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interferon-beta expressed by a rabies virus-based hiv-1 vaccine vector serves as a molecular adjuvant and decreases pathogenicity.type i interferon is important in anti-viral responses and in coordinating the innate immune response. here we explore the use of interferon-beta to adjuvant the response to a rabies virus (rv) vaccine vector expressing both hiv-1 gag and ifn-beta. viral load and immune responses of immunized mice were analyzed over time. our results indicate that the rv expressing ifn-beta (ifn+) is highly attenuated when compared to control rv and demonstrate that the expression of ifn-beta reduces viral repli ...200818945463
retrograde tracing with recombinant rabies virus reveals correlations between projection targets and dendritic architecture in layer 5 of mouse barrel cortex.a recombinant rabies virus was used as a retrograde tracer to allow complete filling of the axonal and dendritic arbors of identified projection neurons in layer 5 of mouse primary somatosensory cortex (s1) in vivo. previous studies have distinguished three types of layer 5 pyramids in s1: tall-tufted, tall-simple, and short. layer 5 pyramidal neurons were retrogradely labeled from several known targets: contralateral s1, superior colliculus, and thalamus. the complete dendritic arbors of labele ...200818946547
a synthetic peptide encompassing the g5 antigenic region of the rabies virus induces high avidity but poorly neutralizing antibody in immunized animals.the immunization of goats with a synthetic peptide encompassing the g5 antigenic site of the rabies virus surface glycoprotein induces a strong humoral immune response in the absence of a carrier protein. the immunized animals mounted high antibody titers and showed a strong avidity maturation of the b cell immune response to both the g5-peptide and purified surface glycoprotein g. this antibody weakly neutralized rabies virus carrying the g5 epitope but failed to neutralize escape mutants carry ...200818955098
retraction. tracking the footprints of the rabies virus: are we any closer to decoding this elusive virus? 200818955584
serologic survey for selected viral pathogens in free-ranging endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) and other mustelids from south-western france.to investigate the possible role of selected pathogens in the decline of endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) populations and the potential for these pathogens to affect mink survival, a serologic survey was conducted using serum samples collected from march 1996 to march 2003 in eight departments of south-western france. in total, 481 free-ranging individuals of five mustelid species (including the european mink) were tested. sympatric mustelids can serve as sentinels to determine the pr ...200818957635
prevalence of tetracycline and rabies virus antibody in raccoons, skunks, and foxes following aerial distribution of v-rg baits to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada.more than 3.6 million baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) oral rabies vaccine were aerially or hand-distributed during 1999-2006 in an approximate 4,000-9,000 km(2) area of eastern ontario, canada, as part of a multitactic approach to control the raccoon variant of rabies. the efficacy of the program was assessed through the collection and testing of > 6,900 animals for bait acceptance and rabies virus-specific antibodies. raccoon acceptance of rabies vaccine ...200818957651
skunk rabies in california (1992-2003)--implications for oral rabies vaccination.skunk-variant rabies is endemic in california (united states), and the development of oral vaccines and baits to vaccinate skunks is in progress. in 2003, the california department of public health (cdph) began to quantify the impacts of skunk-variant rabies and to assess the feasibility of using oral rabies vaccination (orv) as a containment measure. the cdph rabies case data for skunks were spatially depicted and analyzed using a geographic information system. statewide, rabid skunks (1992-200 ...200818957660
comparison of suburban vaccine distribution strategies to control raccoon rabies.helicopters and hand baiting are commonly used to distribute vaccine-laden baits to help control raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in suburban landscapes, but these techniques may be labor intensive, costly, or unavailable in some areas. we tested conventional baiting strategies against polyvinyl-chloride (pvc) bait stations in erie county (new york, usa) during july and august 2003-05. hand, helicopter, and bait station treatments were randomly assigned to six 25-km(2) suburban study sites. to est ...200818957661
immune evasion by rabies viruses through the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity.the attenuated rabies virus (rv) strain challenge virus standard (cvs)-f3 and a highly pathogenic strain associated with the silver-haired bats (shbrv) can both be cleared from the central nervous system (cns) tissues by appropriate antiviral immune mechanisms if the effectors are provided access across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). in the case of shbrv infection, antiviral immunity develops normally in the periphery but fails to open the bbb, generally resulting in a lethal outcome. to determi ...200819016377
neuronal apoptosis does not play an important role in human rabies encephalitis.it is generally accepted that there are not prominent features of neuronal cell death in rabies encephalitis. however, hemachudha and coworkers recently reported widespread apoptosis in the central nervous system of several human rabies cases (bmc infect dis 5: 104, 2005). in this study we have evaluated morphological features and markers of neuronal apoptosis in postmortem brain tissue from 12 cases of human rabies who died in four different countries. histopathological analysis, tunel (termina ...200819023689
[rabies control should be done from their origin]. 200819031689
[survey and anslysis of infection rate of dog rabies in the regions with high incidence of human rabies].to investigate the situation of dog rabies and analyze it's relationship with human rabies.200819031690
