Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| opportunistic infections update. | an update is presented on some of the treatment developments for opportunistic infections (ois) associated with hiv infection. treatments discussed include clarithromycin and clofazimine for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac), azithromycin for prevention of mac, fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections, msl109 for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, and two new approaches for the treatment of kaposi's sarcoma. azithromycin's positive role in preventing pcp provides evidenc ... | 1996 | 11363899 |
| opportunistic infections: the growing challenge. | a great deal of attention at the xi international conference on aids was focused on new approaches to managing and preventing aids-related opportunistic infections (ois). aside from a similar prevalence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in developed countries, a different spectrum of ois is seen in less developed areas, such as latin america, where many endemic diseases are included among ois. candidiasis has been the most common fungal pathogen, but a broader spectrum of mycoses is being ... | 1996 | 11363908 |
| cpcra researchers present oi studies at vancouver. | the community programs for clinical research on aids (cpcra) presented several recent findings from clinical trials at the international conference on aids. weekly doses of fluconazole can safely prevent persistent yeast infections in hiv-infected women who frequently develop yeast infections of the mouth, vagina and throat. combination antibiotic therapy given intermittently is an effective initial treatment for persons with hiv-related tuberculosis. high dosages of clarithromycin should not be ... | 1996 | 11363924 |
| mac management. | results from recent studies are shedding light on ways to prevent and treat mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, a leading cause of death for people with aids. a two-drug combination treatment appears to be best. the food and drug administration (fda) has approved three drugs for the treatment of mac disease: rifabutin (mycobutin), clarithromycin (biaxin), and azithromycin (zithromax). two studies using clarithromycin show promising results and indicate that clarithromycin is superior to r ... | 1996 | 11363967 |
| icaac update on opportunistic infections. | recent research on the effects of opportunistic infections (ois) on hiv replication suggests that the ois can actually increase hiv replication through the production of cytokines. treatment options for thrush include antifungal treatments for early episodes and reserving fluconazole for patients with difficult to treat infections. other studies show that prevention and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) increases survival rates. drugs and dosages are described. | 1996 | 11363974 |
| jaw swelling in an hiv-infected man. | a case study is presented in the diagnosis and treatment of a late-stage hiv-infected male who presented with an irregularity in his jawline, a 4-cm firm mass near his left mandibular angle. the mass was diagnosed by ct scan as a greatly enlarged cervical node with a necrotic center, including enlargement of several other nodes. treatment ultimately involved the use of rifabutin and ethambutal. differential diagnosis ruled out a malignancy and pathologic studies showed that the mass was typical ... | 1996 | 11363991 |
| tuberculosis-like illness in a young man from thailand. | a case study is presented of a mid-20's, hiv-infected male visitor from thailand who became increasingly ill with tuberculosis-like symptoms. the question addressed is whether the patient should be treated for miliary tuberculosis or for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection pending further evaluation. it is argued that due to the frequency with which penicillium marneffei infection occurs in thai aids patients and the similarity of the symptoms to mac infection, such treatmen ... | 1996 | 11363992 |
| don't have a mac attack. how to fight aids-related mac. national institutes of health. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a common opportunistic infection in people with hiv. it causes fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, diarrhea and abdominal pain, and the bacteria that causes it is found everywhere. medicines can be given to strengthen the immune system and increase resistance to mac. patients need to consult with their doctors and follow their medical regimens to prevent mac. | 1997 | 11364037 |
| update on opportunistic infections. | the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can be effective for reducing the first onset of opportunistic infections (ois) and preventing their recurrence. while clinical studies are trying to determine the relationship between haart and delayed recurrence, it is recommended that patients currently on haart for oi prevention and maintenance not stop the therapy. updates are presented for the following topics: pneumonia vaccination, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prevention, my ... | 1997 | 11365373 |
| therapeutic efficacy of liposomal clofazimine against mycobacterium avium complex in mice depends on size of initial inoculum and duration of infection. | the therapeutic efficacy of liposomal clofazimine (l-clf) against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was evaluated in the acute and chronic infection models of the beige mouse (c57bl/6j bgj bgj). the maximum tolerated dose of l-clf was inversely proportional to the infection level. l-clf showed higher antibacterial activity than free clofazimine. treatment with 25 mg of l-clf per kg of body weight (intravenously) was started at days 1, 8, 15, and 22 postinfection and was studied at three levels o ... | 1997 | 8980748 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus-inoculated macaques acquire mycobacterium avium from potable water during aids. | during the terminal stages of aids, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is the most common disseminated bacterial infection in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) experimentally inoculated with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). the source of mycobacterial infection in 15 siv-inoculated rhesus macaques housed in a biolevel 3 containment facility was investigated using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction typing technique. six animal isolates had banding profiles identical to that of ... | 1997 | 8985217 |
| mycobacterium avium complex strains from aids patients belong to a homogeneous group ascribed by rrna typing methods. | 16s rrna rflp analysis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains isolated from 25 aids patients led to identification of seven ribotypes. the same ribotype was determined for strains from 19 patients with and without disseminated disease. when isolates representing the seven ribotypes were examined for their internal transcribed spacer (its) between the 16s and 23s rrna gene nucleotide sequence, four different sequences, including a new its type, were recovered. all isolates with the most com ... | 1997 | 9765853 |
| co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids. clinical and epidemiological aspects. | in the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in hiv-positive persons, co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans together with mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a cd4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20/microliters. in 1540 hiv-positive patients under treatment at a berlin hospital (auguste-viktoria-krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all aids-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic mycobacterium ... | 1997 | 9691498 |
