Publications

identification of amino acid changes that may have been critical for the genesis of a(h7n9) influenza viruses.	novel influenza a viruses of the h7n9 subtype [a(h7n9)] emerged in the spring of 2013 in china and had infected 163 people as of 10 january 2014; 50 of them died of the severe respiratory infection caused by these viruses. phylogenetic studies have indicated that the novel a(h7n9) viruses emerged from reassortment of h7, n9, and h9n2 viruses. inspections of protein sequences from a(h7n9) viruses and their immediate predecessors revealed several amino acid changes in a(h7n9) viruses that may have ...	2014	24522919
laboratory preparedness in eu/eea countries for detection of novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, may 2013.		2014	24507469
[a case of report of h7n9 influenza virus infection and review of the literature].		2014	24506857
transmissibility of novel h7n9 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses between chickens and ferrets.	previous studies have shown that the h7n9 avian influenza virus cannot be transmitted efficiently between ferrets via respiratory droplets. here, we studied the infectivity of the h7n9 avian influenza virus in chickens and its transmissibility from infected to naïve chickens and ferrets. the h7n9 virus (a/anhui/1/2013) replicated poorly in chickens and could not be transmitted efficiently from infected chickens to naïve chickens and ferrets. h7n9 virus was shed from chicken tracheae for only 2 d ...	2014	24503095
tannins from hamamelis virginiana bark extract: characterization and improvement of the antiviral efficacy against influenza a virus and human papillomavirus.	antiviral activity has been demonstrated for different tannin-rich plant extracts. since tannins of different classes and molecular weights are often found together in plant extracts and may differ in their antiviral activity, we have compared the effect against influenza a virus (iav) of hamamelis virginiana l. bark extract, fractions enriched in tannins of different molecular weights and individual tannins of defined structures, including pseudotannins. we demonstrate antiviral activity of the ...	2014	24498245
the first case of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus occurring in the autumn season, china.		2014	24485379
radiological features of human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 virus: a report of three cases.	human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 virus has emerged in china with high morbidity rates. patients usually present with severe and rapidly progressive pneumonia. therefore, radiological findings are important to diagnose and evaluate disease severity. the clinical characteristics of three new cases of h7n9 virus infection were analyzed, especially the radiological findings, and previously published studies regarding h7n9 virus infection were summarized. ground-glass opacification and are ...	2014	26060749
development of novel allglo-probe-based one-step multiplex qrt-pcr assay for rapid identification of avian influenza virus h7n9.	recently, human deaths have resulted from infection with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus h7n9 strains that have emerged recently in china. to strengthen h7n9 surveillance and outbreak control, rapid and reliable diagnostic methods are needed. to develop a sensitive quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay for rapid detection of h7n9 viral rna, primers and allglo probes were designed to target the ha and na genes of h7n9. conserved sequences in the ha and na genes were identified by phylogenic ...	2014	24473706
evaluation of avian influenza virus isolated from ducks as a potential live vaccine candidate against novel h7n9 viruses.	recent outbreaks of a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus in humans in china raise pandemic concerns and underscore an urgent need to develop effective vaccines. theoretically, live influenza vaccines are of multiple advantages over traditional inactivated influenza vaccines to be used in a pandemic, because they can be produced rapidly, safely, and inexpensively. however, studies on live vaccines against the novel h7n9 virus are limited. in this study, we evaluated a potential live influenza vacci ...	2014	25285880
interaction energy analysis on specific binding of influenza virus hemagglutinin to avian and human sialosaccharide receptors: importance of mutation-induced structural change.	on the basis of available molecular structures registered in protein data bank, we have theoretically carried out the interaction energy analysis for the complexes of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) proteins and sialosaccharide receptor analogs of host cells. employing the fragment molecular orbital method for quantum-chemical calculations, the differences in magnitude and pattern of the interactions between the amino acid residues of avian-type (h7n3) or human-type (h7n9) ha and each sacchar ...	2014	25068439
cross-protective efficacy of baculovirus displayed hemagglutinin against highly pathogenic influenza h7 subtypes.	the outbreak of human infections with avian-origin h7n9 influenza has raised global concerns about a potential human pandemic. therefore, the generation of simple and reliable newer vaccines is high priority for pandemic preparedness. in this study, we aimed to develop a recombinant vaccine by expressing ha of h7n9 (a/shanghai/2/2013) on the surface of baculovirus (bacha). further, live or inactive form of bacha (h7n9) vaccine was immunized twice either intranasally or subcutaneously into mice. ...	2014	24997413
assessment of human immune responses to h7 avian influenza virus of pandemic potential: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase i study of live attenuated h7n3 influenza vaccine.	live attenuated influenza vaccines (laivs) are being developed to protect humans against future epidemics and pandemics. this study describes the results of a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled phase i clinical trial of cold-adapted and temperature sensitive h7n3 live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate in healthy seronegative adults.	2014	24533064
