Publications

management of the pest resistance to bt plants synthesizing two cry toxins.		2007	18399472
[cloning and expression of the cry1ac-tchib fusion gene from bacillus thuringinesis and tobacco and its insecticidal synergistic effect].	a new fusion gene cry1ac-tchib was constructed to enhance the toxicity of crystal proteins, the cry1ac gene of bacillus thuringiensis strain 4.0718 was combined with a tchib (deleted signal peptide and enterokinase site sequence). in this process, the enterokinase site sequence was inserted into the midst of these two genes. then the combined fragment carrying the upstream promoter region and the downstream terminator region of cry1ac gene were cloned into the shuttle vector pht315. and after a ...	2007	18271254
bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was first described by berliner [10] when he isolated a bacillus species from the mediterranean flour moth, anagasta kuehniella, and named it after the province thuringia in germany where the infected moth was found. although this was the first description under the name b. thuringiensis, it was not the first isolation. in 1901, a japanese biologist, ishiwata shigetane, discovered a previously undescribed bacterium as the causative agent of a disease afflicting silkwo ...	2007	18051264
production of recombinant polyhedra containing cry1ac fusion protein in insect cell lines.	insect cell lines and the control of infection for obtaining the maximum amount of polyhedrin-crylac-polyhedrin fusion protein from bactrus in monolayer and suspension culture systems were tested. growth rates of the trichoplusia ni (high-five) cell line in both culture systems were better than the other insect cell lines, spodoptera fiugiferda (sf-9, sf-21), trichoplusia ni (tn5), and spodoptera exigua (se301). the expression of the fusion protein in a monolayer culture showed that se301 cells ...	2007	18051294
generation of a specific marker to discriminate gacillus anthracis from other bacteria of the bacillus cereus group.	bacillus anthracis is a soil pathogen capable of causing anthrax that is closely related to several environmental species, including b. cereus, b. mycoides, and b. thuringiensis. dna homology studies showed that b. anthracis, b. cereus, b. mycoides, and b. thuringiensis are closely related, with a high sequence homology. to establish a method to specifically detect b. anthracis in situations such as environmental contamination, we initially performed rapd-pcr with a 10-mer random primer and conf ...	2007	18051303
simultaneous detection and identification of bacillus cereus group bacteria using multiplex pcr.	bacillus cereus group bacteria share a significant degree of genetic similarity. thus, to differentiate and identify the bacillus cereus group efficiently, a multiplex pcr method using the gyrb and groel genes as diagnostic markers is suggested for simultaneous detection. the assay yielded a 400 bp amplicon for the groel gene from all the b. cereus group bacteria, and a 253 bp amplicon from b. anthracis, 475 bp amplicon from b. cereus, 299 bp amplicon from b. thuringiensis, and 604 bp amplicon f ...	2007	18051330
identification and molecular characterization of novel cry1-type toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis k1 isolated in korea.	to clone novel cry1-type genes from the bacillus thuringiensis k1 isolate, about 2.4-kb-long pcr fragments were amplified with two primer sets of atg1-f/n400-r and 1beatg1-f/n400-r. using pcr-rflp, three novel cry1-type genes, cry1-1, cry1-7, and cry1-44, were obtained from b. thuringiensis k1 and the complete coding sequences of these novel genes were analyzed. the cry1-1, cry1-7, and cry1-44 proteins showed maximum similarities of about 78.0%, 99.7%, and 91.0% with the cry1ha1, cry1be1, and cr ...	2007	18051348
aggregates of bacteriophage 0305phi8-36 seed future growth.	lytic bacteriophage 0305phi8-36 forms visually observed aggregates during plaque formation. aggregates intrinsically lower propagation potential. in the present study, the following observations indicate that lost propagation potential is regained with time: (1) aggregates sometimes concentrate at the edge of clear plaques. (2) a semi-clear ring sometimes forms beyond the plaques. (3) formation of a ring is completely correlated with the presence of aggregates at the same angular displacement al ...	2007	18053210
antifungal activities of bacillus thuringiensis isolates on barley and cucumber powdery mildews.	fourteen bacillus thuringiensis isolates having both insecticidal activity and in vitro antifungal activity were selected and tested for in vivo antifungal activity against tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, tomato gray mold, and barley powdery mildew in growth chambers. all the isolates represented more than 70% disease control efficacy against at least one of four plant diseases. specifically, 12 isolates exhibited strong control activity against barley powdery mildew. under glasshouse condi ...	2007	18167458
a highly pathogenic strain of bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki in lepidopteran pests.	in order to detect and identify the most toxic bacillus thuringiensis strains against pests, we isolated a b. thuringiensis strain (bn1) from balaninus nucum (coleoptera: curculionidae), the most damaging hazelnut pest. bn1 was characterized via morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques. the isolate was serotyped, and the results showed that bn1 was the b. thuringiensis serovar, kurstaki (h3abc). the scanning electron microscopy indicated that bn1 has crystals with cubic and bipyramid ...	2007	18176540
detection of bacillus cereus virulence factors in commercial products of bacillus thuringiensis and expression of diarrheal enterotoxins in a target insect.	we examined isolates from 4 commercial bioinsecticides based on different strains of bacillus thuringiensis subspecies (kurstaki, israelensis, aizawai, and tenebrionis) for the presence of genes encoding proteins with known enterotoxigenicity (nhe, hbl, cytk, ces) and various other putative virulence genes (piplc, sph, bcet, entfm, ents, entt). the piplc and bcet sequences were present in all the isolates; sph was found in aizawai and israelensis; entfm only in israelensis; and ents in kurstaki, ...	2007	18059560
[association of bioassays and molecular characterization to select new bacillus thuringiensis isolates effective against spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae)].	the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith), is one of the main corn pests and bacillus thuringiensis is important in its control because of its entomopathogenic property. the objective of this study was the molecular characterization of b. thuringiensis isolates for cry1 locus presence and the assessment of the efficiency of these isolates in controlling s. frugiperda caterpillars. gral-cry1 was used in the pcr analyses to confirm the presence of the cry1 locus in 15 isolates. a 3 x ...	2007	18060300
isolation and characterization of strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae containing two novel cry1-type toxin genes.	to identify novel crystal proteins, bacillus thuringiensis 2385-1 was isolated from korean soil samples and characterized. the h-serotype of 2385-1 was identical to that of subsp. kenyae (h4a4c), and its crystal toxin was bipyramidal-shaped. however, 2385-1 showed a much higher toxicity towards plutella xylostella and spodoptera exigua larvae than subsp. kenyae. in addition, the crystal protein profile and plasmid dna pattern of 2385-1 differed from those of subsp. kenyae. to verify the crystal ...	2007	18062228
