Publications

chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar pharyngitis in us air force basic trainees.	chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been shown to be a cause of pharyngitis. because the impact of this pathogen on united states air force basic trainees is unknown, the authors undertook a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of c pneumoniae. of 118 asymptomatic basic trainees, 43% had preexisting antibodies to c pneumoniae and 0.9% had serologic evidence of c pneumoniae infection. of 226 symptomatic basic trainees, only four (1.8%) met the criteria for serologic evidence of acute c pneu ...	1994	8169158
[a case of adult chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia diagnosed from a culture method].	we diagnosed a 41-year-old female patient to be suffering from chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) by using pcr and culture methods. she had a prolonged dry cough and slight fever. her chest roentgenogram showed a segmental infiltration in the middle of the right lung field. we treated her with 400 mg of cefpodoxime proxetil (cpdx-pr) per day. on the 4th day after beginning the treatment with cpdx-pr, she still complained of a productive cough. we changed the treatment by using 300 mg of roxith ...	1994	8176283
[experimental study on the mechanisms of chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory infection in mice with former chlamydial exposure].	to compare the differences in the severities, host defense responses and clinical courses c. pneumoniae respiratory tract infections between the initial and second challenge of chlamydia, an experimental c. pneumoniae respiratory infection model using mice was established and the following studies were carried out. for the initial infection mice were challenged with c. pneumoniae, strain tw-183, by nasal instillation. no animals died from this initial infection. the second exposure to c. pneumon ...	1994	8138679
chlamydial serologic studies and recurrent spontaneous abortion.	our purpose was to investigate the putative association between immunoglobulin g antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and recurrent spontaneous abortions.	1994	8141201
chlamydia pneumoniae--a new causative agent of reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis.	to examine whether reactive arthritis (rea) known to occur after a urogenital infection with chlamydia trachomatis can also follow an infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, a recently described species of chlamydiae that is a common cause of respiratory tract infections.	1994	8129453
outbreak of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in former injection-drug users.	in a retrospective analysis of lower respiratory tract infections in an ex-injection-drug users community, we found an outbreak (april to july 1991) of chlamydia pneumoniae infection. the epidemic occurred in a group of 26 community members (23 men and 3 women, mean age, 28.9--3 years) living and working together, who underwent acute and convalescent serologic tests for mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, coxiella burnetii, and chlamydia pneumoniae. all su ...	1994	8131545
remarkable sequence relatedness in the dna encoding the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia psittaci (koala type i) and chlamydia pneumoniae.	dna encoding the major outer membrane protein (momp) of the koala type-i strain of chlamydia psittaci (pathogen responsible for blindness and infertility in koalas) was cloned and sequenced. comparison with momp gene sequences from other chlamydial species revealed a remarkable degree of homology (> 97%) with that of the human pathogen, chlamydia pneumoniae. in comparison, the sequence only shared 75% dna sequence homology with other c. psittaci members and 69% homology with c. trachomatis. the ...	1994	8125292
the association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and reactive airway disease in children.	to determine the possible association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and reactive airway disease in children.	1994	8019629
diagnostic utility of pcr-enzyme immunoassay, culture, and serology for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.	to assess the utility of pcr-enzyme immunoassay (eia) for diagnosis of acute infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, we compared tissue culture, pcr-eia, direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) stain, and serology in studies with 56 patients with respiratory symptoms and 80 asymptomatic persons. thirty-five patients were positive by either culture or pcr-eia, and 101 were negative by both assays. thirty specimens from symptomatic patients and one from an asymptomatic patient were culture positive; 23 of ...	1994	8027341
chlamydia pneumonia and meningoencephalitis.		1994	8028636
ultrastructural lung pathology of experimental chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonitis in mice.	the ultrastructural lung pathology of swiss webster mice on days 2, 4, 7, 11, 15, and 21 after intranasal inoculation of chlamydia pneumoniae ar-39 is described. the inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes on day 2. by day 7, mononuclear cells were most prominent in the infiltrate. on day 2, chlamydial inclusions were found frequently in the bronchial ciliated epithelial cells and less frequently in the interstitial cells that appeared to be macrophages. free parti ...	1994	8035039
chlamydia pneumoniae (twar): a common agent in acute bronchitis.	patients seeking medical attention for respiratory infections were investigated with serology and culture for chlamydia pneumoniae to investigate the prevalence of c. pneumoniae in a specific geographical area and its association with respiratory disease. evidence for c. pneumoniae infection was found in approximately 25% of cases. 71% of patients with c. pneumoniae had symptoms from the lower respiratory tract as compared to 29% of the others. we conclude that c. pneumoniae can be a major cause ...	1994	8036474
