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prevalence of urethral trichomonas vaginalis in black and white men who have sex with men. 201222902674
comparison of resistant and susceptible strains of trichomons vaginalis to metronidazole using pcr method.metronidazole is drug of choice recommended by who for treatment of trichomoniasis, however, some reports claims drug resistance in trichomonas vaginalis isolates recently. the objective of this study was to determine the minimum lethal concentration (mlc) of metronidazole in resistant and sensitive strains, as well as genetic patterns of these stains by pcr method.201223109958
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in hamadan city, western iran.infection with trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in humans. the prevalence of infection in iran has been reported between 2 to 8%, depending on deferent socio-cultural conditions. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis in women referred to gynecologic clinics in hamadan city, west of iran.201223109948
the antimicrobial peptide, shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (salf), inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expressions through the mapk and nf-κb pathways in trichomonas vaginalis adherent to hela cells.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that causes sexually transmitted infections (stis) worldwide. the infection is dangerous and easily spreads within a community. also, some cases of drug resistance were reported. previously, we reported that the shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (salf), an antimicrobial peptide of 24 amino acids, modulates inflammatory responses and inhibits t. vaginalis growth. to date, there is no report on the mechanism of salf's actions in t. vaginalis' adhe ...201223088922
localisation of a family of complex-forming β-barrels in the t. vaginalis hydrogenosomal membrane.crucial to organellogenesis was the development of membrane translocases responsible for delivering proteins to new cellular compartments. this investigation examines the trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome, a mitochondrially derived organelle. we identify an expanded family of putative β-barrel proteins (thom a-i) comprising nine related sequences. sub-cellular localisation by immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionation is consistent with thoms being localised to the hydrogenosomal membran ...201223068613
secondary alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of exogenous acetone to 2-propanol in trichomonas vaginalis.secondary alcohols such as 2-propanol are readily produced by various anaerobic bacteria that possess secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (s-adh), although production of 2-propanol is rare in eukaryotes. specific bacterial-type s-adh has been identified in a few unicellular eukaryotes, but its function is not known and the production of secondary alcohols has not been studied. we purified and characterized s-adh from the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis. the kinetic properties and thermostabilit ...201222686835
comparative analysis of the 5s rrna and its associated proteins reveals unique primitive rather than parasitic features in giardia lamblia.5s rrna is a highly conserved ribosomal component. eukaryotic 5s rrna and its associated proteins (5s rrna system) have become very well understood. giardia lamblia was thought by some researchers to be the most primitive extant eukaryote while others considered it a highly evolved parasite. previous reports have indicated that some aspects of its 5s rrna system are simpler than that of common eukaryotes. we here explore whether this is true to its entire system, and whether this simplicity is a ...201222685540
trichomonas vaginalis ribosomal rna: identification and characterisation of the transcription promoter and terminator sequences.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan of both medical and biological relevance. transcriptional studies in this organism have focused mainly on type ii pol promoters, whereas the elements necessary for transcription by poli or poliii have not been investigated. here, with the aid of a transient transcription system, we characterised the rdna intergenic region, defining both the promoter and the terminator sequences required for transcription. we defined the promoter as a compact region ...201222677340
species typing of cuban trichomonas vaginalis virus by rt-pcr, and association of tvv-2 with high parasite adhesion levels and high pathogenicity in patients.the viral infection of the parasite with t. vaginalis virus (tvv) may have important implications for trichomonal virulence. in this study we identified the tvv species isolated from cuban t. vaginalis, using specie specific reverse transcriptase-pcr. of the 37 clinical isolates studied, 21 were infected with tvv, 6 contained tvv-1, 12, tvv- 2 and 3 were co-infected with tvv-1 and -2. the strains infected with tvv showing highest adhesion level in comparison to not infected strains, with high st ...201222653538
trichomonas vaginalis antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 us cities, std surveillance network, 2009-2010.nitroimidazoles (metronidazole and tinidazole) are the only recommended drugs for treating trichomonas vaginalis infection, and previous samples that assessed resistance of such isolates have been limited in geographic scope. we assessed the prevalence of in vitro aerobic metronidazole and tinidazole resistance among t. vaginalis isolates from multiple geographic sites in the united states. swab specimens were obtained from women who underwent routine pelvic examinations at sexually transmitted ...201222608054
untreated trichomonas vaginalis for 20 years: lessons to be learnt? 201222581883
s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase of the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis: potent inhibitory activity of 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β,d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine.in the present study, we carried out a structure-activity analysis in trichomonas vaginalis of a series of adenosine and uridine analogues. the most potent compounds were found to be 2' and 3' modified adenosine analogues some of which are potent inhibitors of s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. the 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β,d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine compound was more potent than metronidazole, a current fda approved and commonly prescribed drug for treatment of trichomoniasis. its ic(50) was 0.09 μm ...201222579483