h7n9: can h7n3 live-attenuated influenza vaccine be used at the early stage of the pandemic?	as of october 2013, h7n9 avian influenza viruses caused 137 human cases with 45 fatalities. recent studies revealed that only minor adaptive changes are required for h7n9 viruses to become pandemic. vaccination is a primary measure to protect population from severe disease and reduce the impact of epidemics and pandemics on public health. several h7n9 candidate vaccine viruses have been generated and are now undergoing preclinical and clinical testings, which will take several months. meanwhile, ...	2014	24308582
an h7n1 influenza virus vaccine induces broadly reactive antibody responses against h7n9 in humans.	emerging h7n9 influenza virus infections in asia have once more spurred the development of effective prepandemic h7 vaccines. however, many vaccines based on avian influenza viruses--including h7--are poorly immunogenic, as measured by traditional correlates of protection. here we reevaluated sera from an h7n1 human vaccine trial performed in 2006. we examined cross-reactive antibody responses to divergent h7 strains, including h7n9, dissected the antibody response into head- and stalk-reactive ...	2014	24943383
airborne transmission of highly pathogenic h7n1 influenza virus in ferrets.	avian h7 influenza viruses are recognized as potential pandemic viruses, as personnel often become infected during poultry outbreaks. h7 infections in humans typically cause mild conjunctivitis; however, the h7n9 outbreak in the spring of 2013 has resulted in severe respiratory disease. to date, no h7 viruses have acquired the ability for sustained transmission among humans. airborne transmission is considered a requirement for the emergence of pandemic influenza, and advanced knowledge of the m ...	2014	24696487
the origin of novel avian influenza a (h7n9) and mutation dynamics for its human-to-human transmissible capacity.	in february 2013, h7n9 (a/h7n9/2013_china), a novel avian influenza virus, broke out in eastern china and caused human death. it is a global priority to discover its origin and the point in time at which it will become transmittable between humans. we present here an interdisciplinary method to track the origin of h7n9 virus in china and to establish an evolutionary dynamics model for its human-to-human transmission via mutations. after comparing influenza viruses from china since 1983, we estab ...	2014	24671138
novel influenza a(h7n2) virus in chickens, jilin province, china, 2014.	in february 2014, while investigating the source of a human infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus in northern china, we isolated subtypes h7n2 and h9n2 viruses from chickens on the patient's farm. sequence analysis revealed that the h7n2 virus is a novel reassortant of h7n9 and h9n2 viruses. continued surveillance is needed.	2014	25271958
serological report of influenza a (h7n9) infections among pigs in southern china.	in 2013, a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from ill humans in shanghai and anhui province, china. since then, the virus has spread quickly throughout china. previous isolation of h7n2 virus from swine suggests that additional h7 subtype aivs may be transmitted through pigs. however, prior to the recent zoonosis of h7n9, there were very few studies on the seroprevalence of the h7 subtypes in this species. thus, there is a need to perform serological surveys for novel h7n9 as w ...	2014	25178684
quantification of viral proteins of the avian h7 subtype of influenza virus: an isotope dilution mass spectrometry method applicable for producing more rapid vaccines in the case of an influenza pandemic.	vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza and its serious complications. influenza viral strains undergo rapid mutations of the surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) requiring vaccines to be frequently updated to include current circulating strains. it is nearly impossible to predict which strains will be circulating in the next influenza season. it is, therefore, imperative that the process of producing a vaccine be streamlined and as swift as possible. w ...	2014	24689548
prevalence and control of h7 avian influenza viruses in birds and humans.	the h7 subtype ha gene has been found in combination with all nine na subtype genes. most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans). during the past few years infections of poultry and humans with h7 subtypes have increased markedly. this review summarizes the emergence of avian influenza virus h7 subtypes in birds and humans, and the possibilities of its control in poultry. all h7nx combinations were reported from wild birds, the natural reservoir of t ...	2014	24423384
optimal designs of an ha-based dna vaccine against h7 subtype influenza viruses.	the outbreak of a novel h7n9 influenza virus in 2013 has raised serious concerns for the potential of another avian-source pandemic influenza. effective vaccines against h7n9 virus are important in the prevention and control of any major outbreak. novel vaccination technologies are useful additions to existing approaches. in the current report, dna vaccine studies were conducted to identify the optimal design of an h7 ha antigen using the ha gene from a previously reported h7n7 virus that is let ...	2014	25424804
complete protection against lethal challenge of novel h7n9 virus with heterologous inactivated h7 vaccine in mice.	a prototype h7 influenza vaccine constructed based on the h7n7 outbreak in 2003 was tested for the protective efficacy against the novel h7n9 virus in a lethal murine challenge model. serum samples from vaccinated mice showed significant neutralizing activity against the h7n9 virus and the mice were completely protected with no significant weight loss. the results have direct implications on how to overcome potential vaccine shortage and identify donors for immune sera for passive immunization.	2014	25130540
squalene-adjuvanted h7n9 virus vaccine induces robust humoral immune response against h7n9 and h7n7 viruses.	recent cases of avian influenza h7n9 have caused great concerns that virus may become transmittable between humans. it is imperative to develop an effective vaccine to fight against the pandemic potential of this h7n9 influenza virus to protect human from the disease. this study aims to investigate an optimized formulation for the development of h7n9 vaccines. various doses of h7n9 inactivated whole or split-virus antigens (0.5, 1.5, or 3 μg based on hemagglutinin content) combined with squalene ...	2014	24962757