performance of three commercially available monoclonal reagents for confirmation of chlamydia pneumoniae in cell culture.	we evaluated the performance of three commercially available monoclonal antibodies for confirmation of the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in cell culture by examining their abilities to stain inclusions of eight strains of c. pneumoniae. the antibodies tested were two unconjugated c. pneumoniae-specific monoclonal reagents and one conjugated genus-specific reagent. all three produced similar intensities of staining of c. pneumoniae, with some strain-to-strain variation. methanol appeared to be ...	1994	8051280
evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction test kit, amplicor chlamydia trachomatis.	the sensitivity and specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test kit, amplicor chlamydia trachomatis, were examined by the use of purified elementary bodies (ebs), cells having inclusions containing reticulate bodies alone and 20 clinical isolates. the numbers of eb and inclusion of c. trachomatis at the detection limit were determined to be approximately 2 to 4 ebs and one inclusion per assay, respectively. no reaction occurred for c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae. all clinical isolates ...	1994	8052164
radiographic appearance of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar strain) respiratory infections. cbpis study group. community-based pneumonia incidence study.	to report the spectrum of radiographic findings associated with a new respiratory pathogen: chlamydia pneumoniae (twar strain).	1994	8058954
[serodiagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae. evaluation comparing 2 methods: microimmunofluorescence and elisa. a study of 216 congolese sera].	our purpose was to compare two assays for c. trachomatis and c. pneumoniae serology: immunofluorescence and elisa. with both assays, we tested 216 sera from two populations: risk population of std (sexually transmitted disease) (women) and a control population "blood donors". positives percentages of each population were compared by two assays: 87% in mif and 76% in elisa (women population); 64.8% in mif and 53.7% in elisa (blood donors population). results were not significantly different. in c ...	1994	8061532
[the prevalence of anti-chlamydia trachomatis and anti-chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in brazzaville].	the prevalence study of antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae in brazzaville were screened from 108 women (56 pregnant women, 18 infertile women and 34 women affected with genital tract infections) and 108 blood donors (control subjects) by indirect microimmunofluorescent assay. 57.4% of studied women were carrying chlamydia trachomatis antibodies, and 51.8% had c. pneumoniae antibodies. prevalence of chlamydia antibodies by women group studied was estimated to be: in preg ...	1994	8061533
[lung infections in children. iv. pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae].	chlamydia pneumoniae is the third strain of chlamydia and transmission is presumed to be by droplet spread from symptomatic patients. the authors show a literature scientific review on subject-matter emphasizing several sporadic and epidemic case of illness in every age, first months excepted. the described cases are few and therefore clinical characteristics are shadowy. certain clinical features are suggesting of severe pneumonia with fever and pharyngitis without exudate. in the childhood and ...	1994	8090147
prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in acute lower respiratory infection in the pediatric population in japan.	chlamydia pneumoniae has been established as an important etiologic agent of acute respiratory tract infection in humans, especially in adults. however, there is little information available on c. pneumoniae infection in the pediatric age group. the microimmunofluorescence test and chlamydia pneumoniae-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method were applied to reveal the role of c. pneumoniae as an etiologic agent of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children in japan. among 136 pa ...	1994	8091972
infection as a cause of asthma.		1994	8092566
in vitro activities of opc-17116, a new quinolone; ofloxacin; and sparfloxacin against chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 12 strains of chlamydia pneumonia to a new quinolone, opc-17116; ofloxacin; and sparfloxacin were determined. opc-17116 was slightly less active than sparfloxacin but more active than ofloxacin, with a mic for 90% of strains tested and a minimal chlamydiacidal concentration for 90% of strains tested of 0.5 micrograms/ml.	1994	8092845
chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) infections in children.		1994	7970966
susceptibilities to clarithromycin and erythromycin of isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae from children with pneumonia.	we tested in vitro 49 isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae obtained from 35 children with community-acquired pneumonia against clarithromycin and erythromycin. the children were part of a treatment study comparing the two drugs. clarithromycin was 2- to 10-fold more active than erythromycin, with a mic for 90% of strains tested and minimal chlamydiacidal concentration for 90% of strains tested of 0.031 microgram/ml compared with 0.125 microgram/ml for erythromycin. eight of these children, two of wh ...	1994	7979292
age specific prevalence of antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae in iceland.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a newly recognized common cause of respiratory tract infections. the aim of this study was to examine its prevalence in iceland. the study was based on 1020 serum samples from individuals 0-99 years old. the samples were divided into 10-year age groups. igg and igm antibodies were determined with microimmunofluorescence assay. an igg titer > or = 32 and igm titer > or = 16 were considered positive. the prevalence of positive igg titer in the study population was 53 +/- 16 ...	1994	7984969