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal specimens by wet mount microscopy, in pouch tv culture system, and pcr.in recent years, trichomoniasis has emerged as the most common sexually transmitted disease and limited data are available on the effective screening technique for the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis.201222529623
clinical features and sociodemographic factors affecting trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending a central sexually transmitted diseases clinic in sri lanka.trichomoniasis is a relatively neglected area of research in sri lanka. given the number of infections observed, an analysis of sociodemographic characteristics of patients would be valuable in prevention.201222529450
phenotypic 'variant' forms of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites from cervical neoplasia patients.the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite causes vaginitis, urethritis and cervicitis in humans. the present study highlights phenotypic 'variant' forms of trophozoites isolated from patients suffering from cervical neoplasia condition. the growth curve of 10 isolates i.e., four non-cervical neoplasia (ncn) isolates (ncn1-ncn4) and six cervical neoplasia (cn) isolates (cn1-cn6) showed two distinct and different in vitro growth profiles. the parasite count and ...201222525014
effects of hormonal contraception on vaginal flora.the sector of the market that deals with contraception offers a long list of different contraceptive methods. within the estroprogestinic choice, the routes of administration are oral, transdermic and vaginal one. even though efficacy is comparable with these methods, secondary and adverse effects are directly involved in the acceptability of the method.201222520642
extensive genetic diversity, unique population structure and evidence of genetic exchange in the sexually transmitted parasite trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection world-wide. despite its prevalence, little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this haploid parasite due to the lack of appropriate tools. the development of a panel of microsatellite makers and snps from mining the parasite's genome sequence has paved the way to a global analysis of the genetic structure of the pathogen and association with ...201222479659
functional analysis of sequence motifs involved in the polyadenylation of trichomonas vaginalis mrnas.synthesis of functional mrna in eukaryotes involves processing of precursor transcripts, including the addition of a poly(a) tail at the 3' end. a multiprotein complex recognizes a polyadenylation signal, generally the hexanucleotide aauaaa in metazoans, to direct processing of the pre-mrna. based on sequence analysis of several cdnas, we have previously suggested that the uaaa tetranucleotide (which may include the uaa translation stop codon) could be the polyadenylation signal in trichomonas v ...201222467744
down-regulation of flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (adh1) in metronidazole-resistant isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.the microaerophilic parasite trichomonas vaginalis is a causative agent of painful vaginitis or urethritis, termed trichomoniasis, and can also cause preterm delivery or stillbirth. treatment of trichomoniasis is almost exclusively based on the nitroimidazole drugs metronidazole and tinidazole. metronidazole resistance in t. vaginalis does occur and is often associated with treatment failure. in most cases, metronidazole-resistant isolates remain susceptible to tinidazole, but cross resistance b ...201222449940
sexually transmitted infections in hiv-infected patients in kabale hospital, uganda.acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis) is an epidemiological marker of high-risk sexual behavior in hiv-infected patients. we assessed the prevalence of stis among patients attending an hiv care and support centre.201222421610
insight into trichomonas vaginalis genome evolution through metabolic pathways comparison.trichomonas vaginalis causes the trichomoniasis, in women and urethritis and prostate cancer in men. its genome draft published by tigr in 2007 presents many unusual genomic and biochemical features like, exceptionally large genome size, the presence of hydrogenosome, gene duplication, lateral gene transfer mechanism and the presence of mirna. to understand some of genomic features we have performed a comparative analysis of metabolic pathways of the t. vaginalis with other 22 significant common ...201222419839
analysis of the ntpdase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase profiles in serum-limited trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the human urogenital tract that causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease. ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ntpdase) family members, which hydrolyse extracellular atp and adp and ecto-5'-nucleotidase, which hydrolyses amp, have been characterised in t. vaginalis. for trichomonad culture, the growth medium is supplemented with 10% serum, which is an important source of nutrients, such as adenosine. here, w ...201222415254
histone h3 variants in trichomonas vaginalis.the parabasalid protist trichomonas vaginalis is a widespread parasite that affects humans, frequently causing vaginitis in infected women. trichomonad mitosis is marked by the persistence of the nuclear membrane and the presence of an asymmetric extranuclear spindle with no obvious direct connection to the chromosomes. no centromeric markers have been described in t. vaginalis, which has prevented a detailed analysis of mitotic events in this organism. in other eukaryotes, nucleosomes of centro ...201222408228