[cloning, expression and sequence analysis of chia, chib in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri 15a3].	two dna fragments encoding chitinase a and b were amplified from total genomic dna of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri 15a3, and then ligated with pucm-t cloning vector. the recombinant plasmids pucm-chia and pucm-chib were transformed into escherichia coli xl-blue respectively. both chia and chib were successfully expressed in e. coli with their natural promoters independent of any chitin. additionally, the expressed chia and chib could be secreted from e. coli cells. it was proved that tw ...	2007	18062260
[cloning and expression of nematicidal crystal protein gene cry6aa of bacillus thuringiensis].	on the basis of the sequencing of the n-terminal amino acid of the crystal protein, a nucleotide acid fragment harboring a novel nematicidal gene cry6aa2 was obtained from bacillus thuringiensis strain ybt-1518. this fragment contains two orfs: orf1 and orf2, while a "stem-loop" exists between orf1 and orf2. blast showed the similarity of orf1 nucleotide acid sequence with cry6aa1 is 98%, and has been deposited in the genbank database (acc. no. af499736). the cloning fragment was transferred to ...	2007	18062264
control of arbovirus vector verrallina funerea (diptera: culicidae) in southeast queensland, australia.	in australia, the brackish water mosquito verrallina funerea (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) is a serious pest and vector of ross river and barmah forest viruses in coastal areas in the northeast of the continent. we report on the first extensive evaluation of the efficacy of various pesticides against this species, including laboratory dose-response assays and small plot field trials. in the laboratory, ve. funerea was susceptible to temephos (abate 100e) (lethal concentration, 95% endpoint [lc ...	2007	17972627
using stable isotope analysis to examine fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) host strains in a cotton habitat.	spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), or fall armyworm, is an important agricultural pest of several crops in the western hemisphere, including cotton (gossypium l.). two morphologically identical host strains of fall armyworm exist that differ in plant host use and habitat distribution. the corn-strain is a primary pest of corn, zea mays l., whereas the rice-strain is the majority population infesting rice (oryza spp.) and turfgrass (cynodon spp.). with the increased use ...	2007	17972634
susceptibility of four species of turfgrass-infesting scarabs (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) to bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain buibui.	bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain buibui experimental formulations containing cry8cal delta-endotoxin were evaluated in the field for the control of oriental beetle, anomala orientalis waterhouse; japanese beetle, popillia japonica newman; asiatic garden beetle, maladera castanea (arrow); and european chafer, rhizotrogus majalis (razoumowsky) larvae infesting turfgrasses. in 17 fall applications, control of a. orientalis and p. japonica was achieved at rates as low as 100 g of tox ...	2007	17972638
managing insecticide resistance by mass release of engineered insects.	transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins are now widely used to control insect pests. the benefits of this method would be lost if resistance to the toxins spread to a significant proportion of the pest population. the primary resistance management method, mandatory in the united states, is the high-dose/ refuge strategy, requiring toxin-free crops as refuges near the insecticidal crops, and the use of toxin doses sufficiently high to kill insects heterozygous for a resistance allele, ther ...	2007	17972643
the requirement for early exposure of haemonchus contortus larvae to bacillus thuringiensis for effective inhibition of larval development.	the potential for a nematocidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to target the free-living larval stages of haemonchus contortus was examined using in vitro larval development and migration assays. bt toxicity in larval development assays decreased as the time period between egg hatch and initial exposure to the bt was increased; a time lag of 48 h resulted in a 350-fold increase in the ic(50) (from 2.6 ng/ml to 910 ng/ml). the effects on larval migration largely paralleled the effects on larval deve ...	2007	17951006
characterization, n-terminal sequencing and classification of cerein mrx1, a novel bacteriocin purified from a newly isolated bacterium: bacillus cereus mrx1.	to purify and characterize the bacteriocin produced by strain mrx1.	2007	17953573
control of coleopteran insect pests through rna interference.	commercial biotechnology solutions for controlling lepidopteran and coleopteran insect pests on crops depend on the expression of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, most of which permeabilize the membranes of gut epithelial cells of susceptible insects. however, insect control strategies involving a different mode of action would be valuable for managing the emergence of insect resistance. toward this end, we demonstrate that ingestion of double-stranded (ds)rnas supplied in an artifi ...	2007	17982443
[analysis of the morphological variants arising during s <--> r dissociation in bacillus thuringiensis].	physiological, biochemical, and serologic characteristics of 24 clones of r variants spontaneously emerging from the wild type strain of bacillus thuringiensis biotype dendrolimus and of 25 clones of s revertants resulting from the plating of one of the r variants are investigated. it is shown that the efficiency of spore formation is the only characteristic among those investigated which correlated with colony morphology of the s or r type. all r variants were oligo- or asporogenous; they usual ...	2007	17974208
engineering modified bt toxins to counter insect resistance.	the evolution of insect resistance threatens the effectiveness of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins that are widely used in sprays and transgenic crops. resistance to bt toxins in some insects is linked with mutations that disrupt a toxin-binding cadherin protein. we show that susceptibility to the bt toxin cry1ab was reduced by cadherin gene silencing with rna interference in manduca sexta, confirming cadherin's role in bt toxicity. native cry1a toxins required cadherin to form oligomers, but ...	2007	17975031
plant science. the power of the pyramid.		2007	17975032
exploring the evolution of the bacillus cereus group repeat element bcr1 by comparative genome analysis of closely related strains.	bcr1 is a chromosomal approximately 155 bp repeated element found uniquely and ubiquitously in the bacillus cereus group of gram-positive bacteria; it exhibits several features characteristic of mobile elements, including a variable distribution pattern between strains. here, highly similar bcr1 elements in non-conserved genomic loci are identified in a set of closely related b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains near the bacillus anthracis phylogenetic cluster. it is also shown that bcr1 ...	2007	17975097
development of a thermostable glucose dehydrogenase by a structure-guided consensus concept.	instability under non-native processing conditions, especially at elevated temperatures, is a major factor preventing the widespread adoption of biocatalysts for industrial synthesis. a crucial distinction of many redox enzymes used to synthesize chiral compounds is the need for cofactors (e.g., nad(p)(h)) for function. because of the prohibitively high prices of nicotinamide cofactors, a robust cofactor-regenerating enzyme is required for the economical synthesis of fine chemicals by biocatalys ...	2007	17990264