protective effects of sparfloxacin in experimental pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae in leukopenic mice.	the in vivo antichlamydial activities of sparfloxacin and reference drugs were examined in a experimental model of pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae in leukopenic mice; their in vitro activities were also examined. the most potent agents in vitro were sparfloxacin (mics for c. pneumoniae kajaani and iol 207, (0.031 and 0.031 micrograms/ml, respectively), clarithromycin (0.031 and 0.031 micrograms/ml, respectively), and minocycline (0.031 and 0.031 micrograms/ml, respectively); these were ...	1994	7986006
lower respiratory tract infection with chlamydia pneumoniae.	chlamydia pneumoniae, also known as twar, is a common respiratory pathogen that can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis. the clinical similarities between c pneumoniae infection and infection with other respiratory pathogens together with the lack, until recently, of readily available diagnostic tests for c pneumoniae have hindered its recognition and treatment in the outpatient setting. in this report, three patients with acute c pneumoniae infection from the acute respirato ...	1994	7987518
[species-specific monoclonal antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae].	the purified elementary bodies (ebs) of c. pneumoniae atcc vr1310 were used for primary immunization of male balb/c mice (8 weeks of age), with the boost following on day 14. spleen cells were fused with murine myeloma ns-1 cells on day 24 and hybrid cells were cloned by limiting dilution. two clones, p17c2 & p33c, secreting species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and immunoglobulin igg2a class were obtained after elimination of those clones that produced antibodies against c. trachomatis ...	1994	7987714
[the past, present and future of arterial infection].	today, the pathology of large and medium-sized arteries is in most part considered as degenerative or inflammatory. the role of infection has been preponderant (syphilis) but has become quite modest now, restricted to infectious aneurysms. according to certain observations, infections may participate in initiating arterial inflammation, whether it be specific (kawasaki's disease, takayasu's arteritis, coronary artery disease of cardiac grafts) or less so ("plain" atherosclerosis). suspected micr ...	1994	7939301
seroepidemiologic study of chlamydia pneumoniae and other chlamydial species in a hyperendemic area for trachoma in the sudan.	sera of inhabitants of angola village in central sudan were investigated for the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis, c. pneumoniae, and c. psittaci by the microimmunofluorescence (mif) test. clinical examination of 616 persons showed that the village is hyperendemic for trachoma. of the 448 children examined, 334 (75%) had signs of active trachoma. the corresponding prevalence in the 168 adults was 25%. using mif, antibodies to c. trachomatis were found in the sera of 27 (81%) chi ...	1994	7943577
diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay.	we conducted a prospective study of 385 patients who had community-acquired pneumonia with use of a modified polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that detects amplified dna by enzyme immunoassay (eia). we used pcr-eia to improve detection of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and to differentiate c. pneumoniae infection from other chlamydial infections. cultures of throat swab specimens from four patients yielded chlamydia species (c. pneumoniae, one patient; chlamydia species, two patients; and c. ...	1994	7948521
[infections of the low respiratory tract in pediatrics].		1994	7955954
[isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae in atypical pneumonia].	a 33-year-old man, who two months previously had been treated for bronchopneumonia with cefuroxime, fell ill again with cough, dyspnoea and fever up to 39.8 degrees c. auscultation and lung function tests indicated respiratory tract obstruction. the chest radiograph revealed an infiltrate of the left lower lobe and bronchoscopy showed hypertrophic bronchitis. empirical antibiotic treatment with clarithromycin (initially 500 mg twice daily, continued on half this dose) lead to rapid improvement o ...	1994	7956770
prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae in slovenia.		1994	7957282
humoral immune response to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with chlamydia trachomatis infection.	we identified, by two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis and microsequencing, a protein of chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies which corresponds to the polypeptide (pgp3) encoded by open reading frame 3 (orf3). amino acid analysis showed that the first residue (gly) found in the native protein is the one encoded by the second orf3 codon, implying a typical bacterial removal of the first met residue. relatively large amounts of recombinant pgp3 (r-pgp3) in a stable, water-soluble form were ...	1994	7960130
chlamydia pneumoniae multiplies in human endothelial cells in vitro.	the ability of three c. pneumoniae isolates, kajaani 6, helsinki 12 and tw-183, to grow in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) and in an immortalized endothelial cell line ea.hy 926 was studied. all c. pneumoniae isolates were capable of multiplying in endothelial cells. ea.hy926 cells could support the growth of c. pneumoniae better than huvec, yet less efficiently than hl and hep-2 cells that are conventionally used in c. pneumoniae culturing. although centrifugation of the inoculum ...	1994	7968460
fibrinogen: a link between chronic infection and coronary heart disease.		1994	7911935
screening for antibody to chlamydia pneumoniae by the complement fixation test.	we performed a retrospective survey for antibody to chlamydia pneumoniae, by the microimmunofluorescence (mif) test, on 120 sera that were previously determined to be positive for antibody to ornithosis antigen by the complement fixation (cf) test. the panel of sera comprised 40 paired acute and convalescent sera, and 40 single samples, from 80 patients. of these patients, 60% were considered to be serologically positive for c. pneumoniae, based on the antibody titers of igg, igm, or both. there ...	1994	7924219
