Publications

meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) group.	because of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature, research results must be synthesized. meta-analyses are increasingly used to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. a workshop was held in atlanta, ga, in april 1997, to examine the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid authors, reviewers, editors, and readers.	2000	10789670
deer-vehicle crashes: extensive peak at 1 hour after sunset.	on-road encounters with animals resulted in 231 fatalities in the united states in 1999, and the annual number of deer-vehicle crashes (dvcs) has been estimated to total more than 500,000. previous studies suggest that the number of dvcs is highest during the hours of dusk and dawn. however, these studies have not adequately taken into account the synchronization of visibility and animal behavior with sunset and sunrise. the goal of this study was to determine the temporal variation in the crash ...	2001	11567842
phonological processing in visual rhyming: a developmental erp study.	we employed a visual rhyming priming paradigm to characterize the development of brain systems important for phonological processing in reading. we studied 109 righthanded, native english speakers within eight age groups: 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, 15-16, 17-18, 19-20, and 21-23. participants decided whether two written words (prime-target) rhymed (juice-moose) or not (chair-moose). in similar studies of adults, two main event-related potential (erp) effects have been described: a negative slow wa ...	2001	11506660
osteoporosis in the norwegian moose.	in the last decade, an increased frequency of fractures among wild moose in the southernmost parts of norway has been reported. this study focuses on bone mass, mechanical strength, and metal levels in the metacarpal bone of moose hunted in aust-agder (aa) county in southern norway compared with control areas (ca) in more eastern and northern parts. metacarpal bone with soft tissue from 106 aa and 37 ca animals were excised after hunting. bone mineral density (bmd) was measured using dual-energy ...	2001	11472893
a comparison of three models of 137cs transfer in forest ecosystems.	the predictions of three models of 137cs transfer in forest ecosystems (foa, lognat and forestland) were compared. the scenario for the model-model comparison consisted of an acute dry deposition of 137cs over a coniferous forest. the model predictions were subsequently compared (model-data comparison) with values derived from experimental data measured in forests of the bryansk region in russia that were contaminated by the chernobyl accident and that have similar characteristics to the forests ...	2001	11430678
reflections. of moose and maggots.		2001	11279996
seasonal and long-term variations in 137cs among adults from swedish hunter families.	to study seasonal variations in 137cs, whole-body content measurements of adults from swedish hunter families have been performed in autumn 1997 and spring 1998. measurements were performed in three locations, by, harbo and gävle, geographically close (within 100 km of each other) but with large differences in ground deposition levels. the hunter families at these three locations were previously measured in 1994. the measured persons were also asked for their frequency of intake of moose, roe-de ...	2001	11548326
hunting practices increase the prevalence of trichinella infection in wolves from european russia.	from 1998 to 2000, 184 animals (82 wolves, 29 red foxes, 55 mustelids, 5 raccoon dogs, and 13 domestic dogs), mainly shot by hunters in the tvier and smoliensk regions of northwest european russia, were tested for trichinella larvae; 98 animals (53.3%) were found to be positive. the highest prevalence was detected in wolf (97.5%). trichinella nativa was the most common species detected (98%). the diet of wolves was investigated by examining the stomach contents of 62 animals (75.6% of the total ...	2001	11780851
ehrlichiosis in a moose calf in norway.	a case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a moose calf (alces alces) in norway is described. the animal was heavily infested with ticks (ixodes ricinus), and died from a klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia. examination of blood smears from the calf revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (morulae) typical of infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila in the granulocytes. ehrlichia sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in blood from the calf, and in the ticks. sequence determination identified it as ...	2001	11272499
ceruloplasmin as an indicator of copper reserves in wild ruminants at high latitudes.	northern ungulates must establish trace mineral reserves when forage is available in spring and summer to sustain biochemical activities through the long winter. copper (cu), zinc (zn) and iron (fe) reserves were measured in the serum, digestive tract, liver, and kidney of six male caribou and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) fed a complete pelleted ration. dry matter content and absolute amounts of cu, zn and fe were highest in the liver. digesta contents of cu and zn were greatest in the rumen but ...	2001	11310884
home range size and choice of management strategy for lynx in scandinavia.	annual and seasonal home ranges were calculated for 47 eurasian lynx in four scandinavian study sites (two in sweden and two in norway). the observed home ranges were the largest reported for the species, with study site averages ranging from 600 to 1,400 km2 for resident males and from 300 to 800 km2 for resident females. when home range sizes were compared to the size of protected areas (national parks and nature reserves) in scandinavia, it was concluded that very few protected areas containe ...	2001	11393321
