in the brains of rabid street dogs, by immunohistochemical techniques is documented and the role of apoptosis in pathogenesis of rabies in natural hosts especially canines infected with street virus is studied.	2009	19353843
competitive elisa using a rabies glycoprotein-transformed cell line to semi-quantify rabies neutralizing-related antibodies in dogs.	dogs are the principal vectors for rabies virus transmission to humans in many parts of the world. the current "gold standard" world health organization- and office international des epizooties-recommended tests for measuring anti-rabies virus antibodies in dogs, such as the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test, requires high containment facilities and several days for results. here, we describe a new competitive elisa (c-elisa) that utilizes a cell line stably expressing the ra ...	2009	19356613
poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: a potent oral delivery system to elicit systemic immune response against inactivated rabies virus.	rabies is an endemic, fatal zoonotic disease in the developing countries. oral vaccination strategies are suitable for rabies control in developing countries. studies were performed to investigate the suitability of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microspheres as an oral delivery system for beta-propiolactone inactivated concentrated rabies virus (crv). immune responses induced by encapsulated (plg+crv) and un-encapsulated inactivated rabies virus after oral and intraperitoneal route administra ...	2009	19356617
in vitro propagation of rabies virus in mouse dorsal root ganglia cells.	rabies virus (rv) is highly neurotropic and migrates to the neuronal soma by retrograde axonal transport from nerve terminals, after which it is taken by anterograde axonal transport to be finally released into the central nervous system (cns) from which it disseminates, resulting in lethal encephalitis. dorsal root ganglia (drg) are crucial in the initial events of the infection by rv since they can act as a gate for the viral entrance into the cns. in the present study, we examined cell tropis ...	2009	19358445
[cortico-basal ganglia circuits--parallel closed loops and convergent/divergent connections].	the basal ganglia play important roles not only in motor control but also in higher cognitive functions such as reinforcement learning and procedural memory. anatomical studies on the neuronal connections between the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and thalamus have demonstrated that these nuclei and cortical areas are interconnected via independent parallel loop circuits. the association, motor, and limbic cortices project to specific domains in the striatum, which, in turn, project back to the ...	2009	19378804
modulating mouse innate immunity to rna viruses by expressing the bos taurus mx system.	mx proteins are interferon-induced members of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases. these proteins have attracted much attention because some display antiviral activity against pathogenic rna viruses, such as members of the orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, and rhabdoviridae families. among the diverse mammalian mx proteins examined so far, we have recently demonstrated in vitro that the bos taurus isoform 1 (bomx1) is endowed with exceptional anti-rabies-virus activity. this ...	2009	19387858
aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada.	during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ...	2009	19395746
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.	in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...	2009	19395747
vero cell platform in vaccine production: moving towards cell culture-based viral vaccines.	the development of cell culture systems for virus propagation has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. primary and diploid cell culture systems are now being replaced by the use of continuous cell lines (ccls). these substrates are gaining increasing acceptance from regulatory authorities as improved screening technologies remove fears regarding their potential oncogenic properties. the vero cell line is the most widely accepted ccl by regulatory authorities and has been used for ...	2009	19397417
mitochondrial dna signatures at different spatial scales: from the effects of the straits of gibraltar to population structure in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus).	the meridional serotine bat eptesicus isabellinus is found in north africa and the iberian peninsula. we analyzed the genetic structure of e. isabellinus at two different geographic scales to reveal the historical and ecological patterns that have shaped its populations. the role of the straits of gibraltar as an isolating barrier between african and iberian populations is evaluated and the degree of genetic structure and female-mediated gene flow was assessed at a local scale between neighborin ...	2009	19401715
metastatic angioinvasive lymphoma (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) in a cat.	a subcutaneous mass removed from the right rear leg of a 17-year-old, spayed, female domestic shorthair cat was characterized histopathologically by granulomatous inflammation, sheets of large atypical lymphoid cells, and necrosis. the walls of the small and medium caliber blood vessels were invaded transmurally by atypical lymphoid cells. a diagnosis of angioinvasive lymphoma (ail), or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, was made based on histopathologic findings. the cat was euthanized 2 months later ...	2009	19407098