avian influenza h7n9/13 and h7n7/13: a comparative virulence study in chickens, pigeons, and ferrets.	human influenza cases caused by a novel avian h7n9 virus in china emphasize the zoonotic potential of that subtype. we compared the infectivity and pathogenicity of the novel h7n9 virus with those of a recent european avian h7n7 strain in chickens, pigeons, and ferrets. neither virus induced signs of disease despite substantial replication in inoculated chickens and rapid transmission to contact chickens. evidence of the replication of both viruses in pigeons, albeit at lower levels of rna excre ...	2014	24899194
analysis of recombinant h7n9 wild-type and mutant viruses in pigs shows that the q226l mutation in ha is important for transmission.	the fact that there have been more than 300 human infections with a novel avian h7n9 virus in china indicates that this emerging strain has pandemic potential. furthermore, many of the h7n9 viruses circulating in animal reservoirs contain putative mammalian signatures in the ha and pb2 genes that are believed to be important in the adaptation of other avian strains to humans. to date, the definitive roles of these mammalian-signature substitutions in transmission and pathogenesis of h7n9 viruses ...	2014	24807722
development of a high-yield live attenuated h7n9 influenza virus vaccine that provides protection against homologous and heterologous h7 wild-type viruses in ferrets.	live attenuated h7n9 influenza vaccine viruses that possess the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) gene segments from the newly emerged wild-type (wt) a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9) and six internal protein gene segments from the cold-adapted influenza virus a/ann arbor/6/60 (aa ca) were generated by reverse genetics. the reassortant virus containing the original wt a/anhui/1/2013 ha and na sequences replicated poorly in eggs. multiple variants with amino acid substitutions in the ha head domain t ...	2014	24719414
complex reassortment of polymerase genes in asian influenza a virus h7 and h9 subtypes.	the epidemic first caused by a novel h7n9 avian influenza a virus (iav) has emerged in china recently. meanwhile, a novel h7n7 iav with the ability to infect mammals was also found in china. both iavs of h7 subtype possess internal genes originating from h9n2. as internal polymerase genes play a key role for interspecies transmission of iavs, it is important to trace the reassortment history of polymerase genes in the iavs of h7 and h9 subtypes. here, by comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of as ...	2014	24632455
drug susceptibility profile and pathogenicity of h7n9 influenza virus (anhui1 lineage) with r292k substitution.	neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are the only available licensed therapeutics against human h7n9 influenza virus infections. the emergence of nai-resistant variants of h7n9viruses with an na r292k mutation poses a therapeutic challenge. a comprehensive understanding of the susceptibility of these viruses to clinically available nais, non-nais and their combinations is crucial for effective treatment. in this study, by using limited serial passage and plaque purification, an r292k variant of the a ...	2014	26038501
delivery of fetus death with misoprostol in a pregnant woman with h7n9 avian influenza a virus pneumonia and ards.		2014	25672440
pathological changes in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome and h7n9 influenza virus infection.		2014	25672437
[epidemiological characteristics of human avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection in china].	to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human infections with avian influenza a (h7n9) in china and to provide scientific evidence for the adjustment of preventive strategy and control measures.	2014	25623455
animal and human influenzas.	influenza type a viruses affect humans and other animals and cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic impact. influenza a viruses are well adapted to cross species barriers and evade host immunity. viruses that cause no clinical signs in wild aquatic birds may adapt in domestic poultry to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses which decimate poultry flocks. viruses that cause asymptomatic infection in poultry (e.g. the recently emerged a/h7n9 virus) may cause severe zoonotic ...	2014	25707182
[spatial aggregation of 438 human infections with avian influenza a (h7n9) in the mainland of china].	to investigate the spatial distribution and growing trend of 438 human infection with the h7n9 avian influenza virus in mainland china, and to provide evidence for developing scientific prevention and control strategies.	2014	25598263
a family cluster of three confirmed cases infected with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in zhejiang province of china.	a total of 453 laboratory-confirmed cases infected with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus (including 175 deaths) have been reported till october 2,2014, of which 30.68% (139/453) of the cases were identified from zhejiang province. we describe the largest reported cluster of virologically confirmed h7n9 cases, comprised by a fatal index case and two mild secondary cases.	2014	25551435
genetic tuning of the novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus during interspecies transmission, china, 2013.	a novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus causing human infection emerged in february 2013 in china. to elucidate the mechanism of interspecies transmission, we compared the signature amino acids of avian influenza a(h7n9) viruses from human and non-human hosts and analysed the reassortants of 146 influenza a(h7n9) viruses with full genome sequences. we propose a genetic tuning procedure with continuous amino acid substitutions and reassorting that mediates host adaptation and interspecies transmiss ...	2014	24993557