comparison of nutritional quality between chinese indica rice with sck and cry1ac genes and its nontransgenic counterpart.	nutritional assessment of transgenic crops used for human food and animal feed is an important aspect of safety evaluations. an insect-resistant rice (irr) was generated by the stable insertion of sck, a modified cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, and cry1ac, encoding a crystal protein from bacillus thuringiensis into the genome of a common variety of chinese indica rice. the composition of the brown and milled rice grain from the resulted irr line designated liangyou kefeng no. 6 was compared with ...	2007	17995700
temporal detection of cry1ab-endotoxins in coccinellid predators from fields of bacillus thuringiensis corn.	the area planted to genetically engineered crops has increased dramatically in the last ten years. this has generated many studies examining non-target effects of bioengineered plants expressing bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. to date, most have focused on population-level effects in the field or laboratory evaluation of specific plant-herbivore or plant-herbivore-predator trophic pathways. using a post-mortem enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we examined the uptake of cry1ab-endotoxins by p ...	2007	17997879
identification and expression of gh-8 family chitosanases from several bacillus thuringiensis subspecies.	the gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis, a member of the bacillus cereus group, produces chitosanases that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitosan to chitosan-oligosaccharides (cos). although fungal and bacterial chitosanases belonging to other glycoside hydrolase (gh) families have been characterized in a variety of microorganisms, knowledge on the genetics and phylogeny of the gh-8 chitosanases remains limited. nine genes encoding chitosanases were cloned from 29 differen ...	2007	18031332
discovery of crystalline inclusions in bacillus licheniformis that resemble parasporal crystals of bacillus thuringiensis.	crystalline inclusions were discovered in stationary and sporulating cells of the spore-forming bacterium bacillus licheniformis atcc 9945a. as detected by electron microscopy, dying or sporulating bacterial cells contain a single crystal of strikingly large size. the crystals in sporulating cells are located next to nascent spores and can be several times larger than the spores. morphologically, most crystals are rhomboid with uniformly spaced grids. these newly discovered crystalline inclusion ...	2007	18026233
in situ fluorescence microscopy of bacteriophage aggregates.	virus aggregation is analyzed because of its potential use for both classifying viruses and understanding virus ecology and evolution. virus aggregation is, however, problematic because aggregation causes loss of virions during processing for microscopy of any type. thus, here we detect virus aggregation by fluorescence microscopy of wet-mounted dissections of dilute gel-supported plaques (in situ fluorescence microscopy) of a test virus, the long-tail aggregating bacillus thuringiensis bacterio ...	2007	18045325
immigration of bacillus thuringiensis to bean leaves from soil inoculum or distal plant parts.	we addressed the process of immigration of bacillus thuringiensis from soil to leaves and its capacity to grow on bean diffusate medium (bdm), a medium designed to simulate the nutrient composition of the phylloplane.	2007	18045443
prediction-based protein engineering of domain i of cry2a entomocidal toxin of bacillus thuringiensis for the enhancement of toxicity against lepidopteran insects.	issues relating to sustenance of the usefulness of genetically modified first generation bt crop plants in the farmer's field are of great concern for crop scientists. additional biotechnological strategies need to be in place to safeguard the possibility for yield loss of bt crop by other lepidopteran insects that are insensitive to the cry1a toxin, and also against the possibility for emergence of resistant insects. in this respect, cry2a toxin has figured as a prospective candidate to be the ...	2007	18048477
detection and characterization of cry1ac transgene construct in bt cotton: multiple polymerase chain reaction approach.	to comply with international labeling regulations for genetically modified (gm) crops and food, and to enable proper identification of gm organisms (gmos), effective methodologies and reliable approaches are needed. the spurious and unapproved gm planting has contributed to crop failures and commercial losses. to ensure effective and genuine gm cultivation, a methodology is needed to detect and identify the trait of interest and concurrently evaluate the structural and functional stability of th ...	2007	18193727
frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the bt toxins cry1ac and cry2ab in australian populations of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton (gossypium spp.) in australia and the old world. from 2002, f2 screens were used to examine the frequency of resistance alleles in australian populations of h. armigera to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crylac and cry2ab, the two insecticidal proteins present in the transgenic cotton bollgard ii. at that time, ingard (expressing cry1ac) cotton had been grown in australia for seven seasons, and bollgar ...	2007	18232402
dipel-selected ostrinia nubilalis larvae are not resistant to transgenic corn expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab.	the survival of ks-sc dipel-resistant and -susceptible european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), was evaluated on different tissues from corn, zea mays l., hybrids, including a nontransgenic and two transgenic corn plants (events mon810 and bt11) expressing high doses of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ab. the survival of bt-resistant and -susceptible third instars was similar after a 5-d exposure to transgenic plant tissues. survivors eventually died when returned to bt corn tissues, bu ...	2007	18232404
evaluation of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrids against cry1ab-susceptible and -resistant sugarcane borer (lepidoptera: crambidae).	a louisiana strain of the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (f.) (lepidoptera: crambidae), was selected for resistance to the crylab protein of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) by using an f2 screening procedure. survival of bt-resistant, -susceptible, and -heterozygous genotypes of sugarcane borer was evaluated on vegetative and reproductive stages of five non-bt and seven bt field corn, zea mays l., hybrids in a greenhouse study. larval survival was recorded 21 d after infestation of neonates o ...	2007	18232406
resistance to spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and euxesta stigmatias (diptera: ulidiidae) in sweet corn derived from exogenous and endogenous genetic systems.	field trials using spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and euxesta stigmatias loew (diptera: ulidiidae) were conducted to evaluate resistance and potential damage interactions between these two primary corn, zea mays l., pests against lepidoptera-resistant corn varieties derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources. the endogenous source of resistance was maysin, a c-glycosyl flavone produced in high concentrations in varieties 'zapalote chico 2451' and 'zapalote c ...	2007	18232407
