Publications

[antigenic types of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients with tsutsugamushi fever and their distribution in miyazaki prefecture].	rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rt) isolated from patients with tsutsugamushi fever were examined for their antigenicity. this was done by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) with guinea pig antisera against three standard strains (karp, kato and gilliam) and two local strains (kawasaki and kuroki) isolated in 1981, and with mouse monoclonal antibodies against the three standard strains. in the meantime, antibodies in sera from 317 out of 442 patients registered during 1985 to 1988 were titrated by iif ...	1989	2501427
serodiagnosis of scrub typhus with antigens immobilized on nitrocellulose sheet.	this study was designed to develop a simple method for serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. the basis of the method is detection of anti-rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody in patient serum by reaction with antigens dot blotted on a nitrocellulose sheet (ncs). the final evaluation of the reaction is performed by observing the color intensity which develops as a result of sequential treatments of the ncs with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin g or immunoglobulin m antibody and with the subs ...	1989	2504776
[the first case of tsutsugamushi disease in ehime prefecture].	the first case of tsutsugamushi disease in ehime prefecture was experienced in december 1987 with successful isolation of the causative agent. the patient was taken ill twelve days after infection. immunofluorescent antibody tests using the isolate, yamazaki strain, and gilliam, karp, kato, irie and shimokoshi strains as antigens revealed that the specific antibodies against these antigens appeared and increased in the blood of the patient during the course of the disease. and the antibody titer ...	1989	2504840
lymphocyte subpopulations of peripheral blood in tsutsugamushi disease.	we examined lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (ig) in 8 patients with tsutsugamushi disease. in 7 of the 8 cases, there was a 4-fold or greater increase in igg and igm antibody titers between the initial and convalescent serum specimens. in one case, there was no increase, but igm antibodies were detected with diagnostically significant antibody titers. the percentages of cd8- and cd2-positive lymphocytes measured before treatment were f ...	1989	2506300
[comparison of in vitro susceptibilities of rickettsia prowazekii, r. rickettsii, r. sibirica and r. tsutsugamushi to antimicrobial agents].	the in vitro activities of 16 antimicrobial agents against rickettsia prowazekii (breinl strain), r. rickettsii (bitterroot strain), r. sibirica (atcc no. vr151) and r. tsutsugamushi (gilliam, karp, kato, shimokoshi, kawasaki and kuroki strains) were determined by the cell culture method. tetracycline, demethylchlortetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol, kitasamycin and rifampicin were generally effective (mic, 0.005-0.78 micrograms/ml) to all strains tested. quinolones such as ...	1989	2512394
[a study on immunity in tsutsugamushi disease].	the immune response in human tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) was studied. anti-rickettsial activity of sera, peripheral mononuclear cells and their culture supernatants from patients on in vitro growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi proliferating in normal human peripheral macrophages was examined. the results obtained were as follows. 1) sera from patients at the early convalescent stage, which exhibited high antibody titers against r. tsutsugamushi, effectively inhibited their growth in macr ...	1989	2515224
[the first case of tsutsugamushi disease in 20 years infected in a rural region of osaka].	recently cases of tsutsugamushi disease have been reported in various areas in japan. we met a case infected in a rural area, sennan of osaka prefecture. the patient suffered from high fever, left axillary lymphadenitis. at his left elbow an eschar was detected, so tsutsugamushi disease was suspected, despite no rash nor crp elevation. by indirect immunofluorescence (if) method, the diagnosis was confirmed. at an early stage (the fifth day after onset) he was followed by probable dic, remitted s ...	1989	2515227
[infectious diseases and monoclonal antibodies].		1989	2559132
comparison of properties of isolated ehrlichiae and scrub typhus rickettsiae.		1990	1974128
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the sta58 major antigen gene of rickettsia tsutsugamushi: sequence homology and antigenic comparison of sta58 to the 60-kilodalton family of stress proteins.	the scrub typhus 58-kilodalton (kda) antigen (sta58) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi is a major protein antigen often recognized by humans infected with scrub typhus rickettsiae. a 2.9-kilobase hindiii fragment containing a complete sta58 gene was cloned in escherichia coli and found to express the entire sta58 antigen and a smaller protein with an apparent molecular mass of 11 kda (stp11). dna sequence analysis of the 2.9-kilobase hindiii fragment revealed two adjacent open reading frames encoding ...	1990	2108930
serological classification by monoclonal antibodies of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated in korea.	antigenic types of 113 strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from korean patients were analyzed by using murine polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. the isolates can be classified in six groups according to their reaction to a panel of monoclonal antibodies. nine isolates of group i were identified as the gilliam serotype, and 13 isolates of groups ii and iii were identified as the karp serotype. there were two groups that were considered to be a mixture of groups i and ii or groups i an ...	1990	2110179
[clinical and etiological studies of tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki district--correlation of serological type of r. tsutsugamushi to clinical feature].	the correlation of pathogenic and immunologic characteristics of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to clinical findings of patients with tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki was investigated. in two immunological types, hirano type strains seemed to have higher virulence to mice than irie from the findings during the course of infection and on autopsy. a strain of hirano type was so virulent as to succumb to the infection. as to clinical findings, incidence of hepatomegaly was slightly higher in hirano type ...	1990	2110590
[the natural foci of the tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hang zhou city].	in 1986, investigating tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hangzhou, we isolated rickettsia tsutsugamushi from leptotrombidium gaohuense and its reservoir hosts, rattus confucianus and rattus fulvescens, which were collected in yang shan wu village, linan county. it proved there was a natural focus of tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hang zhou. which is located at 30 degrees 35'. north latitude, and main forest of the east tianmu mountain, covered by wide and needle leaves, with more ...	1990	2115400