aspects of the life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus alces in moose (alces alces).	aspects of the migratory life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus alces were studied in 7 randomly selected moose calves and 7 yearlings killed during august to november. one calf and 1 yearling were uninfected. the 6 infected calves had recent infections, whereas the 6 yearlings showed older infections from the summer of the previous year. the 2 calves killed in september had a total of 26 adult e. alces in the epidural space of the caudal vertebral canal and none in the skeletal muscles ...	2001	11695364
recolonizing carnivores and naïve prey: conservation lessons from pleistocene extinctions.	the current extinction of many of earth's large terrestrial carnivores has left some extant prey species lacking knowledge about contemporary predators, a situation roughly parallel to that 10,000 to 50,000 years ago, when naive animals first encountered colonizing human hunters. along present-day carnivore recolonization fronts, brown (also called grizzly) bears killed predator-naive adult moose at disproportionately high rates in scandinavia, and moose mothers who lost juveniles to recolonizin ...	2001	11161215
a pair of intranasal moose.		2001	11245244
antibiotic resistance. how wild are wild mammals?	in bacteria associated with humans, antimicrobial resistance is common, both in clinical isolates and in the less-studied commensal flora, and it is thought that commensal and environmental bacteria might be a hidden reservoir of resistance. gilliver et al. have reported that resistance is also prevalent in faecal bacteria from wild rodents living in northwest england. here we test the faeces of moose, deer and vole in finland and find an almost complete absence of resistance in enterobacteria. ...	2001	11343104
canadian-acquired hydatid disease: a case report.	echinococcal cysts are unusual in canada, and most cases seen are in immigrants. in northern canadian communities, echinococcus granulosis infection occasionally is acquired from dogs that feed on the entrails of caribou or moose. seventeen patients with canadian-acquired hydatid cysts were seen over an 11-year period. one challenging case is described in detail. an 18-year-old aboriginal woman presented with jaundice, pain, lower extremity edema and coagulopathy from a 26 cm echinococcal hepati ...	2001	18159337
mineral and heavy metal status as related to a mortality event and poor recruitment in a moose population in alaska.	moose (alces alces) found dead (fd) and hunter-killed (hk) in 1995 on the north slope of alaska (usa) in the colville river drainage were evaluated for heavy metal and mineral status. compared to previous reports for moose and domestic cattle, and data presented here from alaska moose outside the colville river area, levels of cu were determined to be low in hoof, hair, liver, kidney, rumen contents, and muscle for these north slope moose. iron (fe) was low in muscle as well. these findings, in ...	2001	11504224
experimental copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats--pathological findings.	secondary copper (cu) deficiency, chromium (cr) deficiency and molybdenosis (mo) has been suggested to cause the "mysterious" moose disease in the southwest of sweden. the present experiment was performed on goats to investigate the clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations after 20 months feeding of a semi-synthetic diet deficient in cu and cr. four groups were included in the study: control group (n = 4), cu-deficient group (group 1, n = 4), cr-deficient group (group 2, n = 2) and cu + ...	2001	11887391
pervasive influence of large-scale climate in the dynamics of a terrestrial vertebrate community.	large-scale climatic variability has been implicated in the population dynamics of many vertebrates throughout the northern hemisphere, but has not been demonstrated to directly influence dynamics at multiple trophic levels of any single system. using data from isle royale, usa, comprising time series on the long-term dynamics at three trophic levels (wolves, moose, and balsam fir), we analyzed the relative contributions of density dependence, inter-specific interactions, and climate to the dyna ...	2001	11782292
[genetic diversity of moose (alces alces l.) in eurasia].	polymorphism of nucleotide sequence of d-loop fragment of the mitochondrial dna was studied in 20 moose from several local populations on the territory of eurasia. three main haplotype variants of d-loop were detected by molecular phylogenetic method, which formed three clusters named european, asian and american. intraspecies variation in the length of hvsi of d-loop of the mitochondrial dna of moose was revealed. in the far eastern and yakutian moose, haplotypes with a 75-bp deletion were foun ...	2002	12244697
mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (alces alces): late pleistocene divergence and population expansion.	we examined phylogeographic relationships of moose (alces alces) worldwide to test the proposed existence of two geographic races and to infer the timing and extent of demographic processes underpinning the expansion of this species across the northern hemisphere in the late pleistocene. sequence variation within the left hypervariable domain of the control region occurred at low or moderate levels worldwide and was structured geographically. partitioning of genetic variance among regions indica ...	2002	11884162
ultrastructural changes during aging in m. longissimus thoracis from moose and reindeer.	game meat is commonly consumed in europe but few studies have examined the quality related parameters. in this study we examined the changes in ultrastructure at four times postmortem in m. longissimus from moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). the moose were slaughtered during a hunt and reindeer by swedish standard practices for this semi-domestic animal. ultrastructural changes occurring in all animals included separation of the sarcolemma from myofibrils, i band brea ...	2002	22063633
