Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | probiotics have been studied in a variety of gi infections, and are an appealing concept given their favorable safety profiles. several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on h pylori infection. although some studies reported improvement in h pylori eradication, others failed to confirm this. controlled trials support the use of lactobacillus gg and s boulardii for the prevention of aad, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of s boulardii as adjunct ... | 2006 | 16880070 |
| moxifloxacin prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. | recent studies have shown a beneficial impact of fluoroquinolones on infection-related morbidity and mortality for patients with haematological malignancies during neutropenia. among the fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin currently provides one of the broadest spectra of antibacterial activity and may be suitable for prophylaxis during neutropenia. | 2006 | 16880172 |
| factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. | the aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of external influences to the gut microbiotic composition in early infancy. | 2006 | 16882802 |
| listeria monocytogenes induced rac1-dependent signal transduction in endothelial cells. | infection of endothelial cells by listeria monocytogenes is an essential step in the pathogenesis of listeriosis. small gtpases of the rho family act as molecular switches in signal transduction. we tested the hypothesis that rho gtpases contribute to the regulation of cytokine expression following l. monocytogenes infection. l. monocytogenes induced release of distinct cc and cxc, as well as th1 and th2 cytokines and growth factors by endothelial cells and activated rhoa and rac1. inhibition of ... | 2006 | 16884694 |
| prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to date, no randomized trial to address the use of adjunctive rifampin in addition to metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been reported. rifampin has excellent in vitro activity against c. difficile and penetrates into cellular materials where the organisms may persist. | 2006 | 16886144 |
| improving the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: where should we start? | 2006 | 16886145 | |
| a novel fluorescence imaging technique combining deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis for quantitative detection of opportunistic pathogens. | a novel fluorescence imaging technique based on deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis is presented here as an alternative to confocal laser scanning microscopy. it allowed rapid, specific and simultaneous identification of five major opportunistic pathogens, relevant for public health, in suspension and provided quantitative results. | 2006 | 16887225 |
| clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. | human clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is of unquestioned importance in humans, and has been a not-uncommon cause of enteric disease in horses, dogs, and ratites. over the past 5 years, c. difficile has emerged as a major cause of neonatal enteritis in pigs. piglets 1-7 days of age are affected, with gross lesions frequently including mesocolonic edema. colonic contents may be pasty-to-watery and yellow, although some piglets are constipated or obstipated. focal suppuration and se ... | 2006 | 16701605 |
| exchange of a single amino acid switches the substrate properties of rhoa and rhod toward glucosylating and transglutaminating toxins. | rho gtpases are the preferred targets of various bacterial cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf1) from escherichia coli, and the dermonecrotizing toxin (dnt) from bordetella species. the toxins inactivate or activate specific sets of rho gtpases by mono-o-glucosylation and deamidation/transglutamination, respectively. here we studied the structural basis of the recognition of rhoa, which is modified ... | 2006 | 16702216 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from us short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. | us hospital discharges for which clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [ci] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% ci 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% ci 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). the overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons >65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group ... | 2006 | 16704777 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, the netherlands. | outbreaks due to clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, were detected in 7 hospitals in the netherlands from april 2005 to february 2006. one hospital experienced at the same time a second outbreak due to a toxin a-negative c. difficile pcr ribotype 017 toxinotype viii strain. the outbreaks are difficult to control. | 2006 | 16704846 |
| probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. | the use of probiotics, once discussed primarily in the context of alternative medicine, is now entering mainstream medicine. however, only a few of the potential health benefits attributed to probiotics have been confirmed in well-designed, well-conducted, randomized, controlled trials. this is especially true in the pediatric population. we review here the available evidence on efficacy of probiotics in children in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. although we restrict ... | 2006 | 16707966 |
| infectious disease. ru-486-linked deaths open debate about risky bacteria. | 2006 | 16709757 | |
| significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. | orally-administered vancomycin is poorly absorbed in most patients, usually producing minimal or subtherapeutic serum concentrations. bowel inflammation may enhance absorption of oral vancomycin, particularly in those with renal failure. a 77-year-old female with clostridium difficile (c difficile) colitis and normal renal function was treated with high doses of oral vancomycin and achieved serum concentrations in the therapeutic range. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient wit ... | 2006 | 16711316 |
| vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | to report a case of oral vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | 2006 | 16720708 |
| diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. | the recent findings and up-to-date practice guidelines for diagnosing, evaluating, and treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease are discussed. | 2006 | 16728886 |
| "diversion" colitis caused by clostridium difficile infection: report of a case. | recurrent ulcerative colitis and/or diversion colitis occur commonly in the rectal remnant after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. we report a case in which such a patient's symptoms of rectal discharge were initially thought to be the result of one or both of these diagnoses, on both clinical and histologic grounds. however, examination of the discharge revealed clostridium difficile infection. treatment with metronidazole suppositories improved his symptoms and avoided further inappropriate in ... | 2006 | 16729217 |
| cellular stability of rho-gtpases glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | mono-glucosylation of rho, rac, and cdc42 by clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) induces changes of actin dynamics and apoptosis. when fibroblasts were treated with tcdb, an apparent decrease of the cellular rac1 level was observed when applying anti-rac1(mab 102). this decrease was not based on degradation as inhibition of the proteasome by lactacystin did not stabilise cellular rac1 levels. the application of anti-rac1 (mab 23a8) showed that the cellular rac1 level slightly increased in tcdb- ... | 2006 | 16730714 |
| development potential of rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins. | rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins (new chemical entities [nces]) are rifamycins that contain a distinct planar benzoxazine ring. rifalazil has excellent antibacterial activity, high intracellular levels and high tissue penetration, which are attributes that favour its use in treating diseases caused by the obligate intracellular pathogens of the genus chlamydia. recent studies have shown that rifalazil has efficacy in the treatment of human sexually transmitted disease caused by chlamydi ... | 2006 | 16732714 |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16735152 |
| fatal enterocolitis in asian elephants (elephas maximus) caused by clostridium difficile. | two cases of fatal enteritis caused by clostridium difficile in captive asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. c. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin a and b by pcr. all isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was d ... | 2006 | 16737787 |
| tlr2 transmodulates monocyte adhesion and transmigration via rac1- and pi3k-mediated inside-out signaling in response to porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. | we present evidence for a novel tlr2 function in transmodulating the adhesive activities of human monocytes in response to the fimbriae of porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. monocyte recruitment into the subendothelium is a crucial step in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the role of p. gingivalis fimbriae in stimulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. fimbriae induced cd11b/cd18-dependent adhes ... | 2006 | 16751412 |
| cellulose acetate containing toluidine blue and rose bengal is an effective antimicrobial coating when exposed to white light. | simple methods of reducing the microbial load on surfaces in hospitals are needed to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light. | 2006 | 16751564 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile strain in hospital visitation dog. | 2006 | 16752477 | |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 isolates from eastern and western canada. | the prevalence and characteristics of pcr ribotype 027 strains of clostridium difficile have come into question following recent outbreaks in eastern canada and elsewhere. in order to determine the distribution of this strain in other regions in canada, we screened a bank of 1,419 isolates recovered from three different canadian health regions between 2000 and 2004. among isolates from a montreal area hospital, pcr ribotype 027 strains represented 115/153 strains (75.2%) from 2003 to 2004, but r ... | 2006 | 16757612 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 1999-2004. | 2006 | 16759080 | |
| inhibition of clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by bifidobacterium supernatants. | the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive effects of extracellular factors from 27 strains of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy infants were tested against two reference strains of clostridium difficile (atcc 9689 and atcc 43593). all bifidobacterial supernatants at phs between 5.0 and 4.1 were able to produce strain-dependent growth inhibition of clostridia in the agar-diffusion assay. six strains of bifidobacterium produced during growth extracellular factors able to antagonize the adhesion of c. ... | 2006 | 16759886 |