chlamydia trachomatis species specific serology: immunocomb chlamydia bivalent versus microimmunofluorescence (mif).	the immunocomb chlamydia bivalent igg/iga (orgenics, israel) is a new quantitative serologic test that employs lps extracted chlamydia trachomatis l2 and lps extracted chlamydia pneumoniae elementary bodies on two separate antigenic spots. the bivalent c. trachomatis specific test results were compared with microimmunofluorescence (mif), the gold standard of chlamydial species specific serology. for c. trachomatis igg the bivalent was highly concordant with the mif: the rate of positive titres ( ...	1994	7927811
[successful culture of chlamydia pneumoniae in 2 asymptomatic patients].	in two women, partners of 41 and 36 years old, positive cultures of chlamydia pneumoniae were repeatedly obtained from the throat. both individuals were asymptomatic during the period described. eradication was not achieved despite treatment with doxycycline. c. pneumoniae on the basis of serological data is considered a common cause of respiratory tract infections. however, this micro-organism has only been isolated in the netherlands once. carrier status has been described in the literature, a ...	1994	7935937
respiratory infection with chlamydia pneumoniae in middle-aged and older adult outpatients.	this study was undertaken to characterize the epidemiology and clinical presentation of infection with chlamydia pneumoniae in a population composed primarily of middle-aged and older adults. pharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent phase sera were obtained from outpatients presenting with signs and symptoms of an acute respiratory infection. sera were examined using the micro-immunofluorescence (mif) test to detect antibody to chlamydia pneumoniae and complement fixation tests to detect myco ...	1994	7889946
chlamydia specific igg and iga serum antibodies in a study of homosexual men at various clinical stages of hiv related disease.	the significance of chlamydia serum igg and iga antibodies was studied, by immunoperoxidase assay, in 210 homosexual men at various stages of hiv infection. cross sectional analysis of chlamydia igg antibodies at a titer of > or = 128 indicated a significantly higher prevalence rate among aids patients (27.0%) as compared to asymptomatic hiv seronegatives (6.0%) (p = 0.022). the geometric mean titer (gmt) of igg antibodies to chlamydia was also significantly higher in aids patients (106.4) as co ...	1994	7893987
characterization of a chlamydia pneumoniae strain isolated from a 57-year-old man.	the isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae, especially from elderly persons, is generally not easy. recently, we succeeded in isolating a chlamydial strain, which was designated kkpn-15, from a 57-year-old man suffering from acute bronchitis. it was compared with well established strains of c. pneumoniae, c. trachomatis and c. psittaci, and its biological properties, such as the morphology of elementary bodies (ebs) and inclusions, and the immunochemistry of eb proteins, were investigated. based on t ...	1994	7898384
susceptibility of chlamydia pneumoniae to oral agents commonly used in the treatment of respiratory infection.		1994	7730224
chlamydia pneumoniae.	chlamydia pneumoniae, a fairly recent addition to the genus chlamydia, has been shown to cause community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonias, and to be a common infectious agent in human populations throughout the world. it has a wide variety of clinical presentations, and may be associated with ischaemic heart disease. like other species in the genus, it is difficult to isolate by cell culture: clinical diagnosis therefore rests on other techniques, each of which presents particular problems. th ...	1994	7730230
'atypical' bacteria are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised adults.	to assess the proportion of cases of community-acquired pneumonia caused by 'atypical' bacteria, including the recently discovered chlamydia pneumoniae, and to compare the clinical, radiographic and laboratory features of patients with and without 'atypical' bacteria.	1994	7839256
in vitro and in vivo activities of azithromycin, a new azalide antibiotic, against chlamydia.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of azithromycin against chlamydia were investigated. the mic of azithromycin for five standard strains of different species of chlamydia and six wild-type strains of chlamydia pneumoniae was 0.125 microgram/ml, which was superior to that of erythromycin but inferior to those of clarithromycin and minocycline. however, the therapeutic effect of a 7-day course of azithromycin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight administered orally once daily to mice with experi ...	1994	7840560
prevalence of specific antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae in children with acute respiratory infections.	we investigated 56 boys and 30 girls between the ages of 1 month and 15 years with acute respiratory infections for antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae. antibodies were only occasionally found in children less than 10 years of age (4% of boys (1/23) and 5% of girls (1/19). in the age group 10-12 years, antibodies were detected in 55% of boys (4/9) but not in the 2 girls investigated. in the age group 13-15 years, antibodies were detected in 58% of boys (14/24) and in 33% ...	1994	7841726
comparison of chlamydia pneumoniae isolates by western blot (immunoblot) analysis and dna sequencing of the omp 2 gene.	the 60-kda cysteine-rich outer membrane protein gene (omp 2) from nine chlamydia pneumoniae isolates (tw-183, cm-1, cwl-050, cwl-011, iol-207, fil, kajaani-6, helsinki-12, and parjaanonen) was amplified by pcr and sequenced from positions 1 to 580. in contrast to the sequence differences previously observed in this gene in other chlamydial species, all nine c. pneumoniae isolates were 100% identical. however, when sera from c. pneumoniae microimmunofluorescence-positive patients (with clinical s ...	1994	7852577