| activity of krm 1648 or rifabutin alone or in combination with clarithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex in human alveolar macrophages. | the activity of krm 1648 (krm), a new benzoxazinorifamycin, and rifabutin (rbt), alone or in combination with clarithromycin (cla), was evaluated against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) that multiplied in human alveolar macrophages (am). | 1997 | 9441102 |
| electron microscopic analysis of mycobacterium avium complex isolates exposed to ciprofloxacin, rifabutin, ethambutol and clarithromycin. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates grown in the presence of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol or rifabutin were examined by electron microscopy for drug-induced ultrastructural changes. | 1997 | 9432376 |
| effects of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 on cytokine production at sites of mycobacterium avium complex infection induced in mice. | although various antimicrobial agents exhibit appreciable microbicidal activity in the early phase (weeks 2 t0 4) of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection induced in mice, progressive bacterial regrowth subsequently occurs. to clarify the reason for this pattern of changes, we studied changes in the levels of various cytokines in tissue at sites of infection (spleens and lungs) of mac-infected mice which were or were not given a benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm). levels of the proinflam ... | 1997 | 9021192 |
| [mycobacterium avium infection in hiv-infected patients: epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment]. | the prevalence of infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has increased since the outbreak of the hiv pandemic. this complex comprises two organisms: m. avium (mostly) and m. intracellulare (rarely). the source of mac infection is not known. the principal risk factors for disseminated mac infection in a patient with hiv infection are a low cd4 count and a previous opportunistic infection. the symptoms of disseminated mac infection resemble those of hiv wasting; a positive culture of nor ... | 1997 | 9036351 |
| [surgical treatment for patients with atypical mycobacteriosis]. | we have been conducting surgical therapy for patients with atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis (am) since 1965 and have reported on the outcome of this approach to treatment. we have found that chemotherapy is not adequately efficacious against type iii mycobacterium avium complex (mac), which suggests that surgical intervention may be the optimum approach for mac. among mac patients who were treated surgically at our hospital in the period between 1966 and 1994, 74 cases on whom postoperative fo ... | 1997 | 9038016 |
| [the indication of surgical management in patients with pulmonary disease caused by mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex]. | the surgical management of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was studied regarding the following cases: (1) we investigated whether there had been an appropriate time for surgical management of patients with mac who had not responded to medication and who died after their conditions became worse retrospectively. during the past 10 years, 49 patients diagnosed with mac died at the toneyama national hospital. 26 patients of them died of respir ... | 1997 | 9038017 |
| prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | infection due to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) accounts for the most frequent aids-related opportunistic infections, but mac infection is usually not the first aids-defining event that a patient infected with hiv experiences. the incidence increases linearly over time, at a rate of 20 to 25% per year, after a patient's first aids-defining event, and the incidence increases exponentially as the cd4+ cell count approaches zero. there is evidence that mac may eventually infect most if not a ... | 1997 | 9039547 |
| mycobacterium avium complex infection. pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations that may improve clinical outcomes. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an infrequent pulmonary pathogen in immunocompetent hosts. in patients with aids, mac causes disseminated infection (dmac) in up to 50% of those with cd4+ counts less than 100 cells/mm3. a significant portion of the total body burden of mac is found inside macrophages, and the distribution of organisms has implications for drug therapy. clarithromycin, azithromycin, and rifabutin all appear to enter these cells well; rifampicin (rifampin), ethambutol, ciprofl ... | 1997 | 9068928 |
| [evaluation of middle lobe syndrome: bronchial washing cultures testing positive for mycobacterium avium complex]. | from 1988 to 1995, a bronchial washing was performed on 118 cases of middle lobe syndrome at the national himeji hospital. twenty cases (16.9%) were positive for mycobacterium avium complex (mac). all cases were middle-aged (mean age 54.8), non-smoking women. fourteen cases were asymptomatic and showed only abnormal shadow on chest x-ray film, while others complained cough, sputum or hemosputum. ct examinations were done on 13 patients, and pulmonary infiltrations were found in addition to right ... | 1997 | 9071087 |
| [a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in which m. avium was isolated from bone marrow]. | a 46-year old man was admitted to a hospital because of cough and dyspnea. he was diagnosed as interstitial pneumonia and was treated with prednisolone (psl) and antibiotics. the symptoms improved temporarily but he soon developed acute respiratory failure and was transferred to our hospital. chest x-ray and ct revealed ground-glass opacities in both lung fields. he was treated with methyl psl, antibiotics, and antimycobacterial drugs but he died on the fourth hospital day. retrospectively, hema ... | 1997 | 9071089 |
| apoptosis of human monocytes/macrophages in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. | tuberculosis (tb) is still a major health problem, both as a single disease entity and as a cofactor in aids. the interaction between macrophage and mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is a critical step in the establishment of an early chronic infection. this study analyses the capacity of mtb to induce apoptosis in cells obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) from patients with reactive pulmonary tuberculosis and from aids patients with disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. apoptosis was increa ... | 1997 | 9072000 |
| choosing the right macrolide antibiotic. a guide to selection. | macrolide antibiotics have proven to be valuable alternatives to penicillins and cephalosporins for the treatment of a number of infections. currently, a number of macrolides are available. when choosing a particular macrolide, the types of organisms causing the infection, the tolerability of the drug, convenience of dosing and possible drug interactions all must be taken into account. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin are equally effective against most gram-positive organisms. howev ... | 1997 | 9074839 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) pandemic has led to greater understanding and respect for the pathogenic potential of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has emerged as the most common systemic bacterial infection in aids, causing debilitating disseminated disease in late-stage hiv-infected patients. with the release of the macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, effective and well-tolerated therapeutic regimens for mac have been develope ... | 1997 | 9093233 |
