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in vitro antimicrobial activity of persian shallot (allium hirtifolium).allium hirtifolium is a persian native plant grown in cool mountain slopes of iran. it has been used as a spice in iran for many years. according to the literature review, there are no considerable reports on the antimicrobial properties of this plant. in this study, the antimicrobial activity of persian shallot hydroalcoholic extract and f1 fraction of the plant (containing amino acid derivatives and/or other cationic compounds) was investigated on some gram positive cocci and bacilli, gram neg ...201223210319
clinical importance of detection of bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans and actinomyces in papanicolaou smears.the aim of this study was to determine the role of papanicolaou (pap) smears in the diagnosis of lower genital tract infections.201223157037
box h/aca snornas are preferred substrates for the trimethylguanosine synthase in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine caps of eukaryal snrnas and snorna are formed by the enzyme tgs1, which catalyzes sequential guanine-n2 methylations of m(7)g caps. atypically, in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis, spliceosomal snrnas lack a guanosine cap and the recombinant t. vaginalis trimethylguanosine synthase (tvtgs) produces only m(2,7)g in vitro. here, we show by direct metabolic labeling that endogenous t. vaginalis rnas contain m(7)g, m(2,7)g, and m(2,2,7)g caps. im ...201222847815
molecular confirmation of trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from brazil using the 5.8s and its-1 rrna regions.clinical, gross, and histopathology lesions and molecular characterization of trichomonas spp. infection were described in two striped owls (asio (rhinoptynx) clamator), one american kestrel (falco sparverius), two green-winged saltators (saltator similis), and in a toco toucan (ramphastos toco) from brazil. these birds presented clinical signs including emaciation, ruffled feathers, abundant salivation and open mouth breathing presumably due to abundant caseous material. gross lesions were char ...201222749289
cysteine peptidases, secreted by trichomonas gallinae, are involved in the cytopathogenic effects on a permanent chicken liver cell culture.trichomonas gallinae, the aetiological agent of avian trichomonosis, was shown to secrete soluble factors involved in cytopathogenic effect on a permanent chicken liver (lmh) cell culture. the present study focused on the characterization of these molecules. the addition of specific peptidase inhibitors to the cell-free filtrate partially inhibited the monolayer destruction, which implied the presence of peptidases in the filtrate and their involvement in the cytopathogenic effect. one-dimension ...201222649527
glycogen accumulation and degradation by the trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax.several species of trichomonad have been shown to accumulate significant quantities of glycogen during growth, suggesting an important role for this compound in cell physiology. we provide the first analysis of the changes in glycogen content and glycogen phosphorylase activity that occur during in vitro growth of two trichomonad species: trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax. both species accumulated glycogen following inoculation into fresh medium and utilized this compound during logari ...201222612314
fingerprinting and genetic relationship of trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas muris and trichomonas gallinae.because of the common pathology, protein expression and drug resistance mechanisms-though in different hosts- of the luminal trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis, t. gallinae and t. muris, doubts were raised concerning their phylogenetic relationship. the random amplified polymorohic (rapd) technique for genetic dna polymorphism studying was used to genetically characterize and assess their interspecies polymorphism. results showed a high statistical support for the close relationship between the ...201324640874
trichomonas spp. in pigeons: detection by osom trichomonas rapid test.the efficacy of the osom trichomonas rapid test (developed for rapid diagnosis of human trichomonas vaginalis) in detection of trichomonas spp. in pigeons (columba livia) was investigated. two oral cavity swabs were taken from 50 farm pigeons. cultivation in diamond trichomonas medium was used as a reference method. according to a morphological determination, trichomonas gallinae was the only protozoan found; however, no further molecular analysis was conducted. the osom trichomonas test was pos ...201324597125
association of trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. in recent years we have described the symbiotic relationship between t vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis. how this biological association might affect the pathogenicity of one or both the microorganisms is still unknown. since local inflammation is thought to play a central role in t vaginalis infection, we investigated the in vitro response of human macrophages to natur ...201323633668
prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in grenadian women of reproductive age.to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) among grenadian women of reproductive age using the routinely collected pap smear data for the period january 2009 to december 2011.201324831896
in vitro effects of various plants extracts on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease (std) caused by a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaginalis. this disease, with roughly 170 million new infected people worldwide per year, is associated with various problems such as pre-term delivery, high infant mortality or low birth weight. in addition, trichomoniasis increases patient susceptibility to hiv infection. the mainstay medication for trichomoniasis is metronidazole, but some resistant strains to this treatment have be ...201324712672
effects of different extracts of eucalyptus camaldulensis on trichomonas vaginalis parasite in culture medium.trichomonas vaginalis is considered one of the main causes of vulvovaginitis in women. metronidazole with vast side effects is now the drug of choice for treatment of this infection. in an attempt to find an alternative drug, the effect of eucalyptus camaldulensis on this parasite was shown in previous studies. in this investigation, the effect of different extracts of this plant on t. vaginalis in culture medium has been investigated.201324516847