relaxation of purifying selection on the sad lineage of live attenuated oral vaccines for rabies virus.	analysis of patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity in wild-type rabies virus (rabv) genomes and in the sad live attenuated oral vaccine lineage was used to test for the relaxation of purifying selection in the latter and provide evidence regarding the genomic regions where such relaxation of selection occurs. the wild-type sequences showed evidence of strong past and ongoing purifying selection both on nonsynonymous sites in coding regions and on non-coding regions, particularly the start, en ...	2009	19409512
phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from southern india.	india like several other south east asian and african countries continues to face the public health and economic problems associated with the disease. our objective was to perform a limited sequence analysis of a portion of nucleoprotein gene of 22 rabies virus isolates obtained from domestic animals in southern india during 2004-2005. these isolates were compared with rabies virus isolates originating from asia, europe, africa and north america. the phylogenetic analysis showed that rv isolates ...	2009	19428313
the spread of canine rabies into free state province of south africa: a molecular epidemiological characterization.	the free state (fs) province of the republic of south africa is associated with endemic rabies in the yellow mongoose, cynictis penicillata. historically, this mongoose rabies virus biotype occasionally spilled over into domestic dogs, but the canid rabies virus biotype of southern africa did not occur here, until recently. we report on the recent spread of canine rabies by means of a molecular epidemiological study that was performed on a cohort of 69 rabies viruses collected from dogs in fs pr ...	2009	19428751
an evaluation of two commercially available elisas and one in-house reference laboratory elisa for the determination of human anti-rabies virus antibodies.	the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus in vaccines induces the production of neutralizing antibodies important in the protection against the disease. the measurement of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good predictor of the degree of humoral immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. several assays exist for the serological determination of antibody protection against rabies virus infection. antibody neutralization by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibiti ...	2009	19429758
localization of serotoninergic neurons that participate in regulating diaphragm activity in the cat.	although a considerable body of literature indicates that serotoninergic neurons affect diaphragm activity both through direct inputs to phrenic motoneurons and multisynaptic connections involving the brainstem respiratory groups, the locations of the serotoninergic neurons that modulate breathing have not been well defined. the present study identified these neurons in cats by combining the transneuronal retrograde transport of rabies virus from the diaphragm with the immunohistochemical detect ...	2009	19433074
[construction and analysis of full-length cdna clone of rabies virus street strain].	to construct a expression plasmid containing the full-length cdna of rabies virus, four overlapped fragments covering full length cdna of rabies virus street stain hn10 were cloned into pvax1 sequentially in the genome except for the g-l noncoding region which was replaced with gfp gene. the plasmid containing the full-length viral cdna was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme (hamrz) and hepatitis delta ribozyme (hdvrz) sequences and arranged under the control of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. t ...	2009	19437881
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolated from cattle between 1997 and 2002 in an epizootic area in the state of são paulo, brazil.	the biogeographical history of rabies can be reconstructed using molecular data. this work describes the genetic characterization of the rabies virus variant that circulates in the desmodus rotundus (vampire bat) population in an epizootic area and is transmitted to herbivorous livestock. the n and g genes of this virus were sequenced, and the phylogenetic trees generated were topologically concordant. three genetic clusters were identified in the epizootic area and were designated rd1, rd2 and ...	2009	19442690
molecular characterization of the complete genome of a street rabies virus isolated in china.	in this study, the complete genomic sequence of a rabies virus isolate hn10, recovered from brain tissue of a rabid patient in china, was determined. this is the first chinese street isolate that has been fully characterized. the overall organization of this virus is typical of that observed for all other rabies viruses. alignments of amino acid sequences of the phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and large protein of hn10 with those of other rabies viruses were used to examine the extent of conservati ...	2009	19463716
