Publications

rickettsia africae sp. nov., the etiological agent of african tick bite fever.	we propose the name rickettsia africae sp. nov. (with type strain z9-hu) for a distinct species of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae that is the etiological agent of african tick bite fever in humans. this rickettsia has a distinct natural cycle and can be phenotypically distinguished from the other sfg rickettsiae by microimmunofluorescence serotyping, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by western blotting (immunoblotting). genotypic differences between r. afr ...	1996	8934912
prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from southern israel.	the prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae was studied in questing ticks collected from southern israel. ticks were examined from an agricultural settlement (kibbutz ze'elim), an endemic site for mediterranean spotted fever, and from another kibbutz (re'im) in an adjacent area where the disease has not been reported. ticks were collected by flagging and co2 traps from vegetation inside and outside the settlements during 1989/1990 and 1994. in ze'elim, 98% of the ticks collected were brown ...	1996	8961650
a new spotted-fever-group rickettsiosis.		1996	8709763
serological survey of spotted fever group rickettsia in wild rats in thailand in the 1970s.	in thailand, the first human cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis were reported in 1994, but no serosurveys on wild rats have yet been conducted. we investigated the seroepidemiology in wild rats collected in the 1970s from two regions in thailand, and found a 62.2% positive rate of antibodies for spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. of the antibody-positive rats, 82.2% had higher titers of antibodies against tt-118 than those against rick ...	1996	9013486
genotypic identification of three new strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated in china.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis were used to characterize the genotypic diversity of three isolates of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae isolated from ticks in china. a primer pair designed from dna sequence encoding 190 k protein antigen of r. rickettsii and genomic dnas obtained from the isolates were used in pcr. the pcr products were cleaved with restriction endonucleases psti and rsai, and the digestion patterns w ...	1996	9014012
biological and genetic characterization of rickettsia sibirica strains isolated in the endemic area of the north asian tick typhus.	restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene fragments was used to characterize 24 isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae previously identified as rickettsia sibirica from their serologic properties. these strains were obtained in russia between 1946 and 1991 from humans and different species of ixodid ticks. the rflp analysis was performed using amplified dna products obtained with a genus-specific primer pair derived from the r. prow ...	1996	9025699
primary isolation of spotted fever group rickettsiae from amblyomma cooperi collected from hydrochaeris hydrochaeris in brazil.	this paper reports the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from an amblyomma cooperi ixodid collected from a capybara (hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) in an endemic area of spotted fever in the county of pedreira, state of são paulo, brazil. isolation was performed in vero cell culture and submitted to immunofluorescence, using antibody from rickettsia rickettsii-positive human serum.	1996	9040845
infestation by ticks and detection of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in wild animals captured in the state of são paulo, brazil. a preliminary report.		1996	9283648
epidemiological aspects of the brazilian spotted fever: serological survey of dogs and horses in an endemic area in the state of são paulo, brazil.	in order to obtain information on brazilian spotted fever, a study in domestic animals was performed in the county of pedreira, state of são paulo, brazil, where 17 human cases had been notified. serum samples obtained from animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence for detectable antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae. seropositivity was revealed in 12 (36.4%) of 33 dogs and seven (77.8%) of nine horses from the endemic area. for comparison, blood samples from dogs and horses fro ...	1996	9293089
distribution of immunogenic epitopes on the two major immunodominant proteins (rompa and rompb) of rickettsia conorii among the other rickettsiae of the spotted fever group.	forty-four monoclonal antibodies were raised against strain seven, the type strain of rickettsia conorii. of these 44 monoclonal antibodies, 13, 27, and 4 were demonstrated to be directed against the 116-kda protein (rompa), the 124-kda protein (rompb), and lipopolysaccharide-like antigen, respectively. the antiprotein monoclonal antibodies were found to be directed against 29 distinct epitopes, which were located on the two major immunodominant proteins discussed above. further analysis showed ...	1997	9384303
intracytoplasmic localization of antigenic heat-stable 120- to 130-kilodalton proteins (ps120) common to spotted fever group rickettsiae demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy.	immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated antigenic heat-stable 120- to 130-kilodalton proteins (ps120) of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae with antiserum against recombinant ps120 of rickettsia japonica. in the case of r. japonica, a major part of the protein was shown to be localized outside the electron-lucent nucleoid-like region in the cytoplasm of the organisms. the other sfg rickettsiae represented a similar localization of the ps120 antigens cross-reactive to that of r. japonica. on th ...	1997	9403508
[clinical characteristics and therapeutic perspectives of boutonneuse fever. assessment of a caseload of 39 patients].	rickettsia conorii is the etiologic agent of boutonneuse fever, a rickettsiosis of the spotted fever group that is endemic in southern italy. chloramphenicol or tetracyclines are still the treatment of choice for this disease, and recently quinolones have also been utilized with success. in 1994-95, 39 otherwise healthy patients were admitted to our unit for boutonneuse fever. they were treated, in random order, with quinolones (10 subjects received ciprofloxacin, 500 mg/12 h per os; 8 subjects ...	1997	9409946
[tropical animal and human rickettsial infections].	advances in molecular biology have provided tools that have greatly clarified our knowledge of rickettsial diseases. most rickettsias have been reclassified in the alpha subgroup of proteobacteria. four groups of rickettsias have been identified: the spotted fever group, the typhus group, ehrlichia, and bartonella. although still considered as a rickettsia, coxiella burnetti, the agent causing q fever, has been reclassified separately in the gamma subdivision of proteobacteria. recognition of ri ...	1997	9513175
