Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| [occurrence and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | 2006 | 16824400 | |
| multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for investigation of clostridium difficile transmission in hospitals. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illness. recently, an increased incidence of hospital-acquired infections with severe outcomes has been reported in north america and europe. current molecular-typing methods for detection of outbreaks and nosocomial transmission are labor-intensive, subjective, or insufficiently discriminatory to differentiate between closely related strains. this report describes the development of multilocus variable-number tande ... | 2006 | 16825380 |
| increase in deaths related to enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in the united states, 1999-2002. | 2006 | 16827436 | |
| cell expression of a four extra octarepeat mutated prpc modifies cell structure and cell cycle regulation. | rk13 cell lines generated to express bovine prp(c) with a four extra octarepeat insertional mutation (bo-10orprp(c)) show partially insoluble prp(c) and lower rates of cell growth when compared to either the same cells expressing wild type bo-6orprp(c) or the original rk13 cell line. the expression of bo-10orprp(c) in cell cultures was also associated with changes in cell size and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. this last process was reversed by clostridium difficile toxin-b, a specifi ... | 2006 | 16828087 |
| 2004 lowbury lecture: the western australian experience with vancomycin-resistant enterococci - from disaster to ongoing control. | the first hospital outbreak of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in western australia (wa) started in the royal perth hospital in july 2001 and initially involved the intensive care unit (icu) and the nephrology and dialysis units. the outbreak was caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) of the vanb genotype. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid analysis of the isolates demonstrated a single-strain outbreak. despite the isolation of carriers and implementation ... | 2006 | 16563562 |
| measurement of toxin production by clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16564352 | |
| lack of value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile toxin. | twenty years ago, clostridium difficile was first established as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.c. difficile diarrhea is a widely recognized problem in the inpatient setting, with potentially significant morbidity and mortality. antibiotics, and some chemotherapy agents, can potentially cause c. difficile colitis/diarrhea. the most commonly implicated agents are ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins. diarrhea during antibiotic therapy is common and m ... | 2006 | 16564786 |
| new variants of the tet(m) gene in clostridium difficile clinical isolates harbouring tn916-like elements. | to detect tn916-like elements in clostridium difficile clinical isolates from different time periods and to analyse the genetic structure of these elements, in particular the tet(m) region. | 2006 | 16565156 |
| identification of tn5397-like and tn916-like transposons and diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in enterococci from humans, pigs and poultry. | to analyse the sequence diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) and its location on mobile elements in enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis from humans, pigs and poultry in denmark. | 2006 | 16565159 |
| prophylactic saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. | interest to probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is increasing gradually. the most promising seems to be saccharomyces boulardii . using a double-blind controlled study, we investigated the preventive effect of s. boulardii on the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients under antibiotherapy but not requiring intensive care therapy. | 2006 | 16572062 |
| a common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea. | mucosal interleukin 8 (il-8) and neutrophil recruitment are central to the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile (cd) toxin-induced diarrhea (cdd). we hypothesized that like other inflammatory mucosal infections, susceptibility to cdd would relate to genetically determined variations in the production of il-8. | 2006 | 16573784 |
| is clostridium difficile the leading pathogen in bacterial diarrhea in hiv type 1-infected patients? | 2006 | 16575754 | |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile correlated with previous antibiotic exposure. | to analyze clostridium difficile susceptibility results and genotypes in relation to antibiotic exposures that precipitated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), we examined 83 nosocomial c. difficile isolates recovered at a tertiary care center in boston, massachusetts. mics were determined by e-test methodology using modified brucella agar. isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. antibiotic susceptibilities were: ciprofloxacin (0%), clind ... | 2006 | 16584304 |
| rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination. | rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ... | 2006 | 16585287 |
