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investigation of the role of healthy dogs as potential carriers of rabies virus.to investigate whether healthy animals are potential carriers of rabies virus in china, 153 domestic dogs were collected from a rabies enzootic area, anlong county in guizhou province, and monitored for 6 months. initially, findings of rabies virus antigen in the saliva of 15 dogs by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test suggested they might be carriers. these 15 dogs were kept under observation for 6 months. none of the dogs showed any clinical signs of rabies during the observation ...200818380590
generation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies to g5, a linear neutralization epitope on glycoprotein of rabies virus, by phage display technology.the aim of the present study was to discover distinct human mabs to rv with high neutralizing potency and a broad neutralization spectrum. a phage display technology was used to produce human scfv to g5, a conserved linear neutralization epitope on gp of rv. a phage display scfv library with 6 x 10(7) members was constructed and the phage-scfv with 'antigen-binding' activities were selected with synthetic peptide g5-24. the obtained scfv genes were cloned into pet22b(+)/bl21(de3) and from this w ...200818380806
[possible exposure to rabies in anamnesis: rabies advice in the netherlands].anamnestic incidences of four patients have highlighted the potential risk ofexposure to rabies. the first patient was a 30-year-old woman who rescued a bat from the mouth of her dog; it bit her on the right wrist. in the netherlands, bats may be infected with the lyssa virus. the preparedness and response unit (pru) of the centre for infectious disease control (cidc) advised human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) and a full vaccination programme. the second patient was a 37-year-old woman, who caug ...200818389875
rabies virus in raccoons, ohio, 2004.in 2004, the raccoon rabies virus variant emerged in ohio beyond an area where oral rabies vaccine had been distributed to prevent westward spread of this variant. our genetic investigation indicates that this outbreak may have begun several years before 2004 and may have originated within the vaccination zone.200818394286
protecting indian schoolchildren against rabies: pre-exposure vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) or purified verocell rabies vaccine (pvrv).although rabies can be effectively prevented by means of preexposure or post-exposure prophylaxis, in india, an estimated 17,000 to 20,000 human rabies deaths occur annually. tragically, 50% of these victims are children under the age of 15. in addition to immediate post-exposure prophylaxis measures, including active and passive immunization, pre-exposure vaccination using tissue culture vaccines is a safe and effective but highly underutilized method of preventing rabies in humans living or wo ...200818398307
an analysis of correspondence between unique rabies virus variants and divergent big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) mitochondrial dna lineages.the literature supports that unique rabies virus (rabv) variants are often compartmentalized in different species of bats. in colorado, two divergent mtdna lineages of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) co-occur. rabv associated with this species also segregates into two clades. we hypothesized that unique rabv variants might be associated with mtdna lineages of colorado big brown bats. dna was extracted from brain tissue of rabid big brown bats, the nd2 gene was amplified to determine mtdna line ...200818398562
antibody response to an anti-rabies vaccine in a dog population under field conditions in bolivia.rabies remains an important public health issue in bolivia, south america. public concern and fears are most focussed on dogs as the source of rabies. the objective of the present study was to assess immunity of an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine against canine rabies used for the official vaccination campaigns under field conditions in an endemic area of rabies in bolivia. a total of 236 vaccinated and 44 unvaccinated dogs in santa cruz de la sierra, selected using stratified random sa ...200818399941
a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and immunogenicity in dogs.several recombinant vaccines expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein have been developed, particularly for the oral vaccination of wildlife. while these vaccines induce protective immunity in some animal species such as foxes, they are less effective in others. pseudorabies virus (prv) has been licensed for use as a live vaccine in pigs and possesses an excellent safety and efficacy record. we have used it to construct a recombinant virus, rprv/egfp/rgp, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein ...200818262313
era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004.a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ...200818263823
origins of the rabies viruses associated with an outbreak in newfoundland during 2002-2003.after being free of rabies of terrestrial mammals since 1988, an outbreak of rabies occurred on the island of newfoundland in december 2002 and continued into the middle of 2003. twenty-one cases, all due to the arctic fox strain of rabies virus, were reported. to explore the immediate origins of this outbreak, viruses from the newfoundland epizootic were genetically compared to two other rabies viruses recovered in mid-2002 from cartwright, a mainland coastal community near the island. while al ...200818263824
expression of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in plants at high-levels and evaluation of immune responses in mice.transgenic plants have been employed successfully as a low-cost system for the production of therapeutically valuable proteins including antibodies, antigens and hormones. here, we report expression of a full-length nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus in transgenic tomato plants. the nucleoprotein was also transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana plants by agroinfiltration. in both cases, the nucleoprotein was expressed at high levels, 1-5% of total soluble protein in tomato and 45% in n. b ...200818270708
necdin plays a role in the serotonergic modulation of the mouse respiratory network: implication for prader-willi syndrome.prader-willi syndrome is a neurogenetic disease resulting from the absence of paternal expression of several imprinted genes, including necdin. prader-willi children and adults have severe breathing defects with irregular rhythm, frequent sleep apneas, and blunted respiratory regulations. for the first time, we show that prader-willi infants have sleep apneas already present at birth. in parallel, in wild-type and necdin-deficient mice, we studied the respiratory system with in vivo plethysmogra ...200818272695