seroepidemiology of rickettsia typhi, spotted fever group rickettsiae, and coxiella burnetti infection in pregnant women from urban tanzania.	immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) testing was performed on sera drawn from 150 pregnant women in the port city of dar es salaam, tanzania. prevalence of antibodies to rickettsia typhi was 28%, higher than in any of the 12 other african countries in which serosurveys using ifa testing have been performed. seroprevalence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae antigens was 25.3%, comparable with that found in other sub-saharan countries endemic for amblyomma ticks. only 4.7% of women were ...	1997	9288814
rickettsialpox.	rickettsialpox is a member of the spotted-fever group of the rickettsioses and results from an infection with rickettsia akari. this microbe is transmitted by the bite of the house-mouse mite liponyssoides sanguineus. patents experience fevers, sweats, headaches, and a vesicular eruption over the trunk and extremities. the palms and soles are spared. an eschar results at the spot of the mite bite. tetracycline is the treatment of choice.	1997	9098640
citrate synthase gene comparison, a new tool for phylogenetic analysis, and its application for the rickettsiae.	using pcr and an automated laser fluorescent dna sequencer, we amplified and sequenced a 1,234-bp fragment of the citrate synthase-encoding gene (glta) of 28 bacteria belonging to the genus rickettsia. comparative sequence analysis showed that most of the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae belonged to one of two subgroups. the first subgroup included rickettsia massiliae, strain bar 29, rickettsia rhipicephali, "rickettsia aeschlimanni," and rickettsia montana, which have been isolated only f ...	1997	9103608
rickettsia peacockii sp. nov., a new species infecting wood ticks, dermacentor andersoni, in western montana.	rickettsia peacockii, a new species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, was identified from rocky mountain wood ticks (dermacentor andersoni) collected in the sapphire mountain range on the eastern side of bitterroot valley, montana. dna from r. peacockii skalkahot (t = type strain) in naturally infected tick tissue was amplified by a pcr assay with primer sets derived from eubacterial 16s ribosomal dna (rdna), rickettsial citrate synthase, and 190-kda surface antigen (rompa) genes. partial 16s ...	1997	9103635
rickettsia aeschlimannii sp. nov., a new spotted fever group rickettsia associated with hyalomma marginatum ticks.	we formally propose the name rickettsia aeschlimannii sp. nov. for a new spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia, strain mc16t, isolated from hyalomma marginatum marginatum ticks collected in morocco. this organism shows a typical rickettsial morphology when analyzed by electron microscopy. after characterization by serotyping, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western immunoblotting, pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and ...	1997	9103647
structural and serological studies of the o-antigen of the bacterium proteus vulgaris ox2 (serogroup o2) used in the weil-felix test.	based on monosaccharide analysis and 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, the following structure of the o-specific polysaccharide chain of proteus vulgaris ox2 lipopolysaccharide (lps), which defines the o2 specificity of proteus, was established: [formula: see text] where l-quinac is n-acetyl-l-quinovosamine (2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-glucose). various strains of p. vulgaris ox2 used in the weil-felix test for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis (spotted fevers, except for rocky mountain spotted fever) we ...	1997	9113724
role of t lymphocyte subsets in immunity to spotted fever group rickettsiae.	to evaluate the roles of cd4 and cd8 t lymphocytes in immunity to disseminated endothelial infection with rickettsia conorii (malish 7 strain), these t cell subsets were depleted or adoptively transferred into subsequently infected c3h/hen mice. cd4 t lymphocyte-depleted and sham-depleted mice underwent a similar course of illness with a sublethal rickettsial dose, cleared the infection by day 10, and recovered on days 10 to 11. in contrast, mice depleted of cd8 lymphocytes or cd4 and cd8 lympho ...	1997	9164951
production of monoclonal antibodies against rickettsia massiliae and their use in antigenic and epidemiological studies.	rickettsiae are gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria which have historically been divided into three groups: the typhus group, the scrub typhus group, and the spotted fever group (sfg). recently, several new sfg rickettsiae have been characterized, and most of these species are associated with ticks and have, as yet, no known pathogenicity toward humans. rickettsia massiliae, which is widely distributed in europe and africa, is one such rickettsia. in order to investigate the antigenic ...	1997	9196180
sequence analysis and comparison of 190 k surface antigen gene fragment of a new species of spotted fever group rickettsiae.	a 533 bp long pcr product amplified from rickettsial strain hl-93 dna with the primer pair rr 190.70p and rr 190.602n, designed from dna sequence encoding 190 k protein antigen of r. rickettsii, was cloned into plasmid vector pgem-t and sequenced. the primer-flanking region of the product, an open reading frame, was 491 bp long. the sequence of the product was compared with those of the corresponding regions of dnas of r. rickettsii (strain r), r. japonica (strain vr 1363) and r. conorii (strain ...	1997	9199714
japanese spotted fever: report of 31 cases and review of the literature.	spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses, which are transmitted by ticks, were long thought not to exist in japan. three clinical cases of japanese spotted fever (jsf) were first reported in 1984. the causative agent was isolated and named rickettsia japonica. through october 1996, 31 cases were diagnosed as jsf in tokushima prefecture. infected patients typically had acute high fever, headache, and characteristic exanthema; eschar was observed in 90%. after the discovery of jsf, more than a hund ...	1997	9204291
bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of levofloxacin against rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia conorii, 'israeli spotted fever group rickettsia' and coxiella burnetii.	levofloxacin, the l-isomer of ofloxacin, is approximately twice as active as ofloxacin against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and has improved intracellular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. the present work deals with the in-vitro activity of levofloxacin against the obligate intracellular bacteria rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia conorii, 'israeli spotted fever group rickettsia' (israeli sfgr) and coxiella burnetii. fluoroquinolones, including ofloxacin, have pre ...	1997	9222041
