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seasonal and spatial distribution of ixodid tick species feeding on naturally infested dogs from eastern austria and the influence of acaricides/repellents on these parameters.effective control of tick infestation and pathogen transmission requires profound knowledge of tick biology in view of their vector function. the particular time of the year when the different tick species start to quest and the favoured sites on the canine host are of major interest. the efficacy of acaricides/repellents to control ticks in the field requires observation.201323510263
effect of owner-controlled acaricidal treatment on tick infestation and immune response to tick-borne pathogens in naturally infested dogs from eastern austria.tick-borne infections resulting from regular tick infestation in dogs are a common veterinary health problem all over the world. the application of repellent and acaricidal agents to prevent transmission of pathogens is a major protection strategy and has been proven to be highly effective in several trials under laboratory and natural conditions in dogs. despite such promising results, many dog owners still report tick infestation in their dogs although acaricidal agents are used. information a ...201323497548
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for rapid identification of tick vectors.a method for rapid species identification of ticks may help clinicians predict the disease outcomes of patients with tick bites and may inform the decision as to whether to administer postexposure prophylactic antibiotic treatment. we aimed to establish a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) spectrum database based on the analysis of the legs of six tick vectors: amblyomma variegatum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, ix ...201323224087
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks from different geographical locations in belarus.worldwide, ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. besides lyme borreliosis, a variety of other bacterial and protozoal tick-borne infections are of medical interest in europe. in this study, 553 questing and feeding ixodes ricinus (n = 327) and dermacentor reticulatus ticks (n = 226) were analysed by pcr for borrelia, rickettsia, anaplasma, coxiella, francisella and babesia species. overall, the pathogen prevalence in ticks was 30.6% for i. ricinus and 45.6% for d. reticulatu ...201323349900
assessment of exposure to piroplasms in sheep grazing in communal mountain pastures by using a multiplex dna bead-based suspension array.piroplasms are tick-borne hemoprotozoans with a major impact on extensive management systems. detection of sub-clinical low-level carriers, which can act as source of infection for vector ticks, is key to protect livestock trade and facilitate preventive control programs. the purpose of this study was to develop a method for the detection of ovine piroplasms and to use it in a field study aimed at investigating piroplasms infection in semi-extensive production systems in the basque country (nort ...201324499621
animal models of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses.tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (tbhfv) are detected throughout the african and eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. in the past decade, however, novel tbhfvs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating tbhfv as elim ...201325437041
spatial disaggregation of tick occurrence and ecology at a local scale as a preliminary step for spatial surveillance of tick-borne diseases: general framework and health implications in belgium.the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing in europe. sub national information on tick distribution, ecology and vector status is often lacking. however, precise location of infection risk can lead to better targeted prevention measures, surveillance and control.201323800283
vaccines for viral hemorrhagic fevers--progress and shortcomings.with a few exceptions, vaccines for viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever remain unavailable or lack well-documented efficacy. in the past decade this has not been due to a lack of the ability to develop vaccine platforms against highly pathogenic viruses, but rather the lack of will/interest to invest in platforms that have the potential to become successful vaccines. the two exceptions to this are vaccines against dengue virus (denv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv), which recently have seen ...201323773330
flaviviruses in europe: complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of west nile disease.in europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (west nile, usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the flavivirus genus. indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are ...201324225644
mediterranean spotted fever in southeastern romania.although cases of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) have been reported for decades in southeastern romania, there are few published data. we retrospectively studied 339 patients, diagnosed with msf at the national institute of infectious diseases "prof. dr. matei bals" between 2000 and 2011, in order to raise awareness about msf in certain regions of romania. according to the raoult diagnostic criteria 171 (50.4%) had a score >25 points. mean age was 52.5 years. one hundred and fifty-five (90.6% ...201324024190
ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in belgium.although ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in north-western europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in western europe. recently, the establishment of a d. reticulatus population in belgium was described. d. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and equine babesiosis and can transmit several rickettsia species, coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), whilst ixodes spp. are vectors of pathogens causing babesi ...201323777784
prevalence of francisella tularensis and francisella-like endosymbionts in the tick population of hungary and the genetic variability of francisella-like agents.several new taxa belonging to the genus francisella have been described recently. the present study describes the prevalence of francisella tularensis and francisella-like endosymbionts (fle) in ticks collected from hungary from 2007 to 2009 and characterizes the genetic variability of fles. a total of 5402 ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus, i. acuminatus, dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, haemaphysalis inermis, h. concinna, h. punctata) were collected from vegetation and animal hosts and teste ...201323421891