| education begets prevention. | 2006 | 16761872 | |
| nf-kappa b activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin a. | intestinal epithelial cells are known to upregulate the expression of several chemokines in response to stimulation with bacterial toxin. however, the cellular mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal inflammation have not yet been fully elucidated. in this study, we investigated whether nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-kappab) could regulate chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells. toxin a increased the levels of nf-kappab complexes containing p65/p50 heterodimers and p ... | 2006 | 16764699 |
| short communication: effect of exopolysaccharide isolated from "viili" on the adhesion of probiotics and pathogens to intestinal mucus. | the strong ropy character of the scandinavian fermented milk viili is conferred by the exopolysaccharides (eps) produced by lactococcal strains. these biopolymers can be responsible for some health benefits. we have assessed the influence of the eps fraction isolated from commercial viili on the adhesion of some probiotics and pathogens to human intestinal mucus. concentrations of viili eps greater than 0.1 mg/ml promoted a decrease in adherence of bifidobacterium lactis bb12 and lactobacillus r ... | 2006 | 16772550 |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772617 | |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772618 | |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. the term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is often considered synonymous with clostridium difficile. in fact, aad can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. for improved prevention and recognition of aad, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for aad. although clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen ... | 2006 | 16610966 |
| blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? | a study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin ... | 2006 | 16616799 |
| evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs. | clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (cdad) is a nosocomial infection in dogs. diagnosis of this infection is dependent on clinical signs of disease supported by laboratory detection of c. difficile toxins a or b, or both, in fecal specimens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). unfortunately, to the authors' knowledge, commercially available elisas have not been validated in dogs to date. we evaluated 5 elisas done on 143 canine fecal specimens (100 diarrheic and 43 nondiarrheic d ... | 2006 | 16617699 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16618421 | |
| [clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen?]. | 2006 | 16619874 | |
| effect of novel a2a adenosine receptor agonist atl 313 on clostridium difficile toxin a-induced murine ileal enteritis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that releases two main virulence factors: toxins a and b. toxin a plays an important pathogenic role in antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, a condition characterized by intense mucosal inflammation and secretion. agonist activity at a2a adenosine receptors attenuates inflammation and damage in many tissues. this study evaluated the effects of a new selective a2a adenosine receptor agonist (atl 313) ... | 2006 | 16622196 |
| carbohydrate recognition by clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile tcda is a large toxin that binds carbohydrates on intestinal epithelial cells. a 2-a resolution cocrystal structure reveals two molecules of alpha-gal-(1,3)-beta-gal-(1,4)-beta-glcnaco(ch(2))(8)co(2)ch(3) binding in an extended conformation to tcda. residues forming key contacts with the trisaccharides are conserved in all seven putative binding sites in tcda, suggesting a mode of multivalent binding that may be exploited for the rational design of novel therapeutics. | 2006 | 16622409 |
| is fecal leukocyte test a good predictor of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea? | fecal leukocyte test (flt) is widely used to screen for invasive diarrheas including c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad), which account for more than 25 % of all antibiotic associated diarrhea. | 2006 | 16623943 |
| acute diarrhea in the adult horse: case example and review. | 2006 | 16627106 | |
| colonic abnormalities on ct in adult hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of an abnormal colon on ct in adult inpatients with clostridium difficile colitis, compare the clinical presentation of these patients, and determine whether ct findings predicted the need for surgical treatment. | 2006 | 16632736 |
| probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common clinical problem occurring in up to 25% of patients, with diarrhea owing to clostridium difficile accounting for up to a quarter of cases. the clinical and economic costs of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are significant and better treatments are needed. probiotics may offer potential effective therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea by restoring intestinal microbial balance. a number of different probiotics have been evaluated in the prevention and ... | 2006 | 16633131 |
| meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication of most antibiotics and clostridium difficile disease (cdd), which also is incited by antibiotics, is a leading cause of nosocomial outbreaks of diarrhea and colitis. the use of probiotics for these two related diseases remains controversial. | 2006 | 16635227 |