characterization of and application of monoclonal antibodies against rickettsia africae, a newly recognized species of spotted fever group rickettsia.	rickettsia africae is a newly described species which causes african tick bite fever. mediterranean spotted fever caused by r. conorii is endemic in the same regions of africa as tick bite fever, and differentiation of the two syndromes by characterization of their etiological agents is important for epidemiological studies. r. africae and r. conorii are, however, difficult to distinguish, and therefore, our aim was to produce monoclonal antibodies to address this problem. monoclonal antibodies ...	1997	8968882
characterization of a spotted fever group rickettsia from ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden.	a spotted fever group rickettsia isolated from the common tick, ixodes ricinus, was genetically characterized by pcr and genomic sequencing. this study was performed with nymphal and adult ticks collected in southern and central sweden. i. ricinus is the only north european tick species of medical importance which is regularly collected from humans. no species of the genus rickettsia has previously been found in scandinavian ticks, nor has any case of domestic rickettsial infection in humans or ...	1997	8968916
protein characterization of australian spotted fever group rickettsiae and monoclonal antibody typing of rickettsia honei.	rickettsial proteins romp a and romp b exist in both rickettsia australis and rickettsia honei but differ in molecular weight and antigenicity; in addition, they produce distinct immunogenic responses and appear to be to conformationally dependent antigens. species-specific monoclonal antibodies for other spotted fever group rickettsial species did not react with r. honei. a pcr product of the repeat region of the romp a gene from r. honei was amplified and calculated to contain 11 repeat units.	1997	8968920
african tick-bite fever. an imported spotless rickettsiosis.	to characterize the clinical presentation and course of african tick-bite fever, a recently rediscovered rickettsiosis caused by rickettsia africae (a new species within the spotted fever group of rickettsiae), to establish its relationship with amblyomma tick species, and to discuss its role in the etiology of fever in patients who are returning from the tropics.	1997	8996049
[detection of north-asia tick-borne spotted fever in ticks and rodents along the heilongjiang river-side by restriction fragment length polymorphism of pcr products].	in order to elucidate the natural foci of north-asia tick-borne spotted fever along the bank of heilongjiang river, we used pcr/rflp to detect spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks and rodents. the results showed that the wild samples of dermacentor silvarum, haemaphysalis concinna and apodemus agrarius, microtus fortis, clethrionomys rufocanus and ondatra zibethica were all positive with amplification, but typhus rickettsiae, tsutsugamushi fever rickettsiae and q fever rickettsiae were all n ...	1997	9812471
[a molecular epidemiologic investigation of north asia fever in scenic spots of beijing suburb].	pcr/rflp technique was used to detect spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks and small mammals collected in eleven scenic spots of beijing suburb. we not only detected rickettsia sibirica in d. sinicus and hedgehog collected nearby the museum of aviation, but also isolated two strains of sfgr from them, named as bj-95 strain and bjh-95 strain respectively. the two strains were identified as r. sibirica by sds-page, western blot and pcr/rflp. the results demonstrated the existence of hor ...	1997	9812516
detection of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia in ixodes ricinus ticks in austria.		1997	9607097
[primary surveillance of spotted fever group antibodies on rats in the kinmen area].	the positive rate of rickettsial antibodies of 107 rats in the kinmen area by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) technique was 0% (0/107) in typhus fever, 38.3% (41/107) in scrub typhus and 66.4% (71/107) in spotted fever group; the positive rate (42.9%) of spotted fever group of 21 rats in taiwan island also higher than scrub typhus (19.0). it suggests that spotted fever group patients may be present in our country but have not been discovered.	1997	10592817
rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors.	rickettsial diseases, important causes of illness and death worldwide, exist primarily in endemic and enzootic foci that occasionally give rise to sporadic or seasonal outbreaks. rickettsial pathogens are highly specialized for obligate intracellular survival in both the vertebrate host and the invertebrate vector. while studies often focus primarily on the vertebrate host, the arthropod vector is often more important in the natural maintenance of the pathogen. consequently, coevolution of ricke ...	1998	9621188
dual infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia: a case report.	well-documented cases of simultaneous human infection with more than one tick-borne pathogen are rare. to our knowledge only two dual infections have been reported: simultaneous human infection with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and borrelia burgdorferi and simultaneous human infection with b. burgdorferi and babesia microti (1-2). rocky mountain spotted fever has long been known to be endemic in north carolina; cases of human ehrlichial infection were recognized there soon after ...	1998	9621205
first isolation of rickettsia helvetica from ixodes ricinus ticks in france.	two rickettsial isolates recovered from ixodes ricinus ticks in puy-de-dôme (central france) were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blot immunoassay, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and sequencing of a portion of the citrate-synthase gene. by these methods, the isolates appeared to be identical to a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae, rickettsia helvetica. this first isolation of rickettsia helvetica in france has ep ...	1998	9629973
detection of rickettsia sibirica in ticks and small mammals collected in three different regions of china.	the primers rr 190.70p and rr 190.602n were used to detect spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in ticks and small mammals collected in three different regions of china. the obtained results indicated that specific dna fragments of sfg rickettsiae were amplified from dermacentor silvarum, d. sinicus, d. auratus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. wellingtoni, h. yeni, apodemus agrarius, microtus fortis. clethrionomys rufocanus, ondatra zibethica, rattus flavipectus an ...	1998	9645245
in vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials.	the mics of 13 antibiotics (doxycycline, thiamphenicol, rifampin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin, and pristinamycin) were determined for 27 available rickettsial species or strains. we used two in vitro cell culture methods described previously: the plaque assay and the microplaque colorimetric assay. our results confirm the susceptibilities of rickettsiae to doxycycline, thiamphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. ...	1998	9660979