changes in the activity of adult stages of dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: amblyommidae) induced by weather factors in eastern poland.the host-seeking activity in dermacentor reticulatus ticks undergoes rhythmical changes correlated with environmental conditions. therefore, this study is focused on investigating the activity of adult stages of the species during weather changes occurring in winter months in eastern poland, i.e. a period of tick diapause.201424885216
seasonal dynamics of rhipicephalus rossicus attacking domestic dogs from the steppic region of southeastern romania.danube delta biosphere reserve is one of the most interesting regions in europe from an epidemiological point of view due to its great biodiversity, local climatic conditions and various types of habitats. moreover, there is no data regarding the ectoparasite communities of dogs from this area. in this frame, the aims of our study were to establish the tick communities parasitizing dogs and to provide new data regarding seasonal dynamics of a neglected tick species, rhipicephalus rossicus.201424612483
a systems biology approach to the characterization of stress response in dermacentor reticulatus tick unfed larvae.dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) is distributed in europe and asia where it infests and transmits disease-causing pathogens to humans, pets and other domestic and wild animals. however, despite its role as a vector of emerging or re-emerging diseases, very little information is available on the genome, transcriptome and proteome of d. reticulatus. tick larvae are the first developmental stage to infest hosts, acquire infection and transmit pathogens that are transovarially transmitted a ...201424586875
discovery of novel rickettsiella spp. in ixodid ticks from western canada.the genomic dna from four species of ixodid ticks in western canada was tested for the presence of rickettsiella by pcr analyses targeting the 16s rrna gene. eighty-eight percent of the ixodes angustus (n = 270), 43% of the i. sculptus (n = 61), and 4% of the i. kingi (n = 93) individuals examined were pcr positive for rickettsiella, whereas there was no evidence for the presence of rickettsiella in dermacentor andersoni (n = 45). three different single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles ...201424334664
the role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology.in nature, vector-borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. these viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of rna by rt-pcr and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, an ...201424737600
the first german map of georeferenced ixodid tick locations.georeferenced locations of ixodid ticks are required to depict the observed distribution of species. further, they are used as input data for species distribution models also known as niche models. the latter were applied to describe current and future (projected) tick distributions. beside model assumptions and selected climate parameters, the number of georeferenced tick locations available as a digital dataset is of fundamental importance for the reliability of such models. for germany, howev ...201425301245
first molecular evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from hungary.recently, hepatozoon canis infection has been detected among shepherd, hunting and stray dogs in the southern part of hungary, which is considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and close to the border with croatia. the aim of this study was to acquire information on the possibility that red foxes and/or golden jackals could play a role in the appearance and spread of h. canis in hungary.201424985073
sensitivity to permethrin in a dermacentor reticulatus population from eastern poland in laboratory study.the action of chemical compounds on the palaearctic tick d. reticulatus (fabricius) (acari: amblyomminae) has been poorly investigated so far. therefore, the effects of application of permethrin on engorged d. reticulatus females have been assessed, and the survival rate for the different developmental stages of the tick species in its non-parasitic phase of the life cycle was determined upon application of the pyrethroid.201424405550
occurrence of tick-transmitted pathogens in dogs in jos, plateau state, nigeria.canine babesiosis caused by babesia rossi, transmitted by haemaphysalis elliptica in south africa, has also been reported from nigeria. although h. leachi (sensu lato) is widespread in sub-saharan africa, published literature on the occurrence of canine babesiosis is meagre. it has been postulated that the genotype of babesia rossi erythrocyte membrane antigen 1 (brema1) may be linked to virulence of the specific isolate. the primary objective of this study was to detect and characterise tick-bo ...201424661795
questionnaire-based survey on the distribution and incidence of canine babesiosis in countries of western europe.the incidence of canine babesiosis may vary considerably from one country to another depending on the distribution of the causative parasite species and their specific vectors. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical occurrence of canine babesiosis diagnosed in european veterinary clinics and propose an updated map of the disease distribution in western europe. questionnaires were sent to companion animal veterinary clinics in spain, france, benelux, germany and austria. the an ...201424626325
a randomized, blinded, controlled and multi-centered field study comparing the efficacy and safety of bravecto (fluralaner) against frontline (fipronil) in flea- and tick-infested dogs.fluralaner, a new molecular entity of the isoxazoline class, has potent insecticidal and acaricidal activity and can be safely administered orally to dogs.201424593931
wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria.austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ...201425830102
pathogens in ticks collected from dogs in berlin/brandenburg, germany.tick-borne diseases are a major health risk for humans and dogs. in addition to collection and analysis of questing ticks, analysis of host-associated ticks for the presence of pathogens is a valuable method to gain insight into transmission patterns of tick-borne diseases.201425441762
ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in europe: new hazards and relevance for public health.tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in europe. recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in european urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. in urban habitats, small and medi ...201425520947