[reverse genetic system for rabies virus vaccine evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth strain].	to establish a reverse genetic system of rabies virus for producing safe and efficient rabies vaccine.	2009	19873761
rabies virus-based vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies, poly-functional cd8+ t cell, and protect rhesus macaques from aids-like disease after siv(mac251) challenge.	highly attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccine vectors were evaluated for their ability to protect against highly pathogenic siv(mac251) challenge. mamu-a*01 negative rhesus macaques were immunized in groups of four with either: rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, a combination of rv expressing siv(mac239)-env and rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, or with empty rv vectors. eight weeks later animals received a booster immunization with a heterologous rv expressing the same antigens. at 12 weeks post-b ...	2009	19879223
effective prevention against rabies by intracerebral immunization in mice.	to evaluate the efficacy of intracerebral (ic) immunization, mice were immunized with a rabies vaccine by the subcutaneous (sc), intramuscular (im) or ic route, and 10-fold the 50% lethal dose of rabies virus was inoculated into the hindleg of the immunized or non-immunized mice. the antibody titer in serum was elevated and boosted by additional immunization via all routes, but highest after the ic immunization followed by the im and sc routes, in this order. intracerebrally immunized mice were ...	2009	19887739
development of a mouse monoclonal antibody cocktail for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in humans.	as the demand for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) treatments has increased exponentially in recent years, the limited supply of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin (hrig and erig) has failed to provide the required passive immune component in pep in countries where canine rabies is endemic. replacement of hrig and erig with a potentially cheaper and efficacious alternative biological for treatment of rabies in humans, therefore, remains a high priority. in this study, we set out to ass ...	2009	19888334
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008.	during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ...	2009	19751163
reemerging rabies and lack of systemic surveillance in people's republic of china.	rabies is a reemerging disease in china. the high incidence of rabies leads to numerous concerns: a potential carrier-dog phenomenon, undocumented transmission of rabies virus from wildlife to dogs, counterfeit vaccines, vaccine mismatching, and seroconversion testing in patients after their completion of postexposure prophylaxis (pep). these concerns are all scientifically arguable given a modern understanding of rabies. rabies reemerges periodically in china because of high dog population dens ...	2009	19751575
molecular epidemiology of rabies in southern people's republic of china.	in recent years, the number of human rabies cases in the people's republic of china has increased during severe epidemics in 3 southern provinces (guizhou, guangxi, and hunan). to analyze the causes of the high incidence of human rabies in this region, during 2005-2007, we collected 2,887 brain specimens from apparently healthy domestic dogs used for meat consumption in restaurants, 4 specimens from suspected rabid dogs, and 3 from humans with rabies in the 3 provinces. partial nucleoprotein gen ...	2009	19751579
human rabies and rabies in vampire and nonvampire bat species, southeastern peru, 2007.	after a human rabies outbreak in southeastern peru, we collected bats to estimate the prevalence of rabies in various species. among 165 bats from 6 genera and 10 species, 10.3% were antibody positive; antibody prevalence was similar in vampire and nonvampire bats. thus, nonvampire bats may also be a source for human rabies in peru.	2009	19751600
high level expression of a functionally active cholera toxin b: rabies glycoprotein fusion protein in tobacco seeds.	a synthetic dna construct containing cholera toxin b subunit, genetically fused to the surface glycoprotein of rabies virus was expressed in tobacco plants from a seed specific (legumin) promoter. seed specific expression was monitored by real-time pcr, gm1-elisa and western blot analyses. the fusion protein accumulated in tobacco seeds at up to 1.22% of the total seed protein. it was functionally active in binding to the gm1-ganglioside receptors, suggesting its assembly into pentamers in seeds ...	2009	19820945
rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells: influence of re-selection on protein expression.	the aim of this study was to achieve expression of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) in drosophila s2 cells. for this, a cdna coding for the selection hygromycin antibiotic and the cdna encoding the rvgp protein under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (ac) were cloned in an expression plasmid, which was transfected into s2 cells. s2 cell populations (s2acrvgphy) showed rrvgp expression in cell lysates, attaining concentrations up to 1.5 microg/10(7) cells (705 microg/l). ...	2009	19824020
serum antibody titers following routine rabies vaccination in african elephants.	to evaluate serum antibody titers in captive african elephants (loxodonta africana) following routine vaccination with a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine.	2009	19827985