genetic analysis of isolates of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae belonging to the r. conorii complex.	the cytoplasmic 120 kda antigen genes of 9 isolates of rickettsia conorii (rc), 12 isolates of r. africae (ra), and 3 isolates of israeli tick typhus rickettsiae (istt) were compared for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) present in portions of the open reading frame amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). initially, dnas from 13 species or serotypes of spotted fever group rickettsiae were used to select restriction enzymes (re) that detected rflp in gene fragments amplified ...	1998	9668445
prevalence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in human beings and dogs from and endemic area of mediterranean spotted fever in catalonia, spain.	we assessed the prevalence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in human beings and dogs by indirect immunofluorescence in the region of 'vallés occidental', barcelona (spain). in the group of 150 serum samples from patients without former history of mediterranean spotted fever, 12 had antibodies to rickettsia conori. the overall seroprevalence was 8% (95% confidence interval, 4.6% to 13.5%). there were no statistically significant differences between the mean ages of patients with p ...	1998	9690759
detection of a spotted fever group rickettsia in amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae) in south texas.	thai tick typhus rickettsia (strain tt-118), a spotted fever group rickettsia of indeterminant pathogenicity, was isolated from a mixed pool of larval ixodes and rhipicephalus ticks collected from thailand in 1962. here we report the surprising finding of a spotted fever group rickettsia with closest sequence homology to the thai tick typhus rickettsia in amblyomma cajennense (f.) ticks from south texas. sequence analysis was performed on segments of 3 genes that differentiate rickettsial specie ...	1998	9701930
phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae by study of the outer surface protein rompa.	rickettsiae are classified in the order rickettsiales and have been included in the alpha subclass of the class proteobacteria on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence comparison. to estimate the evolutionary forces that have shaped the members of the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, the ompa gene (apart from the tandem repeat units), encoding an antigenic high-molecular-mass membrane protein specific for the group, was amplified and sequenced from 21 isolates. the phylogenetic relationship ...	1998	9734038
sequence analysis of a fragment of rompa gene of several isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae from china.	the nucleotide sequence of rompa gene fragment of three chinese isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) (bj-90, ha-91 and hlj-054) was determined. the obtained nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences were compared with those of another chinese sfgr isolate (hl-93) and several prototype sfgr strains. this comparison showed that the isolates bj-90 and ha-91 are closely related to each other and r. sibirica but different from the isolates hlj-054 and hl-93. we assume that with excep ...	1998	9770077
spotted fever group rickettsiae in southern africa--a review and current concepts.	until recently our understanding of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses in southern africa was based on research carried out in the 1930s and 1940s. in the last decade there have been considerable advances in the techniques available to study rickettsias and the application of these in southern africa has greatly increased our knowledge of the organisms in the region and the epidemiology of diseases they cause. in this review we describe the new advances used to study rickettsias and the cur ...	1998	9810407
[two cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis contracted in southern parts of africa].	a 40-year-old japanese male stayed in zimbabwe and developed a fever above 38 degrees c during which he noted a typical eschar in the lumbar region and also regional inguinal lymphadenopathy. although not conspicuous, erythematous eruptions accompanied by itching were observed on the face, trunk and lower extremities. after returning to japan and visiting our hospital, he was suspected of rickettsiosis and put on minocycline which gradually led to the improvement of the symptoms. immunofluoresce ...	1998	9916419
dual infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia: a case report¯reply to dr. sulzer.		1998	10036225
rickettsia honei sp. nov., the aetiological agent of flinders island spotted fever in australia.	the name rickettsia honei, strain rbt, has been proposed for a unique spotted fever group (sfg) agent which is pathogenic for humans. this agent has previously been compared to the other sfg agents and was shown to be distinct in protein structure by sds-page and by immunoblotting. genetic comparisons of the 16s rrna, rompa, glta and the 17 kda antigen genes with the other sfg rickettsiae confirmed the phylogenetic distance between r. honei and the previously described species. genetically, rick ...	1998	9828442
rickettsia slovaca sp. nov., a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae.	the name rickettsia slovaca sp. nov. (type strain is strain b) is proposed for a member of the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae which was isolated from dermacentor marginatus ticks in slovakia in 1968, and was recently implicated in human febrile illness. this rickettsia can be phenotypically distinguished from other sfg rickettsiae by microimmunofluorescence serotyping, sds-page, western blotting and mabs. genotypic differences between r. slovaca and the other sfg representatives can be de ...	1998	9828449
dual infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia: a case report.		1998	9866756
[cloning and sequence analysis of rompa gene fragment of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated in china].	rr 190.70 p-602 n primers were used to amplify the rompa gene fragment of prototype strains (rickettsia sibirica 246 strain and r. parkeri) and chinese strains (bj-90, ha-91 and hlj-054) of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr). the pcr products were cloned into pgem-t vector respectively and sequenced by sanger's dideoxy method. the sequences of the tested strains were compared with the corresponding regions of prototype and reference strains of sfgr. the results showed that the homology of ro ...	1998	12549415
taxonomic relationships among spotted fever group rickettsiae as revealed by antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies.	the spotted fever group (sfg) is made up of more than 20 different rickettsial species and strains. study of the taxonomic relationships among the group has been attempted by phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic analyses. in this study, we determined taxonomic relationships among the sfg rickettsiae by comparative analysis of immunogenic epitopes reactive against a panel of monoclonal antibodies. a total of 98 monoclonal antibodies, which were directed against epitopes on the major immunodomi ...	1998	9542904
