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ebola again shows the international health regulations are broken: what can be done differently to prepare for the next epidemic?epidemics are among the greatest threats to humanity, and the international health regulations are the world's key legal instrument for addressing this threat. since their revision in 2005, the ihr have faced two big tests: the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic and the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa. both exposed major shortcomings of the ihr, and both offered profound lessons for the future. the objective of this article is twofold. first, we seek to compare the lessons learned from h1n1 and ebo ...201629086649
research and development of zika virus vaccines.zika virus (zikv) is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and is transmitted by aedes sp. mosquitoes. there are three genetic lineages of zikv: the east african, west african and asian lineages. until recently, zika fever (zf) has normally been considered a rare, mild febrile disease, but reports since 2012 have shown potentially severe complications associated with zikv infection, including microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome. there are no licensed vaccines for zikv; howe ...201629263851
mountains, melting pot, and microcosm: health care delay and dengue/zika interplay on hawaii island.human history in the hawaiian islands offers a sobering study in the population dynamics of infectious disease. the indigenous population numbering an estimated half million people prior to western contact in 1778 was reduced to less than 24,000 by 1920. much of the decline occurred in the earliest decades after contact with western diseases including measles, chicken pox, polio, tuberculosis, and venereal disease. a recent outbreak on the island of hawaii (also called the big island) of importe ...201629195536
in vivoprotection against zikv infection and pathogenesis through passive antibody transfer and active immunisation with a prmenv dna vaccine.significant concerns have been raised owing to the rapid global spread of infection and disease caused by the mosquito-borne zika virus (zikv). recent studies suggest that zikv can also be transmitted sexually, further increasing the exposure risk for this virus. associated with this spread is a dramatic increase in cases of microcephaly and additional congenital abnormalities in infants of zikv-infected mothers, as well as a rise in the occurrence of guillain barre' syndrome in infected adults. ...201629263859
zika virus infection: report of the first imported cases in a paris travel centre.we describe characteristics of 17 patients with a zika virus (zikv) infection seen in a travel center in paris during the 4 months following the who alert on zikv. sixteen were imported cases, including 13 from the caribbean. one was a women living in paris infected through sexual transmission. one case was a pregnant woman. all cases were symptomatic with fever, fatigue and cutaneous rash in 15/17, 13/17, and 16/17, respectively. leucopenia was observed in 6/17, thrombopenia in 2/17. diagnosis ...201628679155
zika virus in a patient with cancer: how much do we know? 201628717710
hiv and zika in pregnancy: parallel stories and new challenges.on february 1, 2016, the world health organization (who) declared the zika virus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (pheic). because zika virus is a relatively new infection with several transmission routes that include mosquito bites, sexual and possibly blood-related, we present the case for a parallel between the zika epidemic and the aids epidemic for issues that relate particularly to pregnancy and epidemic response. we will discuss the many similarities between bot ...201628529970
estimating risks of zika virus associated microcephaly and local transmission using mathematical models. 201628484183
first three imported cases of zika virus infection in japan. 201628484182
zika virus -virus and laboratory diagnosis. 201628484181
[what do we konw about the zika virus?]zika virus (hiv) was first identified in 1947 and upto 2007 the infections in humans have been reported sporadically. currently, the world health organization warns that the rapid spread of the virus zika in both americas and an increase in the number of children born with microcephaly in these regions begins to be a serious epidemiological problem. known ways of spreading this rna virus of the flaviviridae family is: with blood, sexual, vertical and even breast feeding. currently used diagnosti ...201628478426
unintended pregnancies in brazil - a challenge for the recommendation to delay pregnancy due to zika.because of the potential link between the ongoing zika virus outbreak and a surge in the number of cases of congenital microcephaly, officials in latin america have recommended that women postpone pregnancy until this association is firmly established or the outbreak subsides. however, in all these countries a large proportion of babies are still born out of unplanned pregnancies. teenage girls are particularly at high risk, as they often lack access to preventive contraception methods, or the k ...201628515967
neuropathogenesis of zika virus infection : potential roles of antibody-mediated pathology.zika virus (zikv) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, which includes many human and animal pathogens, such as dengue virus (denv), west nile virus, and japanese encephalitis virus. in the original as well as subsequent experimental and clinical reports, zikv seems to have moderate neurotropism (in animal models) and neurovirulence (in human fetuses), but no neuroinvasiveness (in human adults). intrauterine zikv inf ...201628428682
ebola and fda: reviewing the response to the 2014 outbreak, to find lessons for the future.in 2014, west africa confronted the most severe outbreak of ebola virus disease (evd) in history. at the onset of the outbreak-as now-there were no therapies approved by the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) for prevention of, post-exposure prophylaxis against, or treatment of evd. as a result, the outbreak spurred interest in developing novel treatments, sparked calls to use experimental interventions in the field, and highlighted challenges to the standard approach to fda approval of new ...201628852537
epidemiology of zika virus, 1947-2007.since 1947, zika virus has been identified sporadically in humans in africa and asia; however, clinically consequential zika virus disease had not been documented prior to the current outbreak in the americas. considering 6 decades have passed since the first identification of the virus, it is perhaps unexpected that zika virus was recognised only recently as capable of causing disease epidemics. substantial work on understanding the epidemiology of zika virus has been conducted since the virus' ...201628588942