spectrum of vaginal discharge in a tertiary care setting.vaginal discharge is one of the common reasons for gynecological consultation. many of the causes of vaginitis have a disturbed vaginal microbial ecosystem associated with them. effective treatment of vaginal discharge requires that the etiologic diagnosis be established and identifying the same offers a precious input to syndromic management and provides an additional strategy for human immunodeficiency virus prevention. the present study was thus carried out to determine the various causes of ...201324470998
ferredoxin gene mutation in iranian trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis and metronidazole is its chosen drug for treatment. ferredoxin has role in electron transport and carbohydrate metabolism and the conversion of an inactive form of metronidazole (co) to its active form (cpr). ferredoxin gene mutations reduce gene expression and increase its resistance to metronidazole. in this study, the frequency of ferredoxin gene mutations in clinical isolates of t.vaginalis in tehran has been studied.201324454433
association of trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women.is trichomonas vaginalis (tv) an inducing factor for the development of (pre-)cancerous lesions of the cervix?201324386492
trichomonas vaginalis acidic phospholipase a2: isolation and partial amino acid sequence.sexually transmitted diseases are a major cause of acute disease worldwide, and trichomoniasis is the most common and curable disease, generating more than 170 million cases annually worldwide. trichomonas vaginalis is the causal agent of trichomoniasis and has the ability to destroy in vitro cell monolayers of the vaginal mucosa, where the phospholipases a2 (pla2) have been reported as potential virulence factors. these enzymes have been partially characterized from the subcellular fraction s30 ...201324338313
prevalence and factors associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection among high-risk women in los angeles.remnant specimen from 1215 women screening for chlamydia/gonorrhea at 4 different venue types (sexually transmitted disease clinics, home-test kit users, juvenile and adult detention) in los angeles, california, were tested for trichomonas vaginalis. prevalence of t. vaginalis varied by screening population, and concurrent chlamydia or gonorrhea was independently associated with t. vaginalis.201324275733
trichomoniasis: the "neglected" sexually transmitted disease.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million people in the united states. although trichomoniasis is common, it has been considered a "neglected" sexually transmitted disease, due to limited knowledge of its sequelae and associated costs. this article reviews current epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, clinical management recommendations and special considerations, research on associated conditions and cost ...201324275268
trichomonas vaginalis in selected u.s. sexually transmitted disease clinics: testing, screening, and prevalence.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the united states, affecting 3.1% of women of reproductive age. infection is associated with hiv acquisition and pelvic inflammatory disease. in the united states, centers for disease control and prevention guidelines recommend testing all women with vaginal discharge for t. vaginalis, but except for hiv-infected women, there are no national guidelines for screening asymptomatic persons. the objective of this ...201324113409
"cannon balls or pus balls" in pap smears: a case report.a 50-year old female presented with the chief complaint of a discharge per vaginum, which was there for the past 15 days. a routine pap smear was received in the department of pathology, government medical college, patiala, india. after its fixation and staining, it was examined under the microscope. it showed the trichomonas vaginalis infection, with the neutrophils forming cannon balls at places. neutrophils in the pap smear are a nonspecific finding, particularly if they are low in numbers or ...201324086888
use of culture and immunochromatographic technique for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in sri lanka.as a majority of the trichomoniasis patients are asymptomatic, laboratory tests are crucial in case detection. the usefulness of culture and immunochromatographic technique (ict) compared to microscopy for detection of trichomoniasis in sri lanka was assessed. females (16-45 years) from colombo district were screened for trichomonas vaginalis using three laboratory tests namely, microscopy of wet smear, trichomonas liquid culture and ict (osom® trichomonas rapid test). trichomoniasis by at least ...201324081173
reply to letter: increased prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in mid-aged women is linked to sexual activity and not to hormonal changes. 201324077312
increased prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in mid-aged women is linked to sexual activity and not to hormonal changes. 201324077311
the iron-induced cysteine proteinase tvcp4 plays a key role in trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis.trichomonas vaginalis has multiple proteinases, mainly of the cysteine type (cps), including a 34 kda precursor cathepsin l-like cp dubbed tvcp4. tvcp4 is an iron-up-regulated cp. the goal of this work was to identify the role of tvcp4 in the virulence of t. vaginalis. we cloned, expressed, and purified the recombinant mature enzyme region of tvcp4 (tvcp4r) to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody (α-tvcp4r). this antibody reacted with a ∼24 kda protein band in total protein extracts that could c ...201324076365
clinical and laboratory evidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area of malwa region of punjab. 201324064657
superoxide anion production by human neutrophils activated by trichomonas vaginalis.neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with trichomonas vaginalis. in this study, we examined superoxide anion (o2 (.-)) production by neutrophils activated by t. vaginalis. human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of t. vaginalis, its membrane component (mc), or excretory-secretory product (esp). to assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, t. va ...201324039294