acquisition of hydrogenosomal presequences: examples from trichomonas vaginalis.presequences play an important role in protein import into mitochondria-like organelles. acquisition pathways have been revealed for some mitochondrial presequences, but little is known about hydrogenosomal presequences. here we investigated the hydrogenosomal proteins of trichomonas vaginalis and suggest that several hydrogenosomal presequences probably evolved from pre-existing sequences that were thereafter modified.201222404599
pseudocyst forms of trichomonas vaginalis from cervical neoplasia.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite causes a variety of adverse health consequences in both men and women. the parasite exists in the trophozoite and the pseudocystic stage. the study reports for the first time that pseudocyst forms of t. vaginalis isolated from cervical neoplasia (cn) patients demonstrated distinct, different and significant in vitro growth profiles when grown in vitro cultures from day 1 up to day 5 (p<0.05, mann-whitney test) when compared with the same li ...201222398830
the role of bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas in hiv transmission across the female genital tract.bacterial vaginosis (bv) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infections are both very common and are associated with increased risk of sexual transmission of hiv. there are several mechanisms by which bv and tv could affect susceptibility including inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting mucosal barrier function. this review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how these genital conditions lead to an increased risk of hiv infection in women.201222384839
efficacy of the mentha crispa in the treatment of women with trichomonas vaginalis infection.the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mentha crispa in the treatment of women with trichomonas vaginalis infection (tvi).201222350328
trichomonas vaginalis: treatment questions and challenges. 201222339182
potentiating metronidazole scaffold against resistant trichomonas: design, synthesis, biology and 3d-qsar analysis.metronidazole (mtz), the fda-approved drug against trichomonas vaginalis (tv), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the mtz framework against drug resistance and sperm. new compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against mtz-susceptible and -resistant strains of tv. all of the ...201224900434
lycorine derivatives against trichomonas vaginalis.six lycorine derivatives were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity. compounds bearing an acetyl (2), lauroyl (3), benzoyl (4 and 5), and p-nitrobenzoyl (6 and 7) groups were synthesized. the best activity was achieved with lycorine esterified at c-2 position with lauroyl group. preliminary structure-activity relationship points that unprotected oh group at c-1 and c-2 is not necessary to the antiparasitic activity, and none of the derivati ...201222260620
to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in turkish women from ankara, turkey.to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in ankara, turkey and analyze whether there is seasonal variation in these infectious agents.201223383559
effect of echinophora platyloba, stachys lavandulifolia, and eucalyptus camaldulensis plants on trichomonas vaginalis growth in vitro.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite which causes vaginitis in women worldwide. metronidazole with vast side effects is drug of choice for this infection. in search for an alternative drug, in this study the effect of three plants on trichomonas vaginalis has been investigated in vitro.201223326809
genotyping of trichomonas vaginalis isolates in iran by using single stranded conformational polymorphism-pcr technique and internal transcribed spacer regions.infection with trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of human urogenital infection, is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. in spite of the high prevalence and medical importance of trichomoniasis, there is little knowledge about genetic epidemiology and genetic characterisation of this parasite. for this purpose, a single stranded conformation polymorphism-pcr (sscp-pcr) typing method was conducted for iranian t. vaginalis isolates using 5.8s ribosomal gene ( ...201223202606
prevalence and predictors of trichomonas infection in newly incarcerated women.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted infection in the united states and may lead to preterm delivery, infertility, and increased hiv transmission. incarcerated women may be at especially high risk for infection, although few studies have examined routine screening for trichomonas infection in this population.201223191953
trichomonas vaginalis prevalence increases with remoteness in rural and remote new south wales, australia.trichomonas has been reported to be rare in australia's major cities while remaining very common in some extremely remote aboriginal communities. this study examined the trichomonas prevalence and relationship to remoteness among patients attending sexual health clinics in rural and remote areas of new south wales, australia.201223191946
endobiont viruses sensed by the human host - beyond conventional antiparasitic therapy.wide-spread protozoan parasites carry endosymbiotic dsrna viruses with uncharted implications to the human host. among them, trichomonas vaginalis, a parasite adapted to the human genitourinary tract, infects globally ∼250 million each year rendering them more susceptible to devastating pregnancy complications (especially preterm birth), hiv infection and hpv-related cancer. while first-line antibiotic treatment (metronidazole) commonly kills the protozoan pathogen, it fails to improve reproduct ...201223144878
iron-inducible nuclear translocation of a myb3 transcription factor in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.in trichomonas vaginalis, a novel nuclear localization signal spanning the folded r2r3 dna-binding domain of a myb2 protein was previously identified. to study whether a similar signal is used for nuclear translocation by other myb proteins, nuclear translocation of myb3 was examined in this report. when overexpressed, hemagglutinin-tagged myb3 was localized to nuclei of transfected cells, with a cellular distribution similar to that of endogenous myb3. fusion to a bacterial tetracycline repress ...201223042127