[pneumonia in clinical practice: diagnosis and therapy].	outpatients with pneumonia are usually treated empirically. therefore, the knowledge of the most important causative agents is a prerequisite for the 'educated guess'. with a broad microbiological evaluation, the etiology of a pneumonia can be detected in only half of the cases. in outpatients, 30% of the causative agents are viruses, 45% 'atypical bacteria' such as mycoplasma sp. and chlamydia pneumoniae, and 25% pneumococci and hemophilus. in hospitalized patients, pneumococci and hemophilus c ...	1994	7801011
[detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in intrathoracic abscesses--a case report].	the case of a 52-year-old patient with intrathoracic abscesses following a traumatic fracture of the 11th thoracic vertebral body is described. the abscesses were resistant to conventional antibiotic therapy and attempts at local drainage under ct scan control remained unsuccessful. finally, chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated using an immunofluorescence technique. subsequent therapy with doxycycline caused complete resolution of the abscesses. we suggest that in cases of atypical pneumonias and a ...	1994	7802891
incidence of lower respiratory tract infections caused by mycoplasma, chlamydia and legionella: an italian multicenter survey.	a collaborative retrospective study based on serologic diagnosis was conducted to assess the etiological role sustained by privileged pathogens in italy. the results obtained indicate the mycoplasma, chlamydia and legionella are important etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections in italy since they account for about 31% of the cases taken into consideration in this survey. we found a high incidence of m. pneumoniae (12.3%), c. pneumoniae (10.5%) and l. pneumophila (8.3%). these res ...	1994	7861196
azithromycin in the treatment of pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae: report of a case.	we report a 67-year-old male with pneumonia in which chlamydia pneumoniae was identified by serologic studies as the causative agent. after initial treatment failure with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, pneumonia was successfully treated with the administration of oral azithromycin, 500 mg per day, for three days. azithromycin is a new macrolide which has a long half-life and superior action to erythromycin. it provides a new and alternative choice in the treatment of chlamydia pneumoniae infecti ...	1994	7866068
[a child with iritis due to chlamydia pneumoniae infection].	a case of uncommon iritis due to chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) is reported. the patient was a 9-year-old boy who had suffered from cough, pharyngeal pain, and low grade fever. the symptoms persisted for more than 1 month in spite of an oral cephem antibiotic. ophthalmalgia, congestion around the iris and cough had lasted with alleviation and exacerbation. a diagnosis of c. pneumoniae infection was made by specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method and microimmunofluorescence test (mi ...	1994	7876679
immunoreactivity of the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae expressed in escherichia coli.	the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins (crps) of chlamydia are developmentally regulated outer envelope proteins synthesized late in the chlamydial growth cycle. these proteins, found only on the extracellular infectious elementary bodies, elicit major antibody responses in chlamydial infection. we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli the complete 60 kda crp genes from chlamydia trachomatis, c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae. the recombinant products were expressed as either 'native' proteins or ...	1994	7522846
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction using nested primers.	a nested primers strategy was used to develop a two-step pcr test for the direct species-specific detection of the 16s rrna gene of chlamydia pneumoniae. this test was applied to 58 nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab specimens collected from patients in studies of community-acquired pneumonia and in a local outbreak of respiratory disease. twelve patients (21%) showed evidence of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in serological tests (7/56; 13%), culture (8/58; 14%) or pcr (10/58; 17%). nested pc ...	1994	7531141
acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: role of chlamydia pneumoniae infection.	respiratory infections precipitate wheezing in many asthmatic patients and may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of asthma. several studies have demonstrated that viral infections may provoke asthma. bacterial infections seem to play a minor role. however, chlamydia pneumoniae has been recently reported as a possible cause of asthma. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of c. pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of asthma in adults. seventy four adult out-patients with ...	1994	7713198
importance of smoking for chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity.	population-based studies of the association between smoking and chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity do not exist. the role of smoking in the association between c. pneumoniae seropositivity and coronary artery disease (cad) suggested by several studies has been debated. the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking habits and c. pneumoniae igg antibody titres in a middle-aged population. we also wanted to find out whether the difference in smoking habits between the sex ...	1994	7721536
chlamydia pneumoniae (twar): a common agent in acute bronchitis.		1994	7747109
antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy of infections caused by chlamydia pneumoniae.		1994	7810992