phylogenetic placement of rickettsiae from the ticks amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis.	a rickettsial isolate (isolate moaa) belonging to the spotted fever group (sfg) was obtained from the lone star tick amblyomma americanum. we used pcr to characterize the genes for the rickettsial outer membrane proteins rompa and rompb. we sequenced the pcr products (domains i of both the rompa gene and the rompb gene) of moaa and wb-8-2, another rickettsial isolate from a. americanum. to place moaa and wb-8-2 and two other nonpathogenic isolates (rickettsia rickettsii hip2 and rickettsia monta ...	1998	9574696
genotypic identification of an undescribed spotted fever group rickettsia in ixodes ricinus from southwestern spain.	an undescribed rickettsia was directly analyzed with specific rickettsial molecular biology tools on ixodes ricinus l. collected in different localities of the province of cadiz (southwestern spain). on the basis of the results of the citrate synthase (glta) gene, 190 kd-outer membrane protein (rompa) gene, and 16s ribosomal rna (16s rrna) gene partial sequence data, it was found that this rickettsia is sufficiently genetically distinct from other rickettsia to be considered a distinct taxonomic ...	1998	9598443
rickettsia helvetica in ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden.	in the present study further characterization of the amplified sequence of the citrate synthase gene of the spotted fever group rickettsia isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden showed that it has 100% homology with the deposited sequence of the citrate synthase gene of rickettsia helvetica. the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pattern of an amplified 382-bp product of the citrate synthase sequence, defined by primers rpcs877 and rpcs1258, yielded fragments for our isolate t ...	1999	9889227
serosurvey of wild rodents for rickettsioses (spotted fever, murine typhus and q fever) in java island, indonesia.	the prevalence of antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr), murine typhus and q fever were investigated in wild rats captured in indonesia. sera of 327 rats were collected from jakarta and boyolali on java island. the prevalences of antibodies against sfgr and murine typhus were 128 (39.1%) and 48 (14.7%), respectively. antibodies against q fever were not detected in these serum samples. antibodies against sfgr were found in all species of rats (20.8-51.9%). the antibody positive ...	1999	10099001
[spotted fever group rickettsiosis: introduction].		1999	10201190
seroprevalence and seroconversion for tick-borne diseases in a high-risk population in the northeast united states.	to determine the prevalence of serologic reactivity, the 1-year incidence of seroconversion, and the frequency of multiple infections, and their associations with symptoms in a group of volunteers at high risk for tick-borne infections in new york state.	1999	10225242
antibodies reactive with ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup antigens and the spotted fever group rickettsial antigens, in free-ranging jackals (canis aureus syriacus) from israel.	a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of antibodies reactive with the ehrlichia canis and ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup antigens, and the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae antigens in jackals in israel (canis aureus syriacus), to assess the possible role of the jackal in the epidemiology of these diseases. fifty-three serum samples from jackals were assayed by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. antibodies to e. canis were detected in 35.8% ...	1999	10321583
rickettsia serosurvey in kimberley, western australia.	to determine if antibodies to rickettsiae (scrub typhus, spotted fever, and typhus group rickettsiae) occur among persons living in the kimberley (northern tropical) region of western australia, 920 sera collected in a non-random manner in 1996 from patients in kununurra, broome, fitzroy crossing, wyndham, derby, and halls creek were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for antibodies to a panel of rickettsial antigens. of 920 sera examined, 52 (5.6%) were positive for antibodies to one or more of ...	1999	10344653
monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical diagnosis of rickettsialpox: the macrophage is the principal target.	cutaneous biopsies of five eschars and two rash lesions from five patients from new york city with documented rickettsialpox were examined by immunohistochemical methods with a monoclonal antibody directed against spotted fever group rickettsial lipopolysaccharide for the presence and cellular location of rickettsia akari rickettsiae were identified in all of the five patients, with good concordance of results for the same biopsy tissues with previously reported results by the direct immunofluor ...	1999	10349992
tick-borne rickettiosis in guadeloupe, the french west indies: isolation of rickettsia africae from amblyomma variegatum ticks and serosurvey in humans, cattle, and goats.	twenty-seven rickettsiae were isolated and/or detected from 100 amblyomma variegatum ticks collected on guadeloupe in the french west indies. in this study, the polymerase chain reaction procedure appeared to be more sensitive in detecting rickettsiae in ticks than the shell-vial technique. sequencing a portion of the outer membrane protein a-encoding gene showed that these rickettsiae appeared to be identical to rickettsia africae, a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae recently descri ...	1999	10403315
serologic evidence of rickettsialpox (rickettsia akari) infection among intravenous drug users in inner-city baltimore, maryland.	we tested single serum samples from 631 intravenous (i.v.) drug users from inner-city baltimore, maryland for serologic evidence of exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae. a total of 102 (16%) individuals had titers > or = 64 to rickettsia rickettsii by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. confirmation that infection was caused by r. akari was obtained by cross-adsorption studies on a subset of serum samples that consistently resulted in higher titers to r. akari than to r. rickettsii. cur ...	1999	10403316
molecular phylogeny and rearrangement of rrna genes in rickettsia species.	it has previously been observed that rickettsia prowazekii has an unusual arrangement of the rrna genes. in this species, the three rrna genes, 16s (rrs), 23s (rrl), and 5s (rrf), are not linked in the typical arrangements for bacteria. rather, the 16s rrna gene has been separated from the 23s and 5s rrna gene cluster, and the 23s rrna gene is preceded by a gene which codes for methionyl-trnaf(met) formyltransferase (fmt). in this study, we screened the genus rickettsia for the fmt-rrl motif in ...	1999	10406115
tick-borne pulmonary disease: update on diagnosis and management.	ticks are capable of transmitting viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and rickettsiae to man. several of these tick-borne pathogens can lead to pulmonary disease. characteristic clinical features, such as erythema migrans in lyme disease, or spotted rash in a spotted fever group disease, may serve as important diagnostic clues. successful management of tick-borne diseases depends on a high index of suspicion and recognition of their clinical features. patients at risk for tick bites may be coinfected w ...	1999	10424529