the effects of environmental factors on the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis.this review focused on potential regulatory mechanisms of trichomonas vaginalis virulence properties, cytoadherence, cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, hemolysis, induction of apoptosis, and immune evasion in response to environmental factors of the human urogenital tract, iron, zinc, and polyamines. understanding the multifactorial nature of trichomonal pathogenesis and its regulation may help to unravel the survival strategies of trichomonads and to implement prevention policies, opportune diagnosis, ...201223022315
[the influence of cervicovaginitis agents on epithelial cell changes: comparison of mardin city's data with the literature].the aim of this paper was to observe the reactive changes of epithelial cells exposed to the influence of cervicovaginitis agents that play an important role in the cytology practice and may cause an exaggerated appearance.201223011825
association between trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal bacterial community composition among reproductive-age women.some vaginal bacterial communities are thought to prevent infection by sexually transmitted organisms. prior work demonstrated that the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age women cluster into 5 types of bacterial communities; 4 dominated by lactobacillus species (l. iners, l. crispatus, l. gasseri, l. jensenii) and 1 (termed community state type (cst) iv) lacking significant numbers of lactobacilli and characterized by higher proportions of atopobium, prevotella, parvimonas, sneathia, gardnere ...201223007708
accuracy and trust of self-testing for bacterial vaginosis.two point-of-care tests are available to detect bacterial vaginosis (bv), a common vaginal condition. this study aimed to (1) compare the accuracy of two self-performed bv tests with clinician-performed bv tests and with clinical diagnosis of bv; and (2) compare trust of results for self-performed bv testing with clinician-performed bv testing.201222999842
trichomoniasis and lactoferrin: future prospects.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan which infects the urogenital tract and requires iron as an essential nutrient. iron is known to upregulate various adhesins required for cytoadherance and other factors involved in pathogenesis. at mucosal surfaces, iron is chelated by lactoferrin resulting in low levels of free iron. however, pathogens have evolved mechanisms for an increased uptake of iron. the present review highlights the role of iron in survival of trichomonas during fluctuatin ...201222988421
transcriptomic identification of iron-regulated and iron-independent gene copies within the heavily duplicated trichomonas vaginalis genome.gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism and no eukaryote has more duplicated gene families than the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis. iron is an essential nutrient for trichomonas and plays a pivotal role in the establishment of infection, proliferation, and virulence. to gain insight into the role of iron in t. vaginalis gene expression and genome evolution, we screened iron-regulated genes using an oligonucleotide microarray for t. vaginalis and by comparative est (expre ...201222975721
reversible association of tetraspanin with trichomonas vaginalis flagella upon adherence to host cells.the parasite trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. here, we report the cellular analyses of t. vaginalis tetraspanin 6 (tvtsp6). this family of membrane proteins has been implicated in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation in vertebrates. we observed that tvtsp6 expression is upregulated upon contact with vaginal ectocervical cells (vecs) and that parasite strains that are highly adherent to vecs express higher levels of ...201222882837
symptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection in the setting of severe nitroimidazole allergy: successful treatment with boric acid.this report describes a patient with symptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection who was unable to tolerate nitroimidazole drugs because of severe hypersensitivity, for which desensitisation was not possible. use of intravaginal clotrimazole, intravaginal paromomycin, intravaginal furazolidone, povidone-iodine douches, and oral nitazoxanide were unsuccessful in eradicating the patient's t. vaginalis infection. a 2-month course of intravaginal topical boric acid subsequently achieved a complete s ...201222877600
genetic characterization of trichomonas vaginalis isolates by use of multilocus sequence typing.in this study, we introduce a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme, comprised of seven single-copy housekeeping genes, to genetically characterize trichomonas vaginalis. sixty-eight historical and recent isolates of t. vaginalis were sampled from the american type culture collection and female patients at area health care facilities, respectively, to assess the usefulness of this typing method. forty-three polymorphic nucleotide sites, 51 different alleles, and 60 sequence types were disting ...201222855512
validation of a modified fluorimetric assay for the screening of trichomonacidal drugs.a fluorimetric microassay that uses a redox dye to determine the viability of the flagellate trichomonas vaginalis has been optimised to provide a more sensitive method to evaluate potential trichomonacidal compounds. resazurin has been used in recent years to test drugs against different parasites, including trichomonadid protozoa; however, the reproducibility of these resazurin-based methods in our laboratory has been limited because the flagellate culture medium spontaneously reduces the resa ...201222850954
performance of rapid immunochromatographic assay in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis accounts for nearly half of all curable sexually transmitted diseases worldwide with serious health consequences. effort to increase the sensitivity of its diagnosis is critical to both control measures and epidemiologic studies. this study was conducted to evaluate the osom® trichomonas rapid test (sekisui diagnostics, framingham, ma, usa), a qualitative antigen-detection immunochromatographic (ic) assay in the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis comparable to the conventi ...201222727836