[characterization of rabies virus phosphoprotein in high prevalence provinces of china].characterization of rabies virus phosphoprotein through analyzation of genetic variations about rabies virus phosphoproteins in high-incidence regions in china.200819031691
[the primary application of direct rapid immunohistochemical test to rabies diagnosis in china].evaluation of the direct rapid immumohistochemical test (drit) for laboratory surveillance of rabies.200819031692
[characterization of rdrp gene of rabies virus in china].characterization of rdrp gene (l) of rabies virus ag and ctn181 strain in china.200819031693
[rescue of chimeric rabies virus expressing green fluorescent protein].green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was inserted into the pseudogene (psi) region of genome of rabies virus rhep-flury strain, and a recombinant rabies virus carrying gfp, designated as hep-gfp, was rescued by reverse genetics system. it was demonstrated that green fluorescent protein could be expressed in the chimeric virus after 5 passages in bhk-21 cell line. the research indicated that the pseudogene (psi) region in the genome of rhep-flury strain, as an independent functional unit in the p ...200819035331
the origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus.rabies is a progressively fatal and incurable viral encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus infection. almost all of the 55 000 annual rabies deaths in humans result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). despite the importance of rabies for human health, little is known about the spread of rabv in dog populations, and patterns of biodiversity have only been studied in limited geographical space. to address these questions on a global scale, we sequenced 62 new isolates and performed an exte ...200818931062
efficient post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies by applying a four-dose dna vaccine intranasally.we tested two post-exposure prophylaxes (peps) for rabies in laboratory animals; one was a traditional antirabies vaccine for humans via intramuscular route (im), and the other was a dna vaccine administered by intranasal route (in). in contrast to the world health organization's recommended five-dose pep, we gave only four doses without hyper-immune antirabies sera, making the pep more rigorous. all animals were challenged with challenge virus strain (cvs); 16h later, pep was applied. all anima ...200818940223
antibody seroprevalences against rabies in dogs vaccinated under field conditions in bolivia.bolivia currently has one of the highest numbers of cases for human and canine rabies and is thus clue to the elimination process. the objective of the present study was to assess antibody seroprevalences against rabies in dogs vaccinated under field conditions and other factors that might influence the success of the on-going rabies control programmes in an endemic area of the disease, santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia. all 240 study animals, selected using area-stratified random sampling, were ...200818975125
[who recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies using japanese rabies vaccine].after severe exposure to suspected rabid animal, who recommends a complete vaccine series using a potent effective vaccine that meets who criteria, and administration of rabies immunoglobulin (rig). rig is not available globally, and is not marketed in japan. if pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies is given, rig is unnecessary even after severe exposure. it is thus important to give pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies to people who plan to go to rabies-endemic areas. in japan, pre-exposure prophy ...200818975587
molecular and geographic analyses of vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies in central brazil.vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in latin america. in order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in brazil.200818983685
characterization of retinoic acid-inducible gene-i expression in primary murine glia following exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus that closely resembles its deadly cousin, rabies virus. in mice, vsv elicits a rapid and severe t cell-independent encephalitis, indicating that resident glial cells play an important role in the initiation of central nervous system (cns) inflammation. recently, retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like helicases have been shown to function as intracellular pattern recognition receptors for replicative viral rna mot ...200818991139
mongoose rabies and the african civet in zimbabwe. 200818997193
formulation of a protein-free medium based on ipl-41 for the sustained growth of drosophila melanogaster s2 cells.an animal protein-free medium was developed for drosophila melanogaster s2 (s2acgpv2) cells genetically modified to produce the rabies virus g glycoprotein (gpv). ipl-41, used as a basal medium, was supplemented with yeastolate, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids aiming initially to reduce and further to eliminate the need of fetal bovine serum. the s2acgpv2 cells were fully capable of growing in serum-free supplemented ipl-41 medium containing 6 g l(-1) yeastolate ultrafiltrate, 10 g l(-1) g ...200819003168
insect cells respiratory activity in bioreactor.specific respiration rate ( [formula: see text]) is a key parameter to understand cell metabolism and physiological state, providing useful information for process supervision and control. in this work, we cultivated different insect cells in a very controlled environment, being able to measure [formula: see text]. spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells have been used through virus infection as host for foreign protein expression and bioinsecticide production. transfected drosophila melanogaster (s2) ...200819003170
bioreactor culture of recombinant drosophila melanogaster s2 cells: characterization of metabolic features related to cell growth and production of the rabies virus glycoprotein.although several reports have been published on recombinant protein expression using drosophila cells, information on their metabolism and growth in vitro is relatively scarce. in the present study, we have analyzed the growth and metabolism of transfected s2 cells (s2acrvgp) in bioreactor cultures with serum-free medium sf900 ii, to evaluate its potential for mass production of a rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp). cells were cultured in a 3 l-stirred-tank bioreactor at 28 degrees c with ph contr ...200819003173