| clostridium difficile: familiar pathogen, changing epidemiology: a virulent strain has been appearing more often, even in patients not taking antibiotics. | 2006 | 16639241 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clostridium difficile and its relation to pcr ribotypes in a swedish university hospital. | all 238 clostridium difficile isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas 84% and 1% were resistant to clindamycin and fusidic acid. etest mics for metronidazole were lower than agar dilution mics (p < 0.01) but without difference in susceptible-intermediate-resistant categorization. no particular pcr ribotype was associated with clindamycin or fusidic acid resistance. | 2006 | 16641471 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens species detected in infant faecal microbiota using 16s rrna targeted probes. | clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are pathogenic clostridia potentially associated with gastrointestinal infections and allergy in infants. to enable the molecular detection and quantification of these species in the infant gut, two 16s rrna oligonucleotide probes were developed: cdif198 for c. difficile and cperf191 for c. perfringens. we defined the probes in silico using the rdp sequence database. the probes were then validated using fish combined with flow cytometry and a col ... | 2006 | 16647148 |
| fluoroquinolones and anaerobes. | the usefulness of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections has been investigated since these agents started being used in clinical practice. newer compounds have increased in vitro activity against anaerobes, but clinically relevant susceptibility breakpoints for these bacteria have not been established. pharmacodynamic analyses and corroboration by new data from clinical trials have enhanced our knowledge concerning the use of fluoroquinolones to treat select ... | 2006 | 16652318 |
| lack of association between the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. | to determine whether there is an association between the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs (abhrs) and the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 16671029 |
| the comparative pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. the cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. explanation ... | 2006 | 16672570 |
| evidence that clostridium difficile tcdc is a membrane-associated protein. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, a and b, which act together to cause pseudomembraneous colitis. the genes encoding these toxins, tcda and tcdb, are part of the pathogenicity locus, which also includes tcdc, a putative negative regulator of the toxin genes. in this study, we demonstrate that tcdc is a membrane-associated protein in c. difficile. | 2006 | 16672625 |
| [clostridium difficile, an old acquaintance in new clothes]. | 2006 | 16674870 | |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea--a changing disease?]. | in recent years an increase in the number of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea cases has been reported worldwide. this is due mainly to the increasing number of elderly patients being admitted to hospitals, changes in hygiene standards and changes in the antibiotics used to combat other diseases. but changes in the virulence of c. difficile strains also seem to play a role. this review presents the current knowledge of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea in the light of these changes in i ... | 2006 | 16674871 |
| [antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults. a survey of a cochrane review]. | 2006 | 16674872 | |
| [pseudomembraneous colitis caused by a toxin b-positive and a toxin a-negative strain of clostridium difficile]. | we describe a case of pseudomembraneous colitis (pmc) caused by a toxin a- b+ strain of clostridium difficile (cd). in denmark only a few laboratories investigate for toxin production, and if they do, the toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia) is the test generally used when testing for cd. this toxin a negative but toxin b positive strain thus remains undetectable. if cd-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and tests for toxin a are negative, infection with a toxin a- b+ strain should be consi ... | 2006 | 16674873 |
| old foe learns new tricks. | 2006 | 16676406 | |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in clostridium by interchangeable rna polymerase sigma factors. | the production of major extracellular toxins by pathogenic strains of clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani and clostridium difficile, and a bacteriocin by clostridium perfringens is dependent on a related group of rna polymerase sigma-factors. these sigma-factors (botr, tetr, tcdr and uvia) were shown to be sufficiently similar that they could substitute for one another in in vitro dna binding and run-off transcription experiments. in cells, however, the sigma-factors fell into two subclass ... | 2006 | 16677313 |
| epidemiologic surveillance of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a freestanding pediatric hospital and a pediatric hospital at a university medical center. | to describe the epidemiology of clostridium difficile in children, we cultured stool specimens from patients at the children's hospital central california, madera, ca (chcc, n = 676) and at the university of california davis medical center pediatric hospital, sacramento, ca (ucdmc-ph, n = 301) for c. difficile, and toxins a and b genes and strain identity of the isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction assays. a higher percentage of patients from ucdmc-ph were culture positive (148/ ... | 2006 | 16678379 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | 2006 | 16679120 | |