seroepidemiologic survey of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae in rubber estate workers in malaysia.	the seroprevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in slim river, malaysia was determined in december 1996 and march 1997. in december, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. the highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with sfg rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both o. tsuts ...	1999	10432060
the incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central north carolina.	we examined the clinical and laboratory findings of a consecutive series of patients from central north carolina presenting with fever and a history of tick bite within the preceding 14 days. evidence of a tick-transmitted pathogen was detected in 16 of 35 patients enrolled over a 2-year period. nine patients were infected with ehrlichia chaffeensis, and 6 were infected with a spotted fever group rickettsia; 1 patient had evidence of coinfection with e. chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rick ...	1999	10438390
african tick-bite fever imported into norway: presentation of 8 cases.	we report on 8 norwegian travellers to southern africa with african tick-bite fever (atbf), a recently described spotted fever group rickettsiosis. all patients had acute flu-like symptoms and developed i or multiple inoculation eschars. the patients were treated with either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin, and all recovered. the diagnosis of atbf was confirmed by the detection of specific igm antibodies to rickettsia africae by microimmunofluoroscence in convalescent-phase serum samples.	1999	10447320
evidence of rickettsial spotted fever and ehrlichial infections in a subtropical territory of jujuy, argentina.	between november 1993 and march 1994, a cluster 6 pediatric patients with acute febrile illnesses associated with rashes was identified in jujuy province, argentina. immunohistochemical staining of tissues confirmed spotted fever group rickettsial infection in a patient with fatal disease, and testing of serum of a patient convalescing from the illness by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) demonstrated antibodies reactive with spotted fever group rickettsiae. a serosurvey was condu ...	1999	10463693
serologic study of the prevalence of rickettsiosis in yucatán: evidence for a prevalent spotted fever group rickettsiosis.	because of the discovery of a spotted fever group rickettsiosis with signs and symptoms similar to dengue fever in yucatan, mexico, immunofluorescence assay (ifa) serology was performed on sera from 390 persons selected from a representative geographic distribution of rural yucatan to detect antibodies reactive with rickettsia rickettsii, r. akari, a thai strain (tt-118) that is most closely related to a rickettsia identified in amblyomma cajennense ticks in southern texas, and r. typhi. the ifa ...	1999	10497980
characterization of mutations in the rpob gene in naturally rifampin-resistant rickettsia species.	rickettsiae are gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria responsible for arthropod-borne spotted fevers and typhus. experimental studies have delineated a cluster of naturally rifampin-resistant spotted fever group species. we sequenced the 4, 122- to 4,125-bp rna polymerase beta-subunit-encoding gene (rpob) from typhus and spotted fever group representatives and obtained partial sequences for all naturally rifampin-resistant species. a single point mutation resulting in a phenylalanine- ...	1999	10508014
bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and related members of the alpha subdivision of the proteobacteria in dogs with cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis.	cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis was identified in 12 dogs, of which 11 were seroreactive to bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii antigens. historical abnormalities were highly variable but frequently included substantial weight loss, syncope, collapse, or sudden death. fever was an infrequently detected abnormality. cardiac disease was diagnosed following an illness of short duration in most dogs, but a protracted illness of at least 6 months' duration was reported for fou ...	1999	10523564
phenotypic and genotypic homogeneity of the strains of rickettsia japonica isolated from patients with oriental spotted fever.	nine pathogenic strains of rickettsia japonica isolated from patients with oriental spotted fever were compared phenotypically and genotypically. constitution and antigenicity of the proteins demonstrated to be the same among strains. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the two major outer membrane protein genes (ompa and ompb) and an intracellular spotted fever group-common antigen protein gene (rps120) produced the same sizes of products for all strains. restriction fragment lengt ...	1999	10529114
sequence analysis of the gene encoding a spotted fever group-specific intracytoplasmic protein ps120 of rickettsia japonica.	the 3,438-nucleotide (nt) sequence containing a 3,054-nt open reading frame of the gene (rps120) encoding an antigenic, intracytoplasmic, spotted fever group-specific and heat-stable 120-kilodalton protein (ps120) of rickettsia japonica was determined. the nt and deduced 1,018 amino-acid (aa) sequences were compared to those of r. conorii since only those of this species had been determined among sfg rickettsiae. the homologies of these sequences between r. japonica and r. conorii were considera ...	1999	10585146
sequence analysis of the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein romp b of rickettsia japonica.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding romp b (ompb), one of the two major outer membrane antigen proteins, of rickettsia japonica was determined and compared to those of the other spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae. open reading frame of the ompb gene of r. japonica consisted of 4,968 nucleotides coding for a putative precursor protein with 1,656 amino acids (aa) in which the n-terminal 1,363 aa and the c-terminal 293 aa encode 135-kilodalton romp b and 32-kilodalto ...	1999	10609616
short report: isolation and identification of two spotted fever group rickettsial strains from patients in catalonia, spain.	two rickettsial strains, 16b (previously isolated) and fb1, were isolated from blood from patients with mediterranean spotted fever in catalonia, spain. these are the only 2 human rickettsial isolates of the spotted fever group obtained so far in spain. these strains were identified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of a fragment of the outer membrane protein a (ompa) gene. the partial ompa sequence was found to be 100% identical with that of rickettsia conorii (malish 7 str ...	2000	10761740
rickettsial diseases and their serological diagnosis.	rickettsial diseases (typhus and spotted fever group rickettsioses, scrub typhus and q fever) may pose a serious public health problem, namely when they are non-diagnosed or misdiagnosed. although rickettsiae can be isolated from or detected in clinical specimens, serological tests still remain an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases. the complement fixation test widely used in the past is being replaced by other tests which make differentiation of immunoglobulin classes p ...	2000	10853230