human rabies--alberta, canada, 2007.on april 26, 2007, a patient from alberta, canada, died after 9 weeks in an intensive care unit (icu) from encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired bats. this report summarizes the clinical course of disease in that patient, who was treated using the milwaukee protocol, an experimental treatment protocol similar to one used for the rabies survivor described in 2005. this report also describes the subsequent epidemiologic investigations by three regional public ...200818305449
safety and immunogenicity of an ama-1 malaria vaccine in malian adults: results of a phase 1 randomized controlled trial.the objective was to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the ama-1-based blood-stage malaria vaccine fmp2.1/as02a in adults exposed to seasonal malaria.200818213374
intradermal dna vaccination in ear pinnae is an efficient route to protect cats against rabies virus.a dna vaccine against rabies (pgqh) was administrated to cats in order to examine different administration routes. four groups of three cats each were inoculated with pgqh as follows: group a, intramuscularly (im), 100 microg; group b, intranasally (in), 100 microg; group c, intradermally into ear pinnae (id-ep), 100 microg, and group d, im, 200 microl of phosphate buffer solution (pbs) alone (control group). blood was drawn on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180. groups a, b, and c received a ...200818215393
efficient retrograde neuronal transduction utilizing self-complementary aav1.adeno-associated virus (aav) is frequently used for gene transfer into the central nervous system (cns). similar to adenovirus and rabies virus, aav can be taken up by axons and retrogradely transported, resulting in neuronal gene expression distant from the injection site. we investigated the retrograde transport properties of self-complementary aav (scaav) serotypes 1-6 following peripheral injection. injection of scaav into either rat extensor carpi muscle or sciatic nerve resulted in detecta ...200818223548
delivery and follow-up of a healthy newborn from a mother with clinical rabies. 200818162435
inferior rabies vaccine quality and low immunization coverage in dogs ( canis familiaris) in china.human rabies in china continues to increase exponentially, largely due to an inadequate veterinary infrastructure and poor vaccine coverage of naive dogs. we performed an epidemiological survey of rabies both in humans and animals, examined vaccine quality for animal use, evaluated the vaccination coverage in dogs, and checked the dog samples for the presence of rabies virus. the lack of surveillance in dog rabies, together with the low immunization coverage (up to 2.8% in rural areas) and the h ...200818177524
characterization of russian rabies virus vaccine strain rv-97.the rv-97 rabies virus vaccine strain is widely used in russia as a component of the live attenuated oral anti-rabies vaccine "sinrab". this vaccine has also been used in some other countries, such as kazakhstan, belarus, and ukraine. entire genome sequencing is an effective tool for studying the genetic properties of virus strains. in this study, a simple technique for obtaining the entire genome sequence of the rabies virus was used. the entire genome sequence and the deduced amino acid sequen ...200818187223
glycoprotein gene relocation in rabies virus.unlike vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus glycoprotein gene has not been successfully relocated closer to promoter-proximal regions by reverse genetics. here we describe an efficient system for the evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) rabies virus with the glycoprotein gene switched with the matrix protein gene, creating a reshuffled virus eragm (gene order n-p-g-m-l). with the aid of an autogene plasmid, the t7 rna polymerase containing a nuclear location signal from the sv40 large t antigen ...200817850911
a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in puerto rico.the mongoose is the principal reservoir for rabies on the island of puerto rico. this report describes a molecular epidemiological study of representative rabies viruses recovered from the island in 1997. two closely related but distinct variants circulating in regionally localised parts of the island were identified. the lack of a monophyletic relationship of these viruses suggests that two independent incursions of rabies onto the island have occurred. both of these puerto rican variants were ...200817869366
double-labeled rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus transport.here we describe a strategy to fluorescently label the envelope of rabies virus (rv), of the rhabdoviridae family, in order to track the transport of single enveloped viruses in living cells. red fluorescent proteins (tm-rfp) were engineered to comprise the n-terminal signal sequence and c-terminal transmembrane spanning and cytoplasmic domain sequences of the rv glycoprotein (g). two variants of tm-rfp were transported to and anchored in the cell surface membrane, independent of glycosylation. ...200817928343
structural aspects of rabies virus replication.rabies virus is a negative-strand rna virus. its rna genome is condensed by the viral nucleoprotein (n), and it is this n-rna complex that is the template for transcription and replication by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase complex. here we discuss structural and functional aspects of viral transcription and replication based on the atomic structure of a recombinant rabies virus n-rna complex. we situate available biochemical data on n-rna interactions with viral and cellular factors in t ...200817938861
structural abnormalities in neurons are sufficient to explain the clinical disease and fatal outcome of experimental rabies in yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice.under natural conditions and in some experimental models, rabies virus infection of the central nervous system causes relatively mild histopathological changes, without prominent evidence of neuronal death despite its lethality. in this study, the effects of rabies virus infection on the structure of neurons were investigated with experimentally infected transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) in neuronal subpopulations. six-week-old mice were inoculated in the hind-limb foot ...200817942540
characterization of rabies virus isolated from canids and identification of the main wild canid host in northeastern brazil.the rabies cases in dogs and wild canids in northeastern brazil are a public and animal health problem. this paper describes the identities of the coding region of the n-gene of rabies virus (rabv) isolated in canids from northeastern brazil. the genetic tree generated using the sequence data described here divided the cluster brazilan canids into two subclusters (dog-related strains and wild canid-related strains) with identities greater than those already described. the two subclusters are sub ...200817889396
arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history.forty-one newly sequenced isolates of arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from genbank. four phylogenetic lineages of arctic viruses were identified. arctic-1 viruses circulate in ontario, arctic-2 viruses circulate in siberia and alaska, arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage arctic-4 circulates locally in alaska. the oldest available isolates from siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the arc ...200817599781
the glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rabies virus affect pathogenicity by regulating viral replication and facilitating cell-to-cell spread.while the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rv) is known to play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of rabies, the function of the rv matrix protein (m) in rv pathogenicity is not completely clear. to further investigate the roles of these proteins in viral pathogenicity, we constructed chimeric recombinant viruses by exchanging the g and m genes of the attenuated sn strain with those of the highly pathogenic sb strain. infection of mice with these chimeric viruses revealed a significant inc ...200818094173
use of a molecular epidemiological database to track human rabies case histories in south africa.the kwazulu natal and eastern cape provinces of south africa have experienced a serious dog rabies epidemic over the past three decades. towards a better understanding of this epidemic, we have previously analysed nucleotide sequences of 142 rabies virus specimens that were obtained from these regions during 2003-2004 and provided a molecular description of the geographical distribution of rabies viral variants in the affected provinces. here, as an extension, we studied five human cases that oc ...200817961278
infection of monocytes or immature dendritic cells (dcs) with an attenuated rabies virus results in dc maturation and a strong activation of the nfkappab signaling pathway.to assess the potential role of dendritic cells (dcs) or monocytes in the development of a protective immune response, we infected human immature dcs or monocytes with a live rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain (spbngas-gas) and a pathogenic rv (dog4). both cell types were infected with spbngas-gas and dog4 and both rvs were similarly potent in inducing maturation of immature dcs or monocytes. however, in contrast to dog4, spbngas-gas induced very high levels of ifn-alpha1 mrna in monocytes and dcs ...200818082293
oral vaccination of dogs (canis familiaris) with baits containing the recombinant rabies-canine adenovirus type-2 vaccine confers long-lasting immunity against rabies.rabies is a reemerging and fatal infectious disease in asia mainly caused by exposure to rabid dogs. prevention of dog rabies would be the most effective way to stop rabies transmission to humans. however, vaccinating stray dogs in urban and rural areas using conventional vaccines is always difficult and is not cost-effective for use in most areas including china. further to previous studies from our laboratory, we developed a bait containing the recombinant rabies vaccine and performed a non-pa ...200818083277
brain nuclei controlling the spinal respiratory motoneurons in the newborn mouse.a retrograde and transneuronal infection with rabies virus was performed in mouse neonates to locate the central nervous structures involved in the motor command of the spinal respiratory motoneurons and to discriminate the location and hierarchical organization of the neurons in and between these infected central nervous structures.200818085259
analytical approach for the extraction of recombinant membrane viral glycoprotein from stably transfected drosophila melanogaster cells.parameters for storage, lysis and concentration of drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2acrvgp) cells expressing the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) were studied with regard to rvgp quantification by elisa, for productivity evaluation and future purification. lysis buffers were formulated with tris, nacl, glycerol, edta, kcl, na(2)po(4), mgcl(2), pmsf and np-40 or chaps. s2acrvgp cells (10(7) cells at the exponential growth phase) were frozen at -20 degrees c as a dry pellet, susp ...200818064610
inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the reproducibility of a new elisa to detect rabies antibodies in vaccinated domestic and wild carnivores.validation of new diagnostic assays requires the establishment of their performance characteristics such as diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, precision, repeatability, accuracy and reproducibility. these different stages of validation are described in the recent standard operating procedure for oie validation and certification of diagnostic assays. this report describes a reproducibility study of a new elisa to titrate rabies antibodies in vaccinated wild and domestic carnivores. the study ...200817981476
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolated from different sources during a bat-transmitted human outbreak occurring in augusto correa municipality, brazilian amazon.we genetically characterize rabies virus (rabv) strains isolated from human cases, domestic and wild animals during a human outbreak of bat-transmitted rabies in augusto correa municipality, pará state, brazilian amazon in 2005. partial nucleotide sequences of the n gene (491 bp) were obtained for all strains, and phylogenetic analysis grouped these into two major clades (pará and central-southeast) and identified them as bat-related viruses genotype i, desmodus rotundus antigenic variant 3 (agv ...200817996263
high crmp2 expression in peripheral t lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation.collapsin response mediator protein (crmp)-2 is involved in t-cell polarization and migration. to address the role of crmp2 in neuroinflammation, we analyzed its involvement in lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system in mouse infected with neurotropic and non-neurotropic virus strains (rabv, cdv). a sub-population of early-activated cd69+cd3+ t lymphocytes highly expressing crmp2 (crmp2hi) peaked in the blood, lymph nodes and brain of mice infected with neurotropic viruses, and corr ...200818006081
an outbreak of pig rabies in hunan province, china.the first dog-associated outbreak of rabies in swine in china (hunan province) has been diagnosed and the related virus isolated. sequence analysis showed that the pig isolate was a genotype 1 rabies virus with a very high nucleotide identity to local dog isolates.200817559696