analysis of rickettsia tsutsugamushi amplified dna that encodes an antigenic gene product.		1990	2116110
detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by gene amplification using polymerase chain reaction techniques.	scrub typhus is commonly undiagnosed in endemic areas due, in part, to dependence on retrospective serodiagnosis. since the etiologic agent, r. tsutsugamushi, will not grow in cell-free systems, a rapid direct-agent detection system such as provided by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methodology is needed. genes coding for the variable 56-kda antigen of r. tsutsugamushi were amplified through 35 cycles using 20-mer oligonucleotide primers and taq polymerase. amplification of 1-ng samples of dna ...	1990	2116112
trombiculid mites (acari: trombiculidae) and rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from wild rodents in a new endemic area of japan.	investigations of trombiculid mites and rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents were made in southern gifu prefecture where patients infected with tsutsugamushi disease recently have been found. a total of 16,396 trombiculid mites, consisting of 10 species from three genera, was collected from 170 apodemus speciosus in two locations. kani-sakahogi and kuze. leptotrombidium scutellare (nagayo et al.) (44.0%) was most predominant, followed by l. pallidum (nagayo et al.) (26.9%); l. fuji (kuwata e ...	1990	2117663
[serodiagnosis of scrub typhus by dot-blot method].	microimmunofluorescence (if) and immunoperoxidase tests are generally used for the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. while these tests give satisfactory results in the hands of experienced personnel, they can be troublesome for inexperienced technicians. to develop a simpler diagnostic method, dot-blot assay was examined in this study. six antigenically distinctive strains of gilliam, karp, kato, shimokoshi, kawasaki and kuroki of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a strain of rickettsia sibirica were do ...	1990	2119408
multi-laboratory evaluation of a scrub typhus diagnostic kit.	scrub typhus is a major cause of febrile illness throughout the asia-pacific region. it is commonly undiagnosed, partly because of the lack of a simple, reliable diagnostic test which can be used in clinical laboratories. the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, configured into a test kit, was provided to technicians who were trained in its use. they used the kit during a 2 year field trial in their respective clinical hospital laboratories throughout malaysia. in an evaluation using 1,722 conse ...	1990	2121057
characterization of a new antigenic type, kuroki, of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from a patient in japan.	the kuroki strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, isolated from a patient in kyushu, japan, has a major, type-specific antigenic polypeptide which is distinct from the prototype strains in size (58 kilodaltons), in antigenicity, and in its cleavage pattern with n-chlorosuccinimide. these results indicate that kuroki is another antigenic type of r. tsutsugamushi.	1990	2121793
scrub typhus in suburban bangkok: first cases.	three patients, two of whom had eschars, were admitted with fulminant febrile disease suggestive of scrub typhus. elevated igg and igm to rickettsia tsutsugamushi were detected in all three by ifa. the cases lived in widely separated areas of western bangkok where fruit trees are grown and claimed not to have left the areas of their homes during the estimated incubation periods. a field survey collected rodents, treeshrews, and mites fro around the homes of each case. r. tsutsugamushi was isolat ...	1990	2126275
transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from apodemus speciosus, a wild rodent, to larval trombiculid mites during the feeding process.	transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rt) from a rodent to trombiculid mites was studied. wild rodents, apodemus speciosus, were subcutaneously inoculated with karp strain of rt, and larval trombiculid mites were released on the ear lobes for feeding, 10 and 20 days after infection. isolation of rt was performed from individual mites or pools of 2 to 7 mites by the mouse passage method. from apodemus 10 days after rt infection, possibly at the time of high rickettsiaemia, the infection rates ...	1990	2127292
resistance to rickettsia tsutsugamushi and persistence of infection in different wild rodents.		1990	2127293
aggregated distribution of infective spots composed of leptotrombidium pallidum, highly prevalent with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, demonstrated by sentinel voles, microtus montebelli, on the ground.	in the epidemiological surveys on scrub typhus at chichibu city near tokyo, an area, 350 m by 35 m, in the hitsujiyama park was found to be heavily infested with rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rt). distribution of trombiculid mites and their infection rates in this area were studied using sentinel animals, 48 microtus montebelli and 10 ddy mice. the surveys were conducted 6 times in the autumn in 1985 and 1986. at the first 2 surveys, 16 animals were placed at random, and 4 restricted areas were iden ...	1990	2128945
the 56-kilodalton major protein antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi: molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the sta56 gene and precise identification of a strain-specific epitope.	lasting immunity against rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus fever, has been demonstrated to be strain specific. two protein antigens of 110 and 56 kilodaltons (kda) have been shown to exhibit strain-specific epitopes. the 56-kda scrub typhus antigen (sta56) is an abundant outer membrane protein of r. tsutsugamushi and is an antigen often recognized by humans infected with this obligate intracellular bacterium. in this study the complete gene encoding sta56 (strain karp ...	1990	1694818
[induction of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by rickettsial antigen-specific t cell line].		1990	1700803
use of monoclonal antibodies against rickettsia tsutsugamushi kawasaki for serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against rickettsia tsutsugamushi kawasaki were prepared. the crossreactivity tests of the mabs performed by using antigenically distinct strains of r. tsutsugamushi in immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses indicated that the kawasaki strain contains a strain-specific epitope and also contains a common epitope on the 56-kda polypeptide cross-reactive with the gilliam strain, group- and subgroup-specific epitopes on the 46-kda polypeptide, and a subgroup-speci ...	1991	1706729