limited human-to-human transmission of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, shanghai, china, march to april 2013.	in april 2013, two members of one family were successively confirmed as cases of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in shanghai, china. respiratory specimens from the two cases and their close contacts were tested using real-time reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr. paired serum specimens from contacts were tested by haemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralisation test. the index patient developed severe pneumonia. her husband presented with pneumonia shortly thereafter. both cases ha ...	2014	24993556
transmission of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus from father to child: a report of limited person-to-person transmission, guangzhou, china, january 2014.	we investigated a possible person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of two confirmed influenza a(h7n9) patients in guangzhou, china. the index case, a man in his late twenties, worked in a wet market that was confirmed to be contaminated by the influenza a(h7n9) virus. he developed a consistent fever and severe pneumonia after 4 january 2014. in contrast, the second case, his five-year-old child, who only developed a mild disease 10 days after disease onset of the index case, did no ...	2014	24993555
2014 update of the chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection.		2014	24985598
genotype diversity of h9n2 viruses isolated from wild birds and chickens in hunan province, china.	three h9n2 avian influenza viruses were isolated from the dongting lake wetland, among which one was from fresh egret feces, the other two were from chicken cloacal swabs in poultry markets. phylogenetic analyses suggested that eight genes of the egret-derived h9n2 virus might come from korean-like or american-like lineages. the two poultry-derived h9n2 viruses were reassortants between the ck/bj/94-like and g1-like viruses. except the pb1 genes (90.6%), the nucleotide sequence of other internal ...	2014	24979703
early public response to influenza a(h7n9) virus, guangzhou, china, may 30-june 7, 2013.		2014	24964006
identification of influenza a/h7n9 virus infection-related human genes based on shortest paths in a virus-human protein interaction network.	the recently emerging influenza a/h7n9 virus is reported to be able to infect humans and cause mortality. however, viral and host factors associated with the infection are poorly understood. it is suggested by the "guilt by association" rule that interacting proteins share the same or similar functions and hence may be involved in the same pathway. in this study, we developed a computational method to identify influenza a/h7n9 virus infection-related human genes based on this rule from the short ...	2014	24955349
epidemic of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in china.		2014	24954879
clinical and epidemiological analysis of the first case of human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in shenzhen, china.	the novel influenza a (h7n9) virus can cause severe illness, including pneumonia and acute respiratory disorder syndrome (ards), with high rates of intensive care unit admission and death. we report the first case of human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in shenzhen, china. the patient was a 38-year-old man. his infection was eventually confirmed 9 days after illness onset. no symptom was found in his 135 close contacts. the patient recovered 43 days after illness onset. oseltamivi ...	2014	24952273
the r292k mutation that confers resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors leads to competitive fitness loss of a/shanghai/1/2013 (h7n9) influenza virus in ferrets.	neuraminidase (na) inhibitors are the only licensed therapeutic option for human zoonotic h7n9 infections. an na-r292k mutation that confers broad-spectrum resistance to na inhibitors has been documented in h7n9 patients after treatment.	2014	24951824
a single dose of whole inactivated h7n9 influenza vaccine confers protection from severe disease but not infection in ferrets.	the h7n9 influenza virus caused significant mortality and morbidity in infected humans during an outbreak in china in 2013 stimulating vaccine development efforts. as previous h7-based vaccines have been poorly immunogenic in humans we sought to determine the immunogenic and protective properties of an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from a 2013 h7n9 virus in ferrets. as whole virus vaccine preparations have been shown to be more immunogenic in humans, but less likely to be used, than sp ...	2014	24950355
lung ultrasound imaging in avian influenza a (h7n9) respiratory failure.	lung ultrasound has been shown to identify in real-time, various pathologies of the lung such as pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). lung ultrasound maybe a first-line alternative to chest x-ray and ct scan in critically ill patients with respiratory failure. we describe the use of lung ultrasound imaging and findings in two cases of severe respiratory failure from avian influenza a (h7n9) infection.	2014	24949191
full-genome analysis of influenza a(h7n9) virus from shanghai, china, 2014.	we analyzed the complete genome sequence of the a/shanghai/01/2014 (h7n9) strain, which will provide a better understanding of the evolution of influenza a(h7n9) virus.	2014	24948761
analysis of the full-length genome of a novel strain of the h7n9 avian influenza virus.	the aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution and variation of a novel strain of the avian influenza virus. the virus-positive specimens [a/changsha/2/2013 (h7n9)] from a patient infected with the novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus was amplified by reverse transcription-pcr and the full genome was sequenced. the sequencing results were submitted to genbank and then analyzed by phylogenetic tree analysis using bioedit and mega5 software. the phylogenetic tree of the hemagglutinin (h ...	2014	24940441