the atp-binding cassette proteins of the deep-branching protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the atp binding cassette (abc) proteins are a family of membrane transporters and regulatory proteins responsible for diverse and critical cellular process in all organisms. to date, there has been no attempt to investigate this class of proteins in the infectious parasite trichomonas vaginalis. we have utilized a combination of bioinformatics, gene sequence analysis, gene expression and confocal microscopy to investigate the abc proteins of t. vaginalis. we demonstrate that, uniquely among euka ...201222724033
a protein phosphatase 1 gamma (pp1γ) of the human protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis is involved in proliferation and cell attachment to the host cell.in this work, evidence for a critical role of trichomonas vaginalis protein phosphatase 1 gamma (tvpp1γ) in proliferation and attachment of the parasite to the mammalian cell is provided. firstly, proliferation and attachment of t. vaginalis parasites to hela cells was blocked by calyculin a (ca), a potent pp1 inhibitor. secondly, it was demonstrated that the enzyme activity of native and recombinant tvpp1γ proteins was inhibited by ca. thirdly, reverse genetic studies confirmed that antisense o ...201222713760
pcr for diagnosis of male trichomonas vaginalis infection with chronic prostatitis and urethritis.the aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of pcr for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among male patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis. between june 2001 and december 2003, a total of 33 patients visited the department of urology, hanyang university guri hospital and were examined for t. vaginalis infection by pcr and culture in tym medium. for the pcr, we used primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from t. vaginalis (tv-e650). voided bladder urin ...201222711929
genotypic characterization of trichomonas vaginalis isolates among women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships.the random amplified polymorphic dna technique was used to delineate the genetic relatedness of trichomonas vaginalis isolates among 3 pairs of mutually infected women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships. one of the 3 pairs of women shared a t. vaginalis isolate with the same random amplified polymorphic dna banding patterns. shared use of washcloths to cleanse the vaginal area after receptive oral sex was the most likely method of t. vaginalis transmission among this pair of women.201222706219
prevalence of human papillomavirus and co-existent sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers, men having sex with men and injectable drug abusers from eastern india.human papillomavirus (hpv) is a very common sexually transmitted disease affecting both men and women and is responsible for different ano-genital cancers in either sex. co-existing sexually transmitted infections (sti) including hiv have been considered as important co-factors for carcinogenesis induced by hpv. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of any hpv, hpv 16 and hpv 18 and also concomitant stis among female sex workers (fsw), men having sex with men (msm) and inject ...201222631651
no evidence for infection of uk prostate cancer patients with xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis or human papilloma viruses.the prevalence of specific infections in uk prostate cancer patients was investigated. serum from 84 patients and 62 controls was tested for neutralisation of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (xmrv) envelope. no reactivity was found in the patient samples. in addition, a further 100 prostate dna samples were tested for xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis and human papilloma viruses by nucleic acid detection techniques. despite demonstrating dna integrity and assay sensitivity, w ...201222470540
trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus: interaction with fibroblasts and muscle cells - new insights into parasite-mediated host cell cytotoxicity.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic, flagellated protists that inhabit the urogenital tract of humans and bovines, respectively. t. vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide and has been associated with an increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in humans. infections by t. foetus cause significant losses to the beef industry worldwide due to infertility and spontaneous abortion in cows. several studies have ...201222990959
role of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals from india (south).trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite and an etiological agent for trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (sti). fifty to eighty percentage of women with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic and in the absence of treatment the infection persists longer.201222565432
[microscopic examination of vaginal discharge specimens for trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms in 18-45 age group women].trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoon that causes trichomoniasis which is characterised by a foamy yellowish odorous discharge and superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in vaginal mucosa. trichomoniasis is transmitted from human to human by sexual contact and can be seen in almost every part of the world. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis in 18-45 years age group women with vaginal discharge complaints who applied to the gynaecology outpatient clinic ...201223169165
live imaging of mitosomes and hydrogenosomes by halotag technology.hydrogenosomes and mitosomes represent remarkable mitochondrial adaptations in the anaerobic parasitic protists such as trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis, respectively. in order to provide a tool to study these organelles in the live cells, the halotag was fused to g. intestinalis iscu and t. vaginalis frataxin and expressed in the mitosomes and hydrogenosomes, respectively. the incubation of the parasites with the fluorescent halo-ligand resulted in highly specific organellar label ...201222558433