| potential role of clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. | duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (dpj) is an idiopathic condition in the horse characterized by inflammation and oedema of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. clinical signs include colic, ileus, depression, fluid accumulation in the small intestine and stomach, and endotoxaemia. the objective of this study was to investigate prospectively the role of clostridium difficile in this idiopathic disease. nasogastric reflux from 10 consecutive cases with dpj and 16 consecutive horses with other causes of ... | 2006 | 16585649 |
| probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. | a probiotic is a "live microbial food ingredients that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, exerts health benefits on the consumer". probiotics exert their benefits through several mechanisms; they prevent colonization, cellular adhesion and invasion by pathogenic organisms, they have direct antimicrobial activity and they modulate the host immune response. the strongest evidence for the clinical effectiveness of probiotics has been in their use for the prevention of symptoms of lactose into ... | 2006 | 16597207 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. | 2006 | 16536390 | |
| has the severity of clostridium difficile infections increased? | 2006 | 16540198 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16540624 | |
| glycans on secretory component participate in innate protection against mucosal pathogens. | in mucosal secretions, secretory component (sc) is found either free or bound to polymeric iga within the secretory iga complex. sc displays numerous and various glycans, which are potential ligands for bacterial compounds. we first established that human sc (hsc) purified from colostrum (hsccol) or produced in chinese hamster ovary cells (hscrec) exhibits the same lectin reactivity. both forms bind to clostridium difficile toxin a and functionally protect polarized caco-2 cell monolayers from t ... | 2006 | 16543244 |
| diarrhoea in the critically ill. | the purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on diarrhoea, a common problem in critically ill patients. epidemiological data will be discussed, with special emphasis on diarrhoea in tube-fed patients and during antibiotic therapy. the possible preventive and therapeutic measures will be presented. | 2006 | 16543792 |
| binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. | binary toxin cdt or its genes have been identified in some strains of clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins a and b (a+b+cdt+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the united states and canada. to study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin cdt-positive only (a-b-cdt+) c. difficile strains. unlike other clostridial binary toxins, binary toxin cdt required exogenous trypsin for activation. supernatants from all a-b-cd ... | 2006 | 16544255 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544388 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544390 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544391 | |
| genomic organization and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile bacteriophage phicd119. | in this study, we have isolated a temperate phage (phicd119) from a pathogenic clostridium difficile strain and sequenced and annotated its genome. this virus has an icosahedral capsid and a contractile tail covered by a sheath and contains a double-stranded dna genome. it belongs to the myoviridae family of the tailed phages and the order caudovirales. the genome was circularly permuted, with no physical ends detected by sequencing or restriction enzyme digestion analysis, and lacked a cos site ... | 2006 | 16547044 |
| c. difficile: a menace in hospitals and homes alike. | 2006 | 16888483 | |
| comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus. | we prospectively studied the comparative epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). four thousand six hundred fifty-nine inpatient fecal specimens (11 months) were tested for c. difficile cytotoxin, c. perfringens enterotoxin, and s. aureus by vero cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and growth on fresh blood agar, respectively. two distinct age-, sex-, and location-matched control p ... | 2006 | 16891493 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16893351 | |
| management of refractory ulcerative colitis. | a physician's approach to patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who are refractory to standard first-line therapies must be thoughtful and systematic and include the individual's physical and emotional state as the physician examines the various dietary, medical, and surgical options currently available. it is of foremost importance to confirm that the refractory patient's symptoms are not simply due to dietary indiscretion, concomitant bowel infection (especially with clostridium difficile), an ... | 2006 | 16901387 |
| update on clostridium difficile. | the most dramatic change in the past several years has been the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis reported from multiple countries. a number of factors have likely contributed to this. one major event has been the emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant clone of c. difficile with enhanced virulence properties that is associated with epidemic disease. also noteworthy is the apparently decreasing effectiveness of the first-line agent metronidazole in treating this ... | 2006 | 16901390 |
| proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | inhibition of gastric acid removes a defence against ingested bacteria and spores, increasing the risk of some forms of gastroenteritis. previous studies investigating a possible link between acid suppression therapy and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea have reported conflicting results. | 2006 | 16907893 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile toxin-positive nosocomial diarrhoea. | data were retrieved from the records of all patients from whom stool was sent for clostridium difficile toxin testing during the year 2001. toxin-positive and -negative patients were compared by bivariate analysis and regression models. eight hundred samples from 610 patients were sent for c. difficile toxin testing. charts of 535 patients (88%) were available for analysis. of those, 17% had a positive toxin test whilst 83% had a negative toxin test. there was no difference in the number of dail ... | 2006 | 16908119 |
| how long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? a systematic review. | inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. the aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. | 2006 | 16914034 |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2-deficient mice have reduced intestinal inflammatory responses. | corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and urocortins (ucn) bind with various affinities to two g-protein-coupled receptors, crhr1 and crhr2, which are expressed in brain and in peripheral tissues, including immune cells. crhr2-deficient mice display anxiety-like behavior, hypersensitivity to stress, altered feeding behavior and metabolism, and cardiovascular abnormalities. however, the phenotype of these mice in inflammatory responses has not been determined. in the present study we found that c ... | 2006 | 16920976 |
| trusts must listen to infection control nurses. | 2006 | 16922092 | |
| exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus. | exopolysaccharides (epss) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. the genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of eps-encoding genes. however, the physiological role that epss play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. in this study, we have assessed the effect of epss produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium longum nb667, and bifidobacterium animalis ipla-r1 on the adhesion of probi ... | 2006 | 16924934 |
| construction and analysis of chromosomal clostridium difficile mutants. | clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance and virulence but our ability to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated disease has been limited because of a lack of tools for its genetic manipulation. we have now developed a reproducible method for the targeted insertional inactivation of chromosomal c. difficile genes. the approach relies on the observation that an escherichia coli-clostridium perfringens shuttle ... | 2006 | 16925561 |
| activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases is essential for hydrogen peroxide -induced apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. | retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells are constantly exposed to oxidative injury while clearing byproducts of photoreceptor turnover, a circumstance thought to be responsible for degenerative retinal diseases. the mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2))-induced apoptosis in rpe cells are not fully understood. we studied signal transduction mechanisms of h(2)o(2)-induced apoptosis in the human rpe cell line arpe-19. activation of two stress kinases (jnk and p38) occurs during h(2)o(2) stimula ... | 2006 | 16927023 |
| surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in human monocytes and dendritic cells. | clostridium difficile, an etiological agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, exerts its pathological action mainly by the activity of toxin a and toxin b. less known is the role that s-layer proteins (slps), predominant surface components of the bacterium, may play in pathogenesis. here, we evaluate the ability of slps to modulate the function of human monocytes and dendritic cells (dc) and to induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, influencing the natural and adaptive immu ... | 2006 | 16935543 |
| frequent emergence of resistance in clostridium difficile during treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. | samples from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) that were randomized to fusidic acid (n = 59) or metronidazole (n = 55) therapy for 7 days were cultured for clostridium difficile in feces on days 1, 8 to 13, and 35 to 40. of the patients who were culture positive only before treatment, 77% (36/47) were permanently cured (no treatment failure and no clinical recurrence), compared to 54% (22/41) of those with persistence of c. difficile at one or both follow-ups (p = 0. ... | 2006 | 16940098 |
| are broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease? | limited evidence suggests that broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones such as gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin are more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease than levofloxacin. in a population-based case-control study of outpatients prescribed fluoroquinolones, we found no increased risk of c. difficile-associated disease requiring hospitalization among patients prescribed gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin compared to levofloxacin. | 2006 | 16940135 |
| diarrhea etiology in a children's hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study. | we evaluated the frequency of recovery of pathogens from children with diarrhea who presented to a pediatric emergency department and characterized the associated illnesses, to develop guidelines for performing a bacterial enteric culture. | 2006 | 16941358 |