| subspecific differentiation of mycobacterium avium complex strains by automated sequencing of a region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kilodalton heat shock protein. | to develop a strategy for rapid species assignment and strain differentiation of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms, the sequence of a 360-bp region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kda heat shock protein was determined for 56 isolates, including 21 patient isolates and 35 reference strains. eleven hsp65 alleles were identified, and there was no sharing of alleles between strains classified as m. avium and mycobacterium intracellulare based on serovar and species-specific dna hybridiza ... | 1997 | 9103630 |
| intrathoracic mycobacterium avium complex infection in immunocompetent children: case report and review. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a rarely recognized cause of intrathoracic infection in immunocompetent children. the incidence of this disease is unknown but is likely underestimated among children in whom mac infection is not usually considered. an increase in the number of cases of mac infection in adults has been noted since the late 1970s. the number of these cases in children with aids has also increased. there are currently no guidelines for the treatment of these children. ... | 1997 | 9114156 |
| clinical and bacteriologic impact of rifabutin prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we conducted a prospective observational study to determine the feasibility and impact of rifabutin prophylaxis (300 mg daily) for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients whose cd4 cell counts were <100/mm3. three hundred seventy-one patients (65.2% of all patients with cd4 cell counts of <100/mm3 [mean +/- sd, 30 +/- 25/mm3]) received rifabutin prophylaxis for a mean duration +/- sd of 35.5 +/- 34.2 weeks; 198 patients (mean cd4 cell count +/- sd, 51.6 +/- 32/mm3) did not receive prophyl ... | 1997 | 9114183 |
| [the distribution and the characteristics in computed tomography (ct) of the lungs in primary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection]. | we investigated the distribution and the characteristics of the lung lesions of patients with primary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections mainly by computed tomography (ct). they admitted to our hospital during the period from 1984 to 1995 and none of them had a medical history of tuberculosis or other lung diseases. the subjects consisted of fifty patients: fourteen male (average age +/- sd was 66.4 +/- 14.0 year old) and thirty six female (69.0 +/- 11.9 year old). of 50 patients 24 we ... | 1997 | 9145646 |
| clarithromycin and ethambutol with or without clofazimine for the treatment of bacteremic mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with hiv infection. | to compare the efficacy of two- and three-drug regimens for treating mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9147422 |
| mycobacterium avium complex endocarditis: spurious diagnosis resulting from laboratory cross contamination. | contamination between specimens within clinical microbiology laboratories may be responsible for spurious outbreaks of mycobacterial infections. we report the case of a patient who had culture-negative endocarditis and whose cardiac tissue obtained at surgery yielded mycobacterium avium complex (mac). epidemiologic investigation suggested cross contamination probably occurred during processing of the sputum specimens of a patient with pulmonary mac disease and the cardiac samples from our patien ... | 1997 | 9154411 |
| [mycobacterium avium complex infections: the point on the treatments]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections are the most frequent opportunistic infections in aids. since progress in antiretroviral drugs enables aids patients to survive longer, these infections involve an increasing number of sick people. few controlled assays have evaluated the efficiency of several antibiotics. when used in monotherapy, clarithromycin (one gram twice a day) appeared as the most efficient drug while the effectiveness of azithromycin, clofazimine, rifampin and liposomal enca ... | 1997 | 9183925 |
| geographic and seasonal variation in mycobacterium avium bacteremia among north american patients with aids. | analysis of geographic risk was performed for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia among north american patients with aids. monthly mycobacterial blood cultures were taken from patients who were placebo recipients in a prospective evaluation of mac prophylaxis. of 571 patients, 102 (17.9%) acquired mac bacteremia during an average follow-up of 256 days. the area with the highest risk for mac was the south central region (27.9%; p < 0.02), whereas the area with the lowest risk was canada ... | 1997 | 9186148 |
| yield of computed tomography and bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease with nodules and bronchiectasis is increasing. but the usefulness of computed tomography (ct) and bronchoscopy for diagnosis and the significance of mac isolation from respiratory secretions are still unclear. for a 4-yr period, we prospectively examined the role of bronchoscopy with bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy in 26 patients who had clusters of small nodules in the periphery of the lung associated with ectatic changes of t ... | 1997 | 9196113 |
| bidirectional effects of ifn-gamma on growth of mycobacterium avium complex in murine peritoneal macrophages. | the effects of macrophage stimulation with interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) before or after infection on the intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were investigated. treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages before infection with ifn-gamma (50 u/ml) for 24 h and 48 h, but not for 72 h, was associated with 41% and 52% significant mac growth inhibition, respectively. ng-monomethyl-l-arginine (nma) did not affect the preinfection antimycobacterial activity of ifn-gamma, thus indica ... | 1997 | 9198000 |
| early manifestations of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease: a prospective evaluation. | a nested case-control study was conducted in two trials of prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection to describe the specific signs, symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities of mac disease in aids. patients had < or =200/mm3 cd4 cells and a prior aids-defining illness. of 571 patients, 102 (17.9%) developed mac bacteremia during a mean follow-up of 256 days. among cases of mac disease, 90 were compared with 180 matched controls. patients with mac disease were more likely than con ... | 1997 | 9207358 |
| rifabutin absorption in the gut unaltered by concomitant administration of didanosine in aids patients. | didanosine (ddi) is currently used in the management of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. rifabutin (rbt) is being extensively used for prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. due to its acid-labile characteristics, ddi must be administered with a buffer. recent reports have indicated that absorption of ketoconazole, ciprofloxacin, and dapsone, etc., in the gut is altered by concomitant ddi dosing. we have assessed whether concomitant dosing of ddi ... | 1997 | 9210686 |