flora, not fauna: gm culture and agriculture.		2007	18290361
proteolysis, histopathological effects, and immunohistopathological localization of delta-endotoxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the midgut of lepidopteran olive tree pathogenic insect prays oleae.	considering the fact that prays oleae is one of the most pathogenic insects to the olive tree in the mediterranean basin, particularly in tunisia, the mode of action of cry insecticidal toxins of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki in prays oleae midgut was investigated. the proteolysis of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins in the midgut was a key step in determining their potency against prays oleae. the latter's proteases activated the delta-endotoxins early, yielding stable toxins. the in vi ...	2007	17435280
differentiation between bacillus thuringiensis strains by gyrb pcr-sau3ai fingerprinting.	gyrb dna fragments of seven bacillus thuringiensis local collection family representatives were amplified by pcr and sequenced. several differences in their corresponding sequences were evidenced. both in silico and in vitro restriction maps of gyrb sequences and fragments respectively confirmed that ecori and sau3ai could be used to differentiate between b. thuringiensis strains. however, the phylogeny analysis showed that only the gyrb pcr-sau3ai allows a strains classification that correlates ...	2007	17435283
[cloning and characterization of germ gene involved in germination in bacillus thuringiensis].	in bacilli, germ is a very conservative gene. primers were designed according to the germ gene sequence of bacillus cereus, and a 640bp dna fragment was obtained from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kustaki 1. 175 by pcr. using this fragment as a probe, a 4.5kb dna fragment was cloned from the partial dna library of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kustaki 1.175. sequence analysis showed that the fragment contains one complete open reading frame (orf) that encodes a 349-amino acid (aa) protein, which ...	2007	17436617
[the plasmid harboring cry26aa may contribute to the phenomenon of spore-crystal connection in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. finitimus].	parasporal crystal in b. thuringiensis subsp. finitimus t02 forms inside the exosporium and remains attached to the spore after mother cell lysis. two crystal protein gene cry26aa and cry28aa were cloned from this strain. the relationship between the phenomenon of spore-crystal connection and the plasmids was investigated in this work. mutants bmb1151 curing of the plasmid harboring cry26aa, and bmb1152 curing of all plasmids were obtained from b. thuringiensis subsp. finitimus t02.the spore-cry ...	2007	17436631
[biology of two lysogenic phages from bacillus thuringiensis mz1].	a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) fermentative strain mz1 (subsp. kurstaki) , from a company in meixian county of guangdong province, produce toxins during sporulation and are extensively used in the field to control pest insects (lepidoptera) in china. but some unknown or random factors that inhibited or stopped b. t growth in the fermentation can be regarded as reflecting the exist of lysogenic phage. therefore, strain mzi and its lysogenic phages were studied in this paper. with indicator strain ...	2007	17436632
gene flow in maize fields with different local pollen densities.	the development of maize (zea mays l.) varieties as factories of pharmaceutical and industrial compounds has renewed interest in controlling pollen dispersal. the objective of this study was to compare gene flow into maize fields of different local pollen densities under the same environmental conditions. two fields of approximately 36 ha were planted with a nontransgenic, white hybrid, in ankeny, iowa, usa. in the center of both fields, a 1-ha plot of a yellow-seeded stacked rr/bt transgenic hy ...	2007	17437135
host plant and population determine the fitness costs of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis.	novel adaptations often cause pleiotropic reductions in fitness. under optimal conditions individual organisms may be able to compensate for, or reduce, these fitness costs. declining environmental quality may therefore lead to larger costs. we investigated whether reduced plant quality would increase the fitness costs associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in two populations of the diamondback moth plutella xylostella. we also measured the rate of decline in resistance on two host ...	2007	17443972
efficacy of transgenic rice expressing cry1ac and cpti against the rice leaffolder, cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée).	detached leaf bioassays, open field tests and cage tests were conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of two transgenic rice lines, expressing cry1ac and cpti, against cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée) during 2005-2006 in fuzhou, china. bioassay results showed that cumulative feeding areas of c. medinalis on transgenic lines were significantly lower than that on control rice lines at different developmental stages. the corrected mortalities at 96 h after infestation on transgenic lines during ...	2007	17445827
recovery of nontarget lepidoptera on vancouver island, canada: one and four years after a gypsy moth eradication program.	the gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) is a destructive defoliator that is not established in british columbia, canada, because of successful eradication programs involving the microbial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (btk). in 1999, three aerial applications of btk were made over two areas, totaling 12,805 ha, on southern vancouver island, canada. the impacts of these btk applications on nontarget lepidoptera were studied from 1999 to 2004 on garry oak (quercus garryana) and common ...	2007	17447559
characterization of protein fractions from bt-transgenic and non-transgenic maize varieties using perfusion and monolithic rp-hplc. maize differentiation by multivariate analysis.	protein fractions from transgenic bt and non-transgenic maize varieties, extracted by the osborne solvent fraction procedure, were characterized for the first time by perfusion and monolithic rp-hplc in very short analysis times. albumins and globulins from different transgenic bt maizes as well as from their non-transgenic isogenic varieties were eluted in four peaks using perfusion rp-hplc, whereas prolamins and glutelins were separated in seven peaks. monolithic rp-hplc enabled the separation ...	2007	17447787
resistance to root-knot nematode in tomato roots expressing a nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein.	our laboratory has demonstrated previously that bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal (cry) proteins present in the cry5 and cry6 subclades intoxicate free-living nematodes. in this study, we tested whether the expression of nematicidal cry6a in transgenic plants provided protection against plant-parasitic nematodes. as bacterial codon usage is incompatible with expression in plants, two different codon-modified cry6a genes were synthesized for expression in plants. one was designed by maintaining ...	2007	17451491
effects of bacillus thuringiensis transgenic corn on corn earworm and fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) densities.	we examined 17 pairs of near-isogenic hybrids of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) (176, mon810, and bt11) and non-bt corn, zea mays l., to examine the effects of bt on larval densities of helicoverpa zea (boddie) and spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) during 2 yr. during ear formation, instar densities of h. zea and s. frugiperda were recorded for each hybrid. we found that h. zea first, second, and fifth instar densities were each affected by mon810 and bt11 bt corn but not ...	2007	17461054