| clostridium difficile and childhood diarrhea: cause, consequence, or confounder. | 2006 | 16941359 | |
| review: probiotics are effective for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and treatment of clostridium difficile disease. | 2006 | 16944866 | |
| multihospital surveillance of nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, and clostridium difficile: analysis of a 4-year data-sharing project, 1999-2002. | this study sought to establish a benchmark of resistant organism rates among a cohort of regional hospitals. | 2006 | 16945694 |
| glycopeptides and glycodepsipeptides in clinical development: a comparative review of their antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. | hemi-synthetic derivatives of glycopeptides have demonstrated bactericidal activity towards gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant strains (oritavancin and telavancin), and a prolonged half-life, allowing for once-daily (oritavancin and telavancin) or once-weekly (dalbavancin) administration. these compounds have proved effective for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including complicated skin and skin structure infections (oritavan ... | 2006 | 16955686 |
| characterization of (r)-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase and a family iii coenzyme a transferase involved in reduction of l-leucine to isocaproate by clostridium difficile. | the strictly anaerobic pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile occurs in the human gut and is able to thrive from fermentation of leucine. thereby the amino acid is both oxidized to isovalerate plus co(2) and reduced to isocaproate. in the reductive branch of this pathway, the dehydration of (r)-2-hydroxyisocaproyl-coenzyme a (coa) to (e)-2-isocaprenoyl-coa is probably catalyzed via radical intermediates. the dehydratase requires activation by an atp-dependent one-electron transfer (j. kim, d ... | 2006 | 16957230 |
| effect of tea phenolics and their aromatic fecal bacterial metabolites on intestinal microbiota. | tea is rich in polyphenols and other phenolics that have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. however, dietary polyphenols are not completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are metabolized by the gut microflora so that they and their metabolites may accumulate to exert physiological effects. in this study, we investigated the influence of the phenolic components of a tea extract and their aromatic metabolites upon bacterial growth. fecal homogenates containing ba ... | 2006 | 16962743 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in north america and europe. | the clinical spectrum of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges from diarrhoea to severe life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. although not always associated with previous antibiotic exposure, it is in the majority of cases. cdad is recognised increasingly in a variety of animal species and in individuals previously not considered to be predisposed. c. difficile can be transmitted via personal contact or environmentally. the role of patients and healthcare workers who are sy ... | 2006 | 16965399 |
| human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins a and b prevent clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and recent outbreaks of strains with increased virulence underscore the importance of identifying novel approaches to treat and prevent relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). cdad pathology is induced by two exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, which have been shown to be cytotoxic and, in the case of toxin a, enterotoxic. in this report we describe fully human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) ... | 2006 | 16966409 |
| identification of clostridium difficile toxin b cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish embryo model of intoxication. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) has been studied extensively by using cell-free systems and tissue culture, but, like many bacterial toxins, the in vivo targets of tcdb are unknown and have been difficult to elucidate with traditional animal models. in the current study, the transparent danio rerio (zebrafish) embryo was used as a model for imaging of in vivo tcdb localization and organ-specific damage in real time. at 24 h after treatment, tcdb was found to localize at the pericardial regi ... | 2006 | 16966605 |
| clostridium difficile: more and meaner. | 2006 | 16972351 | |
| curtailing the spread of disease. | 2006 | 16972462 | |
| antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients: new evidence, practical decisions. | new evidence shows that antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients reduces mortality, febrile episodes, and bacterial infections. for patients with acute leukemia or those who undergo bone marrow transplantation, prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones diminished the risk of death from any cause by 33% (95% confidence interval [95% ci], 2-54%). thus, 55 patients who have acute leukemia or who undergo bone marrow transplantation must receive prophylaxis to prevent 1 death. in 4 studies that include ... | 2006 | 16977651 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | 2006 | 16978990 | |