enhanced production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) by drosophila melanogaster s2 cells through control of culture conditions.culture conditions that affect product quality are important to the successful operation and optimization of recombinant protein production. the objective of this study was to optimize culture conditions for growth of recombinant drosophila melanogaster s2 cells (s2acrvgp) in order to enhance the production of rrvgp. the addition of dmso and glycerol to the medium and growth at a reduced temperature (22 degrees c) were the culture condition variations selected to be tested. experimental cultures ...200819003174
growth of recombinant drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells producing rabies virus glycoprotein in bioreactor employing serum-free medium.drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells have been increasingly used as a suitable expression system for the production of different recombinant proteins, and the employment of bioreactors for large-scale culture is an important tool for this purpose. in this work, drosophila s2 cells producing the rabies virus glycoprotein rvgp were cultivated in bioreactor, employing a serum-free medium, aiming an improvement in cell growth and in glycoprotein production. to overcome cell growth limitati ...200819003175
enhancing effect of a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph on recombinant protein production.gene expression in animal cells allows large scale production of proteins used for either structure and function studies or therapeutic purposes. maximizing recombinant protein production is necessary to optimize cell growth and protein expression. some studies have demonstrated the presence of pharmacologically active substances in insect hemolymph. in this work, we have identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of the rabies virus glycopro ...200819003176
economic evaluation of an oral rabies vaccination program for control of a domestic dog-coyote rabies epizootic: 1995-2006.to conduct a benefit-cost analysis of the results of the domestic dog and coyote (ddc) oral rabies vaccine (orv) program in texas from 1995 through 2006 by use of fiscal records and relevant public health data.200819046031
enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, united states.to provide molecular and virologic evidence that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the united states and to identify putative relatives of dog-related rabies viruses (rvs) circulating in other carnivores, we studied rvs associated with recent and historic dog rabies enzootics worldwide. molecular, phylogenetic, and epizootiologic evidence shows that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the united states. nonetheless, our data suggest that independent rabies enzootics are now e ...200819046506
new rabies virus variant in mexican immigrant.a novel rabies virus was identified after death in a man who had immigrated from oaxaca, mexico, to california, usa. despite the patient's history of exposure to domestic and wild carnivores, molecular and phylogenetic characterizations suggested that the virus originated from insectivorous bats. enhanced surveillance is needed to elucidate likely reservoirs.200819046517
human rabies case with long incubation, australia. 200819046531
[construction of helper plasmids used in reverse genetic system of a cell adapted rabies virus strain].to construct four helper plasmids which are necessary in reverse genetic system of a cell adapted rabies virus strain.200819105333
species determination of brazilian mammals implicated in the epidemiology of rabies based on the control region of mitochondrial dna.identification of animals that are decomposing or have been run over or burnt and cannot be visually identified is a problem in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. many of these animals are wild and represent a valuable source of information for epidemiologic research as they may be carriers of an infectious agent. this article discusses the results obtained using a method for identifying mammals genetically by sequencing their mitochondrial dna control region. fourteen species ...200819287829
[reverse genetics of rabies virus and its applications]. 200819226958
[survey on human rabies cases and its viral molecular biological features in baoshan city, yunnan province].to understand the epidemiological features of two rabies cases in baoshan city year 2006 and 2007 and to analyze its source of infection.200819173855
[viral surveillance on rabies in hunan province, in 2006].to understand the source and distribution of rabies virus (rv) in hunan province with viral surveillance in order to provide scientific measures for prevention and control on rabies.200819173884
[establishment of a fluorescent quantitative pcr detection method for rabies virus and preparation of rna positive controls].establish the fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr detection method for rabies virus (rv) and construct rnase-resistant virus-like particles as positive controls.200819544660
concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies.rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains an important public health problem worldwide and causes more than 70,000 human deaths each year. the causative agent of rabies is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism are the main features that define the pathogenesis of rabies. although rv pathogenicity is a multigenic trait involving several elements of the rv genome, the rv glycoprotein plays a major role in rv pathogenesis by c ...200819578477
emerging aspects of rabies infection: with a special emphasis on children.increased awareness of the long-neglected rabies virus could promote the highly effective methods of preventing human deaths. rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses have recently been appearing in unexpected places, sometimes with dire consequences. although rabies of canine origin remains 100% fatal in human beings, should the surprising recovery of a single unvaccinated child influence treatment now?200818448969
rabies virus in a dog imported to the uk from sri lanka. 200818453383