scientometric analysis of research on zika virus.the research productivity on zika virus (zv) had been evaluated applying scientometrics. the different aspects of scientific literature on the subject under study accessible through 'scopus' were explored. an advanced search was conducted in the database for 'zika' and 'virus' as main operators for analytical purposes. search terms were connected using boolean operator 'and' to retrieve relevant records. the search results were further filtered for journals articles. a total of 573 zv associated ...201628466043
update on non-vector transmission of dengue: relevant studies with zika and other flaviviruses.human dengue virus infection without mosquito vector has been reported to occur as a result of mucocutaneous transmission, needlestick in patient care and laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, organ transplant, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, and breastfeeding. the emergence of zika virus, another mosquito-borne flavivirus, has illustrated additional potential routes of non-vector transmission in humans. a recent study in another flavivirus, japanese encephaliti ...201628883959
a compartmental model for zika virus with dynamic human and vector populations.the zika virus (zikv) outbreak in south american countries and its potential association with microcephaly in newborns and guillain-barré syndrome led the world health organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern. to understand the zikv disease dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of different containment strategies, we propose a compartmental model with a vector-host structure for zikv. the model utilizes logistic growth in human population and dynamic growth in ...201628269870
inhibition of zika virus by wolbachia in aedes aegypti.through association with cases of microcephaly in 2015, zika virus (zikv) has transitioned from a relatively unknown mosquito-transmitted pathogen to a global health emergency, emphasizing the need to improve existing mosquito control programs to prevent future disease outbreaks. the response to zika must involve a paradigm shift from traditional to novel methods of mosquito control, and according to the world health organization should incorporate the release of mosquitoes infected with the bac ...201628357366
zika virus infection as an unexpected finding in a leptospirosis patient.areas where leptospirosis and arboviruses are endemic largely overlap in the tropics. however, the number of arbovirus infections is usually much higher. the initial clinical presentation can be highly confusing; therefore, laboratory confirmation is key to an accurate diagnosis.201628348757
zika virus: a pandemic in progress.the world is facing a number of emerging infections. the latest outbreak of zika virus infection has only added to the suffering. the who declared a state of emergency in the affected countries and has issued alarms worldwide. the paucity of literature leading to lack of clear guidelines is one of the most important factors resulting in a higher number of cases. the absence of clinical vaccine and an antiviral drug may prove to be a really grave situation. the present paper throws some light on ...201628191517
simple and highly sensitive molecular diagnosis of zika virus by lateral flow assays.we have developed a simple, user-friendly, and highly sensitive zika virus (zikv) detection method by incorporating optimized reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) and a lateral flow assay (lfa). the optimized rt-lamp reaction was carried out using bst 3.0 polymerase, which has robust and fast isothermal amplification performance even in the presence of high concentrations of inhibitors; this permitted the amplification of zikv rna in pure water and human whole b ...201628193014
estimated zika virus importations to europe by travellers from brazil.background given the interconnectivity of brazil with the rest of the world, zika virus (zikv) infections have the potential to spread rapidly around the world via viremic travellers. the extent of spread depends on the travel volume and the endemicity in the exporting country. in the absence of reliable surveillance data, we did mathematical modelling to estimate the number of importations of zikv from brazil into europe. design we applied a previously developed mathematical model on importatio ...201628156871
[zika virus infection in pregnancy, fetal and neonatal impact].zika virus (zv) is an arbovirus transmitted by aedes aegypti and a. albopictus. the neurotropic profile of this virus is known since 1952. the main finding related to zv in america is microcephaly. two hypotheses are tested on its involvement in the central nervous system: its neurotropic feature and the direct effect of zv on the placenta. malformations and clinical findings on fetal development comprise congenital zika syndrome. rt-pcr and serology (igm) are useful for definitive diagnosis. ho ...201628146192
the role of secretory autophagy in zika virus transfer through the placental barrier.recent studies indicated that the zika virus genome could be detected in the amniotic fluid and the fetal brain, which confirms that the virus can cross the placental barrier. secretory autophagy or exosome pathways may participate in this virus transfer. autophagy modulators regulate autophagosome formation or membrane fusion with lysosomal vesicles and therefore inhibit viral nucleocapsid releasing or virus transfer to the fetus hypothetically. however, some autophagy modulators may enhance vi ...201628119857
impact of the zika virus for anesthesiologists: a review of current literature and practices.zika virus disease is of growing concern to all clinicians. there is a growing concern with regards to the neurologic sequela of the virus, particularly for infants born to women infected while pregnant. the continued spread of this virus throughout north and south america requires all anesthesiologists to maintain vigilance on this issue. this article addresses some of the key issues that pertain to anesthesiologists with regards to the zika virus including the risks of perioperative management ...201628262449
re-emergence of zika virus: a review on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.zika virus (zkv) is an arbovirus of the flaviviridae family, which includes west nile, dengue fever, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis virus. it is transmitted by the aedes genus of mosquitoes. before 2015, zkv outbreaks occurred in areas of africa, the pacific islands, and southeast asia. the current large outbreak, which began in brazil, has also emerged throughout a large part of south/central america, a number of islands in the caribbean, including puerto rico, the virgin islands, and ...201626994509