| prevalence of diarrhea at a university hospital and association with modifiable risk factors. | to assess the prevalence of diarrhea at a university-affiliated medical center and the presence of modifiable risk factors. | 2006 | 16684806 |
| rho family gtpase inhibition reveals opposing effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascades on neuronal survival. | rho family gtpases promote the survival of certain neuronal populations. however, pro-survival and pro-death signaling pathways regulated downstream of rho gtpases are largely unknown. cerebellar granule neurons (cgns) exposed to clostridium difficile toxin b (toxb), a monoglucosyltransferase that specifically inhibits rho gtpases, die by a mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. using a high-throughput immunoblotting screen (bd powerblot), we found that toxb markedly reduced the expression of rac1 and ... | 2006 | 16686690 |
| antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens. | to develop in vitro assays for comparing the antagonistic properties and anti-oxidative activity of probiotic lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains against various entero- and urinary pathogens. | 2006 | 16696680 |
| prospective evaluation of hospital isolation room capacity. | risk assessment is used to determine the need for isolation in single rooms. limited availability of isolation rooms and/or operational needs may compromise this process. this article reports the results of a 12-month prospective observational study of every infection control request for isolation in a 1100-bed teaching hospital. in addition, four point-prevalence surveys of the usage of single rooms were carried out. data were collected on the incidence of new clinical meticillin-resistant stap ... | 2006 | 16697305 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in zimbabwe. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients, but very little is known about its prevalence outside the hospital environment. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in faeces of domestic animals, soil and drinking water in a rural community. water, animal faeces and soil were collected from homesteads in a rural community and the samples were cultured for c. difficil ... | 2006 | 16698054 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: resurgence with a vengeance. | there has been a significant increase in the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in the past several years, including outbreaks in multiple states and provinces in the united states and canada, as well as in the united kingdom. a new, highly virulent strain of c. difficile has appeared that is less responsive to standard therapy and associated with a high rate of recurrence. along with nosocomially acquired infections there has been a rise in the number of ... | 2006 | 16699477 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 17212182 | |
| [gastrointestinal infections due to clostridium difficile]. | 2006 | 17214219 | |
| [evaluation of four immunoenzymatic tests for detecting clostridium difficile toxins a and b]. | four immunoenzymatic tests for detecting clostridium difficile toxins a and b were studied: two rapid tests (tox a/b quik chek-techlab and noviview toxine-a-hiss diagnostics) and two elisa tests (c. difficile tox a/b ii -techlab and toxin a+b elisa test, novitec-hiss diagnostics). the results were compared to those obtained with immunocard tox a+b -ictab (meridian), c. difficile toxine a (oxoid) for rapid test and elisa premier a+b meridian for elisa. a total of 41 stools and 16 isolates were st ... | 2006 | 17027189 |
| who are susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis among patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea? | pseudomembranous colitis is a severe form of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. however, there have been no reports about the factors that make patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis. this study was designed to determine the clinical risk factors for pseudomembranous colitis among the patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2006 | 17028914 |
| bacterial aetiology of diarrhoea in young children: high prevalence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) not belonging to the classical epec serogroups. | diarrhoeal disease continues to be one of the most common causes of admittance in children hospital emergency. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively) as a cause of infectious bacterial diarrhoea in children from the region of toulouse. we analysed 280 samples of stools from 280 children (<2 years) with diarrhoea admitted in the "hopital des enfants" from january to august 2 ... | 2006 | 17030460 |
| tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. | data on the risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) associated with specific antibiotics are difficult to obtain because of confounding clinical factors. it is particularly important to evaluate the propensity of new antibiotics to induce cdi. we have examined the propensity of tigecycline to induce cdi using a human gut model. | 2006 | 17030519 |