activation of an unusual g-protein in the simple protist trichomonas vaginalis. 201324013419
diagnostic rates differ on the basis of the number of read days with the use of the inpouch culture system for trichomonas vaginalis screening.the inpouch trichomonas vaginalis test is the gold standard for clinical culture for trichomonas vaginalis screening. the current package insert recommends an examination period of 3 days. after review of 2,499 inpouch tests spanning 13 years, we observed that examination up to 3 days will detect only 82.8% (95% confidence interval [ci], 79.0% to 86.2%) of positive specimens.201324006006
prevalence of the trichomonas vaginalis infection in a tertiary care hospital in rural bangalore, southern india.the infection with trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in humans. the prevalence of this infection has been reported to be between 2 to 8%, depending on the different socio-cultural conditions. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis in the women who were referred to the gynaecologic clinics at the mvj medical college, bangalore, india.201323998075
trichomonas vaginalis: an audit of clinical practice and the demography of infected patients at three london genitourinary medicine clinics.this audit aimed to review clinical standards for trichomonas vaginalis against british association of sexual health and hiv (bashh) guidelines. case notes for patients who had a positive microscopy or culture result were reviewed retrospectively. there was a 0.23% positivity rate for t. vaginalis (n = 84 cases); 96% were female with an average age of 33 years, with proportionally more patients seen in the african/caribbean population, despite the number of cases being comparable between white ( ...201323970607
basic biology of trichomonas vaginalis: current explorations and future directions. 201323956295
prevalent, treatable and significant: barriers to the control of trichomonas vaginalis in women. 201323956294
intravaginal metronidazole/miconazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the most common curable sexually transmitted disease in the world. the infection is treated with a single oral dose of metronidazole or tinidazole, currently the only licensed class of drugs available for this indication; however, both of these antimicrobials are associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects, and some individuals are unable to tolerate them because of these adverse effects.201323949586
insights into trichomoniasis as a result of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics screening in a high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community.we briefly examine the clinical significance and pathogenesis of trichomonas vaginalis and provide a comprehensive summary of non-molecular and molecular diagnostics for the organism. transcription-mediated amplification (tma) identifies more cases of trichomoniasis than other detection modalities. in our high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community, tma has allowed us to investigate female and male trichomoniasis epidemiology. distribution of the organism is community-wide and simil ...201323944153
trichomoniasis: how do we diagnose in a resource poor setting?diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis vaginalis infection based solely on clinical symptoms and signs is unreliable because the spectrum of infection is broad and other sexually transmitted pathogens cause similar signs and symptoms.201323919051
trichomonas vaginalis and associated factors among women living with hiv/aids in amazonas, brazil.our goal was to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and its associated factors among women living with hiv attending an aids clinic in manaus, amazonas, brazil.201323916452
identification of trichomonas vaginalis in different papanicolaou test preparations: trends over time in the college of american pathologists educational interlaboratory comparison program.the college of american pathologists' interlaboratory comparison program in gynecologic cytology has seen an increase in enrollment in liquid-based papanicolaou test challenges with a decrease for conventional papanicolaou tests. trichomonas vaginalis can be difficult to identify in all preparation types.201323899059
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and risk factors in women treated at public health units in brazil: a transversal study.studies have revealed high prevalence rates of trichomonas vaginalis in men and women worldwide. in brazil, where reporting is not mandatory, the true prevalence rate is unknown. this study determined the prevalence of the parasite in women attending public health units in the city of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil, identifying possible risk factors for infection, and also compared three diagnostic techniques for detecting the parasite.201323880884
remarkable anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of plants traditionally used by the mbyá-guarani indigenous group in brazil.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan, is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. taking into account the increased prevalence of metronidazole-resistant isolates, alternative drugs are essential for the successful treatment. natural products are the source of most new drugs, and popular wisdom about the use of medicinal plants is a powerful tool in this search. in this study, the activity of 10 medicinal plants extensively u ...201323865068
trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host∶parasite interactions.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogential tract where it remains extracellular and adheres to epithelial cells. infections range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory, depending on the host and the parasite strain. here, we use a combination of methodologies including cell fractionation, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, rna, proteomic and cytokine analyses and cell adherence assays to examine pathogenic properties of t. vagi ...201323853596