[the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing].to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing.201222943919
synthesis of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-ones and their 2-methylene derivatives as potential spermicidal and microbicidal agents.a series of twenty two derivatives of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-one and their 2-methylene derivatives were synthesized from naturally abundant cinchonine (i). tartarate salts of these compounds were prepared and evaluated for spermicidal activity. the most active compounds (24, 27, 34, 36, and 38) showing potent spermicidal activity were further evaluated against different strains of trichomonas vaginalis, for antimicrobial activity, in hela cell li ...201222846917
[mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and trichomonas vaginalis metronidazole resistance].to investigate the relation of mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and the resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole.201223072138
mycoplasma hominis in cuban trichomonas vaginalis isolates: association with parasite genetic polymorphism.trichomonas vaginalis can be naturally infected with intracellular mycoplasma hominis. this bacterial infection may have implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of the study was to report the presence of m. hominis in cuban t. vaginalis isolates and to describe the association between the phenotype m. hominis infected with rapd genetic polymorphism of t. vaginalis. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differenc ...201222584035
herpes simplex virus type 2 risks in female sex workers in the china-vietnam border county of hekou.to survey the prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 among chinese and vietnamese female sex workers (fsw) in the border county of hekou, yunnan province, china.201223228841
assessment of screening practices in a subacute clinical setting following introduction of trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing.trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent is a highly sensitive assay for t vaginalis detection. we report how this diagnostic innovation influenced the sexually transmitted infection ordering practice patterns of 20 subacute-care clinicians.201223189457
sexually transmitted infection prevalence in symptomatic adolescent emergency department patients.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in symptomatic adolescent female patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ed). secondary objectives included determining correlates of infection.201223187982
[microbiologic basis of diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease].pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is caused by a large spectrum of micro-organisms. however, the microbiological cause is unknown in approximately half of cases according to varying series. in the context of sexually transmitted disease (std), the most frequently identified microorganisms causing pid are neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma genitalium. in such cases, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis are frequently associated. in case of complicated pid or when ...201223140621
prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in south africa.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens, as well as their association with clinical features, in men with genital ulcer disease (gud) enrolled in a clinical trial.201223064538
reproductive tract infections (rtis) among married non-pregnant women living in a low-income suburb of beirut, lebanon.this study aimed to identify reproductive tract infections (rtis) in married, non-pregnant women, aged 18 to 49 years, living in a low-income suburb of beirut, and to investigate the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors and these infections.201223000869
detection rates of trichomonas vaginalis, in different age groups, using real-time polymerase chain reaction.the study aimed to compare the overall detection rate of trichomonas vaginalis to chlamydia trachomatis and neiserria gonorrhea and report detection rates by age groups.201222968052
sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in dhaka, bangladesh.a cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (ychbfsws) in nine randomly selected hotels in bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of hiv, sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence and sti care-seeking behaviour. a prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for di ...201222930291
hiv and sti control in el salvador: results from an integrated behavioural survey among men who have sex with men.this cross-sectional study investigates hiv, other sexually transmitted infections (sti), and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (msm) in two cities in el salvador.201222917694
epidemiology of chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infection in a previously unscreened population in rome, italy, 2000 to 2009.as reliable data on chlamydia trachomatis infection in italy are lacking and as there is no italian screening policy, epidemiological analyses are needed to optimise effective strategies for surveillance of the infection in the country. we collected data from 6,969 sexually active women aged 15 to 55 years who underwent testing for endocervical c. trachomatis infection at the cervico-vaginal pathology unit in the department of gynaecology and obstetrics of sapienza university in rome between 200 ...201222748006
urethritis/cervicitis pathogen prevalence and associated risk factors among asymptomatic hiv-infected patients in south africa.to determine sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence, and patient characteristics associated with detection of urethritis/cervicitis pathogens, among hiv-infected individuals offered voluntary sti screening at a south african hiv treatment center.201222706215
prevalence of malaria and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections in pregnancy in sub-saharan africa: a systematic review.malaria and sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract infections (stis/rtis) in pregnancy are direct and indirect causes of stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.201222665107