ultrastructure of rickettsia rickettsii actin tails and localization of cytoskeletal proteins.	actin-based motility (abm) is a mechanism for intercellular spread that is utilized by vaccinia virus and the invasive bacteria within the genera rickettsia, listeria, and shigella. within the rickettsia, abm is confined to members of the spotted fever group (sfg), such as rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of rocky mountain spotted fever. infection by each agent induces the polymerization of host cell actin to form the typical f (filamentous)-actin comet tail. assembly of the actin tail propels t ...	2000	10899876
genetic classification of "rickettsia heilongjiangii" and "rickettsia hulinii," two chinese spotted fever group rickettsiae.	to determine the phylogenetic position of two new rickettsial strains isolated from ticks in china, 16s ribosomal dna, glta, and ompa (apart from the tandem repeat units) genes were amplified by pcr and sequenced. the phylogenetic relationships between these strains and other rickettsiae were inferred from the comparison of sequences of the three genes by the parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood methods. the results demonstrated that the 054 strain, a rickettsia pathogenic in huma ...	2000	10970415
antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi and spotted fever group rickettsiae among febrile patients in rural areas of malaysia.	a serosurvey was conducted in 1995-97 among 1596 febrile patients from 8 health centres in malaysia for antibodies against orientia tsutsugamushi (ot), rickettsia typhi (rt) and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) by using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay. a total of 51.4% patients had antibody against at least 1 of those rickettsiae. antibody to sfgr was most prevalent (42.5%), followed by rt (28.1%) and ot (24.9%). the seroprevalences of antibodies to sfgr, rt or ot alone were 12.4, ...	2000	10974999
characterization of a new spotted fever group rickettsia detected in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) collected in slovakia.	two previously undescribed rickettsiae were detected in ixodes ricinus ricketts by polymerase chain reaction. ixodes ricinus slovakia (irs) 3 and irs4 were identified in ticks collected in northeastern and southwestern slovakia, respectively. sequences of the 16s rrna citrate synthase (glta) and outer membrane protein rompa (ompa) encoding genes of both strains were nearly identical but were distinct from those of all other known rickettsiae. phylogenetic relationships inferred from the comparis ...	2000	11004782
the rickettsial outer-membrane protein a and b genes of rickettsia australis, the most divergent rickettsia of the spotted fever group.	the genes for rickettsial outer-membrane protein a (rompa), a distinguishing feature of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, and rompb, a genus-specific protein, were identified and sequenced in rickettsia australis. the amino acid sequences of domains i, iii and iv of the r. australis rompa share close homology with those of rompa of other sfg rickettsiae, but the repeat region (domain ii) is dramatically different from that of other known sfg rompa. r. australis rompb is more similar to romp ...	2000	11034486
prevalence of spotted fever rickettsial antibodies in dogs and rodents in the philippines.	antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsiae have been detected in blood samples of dogs and rodents obtained from selected areas in the philippines. in this serosurvey, the positive percentage rates are 8.3% (11/132) in dogs and 12.2% (6/49) in rats. positive results were read from samples tested with rickettsia japonica antigen. no positive result was obtained in blood samples of rats and house mice using r. akari antigen. the findings of this study are the first to confirm the detection ...	2000	11056558
phylogenetic analysis of the rompb genes of rickettsia felis and rickettsia prowazekii european-human and north american flying-squirrel strains.	the rickettsial outer membrane protein b (rompb) gene encodes the major surface antigens of rickettsia species. we undertook sequencing and molecular analysis of the rompb gene of rickettsia felis and a comparison with its homologs in spotted fever group (sfg) and typhus group (tg) rickettsiae, including the complete sequences of two north american flying squirrel strains and two european human strains of rickettsia prowazekii. we sequenced 5,226 base pairs (bp) of the r. felis rompb, encoding a ...	2000	11289671
[isolation and identification of hn-98 strain of spotted fever group rickettsiae].	one strain of rickettsiae was isolated from a patient with unknown fever from qiongzhong county in hainan province in 1998, using embryonated hen eggs and proved to be the member of rickettsiae by the methods of morphology. it was named hs-98 strain after the name of the place and the year it was isolated.	2000	11860785
first records of tick-borne pathogens, borrelia, and spotted fever group rickettsiae in okinawajima island, japan.	in early april 2000, tick-borne pathogens were surveyed in the northern area of okinawajima island, okinawa prefecture, which is the southernmost area of japan. borrelia valaisiana, a lyme disease spirochete, was isolated from a field mouse mus calori, and unidentified rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were isolated from all stages of amblyomma testudinarium. these are the first reports of these pathogens on okinawajima island.	2001	11293483
rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group.	in this report, placement of rickettsia felis in the spotted fever group (sfg) rather than the typhus group (tg) of rickettsia is proposed. the organism, which was first observed in cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis) by electron microscopy, has not yet been reported to have been cultivated reproducibly, thereby limiting the standard rickettsial typing by serological means. to overcome this challenge, several genes were selected as targets to be utilized for the classification of r. felis. dna fro ...	2001	11321078
prevalence of vectors of the spotted fever group rickettsiae and murine typhus in a bedouin town in israel.	a survey of the vectors of spotted fever group rickettsiae and of murine typhus was carried out in rahat, a bedouin town in the negev desert, where the diseases are endemic. houses with known cases of spotted fever group rickettsiae or murine typhus were compared with those without reported clinical cases. a neighboring jewish community, lehavim, where no cases of spotted fever group rickettsiae and murine typhus were reported in recent years, was used as a control. in the houses of patients wit ...	2001	11372975
serologic evidence of rickettsia akari infection among dogs in a metropolitan city.	to determine whether dogs in new york, ny are naturally infected with rickettsia akari, the causative agent of rickettsialpox in humans.	2001	11394829