genetic characterisation of attenuated sad rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of wildlife.the elimination of rabies from the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in western europe has been achieved by the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of wildlife with a range of attenuated rabies virus strains. with the exception of the vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine (vrg), all strains were originally derived from a common ancestor; the street alabama dufferin (sad) field strain. however, after more than 30 years of orv it is still not possible to distinguish these vaccine strains and there is l ...200818485548
antigenic and genetic characterization of the first rabies virus isolated from the bat eumops perotis in brazil.although the main transmitters of rabies in brazil are dogs and vampire bats, the role of other species such as insectivorous and frugivorous bats deserves special attention, as the rabies virus has been isolated from 36 bat species. this study describes the first isolation of the rabies virus from the insectivorous bat eumops perotis. the infected animal was found in the city of ribeirão preto, são paulo. the virus was identified by immunofluorescence antibody test (fat) in central nervous syst ...200818488088
validation and standardization of virus neutralizing test using indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the quantification of antibodies to rabies virus.a virus neutralizing test using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique (vnt-iip) for rabies has been developed for the titration of dog and cat serum samples in japan. the vnt-iip has the advantage that results obtained can be viewed by the naked eye. the purpose of this study was to validate the vnt-iip and compare it with one of the international standard methods, the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favnt). the vnt-iip showed satisfactory repeatability, high analytical specific ...200818489544
detrimental contribution of the immuno-inhibitor b7-h1 to rabies virus encephalitis.rabies virus is the etiological agent of an acute encephalitis, which in absence of post exposure treatment is fatal in almost all cases. virus lethality rests on its ability to evade the immune response. in this study, we analyzed the role of the immuno-inhibitory molecule b7-h1 in this virus strategy. we showed that in the brain and spinal cord of mice, rabies virus infection resulted in significant up-regulation of b7-h1 expression, which is specifically expressed in infected neurons. correla ...200818490751
human rabies prevention--united states, 2008: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices.these recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) update the previous recommendations on human rabies prevention (cdc. human rabies prevention--united states, 1999: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. mmwr 1999;48 [no. rr-1]) and reflect the status of rabies and antirabies biologics in the united states. this statement 1) provides updated information on human and animal rabies epidemiology; 2) summarizes the evidence regarding the e ...200818496505
rabies in small animals.rabies in small animals has been dramatically reduced in the united states since the introduction of rabies vaccination of domestic animals in the 1940s. as a consequence, the number of human rabies cases has declined to only a couple per year. during the past several years, the dog rabies variant has almost disappeared completely. rabies in wildlife has skyrocketed, however. each wildlife species carries its own rabies variant(s). these wildlife epizootics present a constant public health threa ...200818501283
emerging viral encephalitides in dogs and cats.few viral pathogens resulting in encephalitis in dogs and cats have emerged over the past decade or so. all are the result of penetration through presumed species barriers and all are considered zoonoses or possible zoonotic pathogens. in all cases, encephalitis is a rare event that has low morbidity but high mortality. more viruses are likely to emerge as pathogenic in our domesticated carnivorous companions as our habitats continue to overlap with the shrinking wildlife habitats. hopefully, ho ...200818501284
characterization of human rabies virus vaccine strain in china.human rabies virus vaccine strain ctn181 from china was sequenced. the overall length of the genome was 11,923 nucleotides (nt), comprising a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1353 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 894 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, l) gene of 6387 nt, and a trailer region of 70 nt. the five monocistrons are separated by intergenic regions (igrs) of 2, 5, 5 and 24 nucleotides (nt), respe ...200818501987
rabies in estonia: situation before and after the first campaigns of oral vaccination of wildlife with sag2 vaccine bait.despite the extermination of stray animals and the compulsory vaccination of companion animals, rabies has been widely distributed over estonia for more than 30 years. the red fox and the raccoon dog are the rabies virus reservoirs. through a phare project, successive oral vaccination campaigns, using rabidog sag2 baits, were implemented in the autumn of 2005 in north estonia, and in the spring and autumn 2006 throughout the whole territory. after the autumn 2005 campaign, 73.5% of the raccoon d ...200818524435
complete genome sequence of a raccoon rabies virus isolate.the entire genome of a mid-atlantic raccoon strain rabies virus (rrv) isolated in canada was sequenced; this is the second north american wildlife rabies virus isolate to be fully characterized. the overall organization and length of the genome was similar to that of other lyssaviruses. the nucleotide sequence identity of the raccoon strain ranged between 32.7% and 85.0% when compared to other lyssaviruses, while the deduced amino acid sequence identity ranged between 22.9% and 94.2% with the nu ...200818554740
high-resolution neuroanatomical tract-tracing for the analysis of striatal microcircuits.although currently available retrograde tracers are useful tools for identifying striatal projection neurons, transported tracers often remained restricted within the neuronal somata and the thickest, main dendrites. indeed, thin dendrites located far away from the cell soma as well as post-synaptic elements such as dendritic spines cannot be labeled unless performing intracellular injections. in this regard, the subsequent use of anterograde tracers for the labeling of striatal afferents often ...200818561898