bilateral conjunctivitis due to trichomonas vaginalis without genital infection: an unusual presentation in an adult man.we report an unusual case of extragenital infection with trichomonas vaginalis of the conjunctiva of a 32-year-old man. only one other similar case has been reported in the english language literature. the present report reinforces the widening pathologic spectrum of trichomonads in humans, especially in the context of emerging extragenital infections.201323843487
designed chemical intervention with thiols for prophylactic contraception.unlike somatic cells, sperm have several-fold more available-thiols that are susceptible to redox-active agents. the present study explains the mechanism behind the instant sperm-immobilizing and trichomonacidal activities of pyrrolidinium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (ppc), a novel thiol agent rationally created for prophylactic contraception by minor chemical modifications of some known thiol drugs. ppc, and its three derivatives (with potential active-site blocked by alkylation), were synthes ...201323826278
drug library screening against metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates.metronidazole and tinidazole are effective treatments for most patients with trichomoniasis but not for individuals who are infected with very resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis or persons with hypersensitivity to the 5-nitroimidazole drugs. thus, there is a need for additional oral therapies to treat trichomoniasis.201323794105
antibodies to trichomonas vaginalis surface glycolipid.human trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, yet immune responses are not well studied.201323785040
global epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis.despite having the highest prevalence of any sexually transmitted infection (sti) globally, there is a dearth of data describing trichomonas vaginalis (tv) incidence and prevalence in the general population. the lack of basic epidemiological data is an obstacle to addressing the epidemic. once considered a nuisance infection, the morbidities associated with tv have been increasingly recognised over the past decade, highlighting the importance of this pathogen as a public health problem. recent d ...201323744960
iron-induced changes in the proteome of trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes.iron plays a crucial role in metabolism as a key component of catalytic and redox cofactors, such as heme or iron-sulfur clusters in enzymes and electron-transporting or regulatory proteins. limitation of iron availability by the host is also one of the mechanisms involved in immunity. pathogens must regulate their protein expression according to the iron concentration in their environment and optimize their metabolic pathways in cases of limitation through the availability of respective cofacto ...201323741475
the dimension of trichomonas vaginalis as measured by scanning electron microscopy.it is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., ph, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. in this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old t") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh t") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. although the fresh t had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old t, total length (about 26 µm), including body length, flagell ...201323710095
genetic diversity in trichomonas vaginalis.recent advances in genetic characterisation of trichomonas vaginalis isolates show that the extensive clinical variability in trichomoniasis and its disease sequelae are matched by significant genetic diversity in the organism itself, suggesting a connection between the genetic identity of isolates and their clinical manifestations. indeed, a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in t vaginalis isolates has been observed using multiple genotyping techniques. a unique two-type population structure ...201323702460
performance of the osom trichomonas rapid test for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in mysore, india.background trichomonas vaginalis is the world's most common treatable sexually transmissible infection. currently, wet mount microscopy and syndromic management based on vaginal discharge are the most widely used methods for diagnosing and treating trichomoniasis in resource-constrained settings. wet mount microscopy requires equipment and trained technicians, who are in short supply. we examined the diagnostic accuracy of the osom trichomonas rapid test for detecting t. vaginalis vaginal infect ...201323702272
genetic diversity of trichomonas vaginalis reinfection in hiv-positive women.recently developed genotyping tools allow better understanding of trichomonas vaginalis population genetics and epidemiology. these tools have yet to be applied to t vaginalis collected from hiv+ populations, where understanding the interaction between the pathogens is of great importance due to the correlation between t vaginalis infection and hiv transmission. the objectives of the study were twofold: first, to compare the genetic diversity and population structure of t vaginalis collected fro ...201323694936
deep sequencing of trichomonas vaginalis during the early infection of vaginal epithelial cells and amoeboid transition.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis has the largest protozoan genome known, potentially encoding approximately 60,000 proteins. to what degree these genes are expressed is not well known and only a few key transcription factors and promoter domains have been identified. to shed light on the expression capacity of the parasite and transcriptional regulation during phase transitions, we deep sequenced the transcriptomes of the protozoan during two environmental stimuli of the early infection ...201323688716
diagnosis and molecular characterization of trichomonas vaginalis in sex workers in the philippines.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon which causes the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. the absence or non-specificity of symptoms often leads to misdiagnosis of the infection. in this study, 969 samples consisting of vaginal swabs and urine were collected and screened from social hygiene clinics across the philippines. of the 969 samples, 216 were used for the comparative analysis of diagnostic tools such as wet mount microscopy, culture, and pcr utilizing universal tri ...201323683368