| the role of advanced generation macrolides in the prophylaxis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. | since the start of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic, the role of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) as an opportunistic pathogen in advanced aids patients has become more and more clear. once identified in an advanced aids patient it is possible to find evidence that the mac organism and infection is not only present in the pulmonary tree, but has also disseminated to a wide variety of body organs. treatment of mac or disseminated mac (dmac) infections has historically been ... | 1997 | 9211081 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in the swiss hiv cohort study: increasing incidence, unchanged prognosis. | disseminated disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria is thought to occur less frequently in europe than in the usa. this study investigated time trends in the occurrence of, and survival with, disseminated mac disease in the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs). | 1997 | 9233465 |
| [current status in the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with hiv infection]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in aids are increasingly common and contribute to the mortality in severe immunocompromised patients. in this paper, we review the published studies on the prevention of the mac infections. rifabutin and the new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin) are shown to be effective in the primary prevention. however, they can fail and are difficult to manage with the antiretroviral treatment, specially antiproteases and prevention of the other opportunis ... | 1997 | 9238443 |
| [anti-mycobacterium avium complex activities of krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 7hsf medium at peak or average blood concentrations after their oral administration of clinical dosages]. | we evaluated the anti-mycobacterium avium complex (mac) activities of krm-1648 (krm), clarithromycin (cam) and levofloxacin (lvfx) in 7hsf medium at concentrations in human blood after their oral administration of clinical dosages. mac organisms were inoculated into tubes containing the medium with or without the addition of test drugs at either 1/10 cmax, cmax or c0-8h (average concentrations during the first 8 h) in the blood. krm at cmax or c0-8h showed strong bactericidal activity against ma ... | 1997 | 9259129 |
| rapid drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex using a fluorescence quenching method. | mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit) is a recently introduced rapid growth detection method which uses an oxygen quenched fluorescent indicator. the present study evaluated the ability of this new method to determine the drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). thirty strains recovered from patients with aids were tested for susceptibility to clarithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and amikacin using mgit. results were compared to susceptibilities determined ... | 1997 | 9269603 |
| [mycobacterium avium complex infection: a growing problem in our country]. | since the emergence of aids, disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection has become a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. our objective was to study the incidence and the clinical and microbiological features of mac infection in hiv-positive patients as well as the response to a therapy regimen combining clarithromycin and ethambutol. at our hospital, the first patient with disseminated mac infection was diagnosed in 1988. since then, 54 hiv-positive ... | 1997 | 9273579 |
| effector molecules of the host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex: the evidence showing that reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and free fatty acids each alone are not decisive in expression of macrophage antimicrobial activity against the parasites. | in this study, we evaluated the roles of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi), reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), and free fatty acids (ffa) as effectors of the macrophage-mediated host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex (mac). first, m. avium (three strains) and m. intracellulare (two strains) were treated with the h2o2-fe2+-mediated halogenation system, acidified nano2-derived rni, or ffa (linolenic acid) in sodium acetate buffer ph 5.5, and then counted for the number of ... | 1997 | 9276519 |
| prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids: a cost-effectiveness analysis. | to determine the effectiveness and costs of prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9292586 |
| synergistic antimycobacterial activity between ethambutol and the beta-lactam drug cefepime. | the activity of cefepime alone and in combination with ethambutol was assessed, using the bactec radiometric system, on 33 mycobacterial strains, 14 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), 6 isolates of m. malmoense, and 13 multidrug-resistant (mdr) isolates of m. tuberculosis. all tested mycobacteria were resistant to 8 mg/l cefepime. however, at a concentration of 32 mg/l cefepime was active on 7/13 (54%) mdr isolates of m. tuberculosis and 2/6 (33%) m. malmoense strains. all mac strains were also ... | 1997 | 9294701 |
| [atypical mycobacteria. disseminated infection in patients with hematologic diseases]. | during the last decade interest in atypical mycobacteria (am), especially mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has been intense, as a large number of aids patients develop disseminated infection with mac. disseminated infection has also been reported in other immunocompromised patients, but in much fewer cases. among haematological diseases hairy cell leukemia (hcl) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) seem to predispose to disseminated am infection. we review 53 cases of disseminated am infectio ... | 1997 | 9304266 |
| altered il-1 expression and compartmentalization in monocytes from patients with aids stimulated with mycobacterium avium complex. | the pathophysiologic basis for the exuberant intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients is unclear but may relate to altered expression of modulatory cytokines. interleukin (il)-1, il-6, and tnf-alpha expression by monocytes from aids patients and healthy subjects (hs) stimulated with isogeneic mac strains (smt, smooth-transparent, virulent; smd, smooth-domed, avirulent) was examined. spontaneous cytokine production was not observed in patients with aids. mac stra ... | 1997 | 9327338 |
| [effects of various steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on in-vitro il-10 production of murine peritoneal macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium complex]. | in murine infections due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac), bacterial regrowth of the pathogens is frequently encountered in the relatively late phase of infection even in mice receiving daily treatments with antimicrobial agents including rifamycins and macrolides. in this case, the bacterial regrowth is usually accompanied by concomitant increase in the tissue levels of il-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta), well known immunosuppressive cytokines. in this context, it is of in ... | 1997 | 9339628 |
| molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium complex isolates giving discordant results in accuprobe tests by pcr-restriction enzyme analysis, 16s rrna gene sequencing, and dt1-dt6 pcr. | based on cultural and biochemical tests, a total of 84 strains (72 clinical and 12 environmental isolates from the caribbean isles, europe, and the indian subcontinent) were identified as members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). they were further characterized with mac, m. avium, and m. intracellulare probes of the accuprobe system, and this was followed by selective amplification of dt6 and dt1 sequences. seventy isolates gave concordant results; 63 were identified as m. avium, 5 were ... | 1997 | 9350730 |
| a randomized evaluation of ethambutol for prevention of relapse and drug resistance during treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with clarithromycin-based combination therapy. california collaborative treatment group. | patients with aids and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia are at high risk for relapse and emergence of resistant isolates during monotherapy with clarithromycin. ninety-five aids patients with mac bacteremia received clarithromycin plus clofazimine, with or without ethambutol, in a prospective, multicenter, randomized open-label trial. of 80 patients with positive baseline cultures, sterilization or a 2 log10 reduction in colony-forming units of mac in two consecutive blood cultures o ... | 1997 | 9359722 |
| analysis of mycobacterium avium complex serovars isolated from aids patients from southeast brazil. | the purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of mycobacterium avium serovars isolated from aids patients in são paulo and rio de janeiro. ninety single site or multiple site isolates from 75 patients were examined. the most frequent serovars found were 8 (39.2%), 4 (21.4%) and 1 (10.7%). the frequency of mixed infections with serovar 8 or 4 was 37.8%. among the 90 strains examined, m. intracellulare serovars (7 strains) and m. scrofulaceum (4 strains) were found in 11 isolates (12%) ... | 1997 | 9361739 |
| use of four dna insertion sequences to characterize strains of the mycobacterium avium complex isolated from animals. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) includes the closely related species m. avium, m. intracellulare and m. paratuberculosis. the insertion elements is900, is901, is1245 and is1311 were used as dna probes to characterize by restriction fragment polymorphisms (rflps) eight reference strains, three animal isolates of m. paratuberculosis from outside new zealand and 61 selected new zealand mac isolates from cattle, deer, pigs, sheep and humans. is900 was found only in strains of m. paratuberculos ... | 1997 | 9375297 |
| trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia from 1983 to 1994: the australian aids cohort. | to assess time trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia, a retrospective cohort of people diagnosed with aids from january 1, 1983 to december 31, 1994 in three hiv medicine units in sydney, melbourne, and perth was established. data on initial and subsequent aids illnesses were available for 2580 aids cases, or 45% of australian aids notifications over the study period. males represented 97.2% of the cohort, and hiv exposure category was homosexual contact for 89.9%. subcohorts were f ... | 1997 | 9377123 |
| [a case of aids with disseminated mycobacterium kansasii infection in which mycobacterium, avium complex was also detected from his sputum repeatedly]. | a 43 year-old japanese male was admitted to our hospital because of productive cough and fever. he was diagnosed as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in 1994. laboratory findings were as follows: wbc was 3200/microliter, cd4+ t lymphocyte count was 22/microliter. his chest x-ray film taken on admission showed infiltration with small cavity lesion in middle left lung field. tuberculin skin reaction was negative. he was treated with isoniazid 0.4 g, rifampicin 0.45 g, and ethambutol 0.75 g ... | 1997 | 9386356 |
| effector molecules in expression of the antimicrobial activity of macrophages against mycobacterium avium complex: roles of reactive nitrogen intermediates, reactive oxygen intermediates, and free fatty acids. | we studied microbicidal activities of reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), free fatty acids (ffa), and reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and the mode of macrophage (mphi) production of these effectors. (1) intracellular growth of mac in murine peritoneal mphis was accelerated by scavengers for roi or rni and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or phospholipase a2, indicating roles of roi, rni, and ffa in mphi anti-mac functions. (2) acidified nano2-d ... | 1997 | 9400821 |
| characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at the time of death: an experience in the 1990s. | to describe the changes in the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related deaths in children with perinatally acquired infection. | 1997 | 9427460 |
| surgical management of mycobacterium avium complex disease. | between july 1991 and october 1996, eight patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) underwent pulmonary resection in our department. there was equal distribution of men women. the length of the preoperative period averaged 8.1 months (range: 1 to 30 months). surgical resection was complete, consisting of lobectomy in 4 patients, lobectomy with partial resection in 2, segmentectomy in 1, and segmentectomy with partial resection in 1. there were no major complications postoperatively. no pat ... | 1997 | 9477466 |
| clinical evaluation of difco esp culture system ii for growth and detection of mycobacteria. | the reliability of the esp culture system ii (esp ii; difco laboratories, detroit, mich.), a continuously monitoring mycobacterial culture system, was evaluated by comparing its performance with the bactec tb 460 (bactec tb) and middlebrook 7h11/7h11 selective agar systems. a total of 2,283 specimens of all types (70.7% were respiratory specimens) were cultured; 149 (6.5%) yielded mycobacteria. the most common species recovered were mycobacterium avium complex (mac, 73 isolates) and mycobacteriu ... | 1997 | 8968892 |
| co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids. | in the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in hiv-positive persons, co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans together with mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a cd4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20 microl. in 1540 hiv-positive patients under treatment at a berlin hospital (auguste-viktoria-krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all aids-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic mycobacterium aviu ... | 1997 | 16284809 |
| the clinical profile of end-stage aids. | the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical profile of end-stage aids in patients 12 months before death. a cross-sectional examination of hiv-infected patients who attended a public hiv outpatient clinic between 1990 and 1996 and who died was conducted. the prevalence and first-time acquisition of aids-defining conditions 12 months before death were evaluated. the aids-defining conditions with the highest percentages of first-time acquisition in the last 12 months of life were progre ... | 1998 | 11361906 |