| the mosaic nature of intergenic 16s-23s rrna spacer regions suggests rrna operon copy number variation in clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile is a major spore-forming environmental pathogen that causes serious health problems in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. consequently, reliable and sensitive methods for typing individual strains are required for epidemiological and environmental studies. ribotyping is generally considered the best method, but it fails to account for sequence diversity which might exist in intergenic 16s-23s rrna spacer regions (isrs) within and among strains of this organism. therefo ... | 2006 | 16980415 |
| there are lessons to be learnt in the aftermath of a scandal. | 2006 | 16986585 | |
| application of mutated clostridium difficile toxin a for determination of glucosyltransferase-dependent effects. | mutation of tryptophan-101 in clostridium difficile toxin a, a 308-kda glucosyltransferase, resulted in a 50-fold-reduced cytopathic activity in cell culture experiments. the mutant toxin a was characterized and applied to distinguish between glucosyltransferase-dependent and -independent effects with respect to rhob up-regulation as a cellular stress response. | 2006 | 16988280 |
| positive clostridium difficile stool assay in a patient with fatal c. sordellii infection. | 2006 | 16990397 | |
| [therapeutic possibilities of probiotics in antibiotic-related diarrhea]. | one of the major problems associated with the use of antibiotics is the occurrence of antibiotic-related diarrhea. although most such cases of diarrhea are harmless, in individual cases it may lead on to fulminant colitis. in 10-20% of the patients, the causal factor is infection with clostridium difficile, which multiplies unhindered in patients on antibiotics. in the meantime, controlled, randomized studies have shown that probiotics can exercise a preventive effect in antibiotic-related diarr ... | 2006 | 16995359 |
| proton pump inhibitor use and risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease defined by prescription for oral vancomycin therapy. | the association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is controversial. in this study we re-examined a previously reported association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the development of community-acquired cdad, this time using an alternative case definition of the disease. | 2006 | 17001054 |
| proton pump inhibitors and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease: further evidence from the community. | 2006 | 17001056 | |
| rhoa-gtpase facilitates entry of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus into adherent target cells in a src-dependent manner. | kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) (human herpesvirus 8) binds to adherent target cell surface heparan sulfate molecules via its envelope glycoproteins gb and gpk8.1a, to integrins via gb, to the transporter cd98/xct complex, and possibly to another molecule(s). this is followed by virus entry overlapping with the induction of preexisting host cell signal pathways, such as focal adhesion kinase, src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3-k), rho-gtpases, protein kinase c-zeta, and extra ... | 2006 | 17005646 |
| effect of tigecycline on normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. | antibacterial agents disrupt the ecological balance of the normal human microflora. tigecycline, a member of a new class of antibiotics (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have a potent broad-spectrum activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. the aim of the study was to investigate the ecological effects of tigecycline on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora of healthy subjects. thirteen healthy white subjects (six females and seven males ... | 2006 | 17005820 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile clinical isolates from a multi-institutional outbreak in southern québec, canada. | clostridium difficile isolates from a 2004 outbreak in québec, canada, were all found to be susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampin, and meropenem but resistant to bacitracin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, and most (>80%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. the predominant nap1 isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, while the nap2 isolates were resistant. | 2006 | 17005836 |
| surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci: type, rates, costs, and implications. | to evaluate 2 active surveillance strategies for detection of enteric vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in an intensive care unit (icu). | 2006 | 17006814 |
| comparative phylogenomics of clostridium difficile reveals clade specificity and microevolution of hypervirulent strains. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide, and recent reports suggested the emergence of a hypervirulent strain in north america and europe. in this study, we applied comparative phylogenomics (whole-genome comparisons using dna microarrays combined with bayesian phylogenies) to model the phylogeny of c. difficile, including 75 diverse isolates comprising hypervirulent, toxin-variable, and animal strains. the analysis identified four distinct statistically ... | 2006 | 17015669 |
| involvement of rho gtpases and erk in synuclein-gamma enhanced cancer cell motility. | synuclein-gamma is aberrantly expressed in more than 70% of stage iii/iv breast and ovarian carcinomas. ectopic overexpression of synuclein-gamma enhanced mda-mb-435 cell migration in vitro and metastasis in a nude mouse model. however, the mechanism of how synuclein-gamma promotes cell motility is not clear. in our previous studies, we showed that synuclein-gamma overexpression activates erk. in the present study, we overexpressed synuclein-gamma in several breast and ovarian cancer cell lines ... | 2006 | 17016652 |