double-stranded rna viral infection in tehran trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon and may be contaminated with dsrna virus called trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv). the viral infection is an important factor for its pathogenesis and sensitivity to metronidazole. the presence of tvv is associated with qualitative and quantitative expression of cysteine proteinases and surface immunogenic; p270. the purpose of this study was to determine tvv frequency in t. vaginalis clinical isolates in tehran, iran.201323682261
does antiretroviral therapy interfere with the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv+ women? 201323677024
effects of contraception on cervical cytology: data from mardin city.mardin is an area of low socioeconomic level with low rates of contraceptive method use. our aim in this study was to evaluate the effects of the contraceptive methods used in the area on epithelial cell abnormalities and vaginal flora changes.201323661348
synthesis of 1h-1,2,3-triazole linked β-lactam-isatin bi-functional hybrids and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against the protozoal parasite trichomonas vaginalis.twenty-two different triazoles were prepared to examine the anti-trichomonas vaginalis structure-activity relationships (sar) within the β-lactam-isatin-triazole conjugate family. the compounds were synthesized by copper-catalyzed 'click chemistry.'in vitro activity against t. vaginalis was determined at 10 and 100 μm for each compound, with eighteen of the synthesized hybrids showing 100% growth inhibition at 100 μm. the compound 5i, with no cytotoxicity on cultured cho-k1 cells, is considered ...201323631874
the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis detected by wet mount and polymerase chain reaction in sydney women.objectives although trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has a low profile in urban australia, local data has estimated the prevalence in women to be 10 times higher when using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) versus wet mount microscopy (4.8% v. 0.4%). our aim was to determine the prevalence of tv in sydney women using both wet mount and pcr.201323611496
prevalence and incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infections in women participating in a clinical trial in durban, south africa.trichomonas vaginalis is known to be the most common, curable, sexually transmitted infection among sexually active women and may be associated with the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the purpose of this analysis is to determine the prevalence and incidence of t vaginalis and assess risk factors associated with t vaginalis infection in a cohort of women participating in a clinical trial.201323605853
a new rapid molecular point-of-care assay for trichomonas vaginalis: preliminary performance data.trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most prevalent treatable sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the world. an accurate point-of-care (poc) molecular test would enable patients to be tested and treated for t vaginalis in a single visit to the genitourinary medicine clinic, community sti clinic, pharmacy or doctor's office. in this report, we describe a rapid prototype assay for t vaginalis designed for use in conjunction with the atlas io poc platform, and initial verification of its perf ...201323605852
survival of trichomonas vaginalis in wet preparation and on wet mount.microscopy is an insensitive method for detection of trichomonas vaginalis, but is widely used because it is both rapid and inexpensive. diagnosis of trichomoniasis by microscopy requires that motile forms be identified in vaginal fluid samples. however, microscopy cannot always be performed immediately after sample collection. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of sample storage at room temperature on trichomonad motility.201323605849
quantity, not frequency, of alcohol use moderates the association between multiple sexual partners and trichomonas vaginalis among women attending an urban std clinic.the purpose of this study is to investigate alcohol use, sexual risk behaviour and trichomoniasis in a sample of low-income, largely minority, women patients at a publicly funded sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in the usa.201323580608
tvmp50 is an immunogenic metalloproteinase during male trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital tract parasite, is capable of surviving in the male microenvironment, despite of the presence of zn(2+). concentrations > 1.6 mm of zn(2+) have a trichomonacidal effect; however, in the presence of ≤1.6 mm zn(2+), several trichomonad proteins are up- or down-regulated. herein, we analyzed the proteome of a t. vaginalis male isolate (hgmn01) grown in the presence of zn(2+) and found 32 protein spots that were immunorecognized by male trichomoniasis patien ...201323579185
structure of a protozoan virus from the human genitourinary parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the flagellated protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is an obligate human genitourinary parasite and the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide. most clinical isolates of t. vaginalis are persistently infected with one or more double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses from the genus trichomonasvirus, family totiviridae, which appear to influence not only protozoan biology but also human disease. here we describe the three-dimensional structure of trichomonas vaginalis virus 1 (tvv1) ...201323549915
the clinical spectrum of trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. t vaginalis infections in women can range from asymptomatic to acute inflammatory vaginitis. in men, this infection is typically asymptomatic but is increasingly being recognised as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis. diagnosis of t vaginalis has traditionally been made by direct microscopic examination of a wet mount of vaginal fluid or through the use of culture. the recent commercial availability of n ...201323543252