predicting the risk of avian influenza a h7n9 infection in live-poultry markets across asia.	two epidemic waves of an avian influenza a (h7n9) virus have so far affected china. most human cases have been attributable to poultry exposure at live-poultry markets, where most positive isolates were sampled. the potential geographic extent of potential re-emerging epidemics is unknown, as are the factors associated with it. using newly assembled data sets of the locations of 8,943 live-poultry markets in china and maps of environmental correlates, we develop a statistical model that accurate ...	2014	24937647
response of mice and ferrets to a monovalent influenza a (h7n9) split vaccine.	in early spring 2013, the emergence of the influenza a (h7n9) virus in humans in eastern china raised concerns of a new influenza pandemic. development of a safe and effective h7n9 influenza vaccine is urgently needed. to this end, we first synthesized the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of the influenza a (h7n9) virus a/anhui/1/2013. using reverse genetics, we rescued a reassortant virus (h7n9/pr8) that contained the ha and na genes from wild-type h7n9 and six genes encoding int ...	2014	24937303
human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus: serial chest radiographic and ct findings.	rapidly progressive pneumonia infection with h7n9 virus is a novel disease, and limited information is available concerning serial chest radiographic and computed tomography (ct) findings. the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in serial radiologic findings in patients with h7n9 pneumonia.	2014	24931229
risk factors for influenza a(h7n9) disease--china, 2013.	the majority of human cases of novel avian influenza a(h7n9), which emerged in china in spring 2013, include reported exposure to poultry. however, specific host and exposure risk factors for disease are unknown, yet critical to design prevention measures.	2014	24928293
sumoylation of influenza a virus nucleoprotein is essential for intracellular trafficking and virus growth.	viruses take advantage of host posttranslational modifications for their own benefit. it was recently reported that influenza a virus proteins interact extensively with the host sumoylation system. thereby, several viral proteins, including ns1 and m1, are sumoylated to facilitate viral replication. however, to what extent sumoylation is exploited by influenza a virus is not fully understood. in this study, we found that influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np) is a bona fide target of sumoylation i ...	2014	24920808
[establishment of a lentivirus-mediated rapid eukaryotic expression system of novel avian influenza h7n9 virus hemagglutinin gene].	to establish a rapid eukaryotic expression system of hemagglutinin (ha) gene of novel avian influenza h7n9 using lentiviral vector, express the recombinant protein and study its functions in human embryonic kidney hek293t cells.	2014	24909287
the new emerging h7n9 influenza virus indicates poultry as new mixing vessels.		2014	24907936
low infectivity of a novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza virus in pigs.	we studied the pathogenesis and transmissibility of a novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza virus in pigs. when pigs were infected with h7n9 influenza virus, they did not show any clear clinical signs (such as sneezing, fever and loss of body weight), and they shed viruses through their noses for 2 days after infection. no transmission occurred between infected and naïve pigs. pigs suffered from mild pneumonia, which was accompanied by the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as i ...	2014	24906526
bosentan as rescue treatment in refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ards and h7n9 influenza virus infection.		2014	24898108
h7n9: a killer in the making or a false alarm?	influenza virus remains one of the most important disease-causing viruses owing to its high adaptability and even higher contagious nature. thus, it poses a constant threat of pandemic, engulfing a large population within the smallest possible time interval. a similar threat was anticipated with the identification of the novel h7n9 virus in china on 30 march 2013. detection of transmission of the virus between humans has caused a stir with the identification of family clusters along with sporadi ...	2014	24893133
epidemiology of the avian influenza a (h7n9) outbreak in zhejiang province, china.	a novel influenza a virus infection was identified on march 31, 2013 in china and a total of 134 cases were identified in 12 provinces of china between march 25 and september 31, 2013. of these, 46 cases occurred in zhejiang province and the number of patients is the largest in china.	2014	24886478
accuracy of epidemiological inferences based on publicly available information: retrospective comparative analysis of line lists of human cases infected with influenza a(h7n9) in china.	appropriate public health responses to infectious disease threats should be based on best-available evidence, which requires timely reliable data for appropriate analysis. during the early stages of epidemics, analysis of 'line lists' with detailed information on laboratory-confirmed cases can provide important insights into the epidemiology of a specific disease. the objective of the present study was to investigate the extent to which reliable epidemiologic inferences could be made from public ...	2014	24885692
isolation and characterization of h7n9 avian influenza a virus from humans with respiratory diseases in zhejiang, china.	in 2013, the novel reassortant avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus was reported in china. through enhanced surveillance, infection by the h7n9 virus in humans was first identified in zhejiang province. real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (rt-pcr) was used to confirm the infection. embryonated chicken eggs were used for virus isolation from pharyngeal swabs taken from infected human patients. the h7n9 isolates were first identified by the hemagglutination test and electron ...	2014	24867615