| high-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrb in toxin-a-negative, toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile. | to determine the mechanism of high-level resistance to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in toxin-a-negative, toxin-b-positive (a- b+) clostridium difficile isolates. | 2006 | 17018563 |
| [clostridium difficile:an epidemic event in service of public health]. | 2006 | 17019844 | |
| major issues still to be addressed. | 2006 | 17019902 | |
| clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. | human clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is of unquestioned importance in humans, and has been a not-uncommon cause of enteric disease in horses, dogs, and ratites. over the past 5 years, c. difficile has emerged as a major cause of neonatal enteritis in pigs. piglets 1-7 days of age are affected, with gross lesions frequently including mesocolonic edema. colonic contents may be pasty-to-watery and yellow, although some piglets are constipated or obstipated. focal suppuration and se ... | 2006 | 16701605 |
| exchange of a single amino acid switches the substrate properties of rhoa and rhod toward glucosylating and transglutaminating toxins. | rho gtpases are the preferred targets of various bacterial cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf1) from escherichia coli, and the dermonecrotizing toxin (dnt) from bordetella species. the toxins inactivate or activate specific sets of rho gtpases by mono-o-glucosylation and deamidation/transglutamination, respectively. here we studied the structural basis of the recognition of rhoa, which is modified ... | 2006 | 16702216 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from us short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. | us hospital discharges for which clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [ci] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% ci 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% ci 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). the overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons >65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group ... | 2006 | 16704777 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, the netherlands. | outbreaks due to clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, were detected in 7 hospitals in the netherlands from april 2005 to february 2006. one hospital experienced at the same time a second outbreak due to a toxin a-negative c. difficile pcr ribotype 017 toxinotype viii strain. the outbreaks are difficult to control. | 2006 | 16704846 |
| probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. | the use of probiotics, once discussed primarily in the context of alternative medicine, is now entering mainstream medicine. however, only a few of the potential health benefits attributed to probiotics have been confirmed in well-designed, well-conducted, randomized, controlled trials. this is especially true in the pediatric population. we review here the available evidence on efficacy of probiotics in children in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. although we restrict ... | 2006 | 16707966 |
| infectious disease. ru-486-linked deaths open debate about risky bacteria. | 2006 | 16709757 | |
| significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. | orally-administered vancomycin is poorly absorbed in most patients, usually producing minimal or subtherapeutic serum concentrations. bowel inflammation may enhance absorption of oral vancomycin, particularly in those with renal failure. a 77-year-old female with clostridium difficile (c difficile) colitis and normal renal function was treated with high doses of oral vancomycin and achieved serum concentrations in the therapeutic range. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient wit ... | 2006 | 16711316 |
| vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | to report a case of oral vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | 2006 | 16720708 |
| diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. | the recent findings and up-to-date practice guidelines for diagnosing, evaluating, and treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease are discussed. | 2006 | 16728886 |
| "diversion" colitis caused by clostridium difficile infection: report of a case. | recurrent ulcerative colitis and/or diversion colitis occur commonly in the rectal remnant after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. we report a case in which such a patient's symptoms of rectal discharge were initially thought to be the result of one or both of these diagnoses, on both clinical and histologic grounds. however, examination of the discharge revealed clostridium difficile infection. treatment with metronidazole suppositories improved his symptoms and avoided further inappropriate in ... | 2006 | 16729217 |
| cellular stability of rho-gtpases glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | mono-glucosylation of rho, rac, and cdc42 by clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) induces changes of actin dynamics and apoptosis. when fibroblasts were treated with tcdb, an apparent decrease of the cellular rac1 level was observed when applying anti-rac1(mab 102). this decrease was not based on degradation as inhibition of the proteasome by lactacystin did not stabilise cellular rac1 levels. the application of anti-rac1 (mab 23a8) showed that the cellular rac1 level slightly increased in tcdb- ... | 2006 | 16730714 |