comparison of sample preparation methods for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by pcr.	amplification inhibitors can lead to false-negative results for pcr. in order to evaluate the reliability of pcr for the detection of chlamydia pneumoniae, the presence of pcr inhibitors in 75 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens was assessed after treatment by various sample preparation methods. specimens were collected from patients with acute respiratory infections, including four cases of proven c. pneumoniae infection. substances inhibitory to the amplification of chlamydial dna continued to be ...	1994	7814512
[clinical and serological studies in six cases of chlamydial pneumonia].	clinical and serological studies of chlamydial pneumonia were done in six patients (three men and three women). the other three patients had no avian contact and showed almost the same clinical symptom. acute infection with chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae were diagnosed in two patients and in one patient, respectively, by mfa. because in some cases chlamydia psittaci pneumonia and chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia are difficult to differentiate, it is necessary to use a test that allows ...	1994	7815757
community-acquired pneumonia in adults.	although the frequency of community-acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be high, studies show that mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, or legionella pneumophila are the etiologic agents in 20% to 40% of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. the clinical presentation of pneumonia caused by these organisms may be indistinguishable from pneumonia due to s pneumoniae. separation of cases of pneumonia due to s pneumoniae as typical and that caused by m pneumo ...	1994	7817549
mycoplasma contamination of chlamydiae isolated from clinical specimens.	ten chlamydia pneumoniae strains were screened for mycoplasma contamination using two differently designed mycoplasma-specific polymerase chain reactions (pcr). the primers of the mycoplasma-specific pcr designed by spaepen et al. (9) cross-reacted with all of the c. pneumoniae strains giving false-positive results. when the 10 strains of c. pneumoniae were tested for mycoplasmas with the pcr designed by harasawa et al. (5), only 3 were positive. mycoplasmas were cultured from these three c. pne ...	1994	7826610
community-acquired pneumonia: the future of the microbiology laboratory: focused diagnosis or syndromic management?	the traditional classification of community-acquired pneumonia into typical and atypical pneumonia to facilitate successful empirical treatment is no longer optimal. an accurate prediction of cause and adequate empirical therapy cannot be provided with this approach in severely ill patients. there is an increasing spectrum of recognized treatable pathogens presenting as community-acquired pneumonia including legionella species, chlamydia pneumoniae, and pneumocystis carinii in addition to the tr ...	1994	7831539
[advance in the study of chlamydia pneumoniae].		1994	7834699
isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a chlamydia pneumoniae 76-kilodalton protein containing a species-specific epitope.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen. unlike the other two chlamydia species, no species-specific antigen has been defined for c. pneumoniae. an immunoreactive clone containing a 0.8-kb fragment was isolated from a c. pneumoniae (ar-39) genomic library by using anti-c. pneumoniae rabbit immune serum. by southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal digests of the different chlamydia spp., the 0.8-kb fragment was shown to react specifically with c. pneumoniae. subcloning of this ...	1994	7509320
[value and limitations of the microimmunofluorescence technique in the diagnosis of chlamydia infections in humans].		1995	9506145
infectious diseases.		1995	7838014
chlamydia pneumoniae-induced ciliostasis in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells.	the ciliary activity of ciliated bronchial epithelial cells was studied after infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (strain tw-183) and chlamydia trachomatis (biovar l2 [434/bu]). c. pneumoniae, known to cause respiratory infections, had a marked ciliastatic effect, completely aborting ciliary motion within 48 h. this effect was not inhibited by inactivation of c. pneumoniae elementary bodies (ebs) by uv irradiation. in contrast, inactivation of ebs by heat (56 degrees c, 30 min) or by rabbit-spec ...	1995	7751703
chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with endocarditis.		1995	7752791
polymerase chain reaction for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in gargled-water specimens of children.	the objective of the present study was to establish the occurrence of chlamydia pneumoniae by direct detection in gargled-water specimens obtained from 193 children suffering from acute or chronic respiratory infections. specimens were analyzed by an indirect immunofluorescence test (iif), a genus-specific antigen enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pathogen was detected in three children by pcr only. as underlying disease, chronic obstructive bronchitis ...	1995	7758482
high prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of igg and iga seropositivity among jerusalem residents.	the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae was examined in a stratified random sample of 581 jerusalem adult residents between august 1987 and march 1989. igg and iga titres were measured by microimmunofluorescence, and associations with smoking and socio-demographic variables were assessed. igg antibodies were found in 84.5% (95% confidence interval (ci): 80.4-87.9) of men and 68.7% (95% ci: 61.6-75.0) of women (p < 0.0001 for sex difference), indicating a very high rate of exposure i ...	1995	7781734
reactive arthritis ascribed to chlamydia pneumoniae. report of a case.		1995	7788343