activity of an essential oil derived from chenopodium ambrosioides on greenhouse insect pests.	this study involved both greenhouse and laboratory experiments evaluating the effect of an essential oil product (qrd 400) derived from chenopodium ambrosioides variety nr. ambrosioides l. (chenopodiaceae) on greenhouse insect pests that feed on different plant parts: citrus mealybug, planococcus citri (risso); longtailed mealybug, pseudococcus longispinus (targioni tozzetti); western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), and fungus gnats (bradysia spp.). treatments were applied ...	2007	17461071
interactions of alternate hosts, postemergence grass control, and rootworm-resistant transgenic corn on western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) damage and adult emergence.	field studies were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effects of grassy weeds, postemergence grass control, transgenic rootworm-resistant corn, zea mays l., expressing the cry3bb1 endotoxin and glyphosate herbicide tolerance (bt corn), and the interactions of these factors on western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, damage and adult emergence. three insect management tactics (bt corn, its nontransgenic isoline, and isoline plus tefluthrin) were evaluated with two w ...	2007	17461083
evaluation of natural and engineered resistance mechanisms in potato against colorado potato beetle in a no-choice field study.	the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata say, is the major insect pest of potato, solanum tuberosum l., in eastern north america and is renowned for resistance development, currently resistant to >40 insecticides worldwide. host plant resistance may assist in delaying in resistance development to insecticides. we evaluated natural host plant resistance mechanisms (glandular trichomes and solanum chacoense bitter-derived resistance) and engineered resistance mechanisms (bacillus thur ...	2007	17461085
current status and prospects on microbial control in japan.	historically in japan, studies on the diseases of the silkworm, bombyx mori, as a factor affecting the well-being of the silk industry, have dominated insect pathology. however, work by hidaka in 1933 demonstrated the possibility of controlling the pine moth, dendrolimus spectabilis, with the fungus beauveria bassiana and since then, various attempts have been made to develop a method to control insect pests using insect pathogens. the cypovirus product, matsukemin, was the first microbial contr ...	2007	17462666
competition and reproduction in mixed infections of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacillus spp.	diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, larvae were infected with a primary pathogen, bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (btk) in single strain and mixed infections. mixed infections comprised btk and a non-pathogenic isolate, either bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis (btt) or bacillus cereus (bc). all strains reproduced in larval cadavers, but there was evidence of competition between different isolates within hosts. non-pathogenic isolates (btt, bc) had growth rates that were faster than btk in vi ...	2007	17467004
a global approach to resistance monitoring.	transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been grown in many parts of the world since 1996. in the united states, the environmental protection agency (epa) has required that industry submit insect resistance management (irm) plans for each bt corn and cotton product commercialized. a coalition of stakeholders including the epa, usda, academic scientists, industry, and grower organizations have cooperated in developing specific irm strategi ...	2007	17467005
a proteomic approach to study cry1ac binding proteins and their alterations in resistant heliothis virescens larvae.	binding of the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin to specific receptors in the midgut brush border membrane is required for toxicity. alteration of these receptors is the most reported mechanism of resistance. we used a proteomic approach to identify cry1ac binding proteins from intestinal brush border membrane (bbm) prepared from heliothis virescens larvae. cry1ac binding bbm proteins were detected in 2d blots and identified using peptide mass fingerprinting (pmf) or de novo sequencing. among ...	2007	17467006
purification and characterization of aminopeptidase n from spodoptera litura expressed in sf21 insect cells.	insecticidal crystal proteins produced by strains of bacillus thuringiensis cause larval death upon interaction with specific receptors located at the midgut epithelium of susceptible insects. large quantities of easily purified aminopeptidase and cadherin-like cry toxin receptors can facilitate the further study of cry toxin binding and pore formation. here, we report the solubilisation and purification of aminopeptidase n from spodoptera litura (slapn). recombinantly expressed and membrane anc ...	2007	17467291
monitoring and management strategy for helicoverpa armigera resistance to bt cotton in china.	the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important insect pests in cotton growing regions of china. transgenic cotton that expresses a gene derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been deployed for combating cotton bollworm since 1997. natural refugees derived from the mixed planting system consisting of cotton, corn, soybean, vegetables, peanut and others on single-family farms of a small scale were used for delaying the evolution of resistance to bt cott ...	2007	17467730
alteration of soil rhizosphere communities following genetic transformation of white spruce.	the application of plant genetic manipulations to agriculture and forestry with the aim of alleviating insect damage through bacillus thuringiensis transformation could lead to a significant reduction in the release of pesticides into the environment. however, many groups have come forward with very valid and important questions related to potentially adverse effects, and it is crucial to assess and better understand the impact that this technology might have on ecosystems. in this study, we ana ...	2007	17468272
monitoring and adaptive resistance management in australia for bt-cotton: current status and future challenges.	in the mid-1990 s the australian cotton industry adopted an insect-resistant variety of cotton (ingard) which expresses the bt toxin cry1ac that is specific to a group of insects including the target helicoverpa armigera. a conservative resistance management plan (rmp), that restricted the area planted to ingard, was implemented to preserve the efficacy of cry1ac until two-gene transgenic cotton was available. in 2004/05 bollgard ii replaced ingard as the transgenic cotton available in australia ...	2007	17470372
insect resistance management for syngenta's vipcot transgenic cotton.	syngenta is seeking commercial registration for vipcot cotton, a pyramided transgenic cotton trait that expresses two insecticidal proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis vip3a and cry1ab. both proteins are highly effective against two key cotton pests, helicoverpa zea cotton bollworm; and heliothis virescens, tobacco budworm. to investigate the role of vipcot cotton in delaying the development of resistance in these pests to transgenic bt traits, syngenta has performed studies to determine ...	2007	17475274
helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins and resistance management for bt cotton in india.	transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), often referred to as bt cotton, is widely grown in many countries. bt cotton with a single cry1a gene and stacked also with cry2a gene has provided satisfactory protection against the damage by the lepidopteran bollworms, especially the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) which is considered as a key pest. the baseline susceptibility of the larvae of h. armigera to cry1ac and other toxins carried o ...	2007	17475275
microbial control and biotechnology research on bacillus thuringiensis in china.	the current status of production and application of biopesticides for pest control in china is briefly reviewed, with a focus on research advances in microbial control with bacillus thuringiensis (bt). these have led to improvements in bt production, exploitation of bt gene resources, and development of engineered bt insecticides and transgenic bt crops that have expanded host ranges and increased efficacy against target pests. both conventional and biotechnology approaches need to be employed t ...	2007	17481651
resistance is non-futile: resistance to cry5b in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.	the nematode, caenorhabditis elegans, can be mutated to resistance to the cry5b toxin of bacillus thuringiensis. by cloning and characterization of these c. elegans resistance genes, we have determined that a major mechanism by which c. elegans resists cry5b is by loss of function mutations in any one of four gylcosyltransferase genes that glycosylate glycolipids specific to arthropods. without correct gylcosylation, binding of cry5b is greatly impaired in c. elegans. that these specific arthros ...	2007	17482642
the diversity of bt resistance genes in species of lepidoptera.	although the mode of action of cry1a toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis is fairly well understood, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which lepidopteran species have evolved resistance to them is still in its infancy. the most common type of resistance has been called "mode 1" and is characterized by recessive inheritance, >500-fold resistance to and reduced binding by at least one cry1a toxin, and negligible cross-resistance to cry1c. in three lepidopteran species, heliothis viresc ...	2007	17482643
skpdt is a signaling peptide that stimulates sporulation and cry1aa expression in bacillus thuringiensis but not in bacillus subtilis.	we have identified and characterized in the supernatant of the transition phase of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki the peptide skpdt. this peptide was previously identified by in silico analysis by pottathil and lazazzera (front biosci 8:32-45 2003) as a putative signaling peptide (nprrb) of the phr family in b. thuringiensis. the chemically synthesized nprrb did not affect the growth kinetics of b. thuringiensis var. kurstaki but stimulated the sporulation, spore release, and transcription ...	2007	17486337
a functional homing endonuclease in the bacillus anthracis nrde group i intron.	the essential bacillus anthracis nrde gene carries a self-splicing group i intron with a putative homing endonuclease belonging to the giy-yig family. here, we show that the nrde pre-mrna is spliced and that the homing endonuclease cleaves an intronless nrde gene 5 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the intron insertion site, producing 2-nt 3' extensions. we also show that the sequence required for efficient cleavage spans at least 4 bp upstream and 31 bp downstream of the cleaved coding strand. the p ...	2007	17496101
purification and partial amino acid sequence of thuricin s, a new anti-listeria bacteriocin from bacillus thuringiensis.	we report the isolation and characterization of a new bacteriocin, thuricin s, produced by the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus hd198 strain. this antibacterial activity is sensitive to proteinase k, is heat-stable, and is stable at a variety of ph values (3-10.5). the monoisotopic mass of thuricin s purified by high performance liquid chromatography, as determined with mass spectrometry esi-tof-ms, is 3137.61 da. edman sequencing and nanoesi-ms/ms experiments provided the sequence of t ...	2007	17496978
monitoring bacillus thuringiensis-susceptibility in insect pests that occur in large geographies: how to get the best information when two countries are involved.	the adoption of cotton producing insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis, commonly referred to as bt cotton, around the world has proven to be beneficial for growers and the environment. the effectiveness of this important genetically-modified crop can be jeopardized by the development of resistance to bt cotton by pests it is meant to control, with the possibility that this phenomenon could develop in one country and spread to another by means of insect migration. to preserve the effect ...	2007	17499760
tolerance to bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin in immune-suppressed larvae of the flour moth ephestia kuehniella.	tolerance to bacillus thuringiensis crystal endotoxins (bt-toxins) is correlated with an elevated immune status in larvae of the flour moth ephestia kuehniella. to gain more specific information about the effector pathways involved in the protection against the toxin, we studied the effects of bt-toxin formulations in susceptible (non-induced) and tolerant (immune-induced) larvae after natural (parasitism-mediated) and chemical (tropolone-mediated) suppression of defence reactions. although mela ...	2007	17499761
flexibility and strictness in functional replacement of domain iii of cry insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis.	cry1c, one of the lepidopteran-specific insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis, exhibits potent cytotoxicity against sf9, an insect cell line. cry1aa and cry4a, which are lepidopteran- and dipteran-specific insecticidal proteins, respectively, show no cytotoxicity against sf9. when domain iii of cry1c was replaced with that of cry1aa or cry4a, the hybrid cry1c protein retained the cytotoxicity. these results suggest that domain iii of cry1c is not crucial in determining the cytocidal ...	2007	17502282
cross-resistance spectra of culex quinquefasciatus resistant to mosquitocidal toxins of bacillus thuringiensis towards recombinant escherichia coli expressing genes from b. thuringiensis ssp. israelensis.	sixteen escherichia coli clones were assayed against susceptible and bacillus thuringiensis-resistant culex quinquefasciatus larvae. the clones expressed different combinations of four genes from bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis; three genes encoded mosquitocidal toxins (cry11aa, cry4aa and cyt1aa) and the fourth encoded an accessory protein (p20). the cross-resistance spectra of the mosquitoes were similar to the profiles for recombinant b. thuringiensis strains expressing b. thuringiens ...	2007	17504477
effects of bt-melanin on recovery of operant conditioned reflexes in rats after ablation of the sensorimotor cortex.	an increase in corticofugal plasticity was demonstrated in adult rats after unilateral ablation of the sensorimotor cortex accompanied by intramuscular administration of low concentrations of bt-melanin solution. the result was acceleration of the process of compensatory recovery in the central nervous system, this being supported by the rapid recovery of a previously acquired operant conditioned reflex and movement of the paralyzed limb as compared with control animals. it is suggested that com ...	2007	17505797