up-regulation of chemokine gene transcripts and t-cell infiltration into the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia are characteristics of experimental european bat lyssavirus type 2 infection of mice.european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) types 1 and 2 are closely related to classical rabies virus (rabv), and are capable of causing rabies in terrestrial mammals, including humans. the authors have investigated the murine host innate immune response in the brain, salivary gland, spinal cord, and blood, following peripheral inoculation with eblv-2. in the brain, increases in toll-like receptor-3 (tlr-3) transcript preceded overt disease, with a range of inflammatory gene transcripts increasing during ...200818569456
development of a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of rabies virus.diagnosis of rabies relies on the fluorescent antibody test (fat) from brain impression smears. the mouse brain inoculation test is used to confirm fat but requires weeks until the result is known. taqman real-time pcr has been described for rabies viral rna detection; however, this is burdened by primer and probe binding site mismatches. the purpose of this study was to develop a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay as an adjunct to fat, based on national data of 239 rabies nucleoprotein sequences fro ...200818572257
lyssaviruses: current trends.various technological developments have revitalized the approaches employed to study the disease of rabies. in particular, reverse genetics has facilitated the generation of novel viruses used to improve our understanding of the fundamental aspects of rabies virus (rabv) biology and pathogenicity and yielded novel constructs potentially useful as vaccines against rabies and other diseases. other techniques such as high throughput methods to examine the impact of rabies virus infection on host ce ...200818585530
effects of anesthesia and surgery on serologic responses to vaccination in kittens.to determine the effects of anesthesia and surgery on serologic responses to vaccination in kittens.200818593319
amino acid at position 95 of the matrix protein is a cytopathic determinant of rabies virus.the molecular mechanism involved in cytopathogenicity of rabies virus has not been fully elucidated yet. a fixed rabies virus nishigahara strain does not induce clear cytopathic effect (cpe) in mouse neuroblastoma (na) cells, whereas ni-ce strain, which was established after 100 passages of nishigahara strain in chicken embryo fibroblast cells, induces cpe that is characterized by rounding, shrinkage and detachment of the cells. in this study, to identify which viral gene is associated with the ...200818602710
optimal control of vaccine distribution in a rabies metapopulation model.we consider an sir metapopulation model for the spread of rabies in raccoons. this system of ordinary differential equations considers subpopulations connected by movement. vaccine for raccoons is distributed through food baits. we apply optimal control theory to find the best timing for distribution of vaccine in each of the linked subpopulations across the landscape. this strategy is chosen to limit the disease optimally by making the number of infections as small as possible while accounting ...200818613731
efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris).the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ...200818620017
inflammatory responses in the nervous system of mice infected with a street isolate of rabies virus.rabies virus causes severe encephalitis that is invariably fatal for the victim. however, the contribution of the virus and the host to damage of the cns is unclear. in order to investigate this we studied the neuropathology and cns gene expression patterns in a murine model of rabies using a 'street' isolate rv61. this virus was derived from a human case of disease. in this model, infection of the cns progresses rapidly following inoculation in the periphery, leading to extensive virus replicat ...200818634467
role of virus-induced neuropeptides in the brain in the pathogenesis of rabies.rabies virus (rabv) infection is characterized by the rapid neuronal spread of rabv into the cns before a protective immune response is raised. therefore, a typical feature of rabv infection is the paucity of inflammatory reactions in the brain. here we examined whether the induction of immunosuppressive neuropeptides, in particular cgrp, may contribute to the ability of rabv to evade immune responses. rabv infection of mice caused a strong induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in ...200818634468
pathogenic rabies virus alters host protein expression in the central nervous system: implications for neuronal dysfunction.proteomics technology was employed to profile host responses to rabies virus (rabv) infection in order to understand how rabv infection results in neuronal dysfunction. in mice infected with wild-type (wt) rabv, the expression of proteins involved in ion homeostasis was altered. h+ atpase and na+/k+ atpase were up-regulated while ca2+ atpase was downregulated, which resulted in reduction of intracellular na+ and ca2+ concentrations. furthermore, infection with wt rabv resulted in down-regulation ...200818634469
molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in eurasia.the lyssavirus genus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). rabies cases in eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (rabv, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). in addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. the molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, rab ...200818634471
stray dogs in bangkok, thailand: rabies virus infection and rabies antibody prevalence.in thailand, the animal most reported rabid is the stray dog. dog bite related rabies cases in humans account for 70-95% of rabies related deaths. the reported incidence of dog bites is highest in the central part of the country, especially in bangkok. this epidemiological survey shows that at least five different canine rabies virus types are present in bangkok. rabies antigen and antibody prevalence in stray dogs in bangkok was also investigated. saliva and serum samples were taken from 3,314 ...200818634473