dampened antiviral immunity to intravaginal exposure to rna viral pathogens allows enhanced viral replication.understanding the host immune response to vaginal exposure to rna viruses is required to combat sexual transmission of this class of pathogens. in this study, using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) and zika virus (zikv) in wild-type mice, we show that these viruses replicate in the vaginal mucosa with minimal induction of antiviral interferon and inflammatory response, causing dampened innate-mediated control of viral replication and a failure to mature local antigen-presenting cells (a ...201627852793
prenatal brain mri of fetuses with zika virus infection.an outbreak of zika virus was observed in french polynesia in 2013-2014. maternal zika virus infection has been associated with fetal microcephaly and severe cerebral damage.201627090801
progressive lesions of central nervous system in microcephalic fetuses with suspected congenital zika virus syndrome.our aim was to describe the pattern and progression of central nervous system (cns) lesions of microcephalic fetuses with suspected zika virus (zikv) infection.201627644020
what is new in infectious diseases?the practice of infectious diseases is an ever-changing discipline. diseases such as syphilis and tuberculosis have been with mankind for millennia, whereas conditions such as aids and zika virus are relatively new maladies. a working knowledge of clinical presentations associated with zika virus infection, syphilis, and common parasitic infections will help the primary care provider determine whom to treat and whom to refer to a specialist. increasing the use of vaccination for influenza and pr ...201627621340
forging collaborative relationships in brazil: from aids to zikv.the zika virus (zikv) outbreak has stimulated collaborations between brazilians, researchers from other south american countries, and scientists from around the world. the brazilian response to the hiv/aids epidemic demonstrates capabilities that can be applied to the study of zikv and provides lessons for developing effective international infectious disease research collaborations.201627368092
neuroteratogenic viruses and lessons for zika virus models.the centers for disease control and prevention has confirmed that zika virus (zikv) causes congenital microcephaly. zikv now joins five other neuroteratogenic (nt) viruses in humans and zikv research is in its infancy. in addition, there is only one other nt human arbovirus (venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), which is also poorly understood. but further insight into zikv can be found by evaluating arboviruses in domestic animals, of which there are at least seven nt viruses, three of which h ...201627387029
zika virus infection associated with congenital birth defects in a hiv-infected pregnant woman.we describe a case of zika virus infection acquired during the first trimester in a hiv-infected pregnant woman that led to multiple fetal malformations and fetal demise in rio de janeiro, brazil.201627997515
easy and inexpensive molecular detection of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses in febrile patients.dengue (denv), chikungunya (chikv) and zika (zikv) are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) sharing a common vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti. at initial stages, patients infected with these viruses have similar clinical manifestations, however, the outcomes and clinical management of these diseases are different, for this reason early and accurate identification of the causative virus is necessary. this paper reports the development of a rapid and specific nested-pcr for detection of denv, c ...201627477452
first detection of autochthonous zika virus transmission in a hiv-infected patient in rio de janeiro, brazil.since may 2015, brazil's ministry of health has reported autochthonous transmission of zika virus (zikv) in some states of the country. simultaneous circulation of dengue, chikungunya and zikv in the country hinder both the diagnosis and the therapeutic approach of patients seeking care with acute febrile illnesses especially in patients with comorbidities. the association between hiv infection and endemic diseases has been described especially in tropical regions with varying levels of complica ...201626615388
optimal dose of vitamin d3 400 i.u. for average adults has a significant anti-cancer effect, while widely used 2000 i.u. or higher promotes cancer: marked reduction of taurine & 1α, 25(oh)2d3 was found in various cancer tissues and oral intake of optimal dose of taurine 175mg for average adults, rather than 500mg, was found to be a new potentially safe and more effective method of cancer treatment.during the past 10 years, the author had found that the optimal dose of vitamin d3 400 i.u. has safe & effective anticancer effects, while commonly used 2000-5000 i.u. of vit. d3 often creates a 2-3 time increase in cancer markers. we examined the concentration of taurine in normal internal organs and in cancer using bi-digital o-ring test. we found that taurine levels in normal tissue are 4-6ng. but, the amount of taurine of average normal value of 5.0-5.25ng was strikingly reduced to 0.0025-0. ...201627244952
description of the first cases of zika virus fever investigated in municipalities of the brazilian northeastern region, 2015.to confirm zika virus circulation and discard other etiological agents in an outbreak occurred in the states of rio grande do norte, maranhão and paraíba, in may, 2015.201627869981
waiting in the wings: the potential of mosquito transmitted flaviviruses to emerge.the sudden dramatic emergence of the mosquito transmitted flavivirus zika virus has bought to the world's attention a relatively obscure virus that was previously only known to specialist researchers. the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae contains a number of well-known mosquito transmitted human pathogenic viruses including the dengue, yellow fever, japanese encephalitis and west nile viruses. however, the genus also contains a number of lesser known human pathogenic viruses transmitt ...201627800692
declining malaria, rising of dengue and zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control.the fight against mosquito-borne diseases is a challenge of huge public health importance. to our mind, 2015 was an extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three hot news: the nobel prize to youyou tu for the discovery of artemisinin, the development of the first vaccine against plasmodium falciparum malaria [i.e. rts,s/as01 (rts,s)], and the fall of malaria infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-saharan africa. however, there are major challenges that still deserve atte ...201626932263