| ehrho1, a rhoa-like gtpase of entamoeba histolytica, is modified by clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins. | clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins inactivate mammalian rho gtpases by mono-o glucosylation of a conserved threonine residue located in the switch 1 region of the target protein. here we report that ehrho1, a rhoa-like gtpase from the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, is glucosylated by clostridial cytotoxins. recombinant glutathione s-transferase-ehrho1 and ehrho1 from cell lysate of entamoeba histolytica were glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium novyi alpha-t ... | 2006 | 17056697 |
| in vitro killing of nosocomial pathogens by acid and acidified nitrite. | exposure to ph 1 or 2 buffers or acidic gastric contents resulted in the killing of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus sp., klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, and candida glabrata but not clostridium difficile spores. nitrite enhanced killing under acidic conditions, but significant killing of c. difficile spores required nitrite concentrations above usual physiological levels. | 2006 | 17065628 |
| are probiotics effective for treating clostridium difficile disease and antibiotic-associated diarrhea? | 2006 | 17068492 | |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward. | nosocomial diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile causes significant morbidity and mortality in an increasing proportion of hospitalized patients annually. this case-control study of patients admitted to the hematology-oncology ward of a tertiary academic medical center over a 2-year period demonstrates that patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were 22 times more likely than ward-matched controls with diarrhea to have received any antibiotic either during hospitalizat ... | 2006 | 17072575 |
| fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, canada. | receipt of fluoroquinolones was the predominant risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) during an epidemic in quebec, canada. to determine the role of antimicrobial drugs in facilitating healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization and infection and to compare this role with their effects on methicillin-susceptible s. aureus infection and cdad, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients in a quebec hospital. for 7371 epi ... | 2006 | 17073089 |
| nosocomial infections in neurocritical care. | development of nosocomial infections is a commonly encountered problem for critically ill patients. approximately half of all nosocomial pneumonias in the neurointensive care unit (nicu) are associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia. prompt diagnosis with appropriate specimen analysis is required in order to prevent increased morbidity. catheter-related blood stream infection imposes financial as well as medical implications. multifaceted interventions are helpful to ensure adherence with ... | 2006 | 17074289 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027-associated disease, france, 2006. | 2006 | 17075146 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027 associated disease in belgium, 2006. | 2006 | 17075147 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in austria. | 2006 | 17075148 | |
| final report and recommendations from the national notifiable diseases working group. | the national notifiable diseases working group performed a ranking of 48 communicable diseases to assist with determining priorities for national surveillance. the wg offers six specific recommendations relating to the addition or deletion of communicable diseases from the list of nationally notifiable diseases. key recommendations: 1. clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, paralytic shellfish poisoning, and invasive listeriosis are recommended for addition to the nationally notifiable disea ... | 2006 | 17076030 |
| lessons from stoke mandeville. | 2006 | 17077764 | |
| helicobacter pylori and clostridium difficile in cystic fibrosis patients. | we describe the prevalence of h. pylori and toxigenic clostridium difficile (cd) infection and its relationship with gastrointestinal symptoms and pancreatic sufficiency (ps) or insufficiency (pi) in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. stool specimens from 30 consecutive patients with cf, aged 1-44, and from 30 healthy similarly aged subjects were tested for the h. pylori antigen by specific monoclonal antibodies and for cd toxins by tox a/b assay and tox a assay. cf patients were assessed clinically ... | 2006 | 17078007 |
| larry's story. | 2006 | 17038849 | |
| analysis of proline reduction in the nosocomial pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a proteolytic strict anaerobe, has emerged as a clinically significant nosocomial pathogen in recent years. pathogenesis is due to the production of lethal toxins, a and b, members of the large clostridial cytotoxin family. although it has been established that alterations in the amino acid content of the growth medium affect toxin production, the molecular mechanism for this observed effect is not yet known. since there is a paucity of information on the amino acid fermen ... | 2006 | 17041035 |
| antimicrobial therapy of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the most common etiologically-defined cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. caused by the toxins of certain strains of c difficile, cdad represents a growing concern, with epidemic outbreaks in some hospitals where very aggressive and difficult-to-treat strains have recently been found. incidence of cdad varies ordinarily between 1 to 10 in every 1,000 admissions. evidence shows that cdad increases morbidity, length of stay, and costs. this arti ... | 2006 | 17116441 |