an ecosystem approach to population management of ungulates.	harvest objectives for wild ungulates have traditionally been based on population models that do not consider ecosystem effects of ungulate herbivory, nor interactions between native and domestic ungulate species. there is a need for ecosystem models to allow wildlife managers to evaluate potential ecosystem effects of management scenarios. the utility of the savanna simulation model for estimating elk population objectives within an ecosystem context was demonstrated for north park, colorado, u ...	2002	12197079
a wasting syndrome in swedish moose (alces alces): background and current hypotheses.	in the 1980s, people in sweden frequently responded to moose (alces alces) found dead or in poor physical condition. the number of moose submitted for routine investigations to the national veterinary institute (sva) increased tenfold and the hunters in alvsborg county were especially concerned. later, a complex wasting syndrome was described and reports of moose suffering from the syndrome have been collected since 1991. today, there is no definitive answer as to the underlying causel(s) of the ...	2002	12374049
dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from roe deer, capreolus capreolus and moose, alces alces in sweden.	dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. recovered from roe deer, capreolus capreolus and moose, alces alces in sweden is described and figured. morphological studies revealed the new species to be closest to d. eckerti and d. africanus on the basis of mouth shape, all three species having an elongate mouth opening. the other species of the genus, including d. viviparus, all have a circular to oval mouth opening. dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. can be distinguished from d. eckerti and d. africanus on the bas ...	2002	12015823
low-dose meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) infections in moose (alces alces).	parelaphostrongylosis has a rapid onset and is lethal in neonatal moose (alces alces) when large numbers of third-stage parelaphostrongylus tenuis larvae (l3) are given experimentally. little is known, however, about the severity and prognosis of infections acquired naturally by accidentally ingesting terrestrial gastropods which are rarely infected and have few larvae. to investigate the relationship between infecting dose, age of moose, and severity of disease, five calves were given low doses ...	2002	12528448
detection of anti-parelaphostrongylus tenuis antibodies in experimentally infected and free-ranging moose (alces alces).	confirming parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in moose (alces alces) and other susceptible hosts is difficult. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed using the excretory-secretory (es) products of third-stage p. tenuis larvae (es-elisa) and the test applied to serum samples obtained from seven moose calves (5-9.5 mo old) given infective larvae (l3) in doses approximating those likely to be received in nature (3-30 l3). anti-p. tenuis immunoglobulin g antibodies were detecte ...	2002	12528449
[forming of gastro-intestinal nematodes fauna of free ranging european bison in bialowieza primeval forest during last 17 years (1984-2001)].	28 european bison of both sexes and in different age shot in białowieza primeval forest in january 1984, (10 animals), january 1992 (10 animals) and in january and the beginning of february 2001 (8 animals) have been necropsied. the examined animals in mentioned years were of similar age. there were examined abomasa and duodena of shot animals. all necropsied bison were infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes. the highest intensity of infection with nematodes of abomasum was found in 1992 year ...	2002	16894720
cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a moose in norway.	a case of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a young adult moose (alces alces) from telemark county, southeastern norway, is described. the moose was found by bird hunters during january, displaying signs of severe posterior paresis. it was killed and submitted for autopsy. the carcass was emaciated, and there were skin excoriations and subcutaneous edema over both metacarpi. histopathologic examination revealed traumatic malacia throughout the spinal cord and meningeal accumulations of mononuclear i ...	2002	12528451
molecular identification and prevalence of dictyocaulus spp. (trichostrongyloidea: dictyocaulidae) in swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids.	lungs of 102 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 136 moose (alces alces), 68 fallow deer (dama dama), and six red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during hunting seasons from 16 september 1997 to 1 march 2000. the aim was to determine the species composition and prevalence of dictyocaulus lungworms in these hosts in sweden. worms were identified following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal dna (its2), followed by hybridization with four s ...	2002	12528445
estimation of critical loads for radiocaesium in fennoscandia and northwest russia.	the application of the critical loads methodology for radioactive contamination of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems, where natural and semi-natural food products are important components of the diet of many people, is proposed and discussed. the critical load is herein defined as the amount of radionuclide deposition necessary to produce radionuclide activity concentrations in food products exceeding intervention limits. the high transfer of radiocaesium to reindeer meat gives this product the l ...	2002	11936608
adenoviral infection in captive moose (alces alces) in canada.	adenoviral infection was associated with hemorrhagic enteritis, serosal hemorrhages, and severe pulmonary edema in six captive moose (alces alces) in toronto, ontario, canada: an adult female moose and three calves in 1985 and two calves in 1998. adenoviral disease was suspected based on histological findings of systemic vasculitis and widespread thrombosis associated with amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in endothelial cells. diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antiserum to ...	2002	12216797
serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from alaska.	blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in alaska. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); dall sheep (ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); ...	2002	12238366
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes.	brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ...	2002	12238372
development of a procedure for discriminating among escherichia coli isolates from animal and human sources.	counts of escherichia coli cells in water indicate the potential presence of pathogenic microbes of intestinal origin but give no indication of the sources of the microbial pollution. the objective of this research was to evaluate methods for differentiating e. coli isolates of livestock, wildlife, or human origin that might be used to predict the sources of fecal pollution of water. a collection of 319 e. coli isolates from the feces of cattle, poultry, swine, deer, goose, and moose, as well as ...	2002	12039721
molecular characterization of cryptosporidium sp. isolated from northern alaskan caribou (rangifer tarandus).	cryptosporidium sp. was found in 3 out of 49 caribou (rangifer tarandus) from northern alaska. segments of both the 18s ribosomal rna and the heat shock protein genes were amplified from the caribou isolate and compared with that obtained from an isolate from a wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in virginia as well as other species and isolates available from genbank. analyses showed the white-tailed deer isolate to be identical with the c. parvum cattle genotype; however, the carib ...	2002	12053974
myocardial cytochrome c oxidase activity in swedish moose (alces alces l.) affected by molybdenosis.	since the mid-1980s, a 'mysterious' wasting disease has been afflicting the moose (alces alces l.) population of south-western sweden. in 1994, molybdenosis combined with copper deficiency was suggested as the cause of this complex syndrome of clinical signs, diversity of necropsy findings and changes in trace element concentrations. these findings were corroborated by scientists in many countries by similar observations in other ruminants, particularly cattle and sheep, and also by changes in t ...	2002	12083703
antibodies to granulocytic ehrlichia in moose, red deer, and roe deer in norway.	serum samples from 104 moose (alces alces), 124 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 114 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected from different counties in southern norway from 1994 to 2000, were analysed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining method for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. the overall seroprevalences for granulocytic ehrlichia spp. in moose, red deer, and roe deer from ixodes ricinus infested counties were 43%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. antibody prevalence was significantly h ...	2002	11838199
risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in the cree of james bay.	the purpose of this project was to evaluate risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in the cree population of james bay, ontario.	2002	12045883
biologists finally horn in on senescence in the wild.	in 1995, biologists discovered an unusual new species, the antler fly (protophila litigata). antler flies inhabit discarded moose and deer antlers for most of their life cycle, and male antler flies exhibit sexually selected behaviors on their home antlers. it now turns out that these curious flies might provide new insights into the evolution of aging. for years, biologists assumed that senescence did not occur in the wild. but over the past decade, several studies of natural populations of bir ...	2002	14603017
moravecnema segonzaci gen. et sp. n. (nematoda: cystidicolidae) from pachycara thermophilum (zoarcidae), a deep-sea hydrothermal vent fish from the mid-atlantic ridge.	a new cystidicolid nematode, moravecnema segonzaci gen. et sp. n. is described from the intestine of the teleost fish pachycara thermophilum geistdoerfer (zoarcidae) from the hydrothermal sites logatchev and snake pit-moose of the mid-atlantic ridge, at depths of 3,008; 3,492, and 3,510 m. the new genus moravecnema is characterised by a dorsoventrally elongated oral opening, rudimentary pseudolabia, and four pairs of precloacal and six pairs of postcloacal caudal papillae in the male. the specie ...	2002	12641204
the use of "moose".		2002	12477550
the use of "moose".		2002	12477548
incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models.	stable isotopes are often used as natural labels to quantify the contributions of multiple sources to a mixture. for example, c and n isotopic signatures can be used to determine the fraction of three food sources in a consumer's diet. the standard dual isotope, three source linear mixing model assumes that the proportional contribution of a source to a mixture is the same for both elements (e.g., c, n). this may be a reasonable assumption if the concentrations are similar among all sources. how ...	2002	28547016
effects of willow hybridisation and simulated browsing on the development and survival of the leaf beetle phratora vitellinae.	interspecific hybridisation is common between many plant species and causes rapid changes in a variety of plant characters. this may pose problems for herbivores because changes in recognition characters may be poorly correlated with changes in quality characters. many studies have examined different systems of hybrids and herbivores in attempts to understand the role of hybridisation in the evolution of plant resistance. the results from different systems are variable. studies of hybrids betwee ...	2003	12823861
cadmium intake of moose hunters in finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney.	although the average cadmium intake in finland is about 10 microg day(-1), some risk groups can be identified. this study assessed cadmium intake from the consumption of moose meat, liver and kidneys by moose hunters. consumption data from a postal questionnaire were combined with a representative database on moose cadmium concentrations. cadmium intakes were calculated as point estimates for all respondents (n = 711), for those consuming moose meat, liver and/or kidneys, and for the highest dec ...	2003	12775464