a review of recommendations on the safe and effective use of topical mosquito repellents.mosquito-borne disease is an annual problem in australia, with endemic pathogens such as ross river virus infecting thousands of people each year. the recent emergence of zika virus in south america and the pacific, together with ongoing outbreaks of dengue viruses in southeast asia, generated great community interest in the most effective strategies to avoid mosquito bites. large-scale mosquito control programs are not common in australia and are limited in new south wales (nsw). the use of top ...201627997936
zika virus - reigniting the torch.the recent association between zika virus (zikv) infection during pregnancy and fetal microcephaly has led to a renewed interest in the mechanisms by which vertically transmitted microorganisms reach the fetus and cause congenital disease. in this opinion article, we provide an overview of the structure and cellular composition of the human placenta and of the mechanisms by which traditional 'torch' pathogens (toxoplasma gondii, other, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus) acc ...201627573577
emerging vector-borne diseases.several mosquito-borne viral infections have recently emerged in north america; west nile virus is the most common in the united states. although west nile virus generally causes a self-limited, flulike febrile illness, a serious neuroinvasive form may occur. dengue is the most common vector-borne viral disease worldwide, and it has been a significant public health threat in the united states since 2009. known as breakbone fever for its severe myalgias and arthralgias, dengue may cause a hemorrh ...201627929218
epa-registered repellents for mosquitoes transmitting emerging viral disease.in many parts of the united states, mosquitoes were previously nuisance pests. however, they now represent a potential threat in the spread of viral diseases. the aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex species mosquitoes are endemic to the united states and together may transmit a variety of viral diseases of growing concern, including west nile virus, chikungunya, dengue fever, and zika virus. the centers for disease control and prevention and the environmental protection agency (epa) recom ...201627779781
'another vector borne challenge to combat- zika virus outbreaks'.zika virus is a single-stranded rna virus of the flaviviridae family. it is known to transmit to humans primarily through the bite of an infected aedes species mosquito which is also known to carry dengue, chikungunya & yellow fever virus. transmission is anthroponotic (human-to-vector-to-human) during outbreaks, perinatally in utero, sexually and via infected blood transfusion. it is mild and self-limiting infection lasting for several days to a week. however, it is suspected as a cause of guil ...201627323600
zika virus in brazil and the danger of infestation by aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes.zika virus, already widely distributed in africa and asia, was recently reported in two northeastern brazilian: state of bahia and state of rio grande do norte, and one southeastern: state of são paulo. this finding adds a potentially noxious virus to a list of several other viruses that are widely transmitted by aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus in brazil. the pathology and epidemiology, including the distribution and vectors associated with zika virus, are reviewed. th ...201626689277
emergence of zika virus epidemic and the national response in jamaica.jamaica, along with the americas, experienced major epidemics of arboviral diseases transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito in recent years. these include dengue fever in 2012, chikungunya fever in 2014 and zika virus infection (zikv) in 2016. we present the emergence of the zikv epidemic in jamaica and outline the national response.201628375542
unravelling the paediatric and perinatal zika virus epidemic through population-based research.zika virus epidemic now involves 72 countries, worldwide. transmission is multimodal through mosquito bites and blood and body fluids. zika virus causes guillain barre syndrome syndrome and pregnancy complications including perinatal microcephaly. diagnosis is complicated by subclinical infection in 80%, co-circulation with dengue and chikungunya fevers with similar presentations and cross-reactivity in serological tests. there is no cure, or preventive vaccine. large population-based studies wi ...201628375541
preparing the united states for zika virus: pre-emptive vector control and personal protection.discovered in 1947 in a monkey in the zika forest of uganda, zika virus was dismissed as a cause of a mild illness that was confined to africa and southeast asia and transmitted by aedes mosquitoes. in 2007, zika virus appeared outside of its endemic borders in an outbreak on the south pacific island of yap. in 2013, zika virus was associated with a major neurological complication, guillain-barré syndrome, in a larger outbreak in the french polynesian islands. from the south pacific, zika invade ...201628340908
results of a zika virus (zikv) immunoglobulin m-specific diagnostic assay are highly correlated with detection of neutralizing anti-zikv antibodies in neonates with congenital disease.usually, immunoglobulin m (igm) serologic analysis is not sufficiently specific to confirm zika virus (zikv) infection. however, since igm does not cross the placenta, it may be a good marker of infection in neonates.201627923950
dengue virus (denv)-specific antibodies enhance brazilian zika virus (zikv) infection.anti-flavivirus antibodies are highly cross-reactive and may facilitate zika virus (zikv) infection through the antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) mechanism. we demonstrate that dengue-specific antibodies enhance the infection of a primary brazilian zikv isolate in fcγrii-expressing k562 cell line. in addition, we demonstrate that serum samples from dengue-immune pregnant women enhanced zikv infection. these findings highlight the need of epidemiological studies and animal models to further co ...201628039355
zika virus infection: past and present of another emerging vector-borne disease.zika virus infection is an emerging mosquito-borne disease, first identified in uganda in 1947. it is caused by the zika arbovirus, and transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes of the genus aedes. for almost half a century, the zika virus was reported as the causative agent of sporadic human infections. in 2007, the zika virus emerged outside asia and africa causing an epidemic on the island of yap in micronesia. the manifestation of the newly acquired human infection varies from asymptom ...201628035106