comparative susceptibility to mouse interferons of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains with different virulence in mice and of rickettsia rickettsii.	three strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (karp, gilliam, and ta716, representing three virulence types in mice) were examined for their sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of recombinant gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and purified ifn-alpha/beta in two cultured mouse fibroblast cell lines. the susceptibilities of another species, rickettsia rickettsii, and of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) were also tested for comparative purposes. ifn-gamma inhibited rickettsial replication in only one of t ...	1991	1718869
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a rickettsia tsutsugamushi 22 kda antigen containing b- and t-cell epitopes.	the identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi t-cell epitopes is necessary for the characterization of the protective immune response (of which the t-cell response is essential) against scrub typhus rickettsiae. a t-helper cell line derived from r. tsutsugamushi (karp strain) immune mice reacted with rickettsial protein antigens eluted from the 18-35 kda region of polyacrylamide gels. within this region is a 22 kda protein which is reactive with immune serum. the gene encoding the 22 kda scrub ...	1991	1724548
efficacy of three pyrethroids against leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae) infected and noninfected with scrub typhus.	toxicities of three pyrethroids, d-phenothrin, decamethrin, and permethrin, were evaluated in the laboratory against leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip). the susceptibilities between populations of the species infected and noninfected with scrub typhus were investigated. the three pesticides exhibited different toxicities to the chiggers. d- phenothrin was the most toxic, followed by decamethrin, then permethrin. there were no significant differences between susceptibilities of the i ...	1991	1770512
specific amplification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi-specific dna in clinical specimens. the primer pair used for pcr was designed from the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 56-kda antigen of the gilliam strain. theses primers led to a 78-bp fragment by amplifying the genomic dnas from five serovariants, i.e., the gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, and kuroki strains of r. tsutsugamushi, and also the dna from blood clots of patients with scrub typhus, even at the ea ...	1991	1774275
review of a case of tsutsugamushi disease showing myocarditis and confirmation of rickettsia by endomyocardial biopsy.	a patient suffering from tsutsugamushi disease underwent endomyocardial biopsy for the purpose of diagnosis of myocarditis. proliferation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was observed in the vascular endothelial cells of the myocardium. there have been no reports describing the identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi endomyocardial biopsy. this report indicates that endomyocardial biopsy may be a useful adjunct to the clarification of myocardial involvement of rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	1991	1902270
analysis of immunological characteristics of newly isolated strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies.	since 1975, there has been an increase in the number of patients with tsutsugamushi disease in japan, and marked antigenic heterogeneity has been found among newly isolated strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. for antigenic analysis of these strains, we produced monoclonal antibodies against the irie strain isolated in 1971, and the hirano and shimokoshi strains isolated in 1980. in all, 34 monoclonal antibodies were produced and their reactivities were determined by the immunofluorescent antibo ...	1991	1904194
[studies on tsutsugamushi disease in gifu prefecture. 4. survey results in ena and takayama city, and the summary of the studies in the prefecture].	investigations of trombiculid mites and rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents were made in ena (nov. 1988) and takayama (may 1989) city. in the former area where no patient has been reported so far, leptotrombidium pallidum (63.9%) was most predominant and no l. scutellare was found. a karp-related rickettsia (11.1%) was isolated from wild rodents and 30% of them had antibody to r. tsutsugamushi (anti-karp was prominent). the latter area where patients were reported in spring as well as in au ...	1991	1906079
dna base composition of rickettsia tsutsugamushi determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.	the dna base composition of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and compared with that of rickettsia rickettsii. the g+c contents were 28.1 to 30.5 mol% for r. tsutsugamushi and 32.1 mol% for r. rickettsii.	1991	1906730
a case of tsutsugamushi disease probably contracted in africa.		1991	1907545
[the first two cases of tsutsugamushi disease found in toshima island, tokyo metropolis].	it has been known that tsutsugamushi disease, so-called "shichito-fever", is widely spread among the izu islands, tokyo metropolis. the cases were reported in oshima island, niijima island, shikine island, kozu island, miyake island, mikura island, and hachijo island previously, although no case has been reported in toshima island. in this paper, we report the first two cases of tsutsugamushi disease found in toshima island in december 1988 and december 1989. the first case was a 73 year-old mal ...	1991	1908885
some contributions of electron microscopy to the study of the rickettsiae.	electron microscopy has provided valuable insights into the study of rickettsiae as intracellular parasites from several important perspectives. this tool has allowed researchers to delineate the fine structural features of these organisms and to show that they truly resemble free-living bacteria. furthermore, it has been shown that there are subtle, but distinct differences in the outer envelope structure of some members of the genus rickettsia that may explain reported differences in tinctoria ...	1991	1909242
a comparative view of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the other groups of rickettsiae.	recent researches on the rickettsial group microorganisms are summarized in their comparative aspects of morphology, cultivation and multiplication, susceptibility to chemotherapeutics, chemical structure of envelopes, nucleic acid, protein constitution, and gene structures. from this overview, rickettsia tsutsugamushi seems to have different properties from the others and should be reclassified into a new genus, and a new species name as orientia tsutsugamushi is proposed.	1991	1909244
recent studies on scrub typhus and rickettsia tsutsugamushi in shandong province--china.	in an outbreak of scrub typhus occurred 138 cases in 1986 in menying county of shandong province of china which were confirmed through clinical and epidemiological surveys and laboratory techniques. in the endemic areas, the predominant species of mite is leptotrombidium (l.) scutelarae and the predominant rodent is apodemus agrarius, which may be the main vector and reservoir. several strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (r.t.) were obtained from mites, wild mice and patients, of which 3 human s ...	1991	1909245