treadmilling of a prokaryotic tubulin-like protein, tubz, required for plasmid stability in bacillus thuringiensis.	prokaryotes rely on a distant tubulin homolog, ftsz, for assembling the cytokinetic ring essential for cell division, but are otherwise generally thought to lack tubulin-like polymers that participate in processes such as dna segregation. here we characterize a protein (tubz) from the bacillus thuringiensis virulence plasmid pbtoxis, which is a member of the tubulin/ftsz gtpase superfamily but is only distantly related to both ftsz and tubulin. tubz assembles dynamic, linear polymers that exhibi ...	2007	17510284
5'-to-3' exoribonuclease activity in bacteria: role of rnase j1 in rrna maturation and 5' stability of mrna.	although the primary mechanism of eukaryotic messenger rna decay is exoribonucleolytic degradation in the 5'-to-3' orientation, it has been widely accepted that bacteria can only degrade rnas with the opposite polarity, i.e. 3' to 5'. here we show that maturation of the 5' side of bacillus subtilis 16s ribosomal rna occurs via a 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic pathway, catalyzed by the widely distributed essential ribonuclease rnase j1. the presence of a 5'-to-3' exoribonuclease activity in b. subtilis ...	2007	17512403
detection of chromosomally located and plasmid-borne genes on 20 kb dna fragments in parasporal crystals from bacillus thuringiensis.	the association of 20 kb heterologous dna fragments with the parasporal crystals from native and recombinant bacillus thuringiensis strains was analyzed, respectively. the cry2aa10 gene cloned in plasmid phc39 was transformed into b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strains cry b and hd73, producing recombinant strains cry b(phc39) and hd73(phc39). sds-page and scanning electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that the recombinant cry b(phc39) produced cuboidal crystals of cry2aa10 protoxin, while ...	2007	17516045
a novel method for evaluating the particle distributional behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule formulation of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in an aqueous column.	a novel method for evaluating the particle behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule (wdg) formulation of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in an aqueous column was established. the objective was to determine the distributional behavior (minus any extraneous environmental factors) of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis within a water column over time. studies showed a fairly even distribution of particles over a 16-h period for the technical concentrate an ...	2007	17536369
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab mutants affecting oligomer formation are non-toxic to manduca sexta larvae.	pore-forming toxins are biological weapons produced by a variety of living organisms, particularly bacteria but also by insects, reptiles, and invertebrates. these proteins affect the cell membrane of their target, disrupting permeability and leading eventually to cell death. the pore-forming toxins typically transform from soluble, monomeric proteins to oligomers that form transmembrane channels. the cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis are widely used as insecticides. these proteins h ...	2007	17537728
genomic diversity and relationship of bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus by multi-rep-pcr fingerprinting.	the genomic diversity and relationship among 56 bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus type strains were investigated by multi-rep-pcr fingerprinting consisting of three pcr reactions targeting the enterobacterial eric1 and eric2 and the streptococcal boxa1r consensus sequences. a total of 113 polymorphic bands were generated in the rep-pcr profiles that allowed tracing of a single dendrogram with three major groups. bacillus cereus strains clustered together in the a and b groups. most of t ...	2007	17538643
efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, vectobac wg and dt, formulations against dengue mosquito vectors in cement potable water jars in cambodia.	this study reports the evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti), a biological larvicide, in cement jars holding river, well and rain water. two bti formulations, vectobac wg and vectobac dt, were evaluated in a village in phnom penh. thirty-one households with cement jars supporting the colonization of ae.aegypti immatures were chosen. in each house 3 jars were aligned next to each another and filled with the same type of water. one of the 3 jars was treated with vectobac wg at 0.4 ...	2007	17539275
arthropod abundance and diversity in bt and non-bt rice fields.	in a field experiment, possible effects of transgenic bt rice on arthropod communities under paddy field conditions were assessed for 3 yr in terms of arthropod guild dominance, family composition, dominance distribution of each guild, individuals of each guild, and community indices (including shannon-weaver diversity index and dominant concentration index). our results overall suggested no significant differences between the bt and control rice plots in these arthropod community-specific param ...	2007	17540077
unusual organization associated to a tandem of is231 may yield two peculiar cloverleaf secondary structures.	a 5.7-kb ecori fragment was cloned from plasmid dna of bacillus thuringiensis strain m15. it contains two insertion sequences (is), is231m2 and -m1 in the 5'-3' order, arranged in tandem, in same orientation, separated by a 540-bp region. the primary structure is typical of a composite transposon, here of 3847 bp in length, for which the name tn231m is proposed. each is is delimited by 18-bp inverted repeats (ir), and flanked by 11-bp direct repeats (dr). both is share 99.3% nucleotide identitie ...	2007	17541834
the mutation r(423)s in the bacillus thuringiensis hybrid toxin cryaac slightly increases toxicity for mamestra brassicae l.	bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin is 100 times less toxic than cry1c to mamestra brassicae. an r(423)s mutation abolishes cry1ac toxin proteolysis in m. brassicae gut juice but does not increase its toxicity to this insect. the cryaac hybrid toxin (1ac/1ac/1ca) is toxic to m. brassicae but is susceptible to gut protease digestion at the r(423) residue. accordingly we have investigated the effect of the r(423)s mutation in cryaac on its toxicity for m. brassicae and pieris brassicae. bioassays ...	2007	17306294
a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain llb6, isolated from bryophytes, and its new cry2ac-type gene.	to isolate and characterize the novel bacillus thuringiensis strains from bryophytes collected from wuyi mountain, fujian province of china, and identify new b. thuringiensis strains and toxins active against mosquitoes.	2007	17309508
a novel cryptic plasmid pbmb175 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis ybt-1765.	a new cryptic plasmid pbmb175 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis ybt-1765 was isolated and characterized. sequence analysis showed that pbmb175 (14,841 bp and 31% gc content) contained at least eighteen putative open reading frames (orfs), among which nine orfs displayed the homology with the hypothetical proteins in rolling-circle replication plasmid pgi3. deletion analysis revealed that the pbmb175 minireplicon located in a novel 1,151 bp fragment. this fragment contains orf7 codin ...	2007	17310366