based on the risk of dengue virus transmission via blood transfusion: what about the risk in case of zika virus? 201627890376
comparative genome analysis between southeast asian and south american zika viruses.to understand the cause for the differences between potentially mild southeast asian and the more pathogenic zikv in south america.201627890363
structure of the ns5 methyltransferase from zika virus and implications in inhibitor design.recent outbreak of flavivirus zika virus (zikv) in america has urged the basic as well as translational studies of this important human pathogen. the nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) of the flavivirus has an n-terminal methyltransferase (mtase) domain that plays critical roles in viral rna genome capping. the null mutant of ns5 mtase is lethal for virus. therefore, ns5 is a potential drug target for the treatment of zika virus infection. in this study, we determined crystal structures of the zikv m ...201627866982
green synthesized nanoparticles in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases and cancer-a brief review.nanobiomedicine and parasitology are facing a number of key challenges, which mostly deal with the paucity of effective preventive and curative tools against mosquito-borne diseases and cancer. in this scenario, the employ of botanical and invertebrate extracts as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents for the synthesis of nanoparticles is advantageous over chemical and physical methods, since it is one-pot, cheap, and does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or the use of highly t ...201627866627
neurological manifestations of chikungunya and zika infections.the epidemics of chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv) infections have been considered the most important epidemiological occurrences in the americas. the clinical picture of chikv infection is characterized by high fever, exanthema, myalgia, headaches, and arthralgia. besides the typical clinical picture of chikv, atypical manifestations of neurological complications have been reported: meningo-encephalitis, meningoencephalo-myeloradiculitis, myeloradiculitis, myelitis, myeloneuropath ...201627901259
[recommendations for the surveillance of aedes aegypti].diseases caused by arboviruses transmitted by aedes aegypti, such as dengue, chikungunya and zika, continue to rise in annual incidence and geographic expansion. a key limitation for achieving control of a. aegypti has been the lack of effective tools for monitoring its population, and thus determine what control measures actually work. surveillance of a. aegypti has been based mainly on immature indexes, but they bear little relation to the number of mosquito females, which are the ones capable ...201627869394
sequential chikungunya and zika virus infections in a traveler from honduras.zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) are currently circulating in overlapping areas in the american continents and may both be transmitted by aedes spp. mosquitoes. the first documented case, to the authors' knowledge, of sequential chikv and zikv infections diagnosed in a nonendemic area in a returning traveler is reported. the implications for heightened clinical surveillance for these infections and specific patient recommendations are emphasized.201627601517
first record of aedes albopictus in georgia and updated checklist of reported species.mosquito surveillance was carried out in batumi, georgia, in august 2014. aedes albopictus was detected for the first time, which brought the number of reported mosquito species in georgia to 32. an updated checklist of the mosquitoes of georgia is provided.201627802403
testing of visual and chemical attractants in correlation with the development and field evaluation of an autodissemination station for the suppression of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in florida.three exotic mosquito-borne pathogens-dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses-transmitted by aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti have undergone dramatic global expansion in recent years. the control of vector populations and minimizing bites from these vectors are the primary methods of reducing risk of transmission of these viruses to humans. however, ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti are notoriously challenging to control through conventional chemical means, due primarily to difficulties in applying p ...201627802398
zika virus: a basic overview of an emerging arboviral infection in the western hemisphere.since february 2015, zika virus has spread throughout the western hemisphere, starting in brazil. as of march 2016, autochthonous transmission has been reported in at least 31 countries or territories. for countries in the americas, the spread of zika virus, a previously unfamiliar disease, follows similar emerging infection introductions of west nile virus and chikungunya virus and their spread throughout the american continents and the caribbean nations. the pan american health organization an ...201627021935
inter-regional medical cooperation in the caribbean : a major asset for the influence of the french medicine.martinique was accepted as an associate member by the council of ministers of the organization of eastern caribbean state since february 2015. this membership constitutes a major asset in bringing martiniquais closer to the other caribbean populations and should play a key role as it relates to regional cooperation especially in the domain of healthcare. martinique and several caribbean countries share common health issues such as; dengue, chikungunya virus, zika virus leptospirosis, snakebite, ...201627694072
[cloning alphavirus and flavivirus sequences for use as positive controls in molecular diagnostics].the purpose of the study was to obtain a positive control to validate molecular techniques (reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction [rt-pcr]) used in the diagnosis and research of viral infections. from strains of chikungunya virus (chikv), zika virus, and dengue virus (denv-1, denv-2, denv- 3, and denv-4) viral rnas were extracted to obtain complementary dna using rt-pcr from the nsp4 (chikv), ns5 (zika virus), c/prm-m, and 5'utr-c (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3, denv-4) sequences, which were ...201627656926