efficacy of a three day course of azithromycin in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia.	this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a 3 day course of azithromycin in low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. forty patients with low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia (29 males, 11 females, mean age 46 +/- 17 yrs; 20 pretreated with betalactams for 2-10 days with no results before admission to hospital; 18 with evidence of co-morbidity) were enrolled in an open, randomized study with azithromycin, 500 mg q.d. oral therapy for 3 days, versus clarith ...	1995	7789484
inhibition of chlamydia pneumoniae growth in hep-2 cells pretreated with gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha.	an in vitro culture system was used to study the effects of increasing concentrations of human cytokines on the intracellular replication of chlamydia pneumoniae. hep-2 cell monolayers, pretreated for 24 h with 200 u of human recombinant gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) per ml restricted the intracellular replication of c. pneumoniae. tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha; 25 ng/ml) exhibited a synergistic effect with ifn-gamma by reducing the concentration of ifn-gamma necessary to restrict intrac ...	1995	7790105
detection of anti-chlamydia pneumoniae ige in children with reactive airway disease.	an association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and reactive airway disease has been demonstrated in children. to determine if c. pneumoniae infection triggers production of c. pneumoniae-specific ige, sera were examined from 45 children with and without c. pneumoniae infection. anti-c. pneumoniae ige was demonstrated by immunoblotting in 12 (85.7%) of 14 culture-positive asthmatic patients with wheezing compared with only 1 (9.1%) of 11 culture-positive patients with pneumonia, 2 (18.2%) of 11 ...	1995	7797928
antichlamydial antimicrobial therapy for asthma.		1995	7726929
atypical pneumonias in children.	the major agents responsible for atypical pneumonia in children include a wide variety of organisms, one mycoplasma species, two chlamydia species, a rickettsia, and one fastidious bacterium. mycoplasma pneumoniae and c. pneumoniae together may be responsible for over 40% of these infections. recognition of the role that these agents play in pneumonia is important since many of the diagnostic methods used to detect these organisms are not available in most hospital microbiology laboratories. if ...	1995	7718203
effects of two antibiotic regimens on course and persistence of experimental chlamydia pneumoniae twar pneumonitis.	we studied the effects of two antibiotic regimens on the course of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in the lungs of swiss webster mice. after intranasal challenge with isolates ar-388 (1.3 x 10(7) inclusion-forming units per mouse) and ar-39 (1.5 x 10(6) inclusion-forming units per mouse), groups of animals were treated with either doxycycline (10 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 3 days), azithromycin (10 mg/kg [single dose]), or saline. responses were assessed by the isolation of organisms in ...	1995	7695327
fulminant psittacosis.		1995	7709005
association of helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors.	to investigate the relation between seropositivity to chronic infections with helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae and both coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors.	1995	7549683
community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status.	this cross-sectional and prospective one year study evaluated adults admitted to an inner city hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. the study used extensive diagnostic methods to evaluate the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients with differing immunologic status. of 385 study patients, concurrent problems associated with immunosuppression were noted in 221 (57%) patients, 180 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected. the five most common caus ...	1995	7551387
an immunofluorescence assay in microwell plate (ifa) for detecting serum antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae.	an indirect immunofluorescence assay using a 96 microwell cell culture plate (ifa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to c. pneumoniae. the results obtained by ifa on 230 sera of healthy subjects were compared with those obtained with the microimmunofluorescence test. the correlation coefficient for igg detection with the two methods was 0.96 showing good agreement.	1995	7553368
influence of centrifugation on the infectivity of chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207.	the influence of centrifugation on the infectivity of chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207 was compared with seven serovars of c. trachomatis biovar trachoma, the three serovars of c. trachomatis biovar lymphogranuloma and four c. psittaci strains. prolonged centrifugation from 1 to 4 hours resulted in a 3-fold increase in the infectivity of c. pneumoniae and variable or no increase in the infectivity of the other chlamydia strains studied. these findings indicate that a 4 hour centrifugation of c. pneu ...	1995	7553369
treatment of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: a before-after trial.	some diseases previously believed to be noninfectious, eg, peptic ulcer disease, are now known to be caused by chronic infection. recently, chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been suggested as a cause for adult-onset asthma. the purpose of this study was to determine whether antichlamydial treatment would affect the natural history of this disease.	1995	7561707
c pneumoniae in adult asthma.		1995	7561718
chlamydia pneumoniae infection in children with lower respiratory tract infections.	the incidence of antibody and the clinical features of chlamydia pneumoniae (c.pneumoniae) infection have not been studied in children in japan. we investigated the incidence of c.pneumoniae antibody in sera from 580 healthy children (including 30 umbilical cord blood samples) during the 2-year period between june 1992 and june 1994. the antibody titer was determined by a microimmunofluorescence (mif) test by using the elementary body of c.pneumoniae tw-183 as the antigen. umbilical cord blood s ...	1995	7564162