broadly neutralizing influenza hemagglutinin stem-specific antibody cr8020 targets residues that are prone to escape due to host selection pressure.	broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnab) that target a conserved region of a viral antigen hold significant therapeutic promise. cr8020 is a bnab that targets the stem region of influenza a virus (iav) hemagglutinin (ha). cr8020 is currently being evaluated for prophylactic use against group 2 iavs in phase ii studies. structural and computational analyses reported here indicate that cr8020 targets ha residues that are prone to antigenic drift and host selection pressure. critically, cr8020 escape ...	2014	24832457
[investigation of geographic relationship between farmer's market with live birds and human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9)virus based on internet data analysis].	farmer's markets with live birds (fmlb) are key sites where human infections by influenza a virus subtype h7n9 happened. approximately 80% cases have exposed to fmlb. this study is to investigate the geographic relationship between fmlb and human cases based on analysis of internet data of their geographic locations.	2014	24831624
[investigating geographical spread of the human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9)virus by online knowledge analysis of the live bird trade with a distributed focused crawler].		2014	24831615
continuing reassortment leads to the genetic diversity of influenza virus h7n9 in guangdong, china.	on 30 march 2013, a novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus causing severe human respiratory infections was identified in china. preliminary sequence analyses have shown that the virus is a reassortant of h7n9 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses. in this study, we conducted enhanced surveillance for h7n9 virus in guangdong, china, from april to august 2013. we isolated two h7n9 viral strains from environmental samples associated with poultry markets and one from a clinical patient. sequence analyses sho ...	2014	24829356
h7n9 influenza a-induced pneumonia associated with acute myelitis in an adult.	recently, we encountered three patients infected with an avian influenza a virus (h7n9) who exhibited upper respiratory catarrh symptoms, pharyngalgia, a high fever and hypodynamia in the early stages of the disease. their conditions deteriorated rapidly, and one-sided pneumonia progressed to two-sided pneumonia. the patients developed respiratory failure and even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). one patient experienced numbness of the lower limbs, urinary retention and fecal incontin ...	2014	24827492
human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in shanghai: current status and future trends.		2014	24824266
comparison of a new gold immunochromatographic assay for the rapid diagnosis of the novel influenza a (h7n9) virus with cell culture and a real-time reverse-transcription pcr assay.	we assessed a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (gica) for rapid detection of influenza a (h7n9) and compared it with reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and viral culture. samples from 35 h7n9 infected patients were collected, including 45 throat swab samples, 56 sputum samples, and 39 feces samples. all samples were tested by gica, viral culture, and rt-pcr. gica specifically reacted with recombinant ha proteins, virus lysates, and clinical samples from h7 subtype ...	2014	24822207
suggestions to the media to help us cope with the a/h7n9 crisis in china.	the a/h7n9 avian influenza virus sparked global concerns about public health. the media published numerous reports about emerging infectious diseases, including their clinical characteristics and genomic information. however, outbreaks of a/h7n9 posed a real challenge to china's emergency management and especially its dealing with the media. this study analyzes ways to deal with the media during a/h7n9 crises and it proposes a shift in public emergency management from an "impact-responsive" appr ...	2014	24815587
angiotensin ii plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in h7n9-infected patients.	a novel influenza a (h7n9) virus of avian origin emerged in eastern china in the spring of 2013. this virus causes severe disease in humans, including acute and often lethal respiratory failure. as of january 2014, 275 cases of h7n9-infected patients had been reported, highlighting the urgency of identifying biomarkers for predicting disease severity and fatal outcomes. here, we show that plasma levels of angiotensin ii, a major regulatory peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, are markedly el ...	2014	24800963
serologic assay for avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus in adults of shanghai, guangzhou and yunnan, china.	to investigate serologic status for novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in different areas in china, we examined serum samples collected in winter of 2011 from adult population of shanghai (eastern china), guangzhou (southern china) and yunnan (southwest china) for the antibody responses to this virus.	2014	24793969
potency of an inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from a/duck/mongolia/119/2008 (h7n9) against the challenge with a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9).	h7n9 influenza virus infection in humans was reported in china on march 31, 2013. humans are immunologically naïve to the h7n9 subtype, for which the seasonal influenza vaccine is not effective. thus, the development of an h7n9 influenza virus vaccine is an urgent issue. to prepare for the emergence of an influenza pandemic, we have established a library comprising more than 1300 influenza virus strains with 144 different combinations of 16 ha and 9 na subtypes. an h7n9 virus strain isolated fro ...	2014	24793949
distinct risk profiles for human infections with the influenza a(h7n9) virus among rural and urban residents: zhejiang province, china, 2013.	to identify the risk factors and source of infection leading to human infections with the influenza a(h7n9) virus in urban and rural areas.	2014	24789082
a cell culture-derived mf59-adjuvanted pandemic a/h7n9 vaccine is immunogenic in adults.	a potentially deadly a/h7n9 avian-origin influenza virus is currently the cause of an ongoing outbreak in china. preparedness plans have thus been initiated to preempt the spread of this virus, which appears to have substantial pandemic potential. to effectively prevent a pandemic from unfolding, rapid production of an immunogenic vaccine with an acceptable safety profile is critical. given the significance to public health, we are reporting immunogenicity and safety results from a phase 1 study ...	2014	24786323