| narrative review: the new epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis were well established soon after antibiotics became available. early work implicated staphylococcus aureus, but in 1978 clostridium difficile became the established pathogen in the vast majority of cases. in the first 5 years (1978 through 1983), the most common cause was clindamycin, the standard diagnostic test was the cytotoxin assay, and standard management was to withdraw the implicated antibiotic and treat with oral vancomycin. most patients respo ... | 2006 | 17116920 |
| emerging therapies in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to describe emergent therapies, such as rifaximin, nitazoxanide, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig), tinidazole, tolevamer, and the possible use of a vaccine, in clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), one of the most common causes of diarrhea in hospitalized adults in north america. | 2006 | 17119105 |
| colonic irritation. | 2006 | 17120341 | |
| experimental evaluation of an automated endoscope reprocessor with in situ generation of peracetic acid for disinfection of semicritical devices. | to evaluate the effectiveness of a high-level disinfection solution generated inside an endoscope processing system for decontaminating external and internal surfaces of experimentally contaminated heat-sensitive medical devices. | 2006 | 17080376 |
| management of an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease among geriatric patients. | to describe a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 17080377 |
| the potential role of computerized decision support systems to improve empirical antibiotic prescribing. | prudent antibiotic prescribing is a cornerstone of efforts to control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance and to reduce the occurrence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, and is also currently the subject of a joint working party of the british society for antimicrobial chemotherapy and the hospital infection society. an article in this issue of the journal describes a cluster randomized trial of an intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing using treat, a compute ... | 2006 | 17082202 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 17082738 | |
| enhancing patient safety through the management of clostridium difficile at toronto east general hospital. | in 2005 toronto east general hospital experienced a steady increase in the number of c. difficile cases diagnosed within the hospital. this was identified as a patient safety issue, and several areas of the hospital came together to address the problem. pharmacy immediately started a medication review of past cases. environmental services took the lead on the environmental cleaning, and a process was put into place with infection control so that housekeeping knew of every room that contained a p ... | 2006 | 17087168 |
| high unmet-need infectious disease opportunities. | despite advances in pharmaceutical science, considerable unmet medical needs exist in the field of anti-infective therapies. while pharmaceutical companies have focused research efforts on a few selected areas of the field, new microbial diseases have steadily increased in prevalence. three emerging areas in the field of anti-infectives now represent large commercial opportunities: gram-negative infections, community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and clostridium difficile ... | 2006 | 17096298 |
| clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis. | pouchitis is the most common long-term sequela of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) following total proctocolectomy. no single pathogen is identified as being solely responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. here we describe a case of clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis that was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and tinidazole. diagnosis and management of a patient with medically refractory pouchitis associated with clostridium difficile infection is described. a 63-year-ol ... | 2006 | 17103037 |
| a probiotic treatment containing lactobacillus, bifidobacterium and enterococcus improves ibs symptoms in an open label trial. | to evaluate the efficacy and safety of live combined bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and enterococcus capsules in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. | 2006 | 17111468 |
| frequent emergence of resistance in clostridium difficile during treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. | samples from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) that were randomized to fusidic acid (n = 59) or metronidazole (n = 55) therapy for 7 days were cultured for clostridium difficile in feces on days 1, 8 to 13, and 35 to 40. of the patients who were culture positive only before treatment, 77% (36/47) were permanently cured (no treatment failure and no clinical recurrence), compared to 54% (22/41) of those with persistence of c. difficile at one or both follow-ups (p = 0. ... | 2006 | 16940098 |
| are broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease? | limited evidence suggests that broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones such as gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin are more likely to cause clostridium difficile-associated disease than levofloxacin. in a population-based case-control study of outpatients prescribed fluoroquinolones, we found no increased risk of c. difficile-associated disease requiring hospitalization among patients prescribed gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin compared to levofloxacin. | 2006 | 16940135 |