study of kinetic parameters for the production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein.	gene expression in insect cells is an advantageous system for recombinant protein production, mainly because of its capacity to produce complex proteins with correct post-translational modifications. recently, we identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of rabies virus glycoprotein, expressed in drosophila melanogaster cells, by about 60%. in this work, the kinetic parameters for cell growth and recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein product ...	2009	19842054
correlation of cytokine expression with rabies virus distribution in rabies encephalitis.	rabies encephalitis is a significant health hazard, particularly in asia. to understand the role of immune mechanisms and cytokines in rabies encephalitis, we performed a retrospective and prospective study on the autopsy material. representative histopathological sections were studied and subjected to immunostaining for rabies virus antigen, tnf-alpha and il-1beta. immunohistochemistry for il-1beta and tnf-alpha revealed expression of these cytokines in 96% of cases in microglial cells, macroph ...	2009	19857907
evidence for a 4-dose vaccine schedule for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in previously non-vaccinated individuals.	after exposure, human rabies is preventable by prompt application of post-exposure prophylaxis. historically, the total number of rabies vaccine doses administered during human prophylaxis has decreased, as modern biologics have improved and scientific knowledge has grown. a review of the literature on rabies virus pathogenesis, experimental animal studies, clinical trials, epidemiological surveillance, and economic analyses was conducted to determine the potential utility of reducing the curren ...	2009	19925944
rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines.	despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. in this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. two-month-old syrian hamsters, 4-week-old icr mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. thereafter, prophyl ...	2009	19925945
"early death" and the contraindication of vaccine during treatment of rabies.	administration of rabies vaccine or rabies immune globulin (rig) during symptomatic rabies is ineffective, and there are concerns about the phenomenon of "early death" reported in animals that develop rabies after receipt of rabies vaccine or immune globulin. survival analyses of the original animal data confirm these findings in two species, whereas analyses of human case reports and the milwaukee protocol registry suggest lower risk of "early death" in humans. there may be a deleterious intera ...	2009	19925949
a robust lentiviral pseudotype neutralisation assay for in-field serosurveillance of rabies and lyssaviruses in africa.	the inflexibility of existing serological techniques for detection of rabies in surveillance constrains the benefit to be gained from many current control strategies. we analysed 304 serum samples from tanzanian dogs for the detection of rabies antibodies in a pseudotype assay using lentiviral vectors bearing the cvs-11 envelope glycoprotein. compared with the widely used gold standard fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay, a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 94.4% with a strong c ...	2009	19925950
influence of oral rabies vaccine bait density on rabies seroprevalence in wild raccoons.	the effect of different oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait densities (75, 150, and 300 baits/km(2)) on the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvnas) in raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed at a 15% seroprevalence difference threshold in rural areas of northeast ohio. results (n=588 raccoons) indicated that seropositivity for rvnas was associated with both bait density and bait campaign frequency. associations were not detected for raccoon gender, age, or macro-habitat. the odds ...	2009	19925951
oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine.	oral vaccination is an important part of wildlife rabies control programs. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus is the only oral rabies vaccine licensed in the united states, and it is not effective in skunks. in the current study, captive raccoons and skunks were used to evaluate a vaccine developed by incorporating the rabies virus glycoprotein gene into a canine adenovirus serotype 2 vector (cav2-rvg). seven of 7 raccoons orally vaccinated with cav2-rvg developed viru ...	2009	19925952
bat rabies--a gordian knot?	although classical rabies is one of the earliest identified and best studied infectious diseases, there is still limited knowledge about lyssaviruses and their major natural hosts, bats. focussing on bat rabies in europe caused by european bat lyssaviruses 1 (eblv-1) and 2, for instance the association of eblv-1 to eptesicus bats and eblv-2 to myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme together with an apparent clustering of cases is one question still to be answered. furthermore, the question whether ...	2009	19999377