the utility of wet prep in predicting neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis.diagnosing chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) cervical infections can be difficult in the emergency department without real-time testing, as historical and physical elements are known to be unreliable.201222595630
sensitivity of gram stain in the diagnosis of urethritis in men.acute urethritis is among the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases in men. the diagnosis usually requires microscopic evidence of urethritis, but sometimes urethral pathogens are detected in asymptomatic men without such evidence. the aims of this study were to assess the sensitivity of gram stain in men with urethral symptoms and to relate it to the microorganisms isolated.201222308534
evaluation of seeplex® std6 ace detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections.traditionally, the diagnosis of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (sti) has been dependent on the isolation of the causative pathogens by culturing endocervical or urethral swab specimens on selective media. while such procedures typically provide excellent diagnostic accuracy, they are often time-consuming and expensive. a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, based on a semi-automated detection system, was evaluated for the detection of six sti causative organisms. the seeple ...201222252268
nitroimidazole drugs vary in their mode of action in the human parasite giardia lamblia.giardia lamblia (syn. duodenalis, intestinalis) is a globally occurring micro-aerophilic human parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease. standard treatment of g. lamblia infections is based on the 5-nitroimidazole drugs metronidazole and tinidazole. in two other micro-aerophilic parasites, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis, 5-nitroimidazole drugs bind to proteins involved in the thioredoxin-mediated redox network and disrupt the redox equilibrium by inhibiting thioredoxin redu ...201224533278
axenic cultivation and comparative phospholipase a2 activity of giardia duodenalis in a serum-free medium.mammalian serum is essential for the growth of giardia duodenalis cultivated under axenic conditions. unfortunately, some factors present in bovine serum used as supplement in the culture medium may inhibit protozoal growth and activity. tyi-33-pacsr is a tyi medium supplemented with a serum replacement (pacsr) made up of earle's amino acid solution, diamond's vitamin-tween 80 mixtures and lcr (a lipid-cholesterol - rich mixture). pacsr was previously used in the culture media for axenic cultiva ...201222875669
programmed cell death in giardia.programmed cell death (pcd) has been observed in many unicellular eukaryotes; however, in very few cases have the pathways been described. recently the early divergent amitochondrial eukaryote giardia has been included in this group. in this paper we investigate the processes of pcd in giardia. we performed a bioinformatics survey of giardia genomes to identify genes associated with pcd alongside traditional methods for studying apoptosis and autophagy. analysis of giardia genomes failed to high ...201222405231
cellular and biochemical characterization of two closely related triosephosphate isomerases from trichomonas vaginalis.the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase catalyses the isomerization between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. here we report that trichomonas vaginalis contains 2 fully functional tpi genes. both genes are located in separated chromosomal context with different promoter regulatory elements and encode orfs of 254 amino acids; the only differences between them are the character of 4 amino acids located in α-helices 1, 2 and 8. semi-quantitative rt-pcr assays showed ...201222931930
transactional sexual relationships, sexually transmitted infection risk, and condom use among young black women in peri-urban areas of the western cape province of south africa.background: transactional sexual behavior has been demonstrated as an important factor underlying the hiv epidemic in sub-saharan africa. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between having a history of transactional sexual relationships with condom use and sti risk. methods: participants completed a behavioral questionnaire in isixhosa and provided self-collected vaginal swabs which were tested for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, and trichomonas vaginalis. multinom ...201222265179
Prevalence and Correlates of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection Among Female Sex Workers in Kampala, Uganda.Background. The importance of Mycoplasma genitalium in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-burdened sub-Saharan Africa is relatively unknown. We assessed the prevalence and explored determinants of this emerging sexually transmitted infection (STI) in high-risk women in Uganda. Methods. Endocervical swabs from 1025 female sex workers in Kampala were tested for Mycoplasma genitalium using a commercial Real-TM polymerase chain reaction assay. Factors associated with prevalent Mycoplasma genitalium, ...201222102734
antimicrobial resistance of abnormal vaginal discharges microorganisms in ouagadougou, burkina faso.to assess the prevalence of bacterial strains and fungal strains infecting the vaginal tract and test their sensitivity to antibiotics in women attending saint camille medical centre in ouagadougou.201223569916
[statement of the polish gynecological society expert group on the use of macmiror complex 500].the group of experts representing the polish gynecologic society has issued this statement based on the review of available literature on the potential benefits of the use of macmiror complex 500 in obstetrical and gynecologic practice. mixed vaginitis (mv) eg. the vaginal infection caused by at least two out of the triad of pathogens (fungi, bacteria and trichomonas vaginalis [tv]), constitutes the type of vaginitis which is underestimated as for its prevalence. mixed pathogens are responsible ...201223488303