determination of the vector species of tsutsugamushi disease in korea.	in order to determine the vector species of tsutsugamushi disease in korea, chiggers were individually dissected, and internal contents were tested for rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms by means of indirect fa test, and each exoskeleton was mounted on slide for identification. among 4,142 chiggers collected from 48 apodemus agrarius at nine different localities during the period of july-november, 1989, 990 chiggers of 10 species of trombiculidae were dissected and tested. rickettsiae were confi ...	1991	1911628
[a case of tsutsugamushi disease in the urban area of komatsu city].	most of patients with tsutsugamushi disease are diagnosed by their clinical histories suggesting the opportunities of rickettsia infection in a rural region. we reported a 76-year-old female patient, who was considered to be infected in her house in the urban area of komatsu city. she has shown typical clinical manifestations of tsutsugamushi disease, and was remitted successfully by oral administration of minocycline. although specific antibodies to rickettsia tsutsugamushi could not be detecte ...	1991	1919106
susceptibility of rickettsia tsutsugamushi gilliam to gamma interferon in cultured mouse cells.	recombinant rodent gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) inhibited the infection of cultured balb/3t3 mouse fibroblasts by rickettsia tsutsugamushi gilliam, apparently mainly by clearance of intracellular rickettsiae. no significant effect on rickettsial entry into the cells was noted; ifn-gamma was toxic to infected cells, as measured by the capacity of treated, infected cells to attach to the surfaces of culture vessels. in a small proportion of ifn-gamma-treated cells, rickettsial replication appeared ...	1991	1937771
[polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease].	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using specific oligonucleotide primers and taq polymerase was developed for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of tsutsugamushi disease. oligonucleotide primers were synthesized on the basis of dna sequences encoding 58 kd antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. specific dna amplification of 358 bp and 109 bp dna fragments were demonstrated using patient's blood. this pcr method would enable to make a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of tsutsugamus ...	1991	1942583
study on vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease in cheju island, korea.	because no reference on trombiculid mites (acarina: trombiculidae) in cheju island where tsutsugamushi disease is highly endemic had been available, studies on trombiculid mites in cheju island were implemented during the period of august 1991-april 1992, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) the species and numbers of the field rodents collected were 143 apodemus agrarius chejuensis (92.3%), 11 crocidura lasiura (7.1%) and 1 micromys minutus (0.6%). from total 12,075 chiggers ...	1992	1297424
[report on first finding an epidemic of scrub typhus in north rural areas].	in the autumn of 1989 and 1990, an epidemic of scrub typhus occurred in north rural areas in tianjin. the authors investigated the epidemic on clinical, epidemiological, serological and etiological features, 44 patients were diagnosed serologically or clinically as scrub typhus and 42 of them (95.5%) were diagnosed serologically by ifa method. 10 sera specimens collected from the patients were determined distinctively by cf method, 8 of them were > or = 1:20 titre to gilliam type antigen of tsut ...	1992	1301265
the reactivity between rickettsiae and weil-felix test antigens against sera of rickettsial disease patients.	of the sera which were positive to rickettsia tsutsugamushi by indirect immunoperoxidase test, approximately 80% sera were positive to a proteus oxk antigen by weil-felix test at 10 or more days after the onset of fever, while only 10% sera were positive within 9 days from the onset of fever. in elisa using the oxk antigen, almost all of the paired sera of tsutsugamushi disease (td) patients increased on the igm antibody titres with the rise of their titres by weil-felix test, whereas the igg an ...	1992	1350175
growth characteristics and proteins of plaque-purified strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	six plaque-purified strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (karp, gilliam, kato, jc472b, ta716, and ta763) that fall into three categories of virulence for mice were compared by several parameters. five of the six strains formed plaques of identical size in mouse cells, but each of three strains tested (representing three mouse virulence types) had a different doubling time in mouse cell cultures. neither of these properties correlated strictly with virulence in mice, although the avirulent ta716 s ...	1992	1379212
[characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains newly isolated in ehime prefecture, japan].	five strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated in ehime prefecture during december 1987 to january 1990. of these, two strains, the yamazaki and noma-3, were isolated at noma area of imabari city and three strains, the kakiwara-10, -11, -12, at kakiwara area of uwajima city. the yamazaki strain was isolated from a patient of tsutsugamushi disease and the other strains from wild rodents (apodemus speciosus). these strains showed virulence in euthymic mice. the calculated ld50 of the yamaz ...	1992	1402103
[detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by polymerase chain reaction].		1992	1404934
[studies on tsutsugamushi diseases in gifu prefecture. 5. characterization of monoclonal antibodies to prototype strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and immunological grouping of newly isolated strains using the antibodies].	we characterized 8 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to karp, kato, and gilliam strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and analysed 17 isolates from patients with tsutsugamushi disease using these mabs. these were divided into 3 strain-specific (kp/d11, kt/2d9, and gi/e4) and 5 cross-reactive mabs (kp/1f11, kp/1c10, kp/c6, kt/3b2, and kt/3c2). all mabs recognized characteristic protein antigens using the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (ifa) and proteinase k treatment. analysis by polyacrylamide gel ...	1992	1431386
diagnosis of typhus infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi by polymerase chain reaction.	two sets of oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify the genomic dna of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), by the polymerase chain reaction. each set of primers amplified 538-bp and 109-bp products, representing part of a gene encoding a possible major 58-kda immunogenic protein, from whole genomic dna extracted from r. tsutsugamushi strains karp, kato, gilliam, kuroki and kawasaki. no amplification was observed from r. sibirica, r. rickett ...	1992	1433259
epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease in relation to the serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients, field mice, and unfed chiggers on the eastern slope of mount fuji, shizuoka prefecture, japan.	a total of 59 strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated from patients (24 isolates), apodemus speciosus mice (30 isolates), and unfed larvae of leptotrombidium scutellare (2 isolates) and leptotrombidium pallidum (3 isolates) in the gotenba-oyama district, shizuoka prefecture, japan. all these isolates were classified into the three serotypes karp, kawasaki, and kuroki based on reactivity with strain-specific monoclonal antibodies. kawasaki- and karp-type rickettsiae were isolated from l ...	1992	1452653
sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assay for rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients' blood samples.	we developed a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi (r. tsutsugamushi) dna and determined its sensitivity. primers were selected from the dna sequence of the 58-kda group-specific antigen gene of the karp strain. the target sequence of rickettsial dna was detectable as the band corresponding to 88 bp in 1.0 microgram of the dna extracted from bs-c-1 cells infected with r. tsutsugamushi. rickettsia-specific bands were observed not only for the homologou ...	1992	1491618
development and evaluation of dot-immunobinding assay for detection of scrub typhus infection in leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae).	a dot-immunobinding assay (diba) was compared with a direct fluorescent antibody technique (dfat) for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip). laboratory colonies of infected and noninfected chiggers were examined. the relative proportions of positive, negative, and indeterminate results were significantly different between diba and dfat for infected but not for noninfected chiggers. diba was more sensitive and had a better negative ...	1992	1495069
gelatin particle agglutination test for early serodiagnosis of japanese spotted fever.	a gelatin particle agglutination (pa) test for japanese spotted fever has been developed. gelatin particles were sensitized with a sonicated causative rickettsia and used as antigens. the antibodies by pa test were detected as early as days 4-7 after the onset, whereas those by indirect immunoperoxidase (ip) test were detected after days 8-11. in addition, pa titers were higher than ip titers before days 20-23. the agglutinins detected by pa test were proven to be igm because they were all sensi ...	1992	1603001
[tsutsugamushi disease found in haruna district, gunma prefecture--evaluations of the clinical features and the outbreak pattern].	from november to december in 1990, 7 cases of tsutsugamushi disease were found first in the southern foot of mt. haruna of gunma pref., japan. the present study was conducted to clarify the clinical features and the outbreak pattern of rickettsial infection in this area. all the patients consisting of 6 males and 1 female farmers were admitted to our hospital, complaining of high fever, chills and skin rash on 5-12 days after working in the field. based on laboratory examinations and one (or two ...	1992	1624819
epitope mapping of the sta58 major outer membrane protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	binding studies of 160 overlapping, synthetic octapeptides from the hydrophilic regions of the sta58 major outer membrane protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi with sera from patients with scrub typhus revealed 15 immunodominant peptides which are recognized by all the sera tested. further analysis of the specificity of peptide binding with five of these peptides indicated that the peptides showed significantly stronger binding to scrub typhus patients' sera than they did to sera from patients wit ...	1993	7691753
[changing pattern in rickettsia infections--with special reference to tsutsugamushi disease and spotted fever].		1993	8245645
a polymerase chain reaction system for rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus within six hours.	a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) was established using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) combined with microplate hybridization. with this system, diagnosis can be made within six hours without the need for radioisotopes, electrophoresis, or membrane hybridization. the use of a pcr processor and dna-precoated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates allows a rapid and precise diagnosis to be easily made even in primary medical care clinics.	1993	8250104
two-step polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of scrub typhus and identification of antigenic variants of rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	two-step polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr) method was examined for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. primers were derived from the type-specific antigen (tsa) gene dna sequences of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gilliam strain. these primers served to produce rickettsia-specific products in the amplification of template dna prepared from all serovariants, gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, kuroki and shimokoshi strains, and the fragments of product after digestion with several kinds of restriction endo ...	1993	8286526
analysis of antigenic characteristics of rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies.	twenty-four monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunizing balb/c mice with rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong strain and used for the analysis of antigenic characteristics of r.tsutsugamushi boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of r.tsutsugamushi by indirect immunofluorescent(if) test. r. tsutsugamushi kato, karp, gilliam, ta686, ta716, ta763, tc586, th1817, and boryong were used for the analysis of antigenic heterogeneity of r.tsutsugamushi. five monoclonal antibodies were reactive with ...	1993	8305138
serotype-specific amplification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by nested polymerase chain reaction.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with nested primer pairs was used to diagnose scrub typhus and identify the rickettsia tsutsugamushi serotype. the primer pairs used for pcr were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kda antigen. serotype-specific primers were used in the second pcr amplification. five serovariants, the gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, and kuroki strains of r. tsutsugamushi, were identified by nested pcr. in addition, the serotype identifi ...	1993	8315007
rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides.	the genes encoding the 56-kda polypeptides were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the genomic dnas of three serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gilliam, karp, and boryong. the amplified products were cloned into expression vector pih821, and the recombinant antigens were expressed in escherichia coli as fusion proteins with maltose-binding protein. the recombinant 56-kda polypeptides were purified by affinity chromatography for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes. the recombinan ...	1993	8370730