rabies control in mexico.rabies in dogs was unknown in the americas before the arrival of the spanish "conquistadores". until the mid-1980s rabies in animals and, in turn in humans, changed little from year to year, with the number of dog vaccinations reported annually rarely reaching one million. in mexico, the national rabies control programme using mass parenteral vaccination of dogs started in 1990 with about seven million dogs vaccinated the same year. the number of vaccinated dogs exceeded 10 and 15 million in 199 ...200818634477
epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe.rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ...200818634479
rabies in the mongolian steppes.historically, rabies in mongolia has been connected to the specific steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, known as the mongolian steppes. the main reservoirs of the rabies virus (rabv) are the wolf, red fox and corsac fox. fox rabies has been reported in mongolia since the early 1960s. eleven human rabies cases (0.4 per million inhabitants) were reported in mongolia from 1994-2004. wild animals predominated as a source of human infection: five people died following wolf bites, two were exposed to ...200818634480
finnish-russian programme for the control of rabies (2005-2010).the finnish-russian collaboration on rabies control began in 2000. this data summarizes the results of the scientific part of the programme, including rabies monitoring in russia and the molecular epidemiological studies with field viruses.200818634484
efficacy of a square presentation of v-rg vaccine baits in red fox, domestic dog and raccoon dog.oral vaccination programmes conducted in rabies infected countries from eastern europe and eurasia should not be restricted to foxes but should target other major rabies vectors such as dogs and raccoon dogs as well. the objective of this experimental trial was to assess the protection induced by the vaccine by challenging these different species, which had been previously vaccinated intramuscularly with the square v-rg baits (produced in the us). different parameters were evaluated such as attr ...200818634487
a random grid based molecular epidemiological study on eblv isolates from germany.germany has reported one of the highest levels of eblv cases in bats in europe. so far, all isolates originating from germany have been identified as eblv-1, using monoclonal antibodies, and a preliminary epidemiological study has indicated that there is a distinct geographical distribution of eblv-1 in germany. to further investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eblv-1 variants in germany and their impact on molecular epidemiology, isolates were selected using a random grid sampling ...200818634492
epidemiology and pathogenicity of african bat lyssaviruses.lyssaviruses belonging to all four known african lyssavirus genotypes (gts) have been reported and isolated from southafrica over the past few decades. these are: (1) duvenhage virus (gt4), isolated again in 2006 from a human fatality; (2) mokola virus (gt3), isolated irregularly, mostly from cats; (3) lagos bat virus (gt2) continually isolated over the past four years from epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals and (4) rabies virus (gt1) - with two virus biotypes endemic ...200818634494
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2.experimental studies have been undertaken to assess the susceptibility of silver foxes to bat variants of rabies virus, namely european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). both eblv-1 and eblv-2 have been isolated in european bats since 1954, in eptesicus serotinus and myotis species, respectively. since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased largely due to the improvement of the surveillance of bat rabies virus throughout europe. although over >800 eblvs cases have been reported in bats in euro ...200818634496
generalised cranial artery spasm in human rabies.in 2004, a teenager survived bat-associated rabies through the milwaukee protocol (mp). this survivor and another patient with dog-associated rabies were found to have developed deficiencies of tetrahydrobiopterin (bh4) and associated neurotransmitters. bh4 is also essential for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos), so rabies is predicted to cause constriction of cerebral arteries. we assume that rabies virus, which almost exclusively targets neurons, would disproportionately affect cerebral ov ...200818634498
human rabies therapy: lessons learned from experimental studies in mouse models.ketamine was one of the therapeutic agents used as a therapy for a human rabies survivor who did not receive rabies vaccine. ketamine therapy is re-examined here in infected mouse primary neuron cultures and in adult icr mice using the cvs strain with both intracerebral and peripheral routes of inoculation with ketamine vs. vehicle given intraperitoneally. no significant beneficial therapeutic effects of ketamine in the cultures or mouse model were observed. this team does not recommend further ...200818634499
one or three intradermal injections within one week for rabies pre-exposure immunization.pre-exposure rabies vaccination is recommended fortravellers to endemic countries and forselected populations in highly endemic regions. it consists of three injections administered over 3-4 weeks. travellers often ignore or do not have enough time to receive a complete course prior to departure or leave with only one or two injections. in this study, the secondary antibody response in volunteers who received one or three injections within one week is evaluated. results are compared to the recom ...200818634501
immune evasion, a critical strategy for rabies virus.it is intriguing to note that rabv progression is interrupted neither by destruction of the infected neuron nor by the immune response. thus, it is likely that rabv has developed a subversive strategy to avoid functional neuron impairment, which compromises the infectious cycle. rabies virus neuroinvasiveness results from two factors: not only does neurotropic rabies virus avoid inducing neuronal cell death, but also 'protective' t cells that migrate into the infected nervous system are killed b ...200818634503