opportunistic parasites in children with pneumococcal infection in greater cairo, egypt.vaccination remains the primary preventive strategy in the elderly against streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections. however, the effectiveness of vaccines decreases with increasing age and among patients. this study evaluated the opportunistic parasites infecting vaccinated and non-vaccinated pneumococcal children. the result showed that invasive children (4%) had bacternrmid, septicemid and pneumococcal but no meningitis while the non-invasive ones (86%) had community acquired freunon ...201223469649
the cytopathic effects of trichomonas vaginalis on fibroblast cell culture alone and with c. albicans and e. coli.in this study, the cytopathic effects of trichomonas vaginalis were investigated in l929 mouse fibroblast cell cultures (fcc) under different conditions: only parasite, or coexistence with candida albicans and escherichia coli.201223339937
fastannotator--an efficient transcript annotation web tool.recent developments in high-throughput sequencing (hts) technologies have made it feasible to sequence the complete transcriptomes of non-model organisms or metatranscriptomes from environmental samples. the challenge after generating hundreds of millions of sequences is to annotate these transcripts and classify the transcripts based on their putative functions. because many biological scientists lack the knowledge to install linux-based software packages or maintain databases used for transcri ...201223281853
[prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women attending a public hospital in chile].the epidemiologic rates of gonorrhea have declined steadily in chile, while the incidence of infections with trichomonas vaginalis and chlamydia trachomatis is not well known.201223282493
sexually transmitted infections among hiv-infected heavy drinkers in st petersburg, russia.the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of four sexually transmitted infections (stis) among hiv-infected russians reporting heavy alcohol use and recent unprotected sex, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the hermitage study. the primary outcome was any current sti, based on urine tests for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis and serological testing for infection with treponema pallidum. dat ...201223258823
comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of trichomonas vaginalis following adherence to fibronectin.the morphological transformation of trichomonas vaginalis from an ellipsoid form in batch culture to an adherent amoeboid form results from the contact of parasites with vaginal epithelial cells and with immobilized fibronectin (fn), a basement membrane component. this suggests host signaling of the parasite. we applied integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to investigate the molecular responses of t. vaginalis upon binding to fn. a transcriptome analysis was performed by using larg ...201222927047
prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in peru: a national population-based survey.we assessed prevalences of seven sexually transmitted infections (stis) in peru, stratified by risk behaviours, to help to define care and prevention priorities.201222878023
hiv and sti prevalence and determinants among male migrant workers in india.our objective was to estimate for the first time the prevalence and determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among male migrants in india.201222952708
genital tract infections, bacterial vaginosis, hiv, and reproductive health issues among lima-based clandestine female sex workers.sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of 212 peruvian female sex workers (fsws) were analyzed. the association between genital tract infections (gtis) and risk factors by multivariate analysis was evaluated. eighty-eight percent of fsws were diagnosed with at least one gti (hsv-2 80.1%, bv 44.8%, candidiasis 9.9%, syphilis seropositivity 9.4%, trichomonas vaginalis 2.4%, hiv seropositivity 2.4%). reported condom use with clients was nearly universal (98.3%), but infrequent with husband ...201222811592
the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms in pregnant women with preterm labor and preterm birth.to investigate the risk factors for vaginal infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vaginal microorganisms among women who experienced preterm birth (ptb), we compared the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms between women who experienced preterm labor (ptl) without preterm delivery and spontaneous ptb.201222563554
prevention of sexually transmitted infections in urban communities (peru preven): a multicomponent community-randomised controlled trial.previous community-randomised trials of interventions to control sexually transmitted infections (stis) have involved rural settings, were rarely multicomponent, and had varying results. we aimed to assess the effect of a multicomponent intervention on curable stis in urban young adults and female sex workers (fsws).201222341824
incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural tanzania.the authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex.201222318666
determinants of per-coital-act hiv-1 infectivity among african hiv-1-serodiscordant couples.knowledge of factors that affect per-act infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for designing hiv-1 prevention interventions and for the mathematical modeling of the spread of hiv-1.201222241800
correlation of atopobium vaginae amount with bacterial vaginosis markers.the purpose of this study was to test the correlation of the amount of atopobium vaginae with the most commonly used markers for bacterial vaginosis (bv).201222371042
[role of infectious agents in the emergence of malignant tumors].according to the data of the international agency for research on cancer (iarc), at least 6 virus species (hpv, ebv, hhv-8/kshv, htlv-1, hbv, hcv), 4 helminthes species (schistosoma haematobium and japonicum, opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis) and i bacterium species (helicobacter pylori) have been proved to be capable of causing the development of cancer. the analysis of the data available shows that merkel cell polyomavirus (mcv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), john cunningham polyomavi ...201223163048
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