determination of original infection source of h7n9 avian influenza by dynamical model.	h7n9, a newly emerging virus in china, travels among poultry and human. although h7n9 has not aroused massive outbreaks, recurrence in the second half of 2013 makes it essential to control the spread. it is believed that the most effective control measure is to locate the original infection source and cut off the source of infection from human. however, the original infection source and the internal transmission mechanism of the new virus are not totally clear. in order to determine the original ...	2014	24786135
characterization of h7 influenza a virus in wild and domestic birds in korea.	during surveillance programs in korea between january 2006 and march 2011, 31 h7 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks and genetically characterized using large-scale sequence data. all korean h7 viruses belonged to the eurasian lineage, which showed substantial genetic diversity, in particular in the wild birds. the korean h7 viruses from poultry were closely related to those of wild birds. interestingly, two viruses originating in domestic ducks in our study ...	2014	24776918
[evolutionary analysis of neuraminidase gene of a/h7n9 influenza virus].	in 2013, the world health organization reported the first case of human infection with a new influenza a (h7n9) virus in china. this has caused damage and panic within certain areas in china. therefore, analysis of this virus with bioinformatics technology is very necessary. neuraminidase (na) is one of the most important antigens of the influenza virus and an important target for anti-flu drugs. in this study, the nucleotide and protein sequences of na gene of a/h7n9 influenza viruses were retr ...	2014	24772897
[rapid detection of novel avian influenza virus subtype h7n9 by multiplex real-time rt-pcr].	in order to develop a rapid detection kit for novel avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h7n9, two sets of specific primers and probes were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of hemagglutinin antigen (ha) and neuraminidase antigen (na) of novel h7n9 virus (2013) available in genbank to establish the method of taqman probe-based multiplex real-time rt-pcr for rapid detection of aiv subtype h7n9. the primer and probe of ha were for all h7 subtype aivs, while the primer and probe of na were ...	2014	24772890
th2-type inflammation under conditions of pre-existing chronic disease is associated with liver damage in patients with avian influenza h7n9 virus.	most patients infected with avian h7n9 influenza virus develop severe disease, including respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), and multi-organ failure. the pathogenesis of h7n9 infection is not fully understood. this study revealed that h7n9-infected patients who had fatal outcomes or critical illness all had pre-existing chronic diseases. the patients did not have obvious systemic inflammation compared to the healthy controls. however, their fatal outcomes and critica ...	2014	24769417
a combination of serological assays to detect human antibodies to the avian influenza a h7n9 virus.	human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 virus was first identified in march 2013 and represents an ongoing threat to public health. there is a need to optimize serological methods for this new influenza virus. here, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of the hemagglutinin inhibition (hi), microneutralization (mn), and western blot (wb) assays for the detection of human antibodies against avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. hi with horse erythrocytes (hrbcs) and a modified mn assay posses ...	2014	24755627
ultrastructural characterization of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infecting humans in china.		2014	24752765
novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in tree sparrow, shanghai, china, 2013.	in spring 2013, influenza a(h7n9) virus was isolated from an apparently healthy tree sparrow in chongming dongping national forest park, shanghai city, china. the entire gene constellation of the virus is similar to that of isolates from humans, highlighting the need to monitor influenza a(h7n9) viruses in different species.	2014	24751370
pcr for detection of oseltamivir resistance mutation in influenza a(h7n9) virus.	sensitive molecular techniques are needed for rapid detection of the r292k oseltamivir-resistant mutant of influenza a(h7/n9) virus strain to monitor its transmission and guide antiviral treatment. we developed a real-time reverse transcription pcr and single nucleotide polymorphism probes to differentiate this mutant strain in mixed virus populations in human specimens.	2014	24751348
induction of neutralizing antibodies to influenza a virus h7n9 by inactivated whole virus in mice and nonhuman primates.	we evaluated the immunogenicity of hemagglutinin (ha) in the context of inactivated h7n9/ah/1/13-pr8 whole-virion. at 4weeks after immunization with 15μg ha, mice produced hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titers of 1:192 and neutralizing antibodies of 1:317. aluminum hydroxide (alum), or a booster immunization, or both increased hi to 1:768, 1:384, 1:896 and neutralizing antibodies to 1:1868, 1:2302, 1:10,000, respectively. macaques generated hi of 1:190 or 1:360 and virus neutralizing titers of ...	2014	24746458
first serologic study for influenza a (h7n9) virus among veterinarians in guangdong, china.		2014	24717773
dynamic change of clinical characteristics in a cured patient with influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.		2014	24709206
association of radiologic findings with mortality in patients with avian influenza h7n9 pneumonia.	the novel h7n9 virus causes severe illness, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with high rates of mortality. we investigated the association of initial radiologic characteristics obtained at admission with clinical outcomes in patients with avian influenza h7n9 pneumonia.	2014	24705783