| development potential of rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins. | rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins (new chemical entities [nces]) are rifamycins that contain a distinct planar benzoxazine ring. rifalazil has excellent antibacterial activity, high intracellular levels and high tissue penetration, which are attributes that favour its use in treating diseases caused by the obligate intracellular pathogens of the genus chlamydia. recent studies have shown that rifalazil has efficacy in the treatment of human sexually transmitted disease caused by chlamydi ... | 2006 | 16732714 |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16735152 |
| fatal enterocolitis in asian elephants (elephas maximus) caused by clostridium difficile. | two cases of fatal enteritis caused by clostridium difficile in captive asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. c. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin a and b by pcr. all isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was d ... | 2006 | 16737787 |
| tlr2 transmodulates monocyte adhesion and transmigration via rac1- and pi3k-mediated inside-out signaling in response to porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. | we present evidence for a novel tlr2 function in transmodulating the adhesive activities of human monocytes in response to the fimbriae of porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. monocyte recruitment into the subendothelium is a crucial step in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the role of p. gingivalis fimbriae in stimulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. fimbriae induced cd11b/cd18-dependent adhes ... | 2006 | 16751412 |
| cellulose acetate containing toluidine blue and rose bengal is an effective antimicrobial coating when exposed to white light. | simple methods of reducing the microbial load on surfaces in hospitals are needed to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light. | 2006 | 16751564 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile strain in hospital visitation dog. | 2006 | 16752477 | |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 isolates from eastern and western canada. | the prevalence and characteristics of pcr ribotype 027 strains of clostridium difficile have come into question following recent outbreaks in eastern canada and elsewhere. in order to determine the distribution of this strain in other regions in canada, we screened a bank of 1,419 isolates recovered from three different canadian health regions between 2000 and 2004. among isolates from a montreal area hospital, pcr ribotype 027 strains represented 115/153 strains (75.2%) from 2003 to 2004, but r ... | 2006 | 16757612 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 1999-2004. | 2006 | 16759080 | |
| inhibition of clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by bifidobacterium supernatants. | the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive effects of extracellular factors from 27 strains of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy infants were tested against two reference strains of clostridium difficile (atcc 9689 and atcc 43593). all bifidobacterial supernatants at phs between 5.0 and 4.1 were able to produce strain-dependent growth inhibition of clostridia in the agar-diffusion assay. six strains of bifidobacterium produced during growth extracellular factors able to antagonize the adhesion of c. ... | 2006 | 16759886 |
| education begets prevention. | 2006 | 16761872 | |
| nf-kappa b activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin a. | intestinal epithelial cells are known to upregulate the expression of several chemokines in response to stimulation with bacterial toxin. however, the cellular mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal inflammation have not yet been fully elucidated. in this study, we investigated whether nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-kappab) could regulate chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells. toxin a increased the levels of nf-kappab complexes containing p65/p50 heterodimers and p ... | 2006 | 16764699 |
| short communication: effect of exopolysaccharide isolated from "viili" on the adhesion of probiotics and pathogens to intestinal mucus. | the strong ropy character of the scandinavian fermented milk viili is conferred by the exopolysaccharides (eps) produced by lactococcal strains. these biopolymers can be responsible for some health benefits. we have assessed the influence of the eps fraction isolated from commercial viili on the adhesion of some probiotics and pathogens to human intestinal mucus. concentrations of viili eps greater than 0.1 mg/ml promoted a decrease in adherence of bifidobacterium lactis bb12 and lactobacillus r ... | 2006 | 16772550 |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772617 | |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772618 | |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. the term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is often considered synonymous with clostridium difficile. in fact, aad can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. for improved prevention and recognition of aad, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for aad. although clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen ... | 2006 | 16610966 |
| blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? | a study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin ... | 2006 | 16616799 |