quantitative analyses of variations in the injury of endothelial cells elicited by 11 isolates of rickettsia rickettsii.	eleven isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae from the blood of patients or ixodid ticks from north and south america were characterized. all isolates were identified as rickettsia rickettsii using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 532-bp rompa gene fragment obtained by pcr. the ability of the r. rickettsii isolates to elicit cytopathic effects and parameters of oxidative injury were examined in cultured human ea.hy 926 endothelial cells. cytopathic effects were determi ...	2001	11427428
spotted fever group rickettsia in dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) infesting raccoons (carnivora: procyonidae) and opossums (marsupialia: didelphimorphidae) in tennessee.	spotted fever group rickettsia were present in 13 of 1,171 (1.1%) of adult dermacentor variabilis say removed from raccoons (procyon lotor l.) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana kerr) in western tennessee. spotted fever group rickettsia were detected by amplification of a 617-bp segment of the citrate synthase gene by polymerase chain reaction.	2001	11476343
serologic and molecular evidence of coinfection with multiple vector-borne pathogens in dogs from thailand.	forty-nine dogs from thailand were evaluated for serologic evidence of exposure or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) evidence of infection with vectorborne pathogens, including ehrlichia sp. (ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia equi, and ehrlichia risticii), bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (bvb), spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae (rickettsia rickettsii), typhus group (tg) rickettsiae (rickettsia canada, rickettsia prowazekii, and rickettsia typhi), and babesia sp. (babesia c ...	2001	11596732
spotted fever in brazil: a seroepidemiological study and description of clinical cases in an endemic area in the state of são paulo.	during 1985-1995, illnesses clinically and epidemiologically compatible with brazilian spotted fever were identified in 17 patients in the county of pedreira, in the state of são paulo, brazil. spotted-fever group rickettsial infection was confirmed by serology and/or immunostaining of tissues in 10 of these patients. immunostaining confirmed infection in a 37-year-old pregnant patient, although rickettsial antigens were not demonstrable in the tissues of the fetus. a serosurvey was conducted in ...	2001	11693878
identification of protective components of two major outer membrane proteins of spotted fever group rickettsiae.	fragments representing the genes of the two major outer membrane proteins of spotted fever group rickettsiae (rompa and rompb) were tested as dna vaccines. immunizations with each of three fragments (rompa4999-6710, rompb1550-2738, and rompb2459-4123) conferred a degree of protection on vaccinated mice against virulent rickettsial challenge. protection was achieved when dna immunizations were followed by booster immunizations with the homologous recombinant protein. proliferation and gamma-inter ...	2001	11693887
detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in african ticks.	rickettsia africae, a recently identified pathogen, was detected for the first time in amblyomma ticks from niger, mali, burundi, and sudan, and "r. mongolotimonae" was identified for the first time in africa. rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity and two new ehrlichiae of the ehrlichia canis group were identified in ticks from mali and niger.	2001	11747731
evidence of rodent-associated bartonella and rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from central and east harlem, new york city.	we tested serum samples collected in 1997 and 1998 from a cohort of 204 injection drug users (idus) recruited from central and east harlem, new york city, new york, for antibodies reactive with seven rickettsial or bartonella spp. antigens. rodent-associated bartonella elizabethae and rickettsia akari were the primary etiologic agents of interest. the testing panel also included bartonella henselae, bartonella quintana, rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia rickettsii, and rickettsia typhi. the high ...	2001	11791987
rickettsial phospholipase a2 as a pathogenic mechanism in a model of cell injury by typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae.	phospholipase a2 activity by typhus group rickettsiae causes hemolysis in vitro. rickettsial phospholipase a2 has been proposed to mediate entry into the host cell, escape from the phagosome, and cause injury to host cells by both typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. in a rickettsial contact-associated cytotoxicity model, the interaction of rickettsia prowazekii or r. conorii with vero cells caused temperature-dependent release of 51cr from the cells. treatment of rickettsiae, but not the ...	2001	11792002
[spotted fever group rickettsial disease in argentinean travelers].	during 1996, four patients that returned from south africa suffering from rickettsiosis were attended at the traveler's medicine practice of our hospital. all of them presented fever, headache and cutaneous scar. one of these presented maculopapular rash, while the rest developed a vesicular rash. the weil-felix reaction was negative and the immunofluorescence test for rickettsia conorii was positive in all cases. none of the patients remembered having been bitten by any insects, however all of ...	2001	11813063
detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae in dermacentor ticks from russia and central kazakhstan.		2001	11837647
isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia, rickettsia peacockii, in a rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni, cell line.	an embryonic cell line (dae100) of the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni, was observed by microscopy to be chronically infected with a rickettsialike organism. the organism was identified as a spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia by pcr amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16s rrna, citrate synthase, rickettsia genus-specific 17-kda antigen, and sfg-specific 190-kda outer membrane protein a (rompa) genes. sequence analysis of a partial rompa gene pcr fragment and indirec ...	2001	11157215
[detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae dna from ticks in kanagawa, shimane and kochi prefectures].		2001	11218387
prevalence of infection in ticks submitted to the human tick test kit program of the u.s. army center for health promotion and preventive medicine.	in 1997, ticks removed from humans and received alive by the tick-borne disease laboratory of the u.s. army center for health promotion and preventive medicine (usachppm) were tested for pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). thirty-three of 222 (15%) amblyomma americanum (l.) dnas produced amplicons of the expected size of ehrlichia chaffeensis anderson, dawson & wilson and 26/222 (12%) produced amplicons indicating borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigalt & brenner. five (2% ...	2001	11268694