respiratory disease and trichomonas vaginalis in premature newborn twins.in premature newborn twins with respiratory disease, trichomonas vaginalis infection was diagnosed by chance findings in respiratory samples and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of urine and vaginal samples from the boy and girl, respectively. trichomonas vaginalis should be considered as a possible cause of respiratory disease in newborns and modern molecular detection techniques can help in the diagnosis.201323538520
the actin-based machinery of trichomonas vaginalis mediates flagellate-amoeboid transition and migration across host tissue.trichomonas vaginalis is the most widespread non-viral pathogen of the human urogenital tract, infecting ∼ 3% of the world's population annually. at the onset of infection the protist changes morphology within minutes: the flagellated free-swimming cell converts into the amoeboid-adherent stage. the molecular machinery of this process is not well studied, but is thought to involve actin reorganization. we have characterized amoeboid transition, focusing in particular on tvfim1, the only expresse ...201323530917
the tvlegu-1, a legumain-like cysteine proteinase, plays a key role in trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence.the goal of this paper was to characterize a trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase (cp) legumain-1 (tvlegu-1) and determine its potential role as a virulence factor during t. vaginalis infection. a 30-kda band, which migrates in three protein spots (pi~6.3, ~6.5, and ~6.7) with a different type and level of phosphorylation, was identified as tvlegu-1 by one- and two-dimensional western blot (wb) assays, using a protease-rich trichomonad extract and polyclonal antibodies produced against the ...201323509742
knockout of the abundant trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal membrane protein tvhmp23 increases hydrogenosome size but induces no compensatory up-regulation of paralogous copies.the trichomonas vaginalis genome encodes up to 60000 genes, many of which stem from genome duplication events. paralogous copies thus accompany most t. vaginalis genes, a phenomenon that limits genetic manipulation. we characterized one of the parasite's most abundant hydrogenosomal membrane proteins, tvhmp23, which is phylogenetically distinct from canonical metabolite carriers, and which localizes to the inner hydrogenosomal membrane as shown through sub-organellar fractionation and protease p ...201323499435
hydrogenosome metabolism is the key target for antiparasitic activity of resveratrol against trichomonas vaginalis.metronidazole (mdz) and related 5-nitroimidazoles are the recommended drugs for treatment of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis. however, novel treatment options are needed, as recent reports have claimed resistance to these drugs in t. vaginalis isolates. in this study, we analyzed for the first time the in vitro effects of the natural polyphenol resveratrol (resv) on t. vaginalis. at concentrations of between 25 and 100 μm, res ...201323478970
comparison of in vitro activity of metronidazole and garlic-based product (tomex®) on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite in humans. metronidazole has been the gold standard for treatment of trichomoniasis. the prevalence of metronidazole resistance and its unpleasant adverse effects drew the attention to the investigation of other lines of treatment, as that of herbal medicine. garlic has been proven to have antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic activity. the current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available g ...201323455944
trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an alabama hiv clinic.trichomoniasis vaginalis is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of t vaginalis (using culture) among hiv-infected women receiving gynaecological care at an university hiv clinic in alabama in addition to predictors of infection.201323449600
il-22 levels are associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection in the lower genital tract.il-22 has important functions at mucosal surfaces, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of epithelium. however, il-22 has not been investigated in the genital tract during tv infection.201323445169
the pathogenic microorganisms in papanicolaou vaginal smears and correlation with inflammation.non-specific cervicitis or inflammatory changes in a smear report are common which are usually unclear for clinical approaches. to investigate the frequency of inflammation and pathogenic vaginal microorganisms in cervical smears among an iranian population sample.201324971098
il-10 release by bovine epithelial cells cultured with trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic protists of the human and bovine urogenital tracts, respectively. several studies have described the cytotoxic effects of trichomonads on urogenital tract epithelial cells. however, little is known about the host cell response against trichomonads. the aim of this study was to determine whether t. foetus and t. vaginalis stimulated the release of the cytokine interleukin (il)-10 from cultured bovine epithelial cells. to characterise t ...201323440124
trichomonas vaginalis contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells.trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection. in this study, we examined the propensities of 26 t. vaginalis strains to bind to and lyse prostate (bph-1) and ectocervical (ect1) epithelium and to lyse red blood cells (rbcs). we found that only three of the strains had a statistically significant preference for either bph-1 (msa1103) or ect1 (la1 and msa1123). overall, we observed that levels of adherence ...201323429535
clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and its association to vaginal candidiasis, trichomonas vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis.examine clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and mixed infection for the purpose of better diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency.201325568514
azole-carbodithioate hybrids as vaginal anti-candida contraceptive agents: design, synthesis and docking studies.azole and carbodithioate hybrids were synthesized as alkyl 1h-azole-1-carbodithioates (7-27) and evaluated for spermicidal/microbicidal activities against human sperm, trichomonas vaginalis and candida species. seventeen compounds (7-14, 16-18 and 20-25) showed spermicidal activity at mec 1.0% (w/v) and permanently immobilized 100% normal human spermatozoa within ∼30 s. seventeen compounds (7-11, 13-18 and 20-25) exhibited anti-candida activity (ic50 1.26-47.69 μg/ml). all compounds were devoid ...201324140949
plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern maputaland, south africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (stis) in rural northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated.201323880127
epitopes of the highly immunogenic trichomonas vaginalis α-actinin are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men.there is a need for a point-of-care serodiagnostic test for women and men for sexually transmitted infections (stis) caused by trichomonas vaginalis. sera from women with this sti and sera from men that were analyzed in studies showing a relationship between serostatus and prostate cancer are highly seropositive in response to trichomonad α-actinin and its truncated protein (act-p2) (positive control sera). epitope mapping experiments showed that positive control sera from women had antibodies t ...201323616456
female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence.female genital mutilation (fgm) is a common practice especially performed in women with no anaesthesia or antibiotics and in absence of aseptic conditions. the aim of this systematic review is to explore and analyze for first time in the current literature, the clinical evidence related to the presence of infections in the practice of fgm.201323315098
the villain team-up or how trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert.complex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. bacterial vaginosis (bv), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. to investigate the causative relationships among in ...201323903808
identification of the phosphorylated residues in tveif5a by mass spectrometry.the initiation factor eif5a in trichomonas vaginalis (tveif5a) is previously shown to undergo hypusination, phosphorylation and glycosylation. three different pi isoforms of tveif5a have been reported. the most acidic isoform (pi 5.2) corresponds to the precursor tveif5a, whereas the mature tveif5a appears to be the most basic isoform (pi 5.5). in addition, the intermediary isoform (pi 5.3) is found only under polyamine-depleted conditions and restored with exogenous putrescine. we propose that ...201324308916
sphingomyelinase activity of trichomonas vaginalis extract and subfractions.trichomoniasis is one of the most common acute sexually transmitted curable diseases, and it is disseminated worldwide generating more than 170 million cases annually. trichomonas vaginalis is the parasite that causes trichomoniasis and has the ability to destroy cell monolayers of the vaginal mucosa in vitro. sphingomyelinases (smase) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. ceramide appears to be a second messenger lipid in programmed apopt ...201324024206
antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.microbial capsular antigens are effective vaccines but are chemically and immunologically diverse, resulting in a major barrier to their use against multiple pathogens. a β-(1→6)-linked poly-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (pnag) surface capsule is synthesized by four proteins encoded in genetic loci designated intercellular adhesion in staphylococcus aureus or polyglucosamine in selected gram-negative bacterial pathogens. we report that many microbial pathogens lacking an identifiable intercellular adhe ...201323716675
simultaneous detection of seven sexually transmitted agents in human immunodeficiency virus-infected brazilian women by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.we determined the prevalence of seven clinically important pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections (stis) (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus 1 [hsv-1], hsv-2, and treponema pallidum), by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) in samples from brazilian woman infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and uninfected brazilian women (controls). the m-pcr assay identified all stis teste ...201324080632
human papillomavirus and other genital infections in indigenous women from paraguay: a cross-sectional analytical study.the incidence of cervical cancer in paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (hpv) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. knowledge about hpv infection among indigenous women is limited. this cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of hpv and other genital infections in indigenous paraguayan women of the department of presidente hayes.201324206645
sexually transmitted infections in women participating in a biomedical intervention trial in durban: prevalence, coinfections, and risk factors.background. sexually transmitted infections (stis) continue to be a significant public health problem especially among women of reproductive age in africa. methods. a total of 2236 women that had enrolled in the mdp301 vaginal microbicide trial were tested for the presence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhea (ng), treponema pallidum, and trichomonas vaginalis (tv). results. ct was identified as the most prevalent sti (11%) followed by tv (10%), ng, and syphilis (3%). the highest p ...201326316957
effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid hiv testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the aware randomized clinical trial.to increase human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing rates, many institutions and jurisdictions have revised policies to make the testing process rapid, simple, and routine. a major issue for testing scale-up efforts is the effectiveness of hiv risk-reduction counseling, which has historically been an integral part of the hiv testing process.201324150466
identification, characterization, and synthesis of peptide epitopes and a recombinant six-epitope protein for trichomonas vaginalis serodiagnosis.there is a need for a rapid, accurate serodiagnostic test useful for both women and men infected by trichomonas vaginalis, which causes the number one sexually transmitted infection (sti). women and men exposed to t. vaginalis make serum antibody to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ald), α-enolase (eno), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gap). we identified, by epitope mapping, the common and distinct epitopes of each protein detected by the sera of women patients with trichomonos ...201327471691