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.	steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...	2009	20027214
[protective activity of panavir in experimental rabies infection].	significant and reliable activity of panavir was shown in experiments on mice intramuscularly infected with the rabies virus. the animal protection depended on the dose of panavir and the treatment scheme. the reliable protection (30-45% of the mice, p<0.05-0.01) was observed only after the panavir intramuscular injection to the site of the virus inoculation (the infection atrium), but not after the systemic (intraperitoneal) administration. high titers of the virus-neutralizing antibodies (7.92 ...	2009	20052915
risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, united states.	the united states is the world's largest wildlife importer, and imported wild animals represent a potential source of zoonotic pathogens. using data on mammals imported during 2000-2005, we assessed their potential to host 27 selected risk zoonoses and created a risk assessment that could inform policy making for wildlife importation and zoonotic disease surveillance. a total of 246,772 mammals in 190 genera (68 families) were imported. the most widespread agents of risk zoonoses were rabies vir ...	2009	19891857
human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait - pennsylvania, 2009.	since 2003, the u.s. department of agriculture's wildlife services has coordinated a multistate oral rabies vaccination (orv) program for wildlife in a 15-state zone extending from maine to alabama and in texas. the program seeks to enhance local control and prevent the spread of epizootic rabies among raccoons and, in texas, among gray foxes and coyotes. the program uses baits containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine. because contact with ruptured baits ca ...	2009	19893480
human rabies - missouri, 2008.	on november 24, 2008, the missouri state public health laboratory notified cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years from missouri. the man had been bitten by a bat 4--6 weeks before symptom onset and had not sought medical care at the time of the bite. after visiting two emergency departments (eds) with symptoms consistent with rabies, he was hospitalized on november 23 and treated using the milwaukee protocol. on november 26, infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-ha ...	2009	19893481
rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ...	2009	19901385
[biological characteristics of a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein].	to obtain a bivalence vaccine against canine rabies virus and canine parvovirus, a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein was generated by the technique of reverse genetics. it was shown that the chimeric virus designated as hep-flury (vp2) grew well on bhk-21 cells and the vp2 gene could still be stably expressed after ten passages on bhk-21 cells. experiments on the mice immunized with the chimeric virus hep-flury (vp2) demonstrated that specific antibodies against rabi ...	2009	19954113
[study on the feasibility of a cell-culture inoculation test in the detection and isolation of street rabies virus].	feasibility of using mna cell-culture inoculation test to detect and isolate the street rabies virus.	2009	19957630
new adenovirus in bats, germany.	we tested 55 deceased vespertilionid bats of 12 species from southern germany for virus infections. a new adenovirus was isolated from tissue samples of 2 pipistrellus pipistrellus bats, which represents the only chiropteran virus isolate found in europe besides lyssavirus (rabies virus). evidence was found for adenovirus transmission between bats.	2009	19961700
therapy of rabies encephalitis.		2009	20128341
[human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia].	human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia a case of rabies encephalitis is presented in a teenaged male, which developed four months after a bat bite in the urban area of floridablanca, santander province, colombia. the complex clinical manifestations prevented the confirmation of an antemortem diagnosis, principally because of the lengthy incubation period and the absence of other similar urban cases. despite application of several therapies, including the mil ...	2009	20128344
validation and operational application of a rapid method for rabies antigen detection.	the veterinary laboratory europe (vle) deployed a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test (drit), developed by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), to the us military veterinary units in iraq and afghanistan. the test detects rabies virus antigen in fresh and frozen brainstem samples from various animal species. the goal was to conduct surveillance in 2 countries without current rabies diagnostic capabilities and little historical data on rabies prevalence. during the deployment ...	2009	20088045
[safety and immunogenicity of rabies vaccine (chick embryo cell) for human use produced in germany and india].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of rabipur produced in india.	2009	20084974
novel vaccines to human rabies.	rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in southeast asia and africa. safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. however, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times fo ...	2009	19787033