characterization of growth and metabolism of drosophila melanogaster cells transfected with the rabies-virus glycoprotein gene.in the present study, the growth and key metabolic features of a gene-transfected drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) s2 (schneider 2) cell population (s2acrvgp cells), cultured in sf900-ii medium, have been evaluated to provide substantial support for the development of a bioprocess to produce rvgp (rabies-virus glycoprotein). experimental cultures were grown both in a 100 ml schott flask incubated in a shaker at 28 degrees c and 100 rev./min and in a 3 litre stirred-tank bioreactor at 28 degree ...200817570830
cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses to recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length lyssavirus glycoprotein genes.lyssaviruses cause acute, progressive encephalitis in mammals. current rabies vaccines offer protection against the lyssaviruses, with the notable exceptions of mokola virus (mokv), lagos bat virus (lbv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). here we describe the cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses induced by experimental recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the glycoprotein genes of rabies virus (rabv), mokv and wcbv, either singly or in dual combinations. constructs expressing ...200817588277
exploring reservoir dynamics: a case study of rabies in the serengeti ecosystem.knowledge of infection reservoir dynamics is critical for effective disease control, but identifying reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. here, we synthesize several lines of evidence to investigate rabies reservoirs in complex carnivore communities of the serengeti ecological region in northwest tanzania, where the disease has been confirmed in 12 carnivore species.long-term monitoring data suggest that rabies persists in high-density domestic dog canis familiaris populations (> 1 ...200822427710
efficient retrograde neuronal transduction utilizing self-complementary aav1.adeno-associated virus (aav) is frequently used for gene transfer into the central nervous system (cns). similar to adenovirus and rabies virus, aav can be taken up by axons and retrogradely transported, resulting in neuronal gene expression distant from the injection site. we investigated the retrograde transport properties of self-complementary aav (scaav) serotypes 1-6 following peripheral injection. injection of scaav into either rat extensor carpi muscle or sciatic nerve resulted in detecta ...200828178539
isolation of rabies virus from the parotid salivary glands of foxes (pseudalopex vetulus) from paraíba state, northeastern brazil.to determine the presence of rabies virus in the parotid salivary glands, 12 road-killed rabies-positive hoary foxes (pseudoalopex vetulus) were tested by using the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). all 12 parotid salivary glands were positive for both tests, although in some cases several passages were required. the findings of this study support the importance of the hoary fox as rabies reservoir in the sem-iarid region of paraíba state, northeastern brazil.200924031385
effective preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis of rabies with a highly attenuated recombinant rabies virus.rabies remains an important public health problem with more than 95% of all human rabies cases caused by exposure to rabid dogs in areas where effective, inexpensive vaccines are unavailable. because of their ability to induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses capable of clearing the infection from the cns after a single immunization, live-attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccines could be particularly useful not only for the global eradication of canine rabies but also for late-stage rabi ...200919581599
update on rabies diagnosis and treatment.the diagnosis of rabies depends on recognizing the clinical picture, because a history of an animal bite may be present or absent. laboratory tests, particularly when based on detection of rabies virus antigen or rna in tissues or fluids, often confirm the diagnosis. negative laboratory tests do not exclude the diagnosis unless they are performed on brain tissues. preventive therapy, including wound cleansing and active and passive immunization after a recognized exposure, is well established an ...200919545499
genetic analysis of four human rabies cases reported in turkey between 2002 and 2006.rabies remains endemic in many regions of turkey. as a consequence, humans are at risk of this fatal disease through encounters with rabid animals. the present study describes four recent cases of rabies in humans. subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus isolates obtained from each case demonstrates the distinct geographical distribution of rabies virus variants within turkey. the study suggests that rabies virus translocation has occurred across turkey and might be the source of th ...200919549224
development of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for human rabies diagnosis.to improve timely ante-mortem human rabies diagnosis, methods to detect viral rna by taqman-based quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qrt-pcrs) have been developed. three sets of two primers and one internal dual-labeled probe for each primer set that target distinct conserved regions of the rabies virus n gene were designed and evaluated. using a collection of 203 isolates representative of the world-wide diversity of rabies virus, all three primers/probe sets were sh ...200919551825
isolation and characterization of human neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus derived from a recombinant immune antibody library.a human immune fab library was constructed using rnas from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from rabies virus hyperimmune volunteers on phagemid vector. the size of the constructed fab library was 2 x 10(7) escherichia coli transformants. after four rounds of panning on whole inactivated rabies virus (pv-11), phage clones displaying rabies virus-specific human fab were selected. the specificity of soluble fab antibody fragments, derived from positive phage clones was verified by elisa. amon ...200919559727
vaccinia virus vaccines: past, present and future.vaccinia virus (vacv) has been used more extensively for human immunization than any other vaccine. for almost two centuries, vacv was employed to provide cross-protection against variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, until the disease was eradicated in the late 1970s. since that time, continued research on vacv has produced a number of modified vaccines with improved safety profiles. attenuation has been achieved through several strategies, including sequential passage in an alternati ...200919563829