high-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	the 56-kda protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which is located on the rickettsial surface, has been shown to be an immunodominant antigen. the gene that encodes the 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong (bor56) was cloned. sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1,602 bp encoding 534 amino acids with a molecular weight of 56,803. the 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong (bor56) was expressed as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein of escherichia coli by deleting 25 ...	1993	8458953
murine t-cell response to native and recombinant protein antigens of rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	a polyclonal t-cell line with th1 characteristics was used to assess the murine cellular immune response to native and recombinant rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigens. proliferation of this t-cell line was observed in response to numerous native antigen fractions, which indicates that the murine t-helper-cell response is directed at multiple scrub typhus antigens with no apparent antigenic immunodominance. subsequent analysis of recombinant r. tsutsugamushi antigens made it possible to identify a ...	1993	8478055
[epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease and typing of isolated rickettsia in chiba prefecture].	in chiba prefecture, the first patient of tsutsugamushi disease was found in the southern part in the 1950's, but after that no patient was detected until 1982. after 1982, patients have been noticed again, the number of patients has been increasing year by year. the number of serologically confirmed cases was 152 and 157 in 1989 and 1990, respectively with indirect immunofluorescence assay. about 90 percent of the patients were found in november and december, prevalently in the southern part of ...	1993	8486974
[detection antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by using monoclonal antibody].	dot-elisa was used with hrp-labelled monoclonal antibodies kp3 (iggi) and kp4-6 (igm) against antigen of the karp strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to detect the antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. the positive rate of sera of 56 acute scrub typhus patients and 37 wild rats caught from the countryside of the endemic area as well as 29 batches of chiggers collected from the wild rats were 92.9%, 100% and 89.7%, respectively. no cross reaction was found with antigens of other rickettsia groups such as r ...	1993	8504454
serological reactivity of sera from scrub typhus patients against weil-felix test antigens.	sera from 17 patients of scrub typhus in the acute and convalescent phases were tested by indirect immunoperoxidase test, weil-felix (wf) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and immunoblotting. in the comparison of antibody titers between acute- and convalescent-phase sera, we recognized a parallelism of increment between the titers in wf test and titers of immunoglobulin m (igm) in elisa against proteus mirabilis strain oxk-whole cells and oxk-lipopolysaccharides (proteus oxk-lps). ...	1993	8133798
[detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers by polymerase chain reaction].	polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers for the first time. both adults and larvae were tested. the positive rate of experimentally infected adults was 92.9%. it suggests that pcr is a rapid and sensitive assay for epidemiological study of scrub typhus.	1993	8137416
laboratory evaluation of propoxur and fenvalerate against infected and noninfected leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae).		1993	8160070
why is chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan?	most eubacteria are sensitive to penicillin because the antibiotic inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential constituent of their cell walls. a few eubacteria have no measurable peptidoglycan, and, with one exception, they are not susceptible to penicillin. the exception is the genus chlamydia whose members are just as sensitive to penicillin as peptidoglycan-containing bacteria. a numbers of ways to resolve this anomaly, penicillin sensitivity without peptidoglycan, are proposed. it is ...	1993	8162358
transfiguration of rickettsial diseases: tsutsugamushi disease and spotted fever group rickettsiosis in japan.		1993	8204977
[serotype-specific amplification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from clinical specimens by nested polymerase chain reaction].	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with nested primer pairs was used to diagnose tsutsugamushi disease and identify the rickettsia tsutsugamushi serotype. the primer pairs used for pcr were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kda antigen. five serovariants, the gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, and kuroki strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were detected and identified by nested pcr. the serotypes of patients registered during 1990 to 1992 in kanagawa prefe ...	1994	8207286
rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) associated with rodents in central thailand.	chiggers were collected from rodents trapped at two military bases located 10 km apart in central thailand. one site was swampy and nearly treeless and the other site was well-drained and partially wooded. although 13 species of chiggers were collected, only three species were found to be positive for rickettsia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) ogata using a direct fluorescent antibody test: blankaartia acuscutellaris walch (7.3% infected), leptotrombidium delinese walch (3.1% infected), and an undescrib ...	1994	8189414
electron microscopic study of the distribution and the vertical transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium pallidum.	leptotrombidium pallidum naturally infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi was reared and bred in our laboratory for several generations by brother and sister mating. the larvae and adults at the 8th and 9th generations were sectioned and observed by electron microscopy for analysis for the distribution of rickettsiae in the mites. the distribution densities of rickettsiae were markedly different among organs in each mite, but rickettsiae were seen in all the organs and tissues. rickettsiae were ...	1994	7823409
[a case of severe tsutsugamushi disease without eruption].	a 64-year-old male was admitted to our division because of fever. after admission, the patient was given beta-lactam antibiotics intravenously because he had no eruption and eschar. however, the fever continued, and he became unconsciousness and dic appeared. we diagnosed the patient as tsutsugamushi disease from indirect fluorescent antibody technique. minocycline was excellently effective. several reports of tsutsugamushi disease without eruption have been given, so we must always be careful o ...	1994	7829913
transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains among humans, wild rodents, and trombiculid mites in an area of japan in which tsutsugamushi disease is newly endemic.	thirty-two newly isolated strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, 14 from patients with tsutsugamushi disease, 12 from wild rodents, and 6 from trombiculid mites parasitizing rodents in gifu prefecture, japan, were examined for reactivities to 12 monoclonal antibodies by an indirect fluorescent-antibody test to classify their antigenicities. all of the isolates could be classified into one of six groups (kn-1, kn-2, kn-3, gj-1, r158, and r161) according to their reactivities to the monoclonal antib ...	1994	7852572
the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. i. inhibition of growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in cultured murine embryonic cells and macrophages by recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) inhibited intracellular growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in the mouse embryo cell line c3h/10t1/2 clone 8 at doses of 100 to 10 u/ml. the growth inhibitory effect of tnf-alpha was also evident when peritoneal exudate macrophages or bone marrow-derived macrophages were used as the host cell for rickettsial growth. interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), at doses up to 1,000 u/ml, did not affect the growth of this strain of rickettsi ...	1994	7854211
the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. ii. differential induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by rickettsia tsutsugamushi and rickettsia conorii.	the present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of members of two different groups of rickettsia to stimulate macrophages or immune lymphocytes to produce tnf. it was found that r. conorii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, readily induced murine peritoneal macrophages or the macrophage-like cell line p388d1 to produce relatively high levels of tnf. the interaction of macrophages with viable organisms or heat-killed organisms resulted in tnf production. in contrast, viable or killed ...	1994	7854212
pathology of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in bandicota savilei, a natural host in thailand.	following rodent surveys in a rice-growing area of central thailand where we found bandicota savilei, b. indica, and rattus rattus infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, we performed a study of pathogenesis of r. tsutsugamushi in laboratory-reared b. savilei. eight animals were injected with saline and 19 animals were injected with 4.0 x 10(6) mouse 50% lethal dose units of a strain of r. tsutsugamushi isolated from a human in central thailand. animals were evaluated at intervals for igg and ig ...	1994	7943567
detection and characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in infected leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) with the polymerase chain reaction.	we developed a method for detecting and characterizing the dna of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (larval trombiculid mites) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). three procedures for extracting dna from frozen chiggers were compared by evaluating the yield of pcr amplicand obtained with nine oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from the rickettsial 22 kd, 47 kd, groesl, 56 kd, and 110 kd antigen genes. although extracts and primer pairs differed in amplification efficiency, r. tsutsugamushi ...	1994	7966172
prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of suburban bangkok.	following a report of three cases of scrub typhus in suburban bangkok, we performed a serosurvey in the patients' communities. both igg and igm antibodies were measured in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, using separate spots of antigen from rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), r. typhi (murine typhus), and tt-118 spotted fever group rickettsiae. of 215 people donating blood, antibody levels indicative of most recent exposure to r. tsutsugamushi were most prevalent (21%), followed by r. t ...	1994	8074248
detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in experimentally infected mice by pcr.	we developed a rapid procedure for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by the pcr technique. the primer pair used for the pcr was designed from the dna sequence of the gene encoding a 120-kda antigen, which was proven to be group specific by immunoblot analysis with mouse hyperimmune sera against various rickettsial strains. this pcr method was able to detect up to 10 ag of plasmid dna (pkt12). specific pcr products were obtained with dnas from r. tsutsugamushi kato, karp, gilliam, ta7 ...	1994	8077385
[studies on natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in jiangsu].	before 1986, tsutsugamushi disease was known only prevalent in south to zhejiang province in our country, belonged to the summer type and leptotrombidium (l.) deliense was regarded as the main vector. in october 1986, the authors found this disease in nanjing and carried out a series of studies in 1986-1992. the results were as follows: tsutsugamushi disease was epidemic in nanjing and north of jiangsu (including: dongtai, haian, rudong, jinhu, hanjiang, jiangdu); belonged to the autumn-winter t ...	1994	8082137
[a new natural focus of scrub typhus found in hunchun].	from may to june 1992, apodemus agrarius and apodemus speciosus were captured in hunchun, jilin province. four strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated from viscera of rats and trombiculid mites. at the same time, the antibody against rickettsia tsutsugamushi was assayed in the sera of the local people and the wild rats. the positive rates were 15.2% and 16.4%, respectively. the above results showed that a natural focus of scrub typhus exists in hunchun area.	1994	8082138
[advances in the epidemiologic study of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in china].		1994	8082142
an ultrastructural study of vertical transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi during oogenesis and spermatogenesis in leptotrombidium pallidum.	rickettsia tsutsugamushi in leptotromibidium pallidum was observed by electron microscopy and rickettsiae were found in the various tissues and organs of both larvae and adults. budding of rickettsiae, a manner of release from the host cells, was observed only in the rudiments of the reproductive organs in larvae. oogonia and maturing oocytes in adult females and eggs after oviposition contained the microorganisms. in adult males, rickettsiae were also found in the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, ...	1994	8116816
comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in korea.	comparative epidemiological studies on vector reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in between south coast (the highest endemic) areas and east coast (low endemic) areas in october 1993. fauna of field rodents and their population densities were not different between two areas. antibody positive rate of apodemus agrarius sera was higher in east coast (43.2% in south coast and 63.6% in east coast). high correlation (r = 0.87) was shown between antibody positive rate of a. ag ...	1995	7735783