note on parasitic granulomas in the liver of swedish moose (alces alces l).		2003	7322866
survey of campylobacter species, vtec o157 and salmonella species in swedish wildlife.	samples collected from 791 wild animals (canada geese, roe deer, hares, moose, wild boar and gulls) shot during hunting were examined for verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) o157, and thermophilic campylobacter and salmonella species. with the exception of one positive isolate from a wild boar, vtec o157 was not isolated from any of the animals. salmonella species were isolated only from the gulls, of which 4 per cent were estimated to be positive. thermophilic campylobacter species ...	2003	12892266
phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data.	in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ...	2003	12954019
molecular genetic characterization of the fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (g10) of echinococcus granulosus.	the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs in north america and northern eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. previously, cervid isolates of e. granulosus from north america have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the g8 genotype. in this study, 5 isolates of e. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern finland. dna sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase i (ni)i) genes and t ...	2003	12964823
antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in norwegian cervids.	a serologic survey revealed that norwegian populations of free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and moose (alces alces) have been exposed to alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses. a total of 3,796 serum samples collected during the period 1993-2000 were tested in a neutralization test for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) or cervid herpesvirus 2 (cerhv-2), and 3,897 samples were tested by a neutralization test ...	2003	14733272
spatial modeling of harvest constraints on wood supply versus wildlife habitat objectives.	we studied the effects of spatial and temporal timber harvesting constraints on competing objectives of sustaining wildlife habitat supply and meeting timber harvest objectives in a boreal mixedwood forest. a hierarchical modeling approach was taken, where strategic and tactical level models were used to project blocking and scheduling of harvest blocks. harvest block size and proximity, together with short- and long-term temporal constraints, were adjusted in a factorial manner to allow creatio ...	2003	14753619
serosurvey for antibodies against salmonella species in free-ranging moose (alces alces) from norway.	an indirect elisa was developed as a tool for surveillance of antibodies against salmonella sp. in free-ranging moose (alces alces) in norway. serum samples from 303 clinically healthy moose sampled between 1993-2000 were examined. anti-salmonella antibodies were detected in samples from 6 individuals (1.98%). this is the first evidence of salmonella-seropositive free-ranging moose. possible sources and transmission routes of salmonella comprising environment, wildlife and man are discussed.	2003	14526471
modeling habitat suitability for moose in coastal northern sweden: empirical vs process-oriented approaches.	habitat models may provide viable tools for co-management of large ungulates and forest resources, yet their applicability has not been comprehensively evaluated in managed forest. we examined 2 inherently different approaches to model the relative winter habitat suitability for moose (alces alces) in the coastal area of northern sweden. an empirical approach based on gps positions of 15 female moose was used to scrutinize the assumptions and functional mechanisms of a process-oriented, conceptu ...	2003	15049352
spatial modeling of harvest constraints on wood supply versus wildlife habitat objectives.	we studied the effects of spatial and temporal timber harvesting constraints on competing objectives of sustaining wildlife habitat supply and meeting timber harvest objectives in a boreal mixedwood forest. a hierarchical modeling approach was taken, where strategic and tactical level models were used to project blocking and scheduling of harvest blocks. harvest block size and proximity, together with short- and long-term temporal constraints, were adjusted in a factorial manner to allow creatio ...	2003	15015702
cystic echinococcosis in the arctic and sub-arctic.	the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern fennoscandia to the bering strait in eurasia and in north america from arctic alaska approximately to the northern border of the united states. the cycle of the cestode is complex in taiga at lower latitudes, because of the greater diversity of potential hosts. in the arctic and subarctic, however, four patterns of predator/prey relationships may be discerned. two natural cycle ...	2003	15027606
oxidative stress and bioindicators of reproductive function in pulp and paper mill effluent exposed white sucker.	this study investigates oxidative stress and bioindicators of reproductive function in wild white sucker (catostomus commersoni) collected from environments receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges in northern ontario. samples were collected over an eight-year period adjacent to three pulp and paper mills using a variety of processing and bleaching techniques. fish collected downstream of pulp and paper mills within the moose river basin exhibited elevated hepatic and gonadal 2-thiobarb ...	2003	12730610