la crosse encephalitis: a persistent arboviral threat in north carolina.mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant cause of economic, social, and health burdens in north carolina. although recently overshadowed by emerging threats such as chikungunya virus and zika virus, la crosse virus and other endemic arboviruses remain persistent environmental health hazards. indeed, la crosse virus, west nile virus, and eastern equine encephalitis virus accounted for more than 98% of the reported human arboviral diseases acquired in north carolina in the past decade. arbovir ...201627621342
clinical update on dengue, chikungunya, and zika: what we know at the time of article submission.mosquito-borne diseases pose a threat to individual health and population health on both a local and a global level. the threat is even more exaggerated during disasters, whether manmade or environmental. with the recent zika virus outbreak, it is important to highlight other infections that can mimic the zika virus and to better understand what can be done as public health officials and health care providers.201627572514
inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis is a broad-spectrum strategy against rna viruses.rna viruses present an extraordinary threat to human health, given their sudden and unpredictable appearance, the potential for rapid spread among the human population, and their ability to evolve resistance to antiviral therapies. the recent emergence of chikungunya virus, zika virus, and ebola virus highlights the struggles to contain outbreaks. a significant hurdle is the availability of antivirals to treat the infected or protect at-risk populations. while several compounds show promise in v ...201627535047
molecular and serological techniques to detect co-circulation of denv, zikv and chikv in suspected dengue-like syndrome patients.arboviruses are important emerging viruses worldwide. the signs and symptoms of zika virus (zikv) infection are similar to those presented by infections with dengue virus (denv) and chikungunya virus (chikv). furthermore, diagnosis of zikv infection is particularly challenging in dengue endemic regions and with co-circulation of denv, chikv, and zikv, making diagnosis based solely on clinical and epidemiological data unreliable. as these three viral infections share similar clinical manifestatio ...201627479173
chikugunya and zika virus dissemination in the americas: different arboviruses reflecting the same spreading routes and poor vector-control policies.this review gathers the most recent investigations about chikungunya and zika viruses in america and would help in creating new research approaches.201627472289
interferon-induced spermidine-spermine acetyltransferase and polyamine depletion restrict zika and chikungunya viruses.polyamines are small, positively charged molecules derived from ornithine and synthesized through an intricately regulated enzymatic pathway. within cells, they are abundant and play several roles in diverse processes. we find that polyamines are required for the life cycle of the rna viruses chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv). depletion of spermidine and spermine via type i interferon signaling-mediated induction of spermidine/spermine n1-acetyltransferase (sat1), a key catabolic e ...201627427208
coinfections of zika and chikungunya viruses in bahia, brazil, identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mngs) of samples from 15 patients with documented zika virus (zikv) infection in bahia, brazil, from april 2015 to january 2016 identified coinfections with chikungunya virus (chikv) in 2 of 15 zikv-positive cases by pcr (13.3%). while generally nonspecific, the clinical presentation corresponding to these two chikv/zikv coinfections reflected infection by the virus present at a higher titer. aside from chikv and zikv, coinfections of other viral pathogens ...201627413190
zika virus and chikungunya virus coinfections: a series of three cases from a single center in ecuador.zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) cocirculate throughout much of the tropical western hemisphere; however, few cases of coinfection with these two pathogens have been reported. herein, we describe three cases of zikv-chikv coinfection detected at a single center in ecuador: a patient who developed symptoms on postoperative day 5 from an orthopedic procedure, a woman who had traveled to ecuador for fertility treatment, and a woman who was admitted for guillain-barré syndrome and had ...201627402518
clinical and laboratory profile of zika virus infection in dengue suspected patients: a case series.the zika virus (zikv) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus related to the dengue virus (denv), and shows a similar clinical profile as other arboviral diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya virus (chikv). historically, zikv has been associated with sporadic cases of human infection, but is now responsible for outbreaks worldwide. in brazil, cases have been reported since 2015, with some cases causing severe disease.201627289428
production of chikungunya virus-like particles and subunit vaccines in insect cells.chikungunya virus is a reemerging human pathogen that causes debilitating arthritic disease in humans. like dengue and zika virus, chikv is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes in an epidemic urban cycle, and is now rapidly spreading through the americas since its introduction in the caribbean in late 2013. there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs available, and only a few vaccine candidates have passed phase i human clinical trials. using recombinant baculovirus expression technology, we ha ...201627233282
maintaining a safe blood supply in an era of emerging pathogens.coming shortly after outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus in related locations, the recent outbreak of zika virus in the southern part of the western hemisphere is yet another reminder that infectious pathogens continue to emerge rapidly and can adversely affect public health, including the safety of the blood supply. in response to zika virus, public health measures that rely largely on donor deferral and sourcing of blood from non-outbreak areas until a blood donor screening test becomes ...201626962237
zika virus infection in pregnant women in rio de janeiro.background zika virus (zikv) has been linked to central nervous system malformations in fetuses. to characterize the spectrum of zikv disease in pregnant women and infants, we followed patients in rio de janeiro to describe clinical manifestations in mothers and repercussions of acute zikv infection in infants. methods we enrolled pregnant women in whom a rash had developed within the previous 5 days and tested blood and urine specimens for zikv by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction ...201626943629