| nocardiasis in patients with hiv infection. | the frequency of nocardia infection in hiv-infected patients has increased during the past few years from 0.3% in 1985 to 1.8% in 1989. although it is not of great concern as an aids-associated infection, the nonspecific clinical presentation in these patients might be confused with other lung infections such as tuberculosis (tb). the mortality rate can be as high as 60%. the authors diagnosed three homosexual men with nocardiasis among 1060 hiv-infected patients (0.2%) in a tertiary care center ... | 1998 | 11362038 |
| rifalazil(kaneka corp). | rifalazil is a rifamycin derivative from kaneka that is in phase ii clinical trials for the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m tuberculosis; tb) and aids-associated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections [108254, 165543]. pathogenesis has licensed the compound exclusively from kaneka for its development and marketing in the us and mexico, and is conducting phase i clinical trials in the us for both indications [223964]. in october 1997, pathogenesis initiated a phase ii trial in br ... | 1998 | 18465600 |
| evaluation of the mycoakt latex agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex infections. | rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia is important for management of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have disseminated mac. the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the mycoakt latex agglutination test for direct detection of mac in positive mycobacterial blood cultures. first, colonies of isolates of previously identified mycobacteria, including 35 mac, were tested. of the 55 isolates evaluated, 33 were identified as mac by ... | 1998 | 9488835 |
| hyposplenism from mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with aids and immune thrombocytopenia. | we describe a patient with hiv-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura with known mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage associated with severe thrombocytopenia who failed splenectomy following unsuccessful trials of corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. his presplenectomy peripheral blood smear showed howell-jolly bodies and microscopic examination of his spleen demonstrated multiple granulomas with numerous acid-fast organisms replacing t ... | 1998 | 9490567 |
| enhanced interleukin-10 production in response to mycobacterium avium products in mononuclear cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are susceptible to infections with mycobacterium avium complex (mac). interleukin (il)-10 may impair immunity to mac; therefore, the effect of different mac preparations on il-10 production was examined in mononuclear cell cultures from hiv-infected patients. il-10 levels in cultures for 26 patients were higher than those in 20 control cultures. the highest il-10 levels were found in cultures from patients with the most advanced ... | 1998 | 9498436 |
| human immunodeficiency virus replication in aids patients with mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a case control study. california collaborative treatment group. | the development of opportunistic infections and the administration of vaccines have been associated with transient increases of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) rna plasma levels in hiv-infected patients. to determine the relationship between mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia and hiv rna levels, hiv rna levels in patients who developed mac bacteremia (cases) were compared with levels in patients who remained free of mac disease (controls). cases and controls were matched for cd4 cel ... | 1998 | 9498437 |
| pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease without dissemination in hiv-infected patients. | pulmonary disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) without evidence of dissemination is uncommon in hiv-infected patients. five cases were observed over a 2-year period. all patients had aids and the median cd4 cell count at the time of presentation was 90 x 10(6)/l. radiographic patterns included unilobar alveolar infiltrates or diffuse alveolar densities. all patients had a favorable clinical response to antimycobacterial chemotherapy with a median follow-up period of 10 months. mac sh ... | 1998 | 9498982 |
| antimicrobial activities of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin against intracellular mycobacterium avium complex phagocytosed by murine peritoneal macrophages. | the in-vitro activities of krm-1648, a new benzoxazinorifamycin, clarithromycin and levofloxacin against clinical isolates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were measured using various methods of assay and compared with their in-vivo therapeutic activities against mac infection in mice. the mics varied according to drug in the order krm-1648 << clarithromycin < levofloxacin. however, krm-1648 and clarithromycin but not levofloxacin had similar therapeutic outcomes in mac-infected mice. krm-16 ... | 1998 | 9511040 |
| once weekly azithromycin therapy for prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with aids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. | we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of azithromycin (1,200 mg once weekly) for the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids and a cd4 cell count of < 100/mm3. in an intent-to-treat analysis through the end of therapy plus 30 days, nine (10.6%) of 85 azithromycin recipients and 22 (24.7%) of 89 placebo recipients developed mac infection (hazard ratio, 0.34; p = .004). there was no difference in the ranges of minimal ... | 1998 | 9524832 |
| adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for patients whose treatment for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection has failed. | patients with aids and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection can have progressive disease despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. our goal was to determine the utility of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for aids patients with disseminated mac infection and refractory symptoms despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. we retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive patients whose therapy for mac infection clinically failed and who subsequently received low-dose ora ... | 1998 | 9524844 |
| use of is901 and is1245 in rflp typing of mycobacterium avium complex: relatedness among serovar reference strains, human and animal isolates. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) includes major acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-associated pathogens. formerly, mac serotyping was used for epidemiological purposes. recently, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing has become available. | 1998 | 9526198 |
| the yield of bone marrow biopsy and culture compared with blood culture in the evaluation of hiv-infected patients for mycobacterial and fungal infections. | to compare the clinical utility of bone marrow biopsy and culture specimens with blood cultures for mycobacterial and fungal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | 1998 | 9528729 |