rabies immune status of dogs brought into the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center, japan.stray dogs are a public health risk factor when canine rabies is endemic. the rabies prevention law has introduced measures to control stray dogs, but many dogs are still captured in japan. in order to estimate the immune status of stray dogs for the purposes of risk management, we conducted a serological survey at the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center. only 27.7% of dogs brought into the center (n=166) had protective immune status. this result suggests that there is the potential for re ...200919578297
nucleocapsid of rabies virus improve immune response of an inactivated avian influenza vaccine.the purpose of this study was to determine if nucleocapsid of rabies virus could improve the immune response (humoral and protective) of chickens vaccinated against avian influenza with an inactivated avian influenza experimental vaccine (aiv). on the other hand, aiv with and without nc was compared with an inactivated oil emulsion avian influenza commercial vaccine (cv) virus, currently used in mexico. groups of 8 day old chickens were vaccinated intracutaneously with an aiv (group 1); group 2, ...200919184631
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from dogs and crab-eating foxes in northeastern brazil.thirty-eight samples of rabies virus isolated from dogs and crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) in northeastern brazil were characterized genetically by analyzing the g gene and the psi region. the results show that there are two groups of rabies virus lineages circulating among domestic and wild animals in the region. the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the g gene and psi region are similar and reveal the existence of geographic groups. the genetic diversity of the lineages isolated fro ...200919185599
benefit cost scenarios of potential oral rabies vaccination for skunks in california.scenario-based analyses were computed for benefits and costs linked with hypothetical oral rabies vaccination (orv) campaigns to contain or eliminate skunk-variant rabies in skunks (mephitis mephitis) in california, usa. scenario 1 assumed baiting eight zones (43,388 km(2) total) that comprised 73% of known skunk rabies locations in the state. scenario 2 also assumed baiting these eight zones, but further assumed that added benefits would result from preventing the spread of skunk-variant rabies ...200919204355
functional characterization of negri bodies (nbs) in rabies virus-infected cells: evidence that nbs are sites of viral transcription and replication.rabies virus infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that resemble negri bodies found in the cytoplasm of some infected nerve cells. we have studied the morphogenesis and the role of these negri body-like structures (nbls) during viral infection. the results indicate that these spherical structures (one or two per cell in the initial stage of infection), composed of the viral n and p proteins, grow during the virus cycle before appearing as smaller structures at late stag ...200919494013
donor selection, retrieval and preparation of donor tissue. donor selection.corneal transplantation safety is widely dependent on clinical donor selection. donor-to-host transmission of rabies and creutzfeldt-jakob disease is well established, and it is lethal for the recipient. taking into consideration this latter figure, contraindications to ocular tissue transplantation include not only rabies, contact with rabies virus, spongiform encephalitis, family history of spongiform encephalitis, recipients of human pituitary-derived hormones before 1987, surgery using dura ...200919494634
peptide mimotopes of rabies virus glycoprotein with immunogenic activity.a random constrained hexapeptide phage display library (cys-6aa-cys) was screened with purified neutralizing human anti-rabies virus igg antibodies (hrabvigg) to identify peptides that correspond to or mimic natural epitopes on rabies virus glycoprotein (rabvg) and to investigate their immunogenicities in vivo. after four rounds of biopanning, 20 phage clones randomly selected for their specificity to hrabvigg, effectively blocked the binding of the inactive rabies virus (rabv) to hrabvigg. the ...200919520204
a novel animal-component-free medium for rabies virus production in vero cells grown on cytodex 1 microcarriers in a stirred bioreactor.vero cells growth and rabies production in ipt-af medium, a property animal-component-free medium are described in this work. kinetics of cell growth and rabies virus (strain lp 2061) production were first conducted in spinner flasks. over eight independent experiments, vero cell growth in ipt-af medium, on 2 g/l cytodex 1 was consistent. an average cd (cell division number) of 3.3+/-0.4 and a specific growth rate micro of 0.017+/-0.006 h(-1) were achieved. such performances were comparable to t ...200919521697
rabies in ferret badgers, southeastern china.ferret badger-associated human rabies cases emerged in china in 1994. we used a retrospective epidemiologic survey, virus isolation, laboratory diagnosis, and nucleotide sequencing to document its reemergence in 2002-2008. whether the cause is spillover from infected dogs or recent host shift and new reservoir establishment requires further investigation.200919523299
sindbis virus replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein elicits specific humoral and cellular immune response in dogs.a sindbis virus (sinv) replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein g developed previously (saxena et al., vaccine 26, 6592, 2008) was used for immunization of dogs against rabies. the intradermal injection of dna vaccine into external ear generated protective level of virus neutralizing antibodies. the cellular immune response was specific to rabv, in particular by an increase in cd3+cd4+ and cd3+cd8+ lymphocytes. this study has demonstrated that the sinv replicon-based ...200919537908
intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers.the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ...200919543379
response to protocol review scenario: complex circumstances. 200919229217
rabid or good neighbors? 200919229218
response to protocol review scenario: federal oversight needed. 200919229219
response to protocol review scenario: whose watch? 200919229220
[rabies].rabies is a fetal viral encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, that is mainly transmitted through the saliva of infected domestic or wild animals. rabies remains an important public health issue worldwide due to the prevalence of endemic dog rabies in developing countries. the epidemiological impact is particularly still high in asian and african countries. in contrast, in the developed countries, including japan, rabies is a re-emerging disease. the lyssaviruses (types eblv and abl) and rabie ...200919235463
toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus negri bodies.human neurons express the innate immune response receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3). tlr3 levels are increased in pathological conditions such as brain virus infection. here, we further investigated the production, cellular localisation, and function of neuronal tlr3 during neuronotropic rabies virus (rabv) infection in human neuronal cells. following rabv infection, tlr3 is not only present in endosomes, as observed in the absence of infection, but also in detergent-resistant perinuclear inc ...200919247444
selective vulnerability of dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental rabies after peripheral inoculation of cvs-11 in adult mice.the involvement of dorsal root ganglia was studied in an in vivo model of experimental rabies virus infection using the challenge virus standard (cvs-11) strain. dorsal root ganglia neurons infected with cvs in vitro show prolonged survival and few morphological changes, and are commonly used to study the infection. it has been established that after peripheral inoculation of mice with cvs the brain and spinal cord show relatively few neurodegenerative changes, but detailed studies of pathologic ...200919252919
applying the milwaukee protocol to treat canine rabies in equatorial guinea.in this first report of rabies in equatorial guinea, problems accompanying the application of the milwaukee protocol are described. with its apparent success, and despite a subsequent death from complications of malnutrition, we sound a note of optimism that canine as well as bat rabies may be treatable.200919263274
evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central africa.the burden of rabies in africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabv in western and central africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 african countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. this revealed that rabv currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'africa 2'. a detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of th ...200919264663
the rabies virus phosphoprotein synthesis and subcellular localization are modified by nerve growth factor.rabies virus p protein participates as a regulating factor in viral transcription and replication; recent studies found an antitranscriptional and antireplicative effect of nerve growth factor (ngf) and neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) in infected neuron cultures. we investigated here the specific effect of the neurotrophins on p protein, evaluating its synthesis and subcellular distribution in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures infected and treated with ngf or nt-3. the results showed that ng ...200919283595
brain-targeting gene delivery and cellular internalization mechanisms for modified rabies virus glycoprotein rvg29 nanoparticles.a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) was exploited as a ligand for efficient brain-targeting gene delivery. rvg29 was modified on polyamidoamine dendrimers (pamam) through bifunctional peg, then complexed with dna, yielding pamam-peg-rvg29/dna nanoparticles (nps). the nps were observed to be uptaken by brain capillary endothelial cells (bcecs) through a clathrin and caveolae mediated energy-depending endocytosis. the specific cellular uptake can be inhibited ...200919467700
rapid detection of rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.in this study, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was established which can detect 10(3) copies of viral rna corresponding to approximately 5 fg of rna. rt-lamp with the phil primer set designed according to the nucleotide sequences obtained from a kyoto patient who contracted rabies in the philippines was able to amplify all 16 street viral sequences derived from the philippines. the specificity of rt-lamp products was easily confirmed by digestion with rsai ...200919468177
human exposures to a rabid bat - montana, 2008.on september 29, 2008, the ravalli county public health department (rcphd) notified the montana department of public health and human services (mdphhs) of a large-scale human exposure to a dead bat at an elementary school. on october 1, the bat was confirmed to be rabid, and on october 4, mdphhs requested assistance from cdc in evaluating persons for rabies exposure. of 107 persons assessed, only one person (1%) was recommended for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in accordance with guidanc ...200919478724
expression of rabies virus g protein in carrots (daucus carota).antigens derived from various pathogens can readily be synthesized at high levels in plants in their authentic forms. such antigens administered orally can induce an immune response and, in some cases, result in protection against a subsequent challenge. we here report the expression of rabies virus g protein into carrots. the g gene was subcloned into the pucpssrabg vector and then used to transform carrot embryogenic cells by particle bombardment. the carrot cells were selected in liquid mediu ...200919479338
feline rabies. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.overview: rabies virus belongs to the genus lyssavirus, together with european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. in clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. infection: rabid animals are the only source of infection. virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. the average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, ...200919481038
development and evaluation of a rapid neutralizing antibody test for rabies.the level of virus-neutralizing antibody, which plays a crucial role in the prevention of rabies, is determined by rabies virus (rabv) neutralizing test, which are time- and cost-consuming. in order to determine the level of neutralizing antibody in vaccinees, an easy and reliable method is needed. based on the principle of immunochromatography, we developed a rapina (rapid neutralizing antibody) test to determine the presence of neutralizing antibody in serum. in the rapina test, if neutralizin ...200919481115
immunogenicity and safety of recombinant rabies viruses used for oral vaccination of stray dogs and wildlife.rabies is a zoonotic disease and stray dogs, wild carnivores and bats are the natural reservoirs of rabies. oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free ranging terrestrial animals. we have developed the double glycoprotein (g) rabies virus (rv) variant spbngas-gas that has great promise to be used as a live-attenuated vaccine. oral immunization of rodents and several target animal species with this double g rv variant resulted in the induction ...200919486317