h7n9: a low pathogenic avian influenza a virus infecting humans.	human infections by the newly reassorted avian influenza a (h7n9) virus were reported for the first time in early 2013, and the virus was confirmed to be a low pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry. because continuously reported cases have been increasing since the summer of 2013, this novel virus poses a potential threat to public health in china and is attracting broad attention worldwide. in this review, we summarize and discuss the characteristics of the h7n9 virus revealed by the rece ...	2014	24705093
early response to the emergence of influenza a(h7n9) virus in humans in china: the central role of prompt information sharing and public communication.	in 2003, china's handling of the early stages of the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was heavily criticized and generally considered to be suboptimal.	2014	24700999
comprehensive characterization of serum microrna profile in response to the emerging avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection in humans.	a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus recently occurred in china and caused 137 human infection cases with a 32.8% mortality rate. although various detection procedures have been developed, the pathogenesis of this emerging virus in humans remains largely unknown. in this study, we characterized serum microrna (mirna) profile in response to h7n9 virus infection using taqman low density arrays. upon infection, a total of 395 mirnas were expressed in the serum pool of patients, far beyond ...	2014	24699363
prognosis of 18 h7n9 avian influenza patients in shanghai.	to provide prognosis of an 18 patient cohort who were confirmed to have h7n9 lung infection in shanghai.	2014	24695420
potential geographic distribution of the novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus.	in late march 2013, a new avian-origin influenza virus emerged in eastern china. this h7n9 subtype virus has since infected 240 people and killed 60, and has awakened global concern as a potential pandemic threat. ecological niche modeling has seen increasing applications as a useful tool in mapping geographic potential and risk of disease transmission.	2014	24690878
development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of subtype h7n9 avian influenza virus.	a novel influenza a (h7n9) virus has emerged in china. to rapidly detect this virus from clinical samples, we developed a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method for the detection of the h7n9 virus. the minimum detection limit of the rt-lamp assay was 0.01 pfu h7n9 virus, making this method 100-fold more sensitive to the detection of the h7n9 virus than conventional rt-pcr. the h7n9 virus rt-lamp assays can efficiently detect different sources of h7n9 influe ...	2014	24689044
epidemiologic characterization of 30 confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in hangzhou, china.	we examined the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 30 cases of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in hangzhou and investigated their external environments to provide evidence for contact tracing and disease prevention and control.	2014	24678603
differences in the pathogenicity and inflammatory responses induced by avian influenza a/h7n9 virus infection in balb/c and c57bl/6 mouse models.	avian influenza a/h7n9 virus infection causes pneumonia in humans with a high case fatality rate. however, virus-induced modulation of immune responses is being recognized increasingly as a factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. in this study, we compared the pathogenicity of a/h7n9 infection in balb/c and c57bl/6 mouse models, and investigated the putative involvement of proinflammatory cytokines in lung injury and viral clearance. in both mouse strains, a/anhui/1/2013(h7n9) infection with ...	2014	24676272
nucleic acid-based detection of influenza a virus subtypes h7 and n9 with a special emphasis on the avian h7n9 virus.	in 2013, a novel influenza a virus of subtype h7n9 was transmitted from avian sources to humans in china, causing severe illness and substantial mortality. rapid and sensitive diagnostic approaches are the basis of epidemiological studies and of utmost importance for the detection of infected humans and animals. we developed various quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-qpcr) assays for (i) the generic detection of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene of h7 viruses or the neuraminidase (na) gene of ...	2014	24650867
identifying areas with a high risk of human infection with the avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in east asia.	the rapid emergence, spread, and disease severity of avian influenza a (h7n9) in china has prompted concerns about a possible pandemic and regional spread in the coming months. the objective of this study was to predict the risk of future human infections with h7n9 in china and neighboring countries by assessing the association between h7n9 cases at sentinel hospitals and putative agricultural, climatic, and demographic risk factors.	2014	24642206
viral lung infections: epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and management of avian influenza a(h7n9).	the avian influenza a(h7n9) virus has jumped species barrier and caused severe human infections. here, we present the virological features relevant to clinical practice, and summarize the epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies of a(h7n9) infection.	2014	24637225
protective immunity to h7n9 influenza viruses elicited by synthetic dna vaccine.	despite an intensive vaccine program influenza infections remain a major health problem, due to the viruses' ability to change its envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha), through shift and drift, permitting influenza to escape protection induced by current vaccines or natural immunity. recently a new variant, h7n9, has emerged in china causing global concern. first, there have been more than 130 laboratory-confirmed human infections resulting in an alarmingly high death rate (32.3%). second, g ...	2014	24631084
risk assessment of human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in taiwan.		2014	24630489