bhk-21 cell culture rabies vaccine: immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for humans.veterinary rabies vaccines produced in bhk-21/c13 permanent cell cultures have been used for a long period of time and have been proven as efficacious and safe. a candidate vaccine for human use (yu bhk rabivak) was developed at the pasteur institute, novi sad, serbia on the basis of the fixed rabies virus strain "l. pasteur 2061/vero 15 pas" using bhk 21/c13 as a cell substrate for vaccine production. to test the vaccine immunogenicity, a clinical trial was conducted involving 164 subjects betw ...200818634504
factors influencing the antibody response to vaccination against rabies.preventive vaccination against rabies virus is a highly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals. for travel purposes, vaccination of domestic carnivores is obligatory. in addition, some countries require testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies. the minimal threshold level accepted by who/oie is 0.5 iu/ml. despite proper vaccination some animals do not reach the threshold. the objective of this study was to identify specific risk factors in dogs and cats for post-v ...200818634505
intake and stability of a rabies vaccine.the intake and stability of rabies vaccine baits were studied over a two week period under field conditions. high intake of vaccine baits was observed in the spring and autumn. in the spring, the intake of vaccine baits lasted almost two weeks while in the autumn vaccine baits were consumed over the first days following distribution. differences in bait stability were observed after exposure to ambient temperatures. baits were more stable in a forest environment than on the edge of a forest. def ...200818634507
immunogenicity of the era g 333 rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs.the immunogenic properties of era g 333 attenuated rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs by the oral route of administration were examined. this strain is a proposed candidate for oral rabies vaccine in russia. as was previously demonstrated, the advantage of this virus, provided by the us centers for disease control and prevention in the framework of the biotechnology engagement program, is apathogenicity for 3-week old and adult mice, as well as for other target and non-target species, ...200818634508
canine adenovirus based rabies vaccines.adenovirus based vectors are very attractive candidates for vaccination purposes as they induce in mammalian hosts potent humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses to antigens encoded by the inserted genes. we have generated e1-deleted and replication-competent recombinant canine type-2 adenoviruses expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the effectiveness of both vectors to express a native g protein has been characterized in vitro in permissive cell lines. we compared the humoral an ...200818634509
development of an edible rabies vaccine in maize using the vnukovo strain.the objective of this study was to obtain transgenic maize expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) of the vnukovo strain and to evaluate its immunogenicity in mice, by the oral route. the ubiquitin maize promoter fused to the whole coding region of the rabies virus g gene, and a constitutive promoter from cauliflowermosaic virus (camv)were used. maize embryogenic callus were transformed with the above construct by biolistics. regenerated maize plants were recovered and grown in a greenhouse ...200818634510
genetically engineered colorimetric single-chain antibody fusion protein for rapid diagnosis of rabies virus.the most widely used test for rabies diagnostics is the fluorescent antibody test, which is recommended by both the world health organization and the world organisation for animal health (oie). this test may be used directly on a smear, and can also be used to confirm the presence of rabies antigen in cell culture or in brain tissue for diagnosis. the colorimetric enzymes are usually coupled to an antibody by chemical means using cross-linking reagents. however, such non-specific procedures lead ...200818634511
use of rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of neuronal connections: implications for the understanding of rabies pathogenesis.in neurosciences, rabies virus (cvs strain) has become a very powerful tool for studying multisynaptic neuronal connections, due to its ability to function as a self-replicating marker and to propagate exclusively between connected neurons by transneuronal transfer, which is strictly time-dependent. in this laboratory, transneuronal tracing studies of rabies virus propagation in primates and rodent models during the asymptomatic period have provided valuable information on rabies pathogenesis. w ...200818634512
active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis).bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ...200818634518
expression, purification and immunodetection of a recombinant fragment (residues 179-281) of the g protein from rabies virus era strain.the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rv) is important for virus infectivity and induction of the protective immunity. in this study, the region comprising linear epitopes (residues 179-281, era strain), named rgera179-281, was cloned in frame with a hexahistidine tag coding sequence at its n-terminal end and overexpressed in escherichia coli rosetta strain. the expression under transcriptional regulation of t7 promoter yielded insoluble protein aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. the in ...200818406167
compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2008: national association of state public health veterinarians, inc. (nasphv).rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. the disease is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. although the united states has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission, multiple viral variants are maintained in wild mammal populations, and there is always a risk of reintroduction of canine rabies. all mammals are believed to be susceptible to the disease, and for purposes of this document, use of the term "animal" refers to ma ...200818418348