[complete genome sequencing and analyses of rabies viruses isolated from wild animals (chinese ferret-badger) in zhejiang province].	based on sequencing the full-length genomes of two chinese ferret-badger, we analyzed the properties of rabies viruses genetic variation in molecular level to get information on prevalence and variation of rabies viruses in zhejiang, and to enrich the genome database of rabies viruses street strains isolated from chinese wildlife.	2009	20193207
untangling neural networks with dual retrograde transsynaptic viral infection.	using recombinant rabies virus (rv), we developed a dual transsynaptic retrograde tracing technique in the rat central nervous system. two strains of recombinant rv, injected into two separate loci of the brain, were taken up through axon terminals and carried retrogradely and transsynaptically from neuron to neuron. each viral strain expresses a unique marker in infected neurons. therefore, neurons that project transsynaptically to two brain loci can be detected by double-labeling. in this revi ...	2009	20198151
1h, 13c and 15n resonance assignments of the pdz of microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 205 (mast205) in complex with the c-terminal motif from the rabies virus glycoprotein.	most of microbes hijack the cellular machinery to their advantage by interacting with specific target of the host cell. glycoprotein of rabies virus is a key factor controlling the homeostasis of infected neuronal cells and proteins belonging to the human microtubule associated serine threonine kinase family have been identified as potential cellular partners. as a first step towards its structural study, we have assigned the backbone and side chain nuclei resonances of the pdz domain (psd-95, d ...	2009	19636944
standardization and assessment of cell culture media quantities in roller poly ethylene terephthalate bottles employed in the industrial rabies viral vaccine production.	vero cells are utilized for production of rabies vaccine. this study deals with the optimize quantity media require for the rabies vaccine production in the smooth roller surface. the rabies virus (pasteur vaccine strain) is infected to monolayer of the various experimented bottles. to analyze the optimal quantity of media for the production of rabies viral harvest during the process of vero cell derived rabies vaccine. the trials are started from 200 to 400 ml (ptarv-1, ptarv-2, ptarv-3, ptarv- ...	2009	20384277
safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species.	a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ...	2009	19698811
rabies virus dissemination in neural tissues of autopsy cases due to rabies imported into japan from the philippines: immunohistochemistry.	two japanese men, 65 and 69 years old, developed rabies in japan around 2-3 months after dog-bite exposure in the philippines. laboratory diagnosis of rabies was made following the detection of rabies virus genome on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from saliva, and on immunohistochemistry of a nuchal skin punch biopsy in one case. the patients died 9 and 19 days after clinical onset. at autopsy, no macroscopic changes in the cns were observed. histopathology indicated that eosino ...	2009	19627539
naturally occurring and synthetic peptides acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are pentameric membrane-bound proteins belonging to the large family of ligand-gated ion channels. nachrs possess various binding sites which interact with compounds of different chemical nature, including peptides. historically first peptides found to act on nachr were synthetic fragments of snake alpha-neurotoxins, competitive receptor antagonists. later it was shown that fragments of glycoprotein from rabies virus, having homology to alpha-neurotoxin ...	2009	19601841
rabies immune status of dogs brought into the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center, japan.	stray dogs are a public health risk factor when canine rabies is endemic. the rabies prevention law has introduced measures to control stray dogs, but many dogs are still captured in japan. in order to estimate the immune status of stray dogs for the purposes of risk management, we conducted a serological survey at the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center. only 27.7% of dogs brought into the center (n=166) had protective immune status. this result suggests that there is the potential for re ...	2009	19578297
genetic analysis of four human rabies cases reported in turkey between 2002 and 2006.	rabies remains endemic in many regions of turkey. as a consequence, humans are at risk of this fatal disease through encounters with rabid animals. the present study describes four recent cases of rabies in humans. subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus isolates obtained from each case demonstrates the distinct geographical distribution of rabies virus variants within turkey. the study suggests that rabies virus translocation has occurred across turkey and might be the source of th ...	2009	19549224
intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers.	the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ...	2009	19543379