the zika outbreak of the 21st century.the zika virus outbreak has captivated the attention of the global audience and information has spread rapidly and wildly through the internet and other media channels. this virus was first identified in 1947, when it was isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey placed by british scientists working at the yellow fever research laboratory located in the zika forest area of uganda, hence its name, and is transmitted primarily by the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. the fact that the rhesus macaque is ...201626925496
detection and sequencing of zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in brazil: a case study.the incidence of microcephaly in brazil in 2015 was 20 times higher than in previous years. congenital microcephaly is associated with genetic factors and several causative agents. epidemiological data suggest that microcephaly cases in brazil might be associated with the introduction of zika virus. we aimed to detect and sequence the zika virus genome in amniotic fluid samples of two pregnant women in brazil whose fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly.201626897108
taking forward a 'one health' approach for turning the tide against the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential.the appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included west nile virus, yellow fever virus, ebola virus, nipah virus, lassa fever virus, hanta virus, dengue fever virus, rift valley fever virus, crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coron ...201627321961
expanded dengue.the world health organization (who) has coined the term expanded dengue to describe cases which do not fall into either dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorrhagic fever. this has incorporated several atypical findings of dengue. dengue virus has not been enlisted as a common etiological agent in several conditions like encephalitis, guillain barre syndrome. moreover it is a great mimic of co-existing epidemics like malaria, chikungunya and zika virus disease, which are also mosquito-borne disea ...201627759344
zika virus (zikv) infection related with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (itp) exacerbation and antinuclear antibody positivity.a 30-year-old colombian woman with past history of immune thrombocytopenia (itp) presented to the emergency room with two days of global headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and low level fever and generalized erythematous rash. platelets dropped to 9 × 10(9)/l (fourth day of symptoms) without hemorrhagic manifestations but recovered to 30 × 10(9)/l in 24 hours (fifth day). dengue virus infection, as well as other viral infections, was ruled out. zika virus (zikv) was evaluated in serum and urine samp ...201627694629
zika virus infection induces cranial neural crest cells to produce cytokines at levels detrimental for neurogenesis.zika virus (zikv) infection during pregnancy is linked to microcephaly, which is attributed to infection of developing brain structures. zikv infects neural progenitor cells in vitro, though its effects on other developmentally relevant stem cell populations, including cranial neural crest cells (cnccs), have not been assessed. cnccs give rise to most cranial bones and exert paracrine effects on the developing brain. here, we report that cnccs are productively infected by zikv, but not by the re ...201627693308
the mysterious zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem.until now, known as the demure cousin of dengue virus (denv) inhabiting africa, zika virus (zikv) has reinvented itself to cause explosive epidemics captivating the western hemisphere. the outbreak causing potential for zikv was realized when it made its way from africa to yap island micronesia in 2007, and in french polynesia in 2013. from there, it moved on to brazil in 2015. now zikv has infected people in more than 33 countries in central and south america and the caribbean. moreover the epi ...201627652985
association between zika virus infection and microcephaly in brazil, january to may, 2016: preliminary report of a case-control study.the microcephaly epidemic, which started in brazil in 2015, was declared a public health emergency of international concern by who in 2016. we report the preliminary results of a case-control study investigating the association between microcephaly and zika virus infection during pregnancy.201627641777
dengue antibody and zika: friend or foe?zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus related to dengue that is rapidly spreading through the americas. this outbreak is occurring in dengue-endemic areas where the population has acquired antibodies to dengue. recent studies reveal that preexisting dengue antibodies may have opposite effects on zika infection, transmission, and clinical outcome. discerning these effects is critical to a better understanding of zika pathogenesis and the prevention of future outbreaks.201627599407
dengue virus perturbs mitochondrial morphodynamics to dampen innate immune responses.with no antiviral drugs or widely available vaccines, dengue virus (denv) constitutes a public health concern. denv replicates at er-derived cytoplasmic structures that include substructures called convoluted membranes (cms); however, the purpose of these membrane alterations remains unclear. we determine that denv nonstructural protein (ns)4b, a promising drug target with unknown function, associates with mitochondrial proteins and alters mitochondria morphology to promote infection. during inf ...201627545046
zika virus ns4a and ns4b proteins deregulate akt-mtor signaling in human fetal neural stem cells to inhibit neurogenesis and induce autophagy.the current widespread outbreak of zika virus (zikv) infection has been linked to severe clinical birth defects, particularly microcephaly, warranting urgent study of the molecular mechanisms underlying zikv pathogenesis. akt-mtor signaling is one of the key cellular pathways essential for brain development and autophagy regulation. here, we show that zikv infection of human fetal neural stem cells (fnscs) causes inhibition of the akt-mtor pathway, leading to defective neurogenesis and aberrant ...201627524440
zika virus-induced antibody response enhances dengue virus serotype 2 replication in vitro.zika virus has emerged in the americas, where dengue virus is endemic. among the 4 serotypes of dengue virus, antibody-dependent enhancement is thought to enhance viral replication and disease severity. reports suggest that anti-dengue virus antibody may enhance zika virus replication. we investigated whether zika virus antibodies enhance dengue virus replication, by exposing c57bl/6 mice to zika virus. polyclonal serum was verified for strong zika virus-neutralizing, dengue virus-subneutralizin ...201627521359