| immunomodulatory treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with aids by use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. | eight aids patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia were randomized to receive azithromycin with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) for 6 weeks to examine the effect of gm-csf administration on clearance of mycobacteremia and on monocyte function. superoxide anion production was significantly increased ex vivo in monocytes from patients receiving gm-csf but not in those from patients receiving azithromycin alone. relative to monocytes obtained ... | 1998 | 9534963 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status and in the future. mechanisms of host resistance to mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]. | in order to know profiles of the antimicrobial action of some microbicidal effector molecules against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and m. tuberculosis (mtb), profiles of collaborating effects among reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), free fatty acids (ffa), and reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) were studied, rni and ffa exerted synergistic effects in killing mac and mtb, while the combination of roi (h2o2-mediated halogenation system) with ffa conversely caused antagonism. the combinat ... | 1998 | 9545699 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status and in the future. 3-(2) long-term prognosis of mycobacterium avium complex disease]. | this paper shows long-term course of 71 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease treated in national hiroshima hospital between 1977 and 1991 and were observed for more than 5 years or died between 6 months and years from the onset. in the patients who were not treated with chemotherapeutic agent or treated with less than 3 drugs, about 60 per cent deteriorated and few obtained persistent negativity of bacteria. in patients treated with at least 3 drugs out of isoniazid, rifampici ... | 1998 | 9545701 |
| haemolysin from mycobacterium avium complex isolates from aids patients. | cell-bound haemolytic activity was observed in isolates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) from aids patients. m. avium type strains showed negligible activity. none of the culture supernates exhibited any haemolytic activity. zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (chaps) was used to extract haemolysin from ethanol-treated m. avium complex strain 101 (mac101) cells. haemolysin was isolated from chaps extract (ce) by metal affinity chromatography an ... | 1998 | 9569004 |
| multicenter comparison of esp culture system ii with bactec 460tb and with lowenstein-jensen medium for recovery of mycobacteria from different clinical specimens, including blood. | the recently developed esp culture system ii (accumed, chicago, ill.) was compared with radiometric bactec 460tb (becton dickinson, towson, md.) and with lowenstein-jensen medium for recovery of mycobacteria from over 2,500 clinical specimens both of respiratory and nonrespiratory origin, including blood. the majority of the 219 mycobacterial isolates (129) belonged to the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, followed by 37 isolates of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and 53 isolates of eigh ... | 1998 | 9574709 |
| weight loss as a predictor of survival and disease progression in hiv infection. terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids. | severe weight loss in hiv is associated with decreased length of survival. it is unclear whether mild weight loss is associated with an increased risk of death or opportunistic complications of hiv. participants in four interventional studies (n = 2382) conducted by a community-based clinical trials network were evaluated for percentage change in weight during their first 4 months in the study. proportional hazards models were performed for the occurrence of opportunistic complications and death ... | 1998 | 9593462 |
| rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in various biopsy and body fluid specimens by the amplicor mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction test. | this study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of the amplicor mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test (roche diagnostic systems, inc; branchburg, nj) in diagnosing tb in tissue and body fluid specimens other than respiratory secretions. | 1998 | 9596293 |
| treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex in hiv-infected individuals. | to review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, treatment, and prophylaxis of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in hiv-infected individuals. | 1998 | 9606478 |
| proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus rna levels during early mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in advanced aids. | the relationship between mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia and proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna levels in aids was investigated. during a prospective study, blood samples were drawn monthly for mycobacterial cultures. sera were available at baseline and onset of mac bacteremia from 20 cases and at corresponding times from 19 controls. mean interleukin-6 (il-6) levels were 154% greater at the time of mac bacteremia in cases than in controls. ... | 1998 | 9607863 |
| [uveitis, arthralgia and pseudo-jaundice in a hiv seronegative patient due to rifabutin]. | rifabutin is an effective drug in the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). rare adverse effects have been described in non immunocompromised patients. we report the case of a 35 year-old woman, negative for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), who had an isolated pulmonary infection caused by mac. under rifabutin (600 mg/day), clarithromycin and ethambutol, an uveitis, associated with a pseudojaundice and polyarthralgia, appeared, while pulmonary infection improved. improvement of ... | 1998 | 9608993 |
| mechanism of mycobacterium avium complex pathogenesis. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) group of microorganisms are the most common opportunistic bacterial pathogens causing disseminated disease in hiv infected patients. these microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature, and are acquired by respiratory and oral routes. pathogenesis of mac depends on the ability of the organisms to colonize intestinal/respiratory mucosa, penetrate the protective barriers and resist intracellular killing by macrophages. transient and reversible variation of colony morpho ... | 1998 | 9616131 |
| [hrct findings of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex: a comparison with tuberculosis]. | computed tomographic (ct) findings of 70 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease were analyzed by two chest radiologists and compared with those of 37 patients with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. common ct findings in patients with mac, included bronchiectasis (97%), small nodules (89%), parenchymal distortion (60%), bronchial wall thickening (56%), consolidation (50%) and cavity formation (49%) and small nodules (86%), bronchiectasis (70%), consolidation (57%) and bronchi ... | 1998 | 9617137 |
| evaluation of in vivo therapeutic efficacy of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648, in scid mouse model for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection. | in this study, profiles of infection due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in cb-17 scid mice deficient in t and b cell functions were examined, when mice were given or not given a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm), during the course of infection. when mice were infected intravenously with mac, the bacterial loads in their visceral organs were larger than those of their co-isogenic cb-17 counterparts. the incidence and the degree of gross lung lesions were less in scid mice compared to ... | 1998 | 9624545 |