expanded therapeutic potential in activity space of next-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobials with broad structural diversity.metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles (5-ni) are among the most effective antimicrobials available against many important anaerobic pathogens, but evolving resistance is threatening their long-term clinical utility. the common 5-nis were developed decades ago, yet little 5-ni drug development has since taken place, leaving the true potential of this important drug class unexplored. here we report on a unique approach to the modular synthesis of diversified 5-nis for broad exploration of thei ...201324101497
deoxyadenosine family: improved synthesis, dna damage and repair, analogs as drugs.improved synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine using escherichia coli overexpressing some enzymes and gram-scale chemical synthesis of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates reported recently are described in this review. other topics include dna damage induced by chromium(vi), fenton chemistry, photoinduction with lumazine, or by ultrasound in neutral solution; 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine isomers as potential biomarkers; and a recapitulation of purine 5',8-cyclonucleoside studies. the mutagenicities of ...201325436589
[diagnosis of vaginitis-vaginosis by hibridization with dna strands].vaginal infections lie among the most common causes women ask for medical advice. in order of frequency bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis are responsible for 90% of vaginitis/vaginosis.201323720932
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of nitazoxanide-n-methylbenzimidazole hybrids.a series of a novel hybrid compounds between nitazoxanide and n-methylbenzimidazole were synthesized starting from the corresponding n-methyl-2-nitroanilines. the new hybrid compounds (1-13) were evaluated in vitro against giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis. ntz, mtz and abz were used as drug standards. experimental evaluations revealed all of the new compounds (1-13) were active and showed strong activity against the three protozoa, particularly with e. histolyti ...201324183540
identification and analysis of putative homologues of mechanosensitive channels in pathogenic protozoa.mechanosensitive channels play important roles in the physiology of many organisms, and their dysfunction can affect cell survival. this suggests that they might be therapeutic targets in pathogenic organisms. pathogenic protozoa lead to diseases such as malaria, dysentery, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis that are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. we analyzed the genomes of pathogenic protozoa and show the existence within them of genes encoding putative homologues of mec ...201323785469
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives.a series of 19 new 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives was synthesized starting from the properly substituted 1,2-phenylendiamine. these compounds have hydrogen or methyl at position 1; while hydrogen, chlorine, ethoxy or methoxycarbonyl group is at position 5 and/or 6. the novel compounds were tested against protozoa trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. experimental evaluations revealed strong activity for all tested compounds, ...201323731944
unexpected properties of nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) in trichomonas vaginalis and other microaerophilic parasites.our previous observation that nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) is down-regulated in metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates prompted us to further characterise the enzyme. in addition to its canonical enzyme activity as a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, a pronounced, so far unknown, background nadph-oxidising activity in absence of any added substrate was observed when the recombinant enzyme or t. vaginalis extract were used. this activity was strongly enhan ...201323578856
sexual behaviours, knowledge and attitudes regarding safe sex, and prevalence of non-viral sexually transmitted infections among attendees of youth clinics in st. petersburg, russia.adolescents and young adults are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (stis). knowledge of sti prevalence and risk factors are essential tools to elaborate preventive strategies. however, internationally reported studies on epidemiology of stis among the youth in russia are mainly lacking.201322429498
simultaneous direct identification of genital microorganisms in voided urine using multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assays.our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay. we have previously developed assays suitable for detection of bacterial respiratory and systemic pathogens. in this chapter we describe, in detail, a method developed to identify 14 genital microorganisms, for use in epidemiological studies of ...201323104293
assessing therapeutic management of vaginal and urethral symptoms in an anonymous hiv testing centre in luanda, angola.this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infections and to assess the therapeutic management of vaginal/urethral discharge and dysuria in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in luanda, angola, taking into account world health organization recommendations for sexually transmitted infection syndromic management.201324129624
[sexually transmitted infections in women living in a prison in lima, peru].in order to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (sti) in recluse women of chorrillos penitentiary i in the city of lima, peru, a cross-sectional study was performed, including a simple random sample of women between ages 18 and 54, from whom 180 serum samples and 168 samples of cervical and vaginal discharge were analyzed. the most prevalent etiologic agents identified from cervical and vaginal discharge samples were chlamydia trachomatis in 42.3%, gardnerella vaginalis i ...201324100816
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