inhibition of the membrane attack complex by dengue virus ns1 through interaction with vitronectin and terminal complement proteins.dengue virus (denv) infects millions of people worldwide and is a major public health problem. denv nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) is a conserved glycoprotein that associates with membranes and is also secreted into the plasma in denv-infected patients. the present study describes a novel mechanism by which ns1 inhibits the terminal complement pathway. we first identified the terminal complement regulator vitronectin (vn) as a novel denv2 ns1 binding partner by using a yeast two-hybrid system. th ...201627512066
update: ongoing zika virus transmission - puerto rico, november 1, 2015-july 7, 2016.zika virus is a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes, and infection can be asymptomatic or result in an acute febrile illness with rash (1). zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe birth defects (2). infection has also been associated with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) (3) and severe thrombocytopenia (4,5). in december 2015, the puerto rico department of health (prdh) reported the first locally acquired case o ...201627490087
zika virus: a new arboviral public health problem.zika virus (zikv) is a single-stranded rna virus in the flaviviridae family and transmitted to human through infected mosquitos (aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus). virus is closely related with other flaviviruses; dengue virus, yellow fever virus, west nile virus, and japanese encephalitis virus phylogenetically. due to the possible relationship between virus and clinical features including microcephaly, ventricule, and eye deformities, guillain-barre syndrome increases the interest on this vi ...201627469112
specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by zika virus infection.zika virus (zikv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with homology to dengue virus (denv), has become a public health emergency. by characterizing memory lymphocytes from zikv-infected patients, we dissected zikv-specific and denv-cross-reactive immune responses. antibodies to nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) were largely zikv-specific and were used to develop a serological diagnostic tool. in contrast, antibodies against e protein domain i/ii (edi/ii) were cross-reactive and, although poorly neutralizin ...201627417494
novel strategies for discovering inhibitors of dengue and zika fever. 201627401601
predicted pattern of zika virus infection distribution with reference to rainfall in thailand.zika virus infection is the present global medical problem. the disease appears in several countries around the world. the relationship between rainfall and occurrence of zika virus infection was previously mentioned. here, the authors use the mathematical modeling technique to reappraise on the previous data on immunoreactivity rate of zika virus, dengue virus and ckikungunya virus in thailand and the reported interrelationship between arboviral infections and rainfall in thailand for construct ...201627393105
zika virus infections: an overview of current scenario.zika virus (zikv) was discovered more than half a century ago, recently it has gained unprecedented attention by the global health community. until 2007, only 14 cases of human zikv infections were reported around the globe, while during the current outbreak, estimated cases mounted to approximately 1.5 million in brazil alone, the virus was disseminated to wider south-american territories and travel-associated zikv infections were reported in usa, europe and recently in china. zikv infections r ...201627393087
identification of zika virus and dengue virus dependency factors using functional genomics.the flaviviruses dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv) are severe health threats with rapidly expanding ranges. to identify the host cell dependencies of denv and zikv, we completed orthologous functional genomic screens using rnai and crispr/cas9 approaches. the screens recovered the zikv entry factor axl as well as multiple host factors involved in endocytosis (rab5c and rabgef), heparin sulfation (ndst1 and ext1), and transmembrane protein processing and maturation, including the endoplas ...201627342126
structural basis of potent zika-dengue virus antibody cross-neutralization.zika virus is a member of the flavivirus genus that had not been associated with severe disease in humans until the recent outbreaks, when it was linked to microcephaly in newborns in brazil and to guillain-barré syndrome in adults in french polynesia. zika virus is related to dengue virus, and here we report that a subset of antibodies targeting a conformational epitope isolated from patients with dengue virus also potently neutralize zika virus. the crystal structure of two of these antibodies ...201627338953
clinical and spatial features of zika virus in mexico.zika virus (zikv) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by aedes mosquitoes, the same vectors that transmit dengue virus and chikungunya. recent work has suggested that prior infection with dengue could lead to more severe clinical disease in zikv patients. here, we describe the spatial distribution of and clinical symptoms experienced by zikv cases in mexico.201627311388
emerging role of zika virus in adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes.the rapid spread of the zika virus (zikv) in the americas and its potential association with thousands of suspected cases of microcephaly in brazil and higher rates of guillain-barré syndrome meet the conditions for a public health emergency of international concern, as stated by the world health organization in february 2016. two months later, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) announced that the current available evidence supports the existence of a causal relationship betwee ...201627281741
the ifitms inhibit zika virus replication.zika virus has emerged as a severe health threat with a rapidly expanding range. the ifitm family of restriction factors inhibits the replication of a broad range of viruses, including the closely related flaviruses west nile virus and dengue virus. here, we show that ifitm1 and ifitm3 inhibit zika virus infection early in the viral life cycle. moreover, ifitm3 can prevent zika-virus-induced cell death. these results suggest that strategies to boost the actions and/or levels of the ifitms might ...201627268505
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