| altered natural history of aids-related opportunistic infections in the era of potent combination antiretroviral therapy. | since potent hiv protease inhibitor drugs became widely available in early 1996, many hiv clinical specialists have noted a marked decrease in the occurrence of aids-related opportunistic infections, and some specialists have reported unusual clinical presentations and manifestations of previously common opportunistic infections. in this article, we will review (1) the available data regarding recent trends in aids-related opportunistic infections incidence and manifestations, (2) clinical and i ... | 1998 | 9632998 |
| [geographical distribution of mycobacterium avium complex in environment and serovars of mycobacterium avium complex isolates from patients with and without aids]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms have been isolated from water and soil. it is now generally accepted that environmental sources, especially natural waters, are the reservoirs for most human infections caused by mac. previously, we reported that m. avium and m. intracellular were distributed predominantly in the eastern and western part of japan, respectively. to clarify the factor(s) of the difference, the following experiment was undertaken. mac was isolated from soil samples collec ... | 1998 | 9637823 |
| trends in aids-related opportunistic infections among men who have sex with men and among injecting drug users, 1991-1996. | incidence trends for the 13 most frequent aids-defining opportunistic infections (ois) among men who have sex with men (msm, n = 15,588) and injecting drug users (idus, n = 4475) were examined using data abstracted from medical records in >90 hospitals and clinics in nine us cities during 1991-1996. among msm, the most frequent ois were mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis; decreasing (p < or = .05) trends occurred f ... | 1998 | 9652430 |
| initial (6-month) results of three-times-weekly azithromycin in treatment regimens for mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. | two consecutive, open, prospective trials of intermittent azithromycin (600 mg), usually given monday, wednesday, and friday (tiw) for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease were initiated in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. regimen a consisted of tiw azithromycin and daily ethambutol (15 mg/kg/day), daily rifabutin (300 mg/day), and initial twice weekly (biw) streptomycin. regimen b consisted of tiw azithromycin, tiw ethambutol (25 mg/kg/dose), tiw rifabutin (600 mg/dose) ... | 1998 | 9652431 |
| cellular reaction to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) clinical isolates differing in hemolytic activity and virulence for c57bl/6 mice. | in this study we showed that mycobacterium avium complex (mac) clinical isolates differed by the expression of hemolytic activity. two hemolytic mac strains were less susceptible to the mycobactericidal effect of murine macrophages than two unhemolytic mac isolates. in vivo, hemolytic mac bacilli survived in the spleens of infected mice for a longer time than unhemolytic mac strains. this suggested a role of hemolysins in the virulence of mac strains. there was no difference in the cytotoxicity ... | 1998 | 9654367 |
| [disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in hiv infection]. | disseminated mac-infection is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections occurring in hiv-infected patients. severely immunocompromised patients with cd4-counts < 50/microliter are at greatest risk for the disease. survival of untreated infection is very poor (5 to 6 months). with therapy survival is prolonged by about 4 months. clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures: the leading symptom of mac-infection is fever eventually accompanied by weight lost, night sweats, enlarged lymph ... | 1998 | 9662943 |
| identification of a gene unique to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and application to diagnosis of paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. currently, there is a need for improved diagnostic tests because of the lack of methods for accurate, rapid and reliable detection of m. paratuberculosis infection. a m. paratuberculosis gene (hspx) was cloned, sequenced, and a 30 bp species-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized. as an internal control to identify m ... | 1998 | 9664574 |
| clinical and radiographic manifestations of uncommon pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in aids patients. | to determine the clinical and radiographic findings of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) other than mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and mycobacterium kansasii in aids compared with non-aids patients. | 1998 | 9674460 |
| evaluation of a new method for rapid drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex isolates by using the mycobacteria growth indicator tube. | the reliability of the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit [bbl]) for rapid drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates was evaluated. mics of amikacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and rifabutin were determined by the mgit system for 16 mac strains. the results were compared with those obtained by the bactec broth macrodilution method. the turnaround times were 6 to 8 days (median, 7 days) for the mgit and 5 to 7 days (median, 6 days) for the bacte ... | 1998 | 9431921 |
| the cost-effectiveness of preventing aids-related opportunistic infections. | multiple options are now available for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). however, because of differences in incidence rates as well as drug efficacy, toxicity, and costs, the role of different types of prophylaxis remains uncertain. | 1998 | 9440663 |
| lysosomal alterations induced in cultured rat fibroblasts by long-term exposure to low concentrations of azithromycin. | computer-aided simulations suggest that the doses and schedules of administration of azithromycin proposed in treatment and prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients will result in drug concentrations in serum and extracellular fluids remaining for sustained periods of time in the 0.03-0.1 mg/l range. we exposed cultured rat embryo fibroblasts to these concentrations (and multiples up to 20 mg/l) for up to 16 days. electron microscopy showed that after 7 days' incubation ... | 1998 | 10052900 |
| comparison of co2 generation (bactec) and viable-count methods to determine the postantibiotic effect of antimycobacterial agents against mycobacterium avium complex. | the postantibiotic effects (paes) of antimycobacterial agents determined with a bactec tb-460 instrument (co2 production) and by a traditional viable-count method against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). the longest paes following a 2-h exposure to 2x the mic were induced by amikacin (10.3 h), rifampin (9.7 h), and rifabutin (9.5 h), while the shortest paes resulted from clofazimine (1.7 h) and ethambutol (1.1 h) exposure. co2 generation is a valid a ... | 1998 | 9449284 |
| impact of opportunistic disease on survival in patients with hiv infection. | to assess the impact of opportunistic diseases on survival in patients with hiv disease. | 1998 | 9456252 |