functional characterization of negri bodies (nbs) in rabies virus-infected cells: evidence that nbs are sites of viral transcription and replication.	rabies virus infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that resemble negri bodies found in the cytoplasm of some infected nerve cells. we have studied the morphogenesis and the role of these negri body-like structures (nbls) during viral infection. the results indicate that these spherical structures (one or two per cell in the initial stage of infection), composed of the viral n and p proteins, grow during the virus cycle before appearing as smaller structures at late stag ...	2009	19494013
enhancing comparative rabies dna vaccine effectiveness through glycoprotein gene modifications.	enhancing dna vaccine effectiveness remains a challenge, especially if the desired goal is immunization efficacy after a single dose. the glycoprotein gene from the rabies virus evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain was modified by mutation at amino acid residue 333 from arginine to glutamine. the modified and original unmodified glycoprotein genes were cloned separately and developed as dna vaccines for immunization in mice. the intramuscular (im) route using a single dose (100 microg) of a m ...	2009	19925956
no adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive gonacon and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs.	parenteral vaccination campaigns are integral to the elimination of canine rabies. to maximize herd immunity in dogs, immunocontraception provided at the time of rabies vaccination should reduce fecundity and dog abundance. gonacon has been used successfully as an immunocontraceptive in a variety of mammals, and by inference, the dog would be an ideal candidate for testing. as an initial step in evaluating a combination-vaccination program, we assessed the effects of gonacon on rabies virus neut ...	2009	19925955
development of combined vaccines for rabies and immunocontraception.	rabies prevention and appropriate population management of free-ranging animals have an important role to play in the eventual elimination of rabies in dogs. an effective sterilant based on rabies vaccines has the potential to create a supportive measure of public acceptability and to reduce associated clinic visit costs. we inserted the coding sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) into different locations within the rabies virus era glycoprotein (g) gene, and demonstrated that the a ...	2009	19925954
poxvirus-vectored vaccines for rabies--a review.	oral rabies vaccination of target reservoir species has proved to be one of the pillars of successful rabies elimination programs. the use of live attenuated rabies virus vaccines has been extensive but several limitations hamper its future use. a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine has also been successfully used for the oral vaccination of several species. nevertheless, its lack of efficacy in certain important rabies reservoirs and concerns on the use of this potent live virus as vaccine carr ...	2009	19925953
overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies.	each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. rabies is a life-threatening disease caused by an rna virus that is usually transmitted to humans through bites from rabid animals. more recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be adm ...	2009	19792992
emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century.	the diagnosis of rabies is routinely based on clinical and epidemiological information, especially when exposures are reported in rabies-endemic countries. diagnostic tests using conventional assays that appear to be negative, even when undertaken late in the disease and despite the clinical diagnosis, have a tendency, at times, to be unreliable. these tests are rarely optimal and entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. in the course of the past three decades, the ap ...	2009	19787037
complete genome analysis of a rabies virus isolate from brazilian wild fox.	the complete genome sequence of wild-type rabies virus (rabv) isolated from a wild brazilian hoary fox (dusicyon sp.), the br-pfx1 isolate, was determined and compared with fixed rabv strains. the genome structure and organization of the br-pfx1 isolate were composed of 11,924 nt and included the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. sequences of mrna start and stop signals for transcription were highly conserved among all structural protein genes of the br-pfx1 isolate. all amino acid residues ...	2009	19701711
antibody response to an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	to investigate the rabies virus neutralizing antibody response in hiv-1-infected patients with cd4+ cell count <or=200 cells/microl or >200 cells/microl after post-exposure prophylaxis using an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination regimen.	2009	19487057
[rabies virus isolation in the salivary glands of insectivorous bats].	this study determined the presence of the rabies virus in salivary glands, as well as its titre and antigenic characterisation and the level of exposure to the virus from contact between domestic animals and humans. twenty-six positive brain samples were selected, 80% of which were from the brazilian free-tailed bat, tadarida brasiliensis, corresponding to the period 1999-2005. antigenic characterisation was conducted on a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus nucleoprotei ...	2009	20462155