interference of quorum sensing and virulence of the rice pathogen burkholderia glumae by an engineered endophytic bacterium.	many bacterial species are known to thrive within plants. among these bacteria, a group referred to as endophytes provide beneficial effects to the host plants by the promotion of plant growth and the suppression of plant pathogens. among 44 putative endophytic isolates isolated from surface-sterilized rice roots, burkholderia sp. kj006 was selected for further study because of a lack of pathogenicity to rice, a broad spectrum of antifungal properties, and the presence of the nifh gene, which is ...	2007	17313662
the role of caenorhabditis elegans insulin-like signaling in the behavioral avoidance of pathogenic bacillus thuringiensis.	pathogens cause damage, and their elimination requires activation of the costly immune response. a highly economic defense strategy should thus be the behavioral avoidance of pathogens, as manifested in humans by all aspects of hygiene or revulsion at pathogen-rich material. despite its potential importance, behavioral defenses have as yet received only little attention in biomedical research--in stark contrast to the physiological immune system. in the present study, the genetics of such behavi ...	2007	17314144
safety assessment of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis with vip insecticidal protein gene by feeding studies.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicology safety of a genetically modified (gm) bacillus thuringiensis with vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) gene. acute and subacute toxicity studies by using its powder preparation were conducted in wistar rats. the result of the acute study showed the no-observable-adverse-effect level (noael) of this gm b. thuringiensis powder preparation was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw). in the subacute study, the data analysis of body weight gain, ...	2007	17320261
removal of nickel from aqueous solution by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis.	the biosorption of the toxic metal (nickel) from aqueous solutions on dried vegetative cell and spore-crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis was tested under laboratory conditions as a function of ph, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. the characteristics of the adsorption process were investigated using scatchard analysis. scatchard analysis of the equilibrium binding data for metal ions on vegetative cell and spore-crystal mixture of b. thuringiensis gave ri ...	2007	17320284
decolorisation and detoxification of direct blue-15 by a bacterial consortium.	studies were carried out on decolorisation and biotransformation of the dye direct blue-15 into 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine (o'-dianisidine) and a sulphonated derivative by a five-member bacterial consortium. chromatographic studies revealed further complete biodegradation of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine coupled with release of ammonia, but the recalcitrant sulphonated derivative persisted. the microorganisms identified in the mixed consortium by 16s rdna sequence analysis were alcaligenes faecalis, sphi ...	2007	17321737
propagating the missing bacteriophages: a large bacteriophage in a new class.	the number of successful propagations/isolations of soil-borne bacteriophages is small in comparison to the number of bacteriophages observed by microscopy (great plaque count anomaly). as one resolution of the great plaque count anomaly, we use propagation in ultra-dilute agarose gels to isolate a bacillus thuringiensis bacteriophage with a large head (95 nm in diameter), tail (486 x 26 nm), corkscrew-like tail fibers (187 x 10 nm) and genome (221 kb) that cannot be detected by the usual proced ...	2007	17324288
subchronic feeding study of das-59122-7 maize grain in sprague-dawley rats.	59122 is a transgenic maize line containing event das-59122-7 that expresses the corn rootworm (crw) specific pesticidal cry34ab1 and cry35ab1 proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) berliner strain ps149b1 and the phosphinothricin-n-acetyltransferase (pat) protein from streptomyces viridochromogenes for tolerance to the herbicidal ingredient glufosinate-ammonium. for the current study, 59122 maize grain, non-transgenic near-isogenic maize grain (091), and a commercially available non-transgen ...	2007	17329002
characterization of directly transformed weedy brassica rapa and introgressed b. rapa with bt cry1ac and gfp genes.	crop to weed transgene flow, which could result in more competitive weed populations, is an agricultural biosafety concern. crop brassica napus to weedy brassica rapa hybridization has been extensively characterized to better understand the transgene flow and its consequences. in this study, weedy accessions of b. rapa were transformed with bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac- and green fluorescence protein (gfp)-coding transgenes using agrobacterium to assess ecological performance of the wild b ...	2007	17333014
toxicological evaluation of genetically modified cotton (bollgard) and dipel wp on the non-target soil mite scheloribates praeincisus (acari: oribatida).	insecticides derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and plants genetically modified (gm) to express b. thuringiensis toxins are important alternatives for insect pest control worldwide. risk assessment of b. thuringiensis toxins to non-target organisms has been extensively studied but few toxicological tests have considered soil invertebrates. oribatid mites are one of the most diverse and abundant arthropod groups in the upper layers of soil and litter in natural and agricultura ...	2007	17334814
cloning and identification of a gene encoding spore cortex-lytic enzyme in bacillus thuringiensis.	spore cortex-lytic enzymes are essential for germination in bacilli. a gene-encoding spore cortex-lytic enzyme designated sleb was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis. disruption of sleb did not affect vegetative growth of b. thuringiensis, but the fall in optical density at 600 nm in the mutant spores was much slower than in the wild type strain during spore germination induced by l-alanine. moreover, the mutant spores did not become completely dark, as compared with the wild type strain. these ...	2007	17334843
cloning and characterization of a novel crystal protein from a native bacillus thuringiensis isolate highly active against aedes aegypti.	we characterized a novel bacillus thuringiensis isolate native to argentina (fcc 41) that exhibits a mosquitocidal activity higher than the reference b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. this isolate shows a rounded crystal harboring two major proteins of about 70-80 kda. moreover, we cloned and sequenced the encoding gene of one of the crystal proteins (cry) consisting of an open reading frame of 2061 pb that encodes a protein of 687 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence has a pr ...	2007	17334846
quantification of magnetic susceptibility in several strains of bacillus spores: implications for separation and detection.	three strains of bacillus: bacillus atrophaeus (formally bacillus globigii), bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus cereus were tested for their intrinsic magnetic susceptibility. all three strains when sporulated demonstrated significant magnetic susceptibility using an instrument referred to as cell tracking velocimetry. energy dispersive spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of paramagnetic elements, fe and mn, in the spore form of the bacteria. it was demonstrated that this magnetic suscept ...	2007	17335063