antibody response to an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.to investigate the rabies virus neutralizing antibody response in hiv-1-infected patients with cd4+ cell count <or=200 cells/microl or >200 cells/microl after post-exposure prophylaxis using an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination regimen.200919487057
[epidemiological profile of rabies in the northwestern region of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007].the epidemiology of animal rabies in the region of araçatuba, in the northwest of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007, is described according to the results from diagnoses made at laboratories in the region, using the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. out of 10,579 samples analyzed, 4.9% were positive (518/10,579). dogs accounted for 67% of the cases (346/518) and these occurred between 1993 and 1997. among the other positive samples, 16% (84/518) were in cattle and 9.7% (50/518) ...200919287928
[antigen profile of rabies virus isolated from different species of non-hematophagous bats in the region of presidente prudente, state of são paulo].using the monoclonal antibody technique, the clinical and molecular virology laboratory of the institute of biomedical sciences of the university of são paulo typed 18 rabies virus samples from non-hematophagous bats of several species from the region of presidente prudente, sp, brazil. among these samples, 15 (82.3%) were defined as variant 3 (compatible with samples isolated from desmodus rotundus bats) and three (16.7%) as variant 4 (compatible with samples isolated from tadarida brasiliensis ...200919287929
furious rabies after an atypical exposure. 200919296718
use of rabies postexposure prophylaxis supplied by the alaska section of epidemiology, alaska, 2002-2007.the aim of this study was to summarize the alaska experience in centralizing distribution of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep).200919320368
proteomics analysis of bhk-21 cells infected with a fixed strain of rabies virus.rabies is a neurotropic virus that causes a life threatening acute viral encephalitis. the complex relationship of rabies virus (rv) with the host leads to its replication and spreading toward the neural network, where viral pathogenic effects appeared as neuronal dysfunction. in order to better understand the molecular basis of this relationship, a proteomics study on baby hamster kidney cells infected with challenge virus standard strain of rv was performed. this cell line is an in vitro model ...200919322775
a three-year clinical study on immunogenicity, safety, and booster response of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly or intradermally to 12- to 18-month-old thai children, concomitantly with japanese encephalitis vaccine.after concomitant administration of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and japanese encephalitis vaccine to toddlers, adequate rabies and japanese encephalitis virus neutralizing antibodies concentrations were demonstrated by day 49, 7 days after a booster at 1 year, and in the majorly at 3 years postvaccination. the inclusion of rabies vaccine in the expanded program on immunization should be considered in rabies endemic countries.200919333080
[investigation of antibody levels following rabies vaccination in the subjects who were biten by animals].rabies is still an important public health problem in developing countries. vaccination against rabies should be initiated as soon as possible following the suspicious bite. it is not yet clear whether previously vaccinated people should be re-vaccinated in case of re-exposure to rabies virus. in this study it is aimed to determine the antibody titer in sera of vaccinated people and also to evaluate the relation between the antibody titer and number of vaccination. the study group consisted of 1 ...200919334389
modular organization of rabies virus phosphoprotein.a phosphoprotein (p) is found in all viruses of the mononegavirales order. these proteins form homo-oligomers, fulfil similar roles in the replication cycles of the various viruses, but differ in their length and oligomerization state. sequence alignments reveal no sequence similarity among proteins from viruses belonging to the same family. sequence analysis and experimental data show that phosphoproteins from viruses of the paramyxoviridae contain structured domains alternating with intrinsica ...200919341745
changes to interneuron-driven striatal microcircuits in a rat model of parkinson's disease.striatal interneurons play key roles in basal ganglia function and related disorders by modulating the activity of striatal projection neurons. here we have injected rabies virus (rv) into either the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata or the globus pallidus and took advantage of the trans-synaptic spread of rv to unequivocally identify the interneurons connected to striatonigral- or striatopallidal-projecting neurons, respectively. large numbers of rv-infected parvalbumin (pv+/rv+) and choline ...200919341798
pathology of the spinal cord of c57bl/6j mice infected with rabies virus (cvs-11 strain).fixed rabies viruses (cvs-11 strain) were inoculated intramuscularly to c57bl/6j mice, and the pathomorphological changes of the spinal cord including dorsal root spinal ganglion cells were investigated. at 4 days postinoculation (pi), viral antigens were first detected in the spinal neurons and dorsal root spinal ganglion cells without producing morphological changes. at 5 days pi, mild infiltration of lymphocytes was observed around the central canal, small blood vessels and leptomeninges. cel ...200919346700
neuroanatomical mapping of rabies nucleocapsid viral antigen distribution and apoptosis in pathogenesis in street dog rabies--an immunohistochemical study.to date, there is no study from asian countries describing the pathology and topographic distribution of virulent, "street" rabies viral infection in the canine brain. in the present study, neuroanatomical distribution of rabies viral antigen in the brains of rabid street dogs, by immunohistochemical techniques is documented and the role of apoptosis in pathogenesis of rabies in natural hosts especially canines infected with street virus is studied.200919353843
competitive elisa using a rabies glycoprotein-transformed cell line to semi-quantify rabies neutralizing-related antibodies in dogs.dogs are the principal vectors for rabies virus transmission to humans in many parts of the world. the current "gold standard" world health organization- and office international des epizooties-recommended tests for measuring anti-rabies virus antibodies in dogs, such as the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test, requires high containment facilities and several days for results. here, we describe a new competitive elisa (c-elisa) that utilizes a cell line stably expressing the ra ...200919356613
poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: a potent oral delivery system to elicit systemic immune response against inactivated rabies virus.rabies is an endemic, fatal zoonotic disease in the developing countries. oral vaccination strategies are suitable for rabies control in developing countries. studies were performed to investigate the suitability of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microspheres as an oral delivery system for beta-propiolactone inactivated concentrated rabies virus (crv). immune responses induced by encapsulated (plg+crv) and un-encapsulated inactivated rabies virus after oral and intraperitoneal route administra ...200919356617
in vitro propagation of rabies virus in mouse dorsal root ganglia cells.rabies virus (rv) is highly neurotropic and migrates to the neuronal soma by retrograde axonal transport from nerve terminals, after which it is taken by anterograde axonal transport to be finally released into the central nervous system (cns) from which it disseminates, resulting in lethal encephalitis. dorsal root ganglia (drg) are crucial in the initial events of the infection by rv since they can act as a gate for the viral entrance into the cns. in the present study, we examined cell tropis ...200919358445
[cortico-basal ganglia circuits--parallel closed loops and convergent/divergent connections].the basal ganglia play important roles not only in motor control but also in higher cognitive functions such as reinforcement learning and procedural memory. anatomical studies on the neuronal connections between the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and thalamus have demonstrated that these nuclei and cortical areas are interconnected via independent parallel loop circuits. the association, motor, and limbic cortices project to specific domains in the striatum, which, in turn, project back to the ...200919378804
modulating mouse innate immunity to rna viruses by expressing the bos taurus mx system.mx proteins are interferon-induced members of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases. these proteins have attracted much attention because some display antiviral activity against pathogenic rna viruses, such as members of the orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, and rhabdoviridae families. among the diverse mammalian mx proteins examined so far, we have recently demonstrated in vitro that the bos taurus isoform 1 (bomx1) is endowed with exceptional anti-rabies-virus activity. this ...200919387858
aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada.during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ...200919395746
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...200919395747
vero cell platform in vaccine production: moving towards cell culture-based viral vaccines.the development of cell culture systems for virus propagation has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. primary and diploid cell culture systems are now being replaced by the use of continuous cell lines (ccls). these substrates are gaining increasing acceptance from regulatory authorities as improved screening technologies remove fears regarding their potential oncogenic properties. the vero cell line is the most widely accepted ccl by regulatory authorities and has been used for ...200919397417
mitochondrial dna signatures at different spatial scales: from the effects of the straits of gibraltar to population structure in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus).the meridional serotine bat eptesicus isabellinus is found in north africa and the iberian peninsula. we analyzed the genetic structure of e. isabellinus at two different geographic scales to reveal the historical and ecological patterns that have shaped its populations. the role of the straits of gibraltar as an isolating barrier between african and iberian populations is evaluated and the degree of genetic structure and female-mediated gene flow was assessed at a local scale between neighborin ...200919401715
metastatic angioinvasive lymphoma (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) in a cat.a subcutaneous mass removed from the right rear leg of a 17-year-old, spayed, female domestic shorthair cat was characterized histopathologically by granulomatous inflammation, sheets of large atypical lymphoid cells, and necrosis. the walls of the small and medium caliber blood vessels were invaded transmurally by atypical lymphoid cells. a diagnosis of angioinvasive lymphoma (ail), or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, was made based on histopathologic findings. the cat was euthanized 2 months later ...200919407098
relaxation of purifying selection on the sad lineage of live attenuated oral vaccines for rabies virus.analysis of patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity in wild-type rabies virus (rabv) genomes and in the sad live attenuated oral vaccine lineage was used to test for the relaxation of purifying selection in the latter and provide evidence regarding the genomic regions where such relaxation of selection occurs. the wild-type sequences showed evidence of strong past and ongoing purifying selection both on nonsynonymous sites in coding regions and on non-coding regions, particularly the start, en ...200919409512
phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from southern india.india like several other south east asian and african countries continues to face the public health and economic problems associated with the disease. our objective was to perform a limited sequence analysis of a portion of nucleoprotein gene of 22 rabies virus isolates obtained from domestic animals in southern india during 2004-2005. these isolates were compared with rabies virus isolates originating from asia, europe, africa and north america. the phylogenetic analysis showed that rv isolates ...200919428313
the spread of canine rabies into free state province of south africa: a molecular epidemiological characterization.the free state (fs) province of the republic of south africa is associated with endemic rabies in the yellow mongoose, cynictis penicillata. historically, this mongoose rabies virus biotype occasionally spilled over into domestic dogs, but the canid rabies virus biotype of southern africa did not occur here, until recently. we report on the recent spread of canine rabies by means of a molecular epidemiological study that was performed on a cohort of 69 rabies viruses collected from dogs in fs pr ...200919428751
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