bat rabies in the united states and canada from 1950 through 2007: human cases with and without bat contact.since the 1980s, rare cases of rabies in humans in canada and the united states have been almost exclusively caused by the bat-variant virus.200818419432
molecular epidemiology of rabies in indonesia.in order to clarify the genetic relationships and dynamics of rabies viruses that are epidemic in indonesia, we determined and analyzed 1307 nucleotides of nucleoprotein genes of 34 rabies field isolates collected from sumatra, java, kalimantan, sulawesi and flores islands. results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that rabies isolates in indonesia formed one cluster, were of asian lineage, and were closely related to a rabies isolate in china rather than to rabies isolates in thailand, india o ...200818420300
first isolation of eblv-2 in germany.in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ...200818424021
novel human 3-domain disulfide-stabilized antibody fragment against glycoprotein of rabies virus.mutated disulfide bond sites vh (cys44) and vl (cys100) were constructed in variable domains (fvs) of the human anti-glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (anti-gprv), and the light chain variable (vl) and heavy chain variable (vh) fragments were linked using the heavy chain constant region 1 (ch1) of the human immunoglobulin (ig) to successfully construct a 3-domain disulfide-stabilized fragment of variables (3d-dsfv). 3d-dsfv was mainly expressed as an inclusion body. after refolding by the ...200818424153
[rabies virus glycoprotein: structure, immunogenicity and pathogenic role].rabies glycoprotein is the only exposed protein which is inserted in the viral lipidie envelope. this 65-67 kda protein is a n-glycosilated transmembrane protein forming trimers on the viral surface. it has been identified as the major pathogenicity determinant, playing a role in the budding, viral axonal transport during infection, apoptosis and immune evasion. it is also the major antigen responsible for the protective immune response and it is been used in commercial recombinant vaccines. its ...200818425218
[rabies in chile: 1989-2005].a retrospective epidemiological study about epidemiology of rabies in chile between years 1989 and 2005 was done. a data base of 39793 national registries of rabies samples was analyzed by means of statistical packages. out of 39793 analyzed cases, 719 bats, 7 dogs, 7 cats, 1 bovine and 1 human were positive to rabies throughout the 17 years of this study. the statistical analysis established a significant increase in the proportions of positivity in bats, with predominance of variant 4 between ...200818425219
a simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis.in rabies endemic countries, funds and infrastructure are often insufficient to employ the approved gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of rabies: the direct fluorescent test. in the present study, two types (type 1 and 2) of an ict kit were evaluated for detection of rabies. these were developed using monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitope ii and iii of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. both kits specifically detected all rabies virus strains and there was no cross reactivity wit ...200818426399
serosurvey of pathogens in domestic dogs on the border of noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia.the threat of disease transmission from domestic animals to wildlife has become recognized as an increasing concern within the wildlife community in recent years. domestic dogs pose a significant risk as reservoirs for infectious diseases, especially for wild canids. as part of a multifaceted ecologic study of maned wolves and other canids in the large, remote noël kempff mercado national park (nkmnp) in northeastern bolivia, 40 domestic dogs in two villages and at two smaller settlements border ...200818432094
induction and sequencing of rousette bat interferon alpha and beta genes.bats are considered to be natural reservoirs for several viruses of clinical importance, including rabies virus, nipah virus, and hendra virus. type i interferons (ifns) is an important part of the immune system in the defense against viral infection. to investigate the function of type i ifns upon viral infection in bats, the nucleic acid, and amino acid sequences of egyptian rousette (rousettus aegyptiacus) ifn-alpha and -beta were characterized. sequence data indicated that bat ifn-alpha cons ...200818436311
furious and paralytic rabies of canine origin: neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies.furious and paralytic rabies differ in clinical manifestations and survival periods. the authors studied magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and cytokine and virus distribution in rabies-infected dogs of both clinical types. mri examination of the brain and upper spinal cord was performed in two furious and two paralytic dogs during the early clinical stage. rabies viral nucleoprotein rna and 18 cytokine mrnas at 12 different brain regions were studied. rabies viral rna was examined in four furious ...200818444083
molecular characterization of the full-length genome of a rabies virus isolate from india.rabies is an important public health problem in south east asia, with cases in this part of the world contributing to about 70% of the global burden. a large number of rabies cases occur in india, however, there is no organized system of surveillance and hence there is a lack of reliable data. moreover, comprehensive molecular epidemiological studies have not been performed on indian virus isolates. in this study, we determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a primary ...200818363090
[rabies, a neglected threat].rabies is a viral infection causing about 55,000 deaths worldwide every year. however, the occurrence of rabies virus is neglected not only among people living in endemic areas, but especially among travellers. furthermore, many persons are not aware of the fact that rabies is almost always lethal. some of the indications for a prophylactic vaccination are travelling to rabies-endemic areas, contact with possibly contaminated tissues as well as working as a veterinarian. besides prophylactic vac ...200818368978
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