reversible acute renal failure associated with chlamydia pneumoniae infection.		1995	7566585
[clinico-epidemiological considerations of 30 cases of pulmonitis and pleuropulmonitis in childhood].	the authors studied 30 children affected with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. they point out some clinical and epidemiological features pertinent to the pathology examined.	1995	7567645
[the correlation between psittacosis-ornithosis and the immune status in childhood: apropos 5 cases].	the authors studied 5 children affected with a pneumopathy by chlamydia psittaci. they discuss the effects of a transitory immunodeficiency relative to nk cells in predisposing little patients to the infective disease.	1995	7567646
chlamydia pneumoniae: defining the clinical spectrum of infection requires precise laboratory diagnosis.		1995	7570463
the crp operon of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae.	one of the critical developmental events during the unique intracellular life cycle of chlamydiae is their differentiation from a metabolically active, replicative form or reticulate body (rb) to an infectious extracellular form of the organism (elementary body or eb). this process is characterized by the expression of two extraordinarily cysteine-rich envelope proteins of molecular masses 9 kda and 60 kda. we describe the molecular cloning and sequence determination of the 9 kda cysteine-rich p ...	1995	7582008
measurement of sputum antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and chronic respiratory infections associated with chlamydia pneumoniae.	the aim of this study was to develop methods for the measurement of sputum antibodies in the laboratory diagnosis of acute and chronic lower respiratory tract infections caused by chlamydia pneumoniae. paired serum specimens, sputum specimens, and pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 97 patients; 51 of them had community-acquired pneumonia, and 46 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). c. pneumoniae-specific serum immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, and igm antibodies were m ...	1995	7583923
chlamydia pneumoniae and acute arterial thrombotic disease.		1995	7586293
the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized patients during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in finland.	the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic was studied among 125 hospitalized patients. etiologic investigations included blood and sputum cultures, pneumococcal antigen detection, and serologic investigations for common respiratory viruses and for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumococcal antigen detection, and serologic investigations for common and for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenz ...	1995	7594672
[spontaneous cure of pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae].	a 62-year-old male was admitted to our hospital after an abnormal shadow was pointed out by chest x-ray in june, 1994, even though he was asymptomatic otherwise (first episode). the serum igg antibody against chlamydia pneumoniae was elevated up to 512-fold in the acute phase and decreased to 32-fold in the convalescent phase using the micro-immunofluorescence (mif) test, indicating a c. pneumoniae acute infection. in fact, no other micro-organisms were detected. the patient recovered from the p ...	1995	7594789
respiratory chlamydia: the management of an outbreak.	this investigation was undertaken in response to the occurrence of nine cases of respiratory chlamydial infection in 8 months within the district of dudley. all nine cases of respiratory chlamydia were due to chlamydia psittaci, not chlamydia pneumoniae. five cases had avian exposure, but no other aetiological factors were identified. faecal specimens were obtained from only two of the implicated birds and were negative. two local aviaries were identified as sources of implicated birds. the two ...	1995	7597134
lp(a) lipoprotein, igg, iga and igm antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae and hla class ii genotype in early coronary artery disease.	the associations previously found between lipoprotein(a) (lp(a)) levels and atherosclerotic disorders, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and renal diseases suggest that lp(a) may be involved in autoimmune reactions. the relation found between lp(a) levels and the hla class ii genotype in males with early coronary artery disease (cad) further support that assumption. it was suggested that an autoimmune process, perhaps triggered by a concomitant intracellular infection may occur especially in patien ...	1995	7605385
sample preparation for chlamydia pneumoniae pcr.	fifty-three clinical specimens taken from the retropharyngeal mucosa of patients with longstanding respiratory tract infections were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction using two different methods for sample preparation. all specimens were divided into two aliquots, one treated with proteinase k, and the other with the amplicor sputum sample preparation kit. all tests were run in parallel, employing a primer pair specific for chlamydia pneumoniae. of the samples prepared with the amplicor kit ...	1995	7612262
prevalence of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy adults: assessment by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay and culture.	although chlamydia pneumoniae is a well-described and common respiratory tract pathogen, up to 90% of infections with this organism are thought to be asymptomatic. because asymptomatic infection with c. pneumoniae has not been studied in a systematic manner, we conducted a prospective study of healthy adults to establish the prevalence of asymptomatic infection. nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from 104 subjectively healthy people and evaluated by culture and polymerase chain reaction ...	1995	7619996