onchocerca lesions in moose (alces alces l.).	inflammatory discolorated granulomas occurred in 98% of investigated moose, 1.5 years of age or older. in moose calves no lesions were observed. the lesions were mainly located in tendineous tissues. predilection sites were the insertions of m. sartorius and m. semitendinosus at the tibia. lesions also occurred in peritendineous and subcutaneous tissues. the lesions were caused by onchocerca worms. the character of the inflammatory reaction was benign and onchocercal lesions in moose appeared to ...	2003	6531209
seasonal concentrations of cadmium and zinc in native pasture plants: consequences for grazing animals.	aboveground concentrations of cd and zn in various grazing plants at three stages of the growing season are reported. the plants were collected at a natural habitat exposed to extensive atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from other parts of europe. concentrations of both metals varied considerably among species, also among morphologically similar species growing in the same soil. the two metals correlated in the material as a whole, but the concentration variations were most pronounced for c ...	2004	15142774
consumption guideline for cadmium in moose meat in northern british columbia, canada.	disturbed by reports of high concentrations of cadmium in large land mammals in arctic canada, community members wondered if they should eat less moose (alces alces).	2004	15736645
the influence of top-down, bottom-up and abiotic factors on the moose (alces alces) population of isle royale.	long-term, concurrent measurement of population dynamics and associated top-down and bottom-up processes are rare for unmanipulated, terrestrial systems. here, we analyse populations of moose, their predators (wolves, canis lupus), their primary winter forage (balsam fir, abies balsamea) and several climatic variables that were monitored for 40 consecutive years in isle royale national park (544 km2), lake superior, usa. we judged the relative importance of top-down, bottom-up and abiotic factor ...	2004	15058396
nova scotia moose mystery--a moose sickness related to cobalt- and vitamin b12 deficiency.	a wasting, debilitating disease with uncertain aetiology affecting moose (alces alces americana) in eastern north america has been reported repeatedly ever since the 1910s. despite the intensive studies during 1930-1960s the cause of the sickness could not be established. in the 1960s a parasitic nematode (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was reported as constituting a probable explanation for the sickness, although several clinical and pathological signs remained unexplained. in sweden, a moose dise ...	2004	14654277
are boreal ecosystems susceptible to alien plant invasion? evidence from protected areas.	although biological invasion by alien species is a major contributor to loss of indigenous biological diversity, few studies have examined the susceptibility of the boreal biome to invasion. based on studies of other ecosystems, we hypothesized that alien plants will be restricted to disturbed areas near human activity and will not be found in natural areas of boreal ecosystems in gros morne national park (canada), a protected area experiencing a wide range of disturbance regimes. the distributi ...	2004	14997379
the distribution of echinococcus granulosus in moose: evidence for parasite-induced vulnerability to predation by wolves?	the role of parasites in influencing the trophic dynamics of hosts is becoming increasingly recognized in the ecological literature. echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that relies on the predator-prey relationship between the definitive host (wolf, canis lupus) and the intermediate host, (moose, alces alces) to complete its life cycle. heavy infection by e. granulosus may predispose moose to increased risk of predation by wolves. theory predicts that parasite-induced vulnerability to predatio ...	2004	15232731
increased breakthrough bleeding during prophylaxis with b-domain deleted factor viii--a robust meta-analytic finding.	meta-analyses of observational studies have become increasingly common to support evidence-based clinical decisions. we analyzed currently available clinical studies of full-length factor viii (fl-fviii) vs. b-domain deleted recombinant factor viii (bdd-rfviii) using a random effects model to investigate possible differences in clinical efficacy in patients treated during prophylaxis. some studies reported breakthrough bleeding incidence as mean annual total bleeds, whereas others reported media ...	2004	15357769
trace elements in moose (alces alces) found dead in northwestern minnesota, usa.	the moose (alces alces) population in bog and forest areas of northwestern minnesota has declined for more than 25 years, and more recently the decline is throughout northwestern minnesota. both deficiencies and elevations in trace elements have been linked to the health of moose worldwide. the objective of this study was to evaluate whether trace element toxicity or deficiency may have contributed to the decline of moose in northwestern minnesota. livers of 81 moose found dead in northwestern m ...	2004	15325160
insulin-sensitizing agents as primary therapy for patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.	this paper is a systematic review of metformin versus clomiphene citrate (cc) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos).	2004	15358717
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from norway.	serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in norway were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. the association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the seroprevalences were significantly diff ...	2004	15041091
serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway.	affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ...	2004	15137486
absence of the functional myosin heavy chain 2b isoform in equine skeletal muscles.	nucleotide sequences which included the full coding region for three types of myosin heavy chain (myhc) isoforms were determined from equine skeletal muscles. the deduced amino acid sequences were 1937, 1938, and 1935 residues for the myhc-2a, -2x, and -slow, respectively. no myhc-2b isoform was amplified from the equine muscle cdna except for one pseudogene fragment. one nucleotide was inserted in the coding region of the equine pseudogene product, a minute amount of which was expressed in the ...	2004	15170063
prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria and cryptosporidium species in moose (alces alces) in norway.		2004	15260447
a review of the "mysterious" wasting disease in swedish moose (alces alces l.) related to molybdenosis and disturbances in copper metabolism.	the main purpose of this article is to review the previously published data on so-called "moose sickness" in the light of two case studies presented here. molybdenosis and mo-induced disturbances of cu metabolism in moose are characterized by numerous severe lesions caused by reduced activity of cu-containing enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase in blood, and myocardial cytochrome c oxidase. consequences of such metabolic disturbances (e.g. glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, ...	2004	15621935
transmission of neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals.	to determine whether deer can transmit neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni. the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated nc-deer1) was identical to n. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that n. caninum is transmitted ...	2004	15715229
the dead moose and other reflections on compassionate physician leadership.		2004	12774725
moose and other large animal wildlife vehicle collisions: implications for prevention and emergency care.		2004	15565035
comparison of two monitoring systems for cu and mo in the swedish environment.	bio-geochemical samples (bgs) are roots of certain aquatic plants and mosses suitable for monitoring elements dissolved in stream water. the moose, a wild ruminant living in most parts of sweden, represents higher trophic level and another manifestation of bioavailability. by analyzing bgs (n approximately 33600) and moose liver (n approximately 2400), a systematic survey has been performed in the terrestrial environment of sweden. cu and mo are essential elements for life, and their presence is ...	2004	15325164
zoology: nose of moose.		2004	15118712
photolytic clean-up of biological samples for gas chromatographic analysis of chlorinated paraffins.	a method based on gas chromatography electron capture detection (gc-ecd) for the analysis of chlorinated paraffins (cps) in biological samples has been investigated. the method includes photolytic destruction of halogenated aromatic compounds, such as pcbs, to eliminate some of the interferences in the analysis of cps in environmental samples. gel permeation chromatography was used to isolate cps from the interfering components of toxaphene and chlordane after the photolysis. gc-ecd gave a detec ...	2004	14664836
niche marketing. case history i: understanding why native alaskans crave moose nose.		2004	10117646
circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies.	to undertake a meta-analysis of published data on the effect of circumcision on the risk of urinary tract infection (uti) in boys.	2005	15890696
maxillofacial injuries in moose-motor vehicle collisions versus other high-speed motor vehicle collisions.	anecdotal experience has suggested that there is a higher frequency of maxillofacial injuries among motor vehicle collisions involving moose.	2005	24227930
perinatel outcomes of singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	to determine whether the incidence of adverse obstetric outcomes is higher in singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization (ivf) than in spontaneously conceived singletons matched for maternal age.	2005	16100639
medical education 2005: from allegory to bull moose.		2005	16145034
radionuclides and trace metals in canadian moose near uranium mines: comparison of radiation doses and food chain transfer with cattle and caribou.	tissues from 45 moose and 4 cattle were collected to assess the health of country foods near uranium mines in northern saskatchewan. bone, liver, kidney, muscle and rumen contents were analyzed for uranium, radium-226 (226ra), lead-210 (210pb), and polonium-210 (210po). cesium-137 (137cs), potassium-40 (40k), and 27 trace metals were also measured in some tissues. within the most active mining area, po in liver and muscle declined significantly with distance from tailings, possibly influenced by ...	2005	15824592
intrapopulation variation in gray wolf isotope (delta(15)n and delta(13)c) profiles: implications for the ecology of individuals.	trophic relationships among organisms in terrestrial boreal ecosystems define ecological communities and are important in determining dynamics of energy flow and ecosystem function. we examined trophic relationships between the gray wolf (canis lupus) and 18 mammalian species from the boreal forest of central saskatchewan, canada, using delta(13)c and delta(15)n stable isotope values measured in guard hair samples. variance in isotope values for wolves and other carnivores was investigated as a ...	2005	15883848
ocular injuries in a victim of a motor vehicle collision with a moose.		2005	16049537
campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., verocytotoxic escherichia coli, and antibiotic resistance in indicator organisms in wild cervids.	faecal samples were collected, as part of the national health surveillance program for cervids (hop) in norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic e. coli (vtec); 611 animals for salmonella and 324 animals for campylobacter. a total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species e. coli and enterococcus fa ...	2005	16108210
reindeer warble fly larvae (hypoderma tarandi) in a moose (alces alces) in sweden.		2005	16108218
spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in terrestrial biota from the canadian arctic.	contaminants in the canadian arctic have been studied over the last twelve years under the guidance of the northern contaminants program. this paper summarizes results from that program from 1998 to 2003 with respect to terrestrial animals in the canadian arctic. the arctic terrestrial environment has few significant contaminant issues, particularly when compared with freshwater and marine environments. both current and historical industrial activities in the north may have a continuing effect o ...	2005	16109438