eradication of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from patients' blood by chemotherapy, as assessed by the polymerase chain reaction.	the presence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight patients with tsutsugamushi disease was determined by the polymerase chain reaction during antibiotic treatment with minocycline or doxycycline. rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna was detectable in all samples from these patients collected the day before treatment began. after the initiation of chemotherapy, all samples tested positive on the third or fourth day, and one sample tested positive on the eighth day ...	1995	7741170
detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocyte of patients by polymerase chain reaction.	polymerase chain reaction was used to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocytes of patients in the acute phase of the disease. the primers used in the pcr were based on the nucleotide sequences of gene encoding of the 56 kda antigen of the gilliam strain. the pcr product is a 78 bp fragment which can be hybridized by the 78 bp dna probe of the gilliam strain. comparison of the results obtained by polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent assay and cell culture suggests ...	1995	7770550
rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in cell culture: antibiotic susceptibility determined by flow cytometry.	recent unpublished reports from northern thailand of severe and sometimes fatal cases of scrub typhus, despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, suggest that resistance may occur. current antibiotic susceptibility methods that use direct microscopic counts of giemsa-stained cells or mouse protection assays are slow, labor-intensive, and expensive. we explored the use of flow cytometry to measure rickettsial infection in vitro in l-929 cells treated with and without doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, eryt ...	1995	8561261
in vitro effectiveness of azithromycin against doxycycline-resistant and -susceptible strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, etiologic agent of scrub typhus.	in an effort to find a potential alternative treatment for scrub typhus, we evaluated the effectiveness of the standard drug doxycycline and the new macrolide azithromycin against a doxycycline-susceptible strain (karp) and a doxycycline-resistant strain (afsc-4) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. the antibiotics were tested in an in vitro assay system in which infected mouse fibroblast cells (l929) were incubated for 3 days in various concentrations of the drugs. rickettsial growth was evaluated by d ...	1995	8585717
classification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, orientia gen. nov., as orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov.	recent studies of rickettsia tsutsugamushi have demonstrated clearly the phenotypic and genotypic differences between this microorganism and other species belonging to the genus rickettsia. therefore, classification of r. tsutsugamushi in a new genus, orientia gen. nov., is proposed.	1995	8590688
current status of tsutsugamushi disease in korea.		1995	8593201
[isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from the blood samples of patients in taiwan].	scrub typhus, an acute febrile eruptive disease caused by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, is one of the most commonly reported communicable diseases in taiwan. however, information about the epidemic trends of scrub typhus in taiwan is still very limited. therefore, this study was performed to isolate the causative agent and determine the prevalence of three different serotypes. from june 1992 to december 1994, lymphocyte cell cultures were grown from different regions of taiwan. cell cultures were as ...	1995	8672939
phylogenetic position of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the relationship among its antigenic variants by analyses of 16s rrna gene sequences.	the 16s rrna gene sequences of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and rickettsia sibirica were determined by pcr and dna sequencing. phylogenetic analysis revealed that r. sibirica is positioned in a cluster of the genus rickettsia with a similarity value of 98.1-99.6%, whereas r. tsutsugamushi is located apart from the cluster with a similarity value of 90.2-90.6%. this evidence suggests that r. tsutsugamushi should be excluded taxonomically from the genus rickettsia. the phylogenetic classification of s ...	1995	7875578
[the use of polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents].	we studied the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for the detection of r. tsutsugamushi in wild rodents. the pcr method which amplified the gene coding for the group-specific antigen of r. tsutsugamushi was used in this study. specific pcr products (88 bp) were obtained with the dnas from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two cell culture adapted field isolates (kn-1 and gj-1). the minimum number detectable by the pcr method was estimated to be 1.3 copies ...	1995	7499912
[epidemiological study of tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture. a special field study and serotype].	an epidemiologically investigated of invasion of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, inhabitant of mites and serum sample from patients with tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture from 1984 to 1994 was made. our data clearly indicated that rickettsia tsutsugamushi was not located but widely spreaded throughout the prefecture. mites on rodents, were classified into 4 genus and 12 species and about 15% of them were leptotrombidium pallidum and leptotrombidium scuttellare, well known virulent vectors. the ...	1995	7499914
[a case of tsutsugamushi disease which occurred in south western shikoku].	we report a case of tsutsugamushi disease found in south western shikoku. a 64-year-old male who lived in towa village in kochi, developed a fever and headache on april 6, 1994, and was admitted to uwajima city hospital on april 15, with a ten-day history of illness. he had an eschar on the right anterior side of the breast and an enlargement of the right axillary lymph node, without a rash. laboratory data showed mild liver injury and atypical lymphocytes with 6% in peripheral blood. after his ...	1995	7561256
effectiveness of a dot-blot immunoassay of anti-rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibodies for serologic analysis of scrub typhus.	we compared a commercially available dot-blot immunoassay system with the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in tests of known negative and known positive sera from scrub typhus cases. using a panel of 100 sera from patients with various rickettsial and nonrickettsial infections, we observed that the ifa was 99% specific and the dipstick assay was 98% specific. in tests of 91 sera (30 negative and 61 positive for scrub typhus antibodies) from a study of febrile patients in malaysia, using t ...	1995	7625532