bartonella spp. seroprevalence in healthy swedish blood donors.	serum samples were collected from healthy blood donors in 5 regions in sweden in 1999, i.e. from the local blood centres (collecting facilities) in boden, jönköping, lund, skövde, and uppsala. in total, 498 serum samples (63% males, 37% females) were received and tested by immunofluorescence assay for antibodies against b. elizabethae, b. grahamii, b. henselae (houston-1), b. henselae (marseille), b. quintana, and b. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii. an overall bartonella spp. seroprevalence of 16.1% wa ...	2005	16191889
acetylcholine in the corneal epithelium of diurnal and nocturnal mammals.	to analyze the concentration of acetylcholine (ach) in the corneal epithelium and aqueous humor of various diurnal and nocturnal mammals.	2005	16227851
presumptive gangrenous ergotism in free-living moose and a roe deer.	presumptive gangrenous ergotism in 10 moose (alces alces) and one roe deer (capreolus capreolus) is reported. three of the moose came from a municipality in southeastern norway where the disease occurred as a cluster in 1996. the other moose represented solitary or sporadic cases diagnosed in four municipalities in northwestern norway between 1996 and 2004. affected moose (seven calves, three yearlings) were found between october and june, showing distal limb lesions on one to three limbs. the l ...	2005	16244078
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in wild animals.	antibodies to neospora caninum were determined in several species of wild animals in the united states by the neospora agglutination test (nat). antibodies (nat 1:40 or higher) were found in 5 of 249 bison (bison bison), 5 of 160 caribou (rangifer tarandus), 4 of 162 moose (alces alces), 4 of 122 wolves (canis lupus), and 1 of 224 musk ox (ovibos moschatus) but not in 197 black bears (ursus americanus). to our knowledge, this is the first report of antibodies to n. caninum in bison and caribou. ...	2005	16419771
temporal and geographic trends in trace element concentrations in moose from yukon, canada.	the yukon contaminants committee has conducted a hunter survey since 1994, annually requesting tissue samples from successful moose hunters in the yukon. moose kidney, liver and muscle tissue were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc. levels of most trace elements measured were not of concern toxicologically or in terms of deficiencies. although hepatic selenium concentrations in yukon moose were high compared to moose from other l ...	2005	16143369
the many faces of population density.	population density, one of the most fundamental demographic attributes, may vary systematically with spatial scale, but this scale-sensitivity is incompletely understood. we used a novel approach-based on fully censused and mapped distributions of eastern grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) dreys, beaver (castor canadensis) lodges, and moose (alces alces)--to explore the scale-dependence of population density and its relationship to landscape features. we identified population units at several ...	2005	16001227
the costs and benefits of a migratory species under different management schemes.	this paper analyses how different management schemes influence the exploitation and economics of a wildlife population--the moose (alces alces)--that is both a value (harvesting income) and a pest (forestry damage). two regimes are explored; the unified management scheme where the wildlife manager aims to find harvesting quotas that maximise the overall benefit of the moose population, and the market solution where the landowners follow their narrow self-interests and maximise their private prof ...	2005	15939129
heavy metals in tissue samples of finnish moose, alces alces.		2005	15903187
antler stiffness in moose (alces alces): correlated evolution of bone function and material properties?	the material properties of bone can vary considerably among skeletal elements from different parts of the body that serve different functions. however, functional demands placed on a specific type of skeletal element also can vary at a variety of scales, such as between different parts of the element, among individuals of a species, and across species. variation in bone material properties might be correlated with differing functional demands at any of these scales. in this study we performed th ...	2006	16752424
single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis as a new diagnostic tool to distinguish dorsal-spined larvae of the elaphostrongylinae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from cervids.	single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) was used to genetically differentiate morphologically indistinguishable first-stage larvae (l(1)) of the six species of elaphostrongyline nematodes. a partial fragment (317-336bp) of the first internal transcribed spacer (pits-1) plus 5' flanking region (76bp of the 18s gene) of the nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was amplified from individual l(1) of known identity and subjected to sscp. the results showed that the four species of elaphostrongylines f ...	2006	16185812
public health evaluation of cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney of moose (alces alces) from four areas of alaska.	liver and/or kidney samples were collected from 139 hunter-killed moose from four areas of alaska during 1986. the concentration of cadmium in organ tissue was determined by direct-current plasma atomic emission spectrometry. all results are reported as mug/g wet weight. concentrations of cadmium in liver ranged from 0.06 microg/g to 9.0 microg/g; in the kidney cortex they ranged from 0.10 microg/g to 65.7 microg/g. cadmium levels were significantly associated with location and age. the highest ...	2006	15890387