the speed of kill of fluralaner (bravecto™) against ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs.pathogens that are transmitted by ticks to dogs, such as anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, and ehrlichia canis, are an increasing problem in the world. one method to prevent pathogen transmission to dogs is to kill the ticks before transmission occurs. fluralaner (bravecto™) is a novel isoxazoline insecticide and acaricide that provides long persistent antiparasitic activity following systemic administration. this study investigated the speed of kill of fl ...201425406442
pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the mexico-us border along the rio grande.transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. the complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. the rio grande serve ...201425453027
co-feeding transmission in lyme disease pathogens.this review examines the phenomenon of co-feeding transmission in tick-borne pathogens. this mode of transmission is critical for the epidemiology of several tick-borne viruses but its importance for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis, is still controversial. the molecular mechanisms and ecological factors that facilitate co-feeding transmission are therefore examined with particular emphasis on borrelia pathogens. comparison of climate, tick ecology and ex ...201425295405
immediate efficacy and persistent speed of kill of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (nexgardtm) against induced infestations with ixodes ricinus ticks.ticks are hematophageous arthropods that transmit a wide spectrum of pathogens to human and animals. the ability of an acaricidal product to kill ticks quickly provides an important added benefit, especially as protecting dogs from tick bites remains the best preventive measure against tick-borne diseases. the speed of kill of afoxolaner in a novel soft chewable formulation (nexgardtm) against induced infestations with ixodes ricinus adult ticks was evaluated during a full-month negative control ...201425261196
circulation of four anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in europe.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and animals. wild animals and ticks play key roles in the enzootic cycles of the pathogen. potential ecotypes of a. phagocytophilum have been characterized genetically, but their host range, zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics has only incompletely been resolved.201425127547
high-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in europe.due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout europe. therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. to accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (tbps), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from france, denmark, and the netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. this advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detect ...201425120960
a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome.multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ...201424962723
the ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to block the transmission of babesia canis by dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs.canine babesiosis due to babesia canis is an endemic disease in many european countries. a vaccine is available in some countries, but it does not prevent the infection and just helps in reducing the gravity of clinical signs. therefore, the major way to help preventing the disease is by controlling tick infestations on dogs.to assess the preventive efficacy of afoxolaner (nexgard®), a new oral anti- flea and tick product, against babesia canis infected adult dermacentor reticulatus in an experi ...201424957215
a seventeen-year epidemiological surveillance study of borrelia burgdorferi infections in two provinces of northern spain.this paper reports a 17-year seroepidemiological surveillance study of borrelia burgdorferi infection, performed with the aim of improving our knowledge of the epidemiology of this pathogen. serum samples (1,179) from patients (623, stratified with respect to age, sex, season, area of residence and occupation) bitten by ticks in two regions of northern spain were ifa-tested for b. burgdorferi antibodies. positive results were confirmed by western blotting. antibodies specific for b. burgdorferi ...201424487455
canine babesiosis in northwestern india: molecular detection and assessment of risk factors.in the current study, a total of 214 blood samples from dogs in and around ludhiana, punjab (india), suspected for canine babesiosis were examined with conventional and molecular assays. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 7.47% (16/214) for canine babesiosis encompassing 0.93% (2/214) of large babesia and 6.54% (14/214) of babesia gibsoni. however, molecular diagnosis revealed 15.42% (33/214) samples positive for b. gibsoni infection as e ...201425013798
candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum: prevalences and investigations on a new transmission path in small mammals and ixodid ticks.small mammals are crucial for the life history of ixodid ticks, but their role and importance in the transmission cycle of tick-borne pathogens is mostly unknown. candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis (cnm) and anaplasma phagocytophilum are both tick-borne pathogens, and rodents are discussed to serve as main reservoir hosts for cnm but not for the latter especially in germany. analysing the prevalence of both pathogens in small mammals and their ticks in endemic regions may help to elucidate possi ...201425465390
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, poland.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a human infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in circulation of tbev. however, the current knowledge of d. reticulatus importance in tbe epidemiology is s ...201425047961
scabies mites alter the skin microbiome and promote growth of opportunistic pathogens in a porcine model.the resident skin microbiota plays an important role in restricting pathogenic bacteria, thereby protecting the host. scabies mites (sarcoptes scabiei) are thought to promote bacterial infections by breaching the skin barrier and excreting molecules that inhibit host innate immune responses. epidemiological studies in humans confirm increased incidence of impetigo, generally caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes, secondary to the epidermal infestation with the parasitic mite ...201424875186
rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae infections in ixodes ricinus ticks from urban and natural forested areas of poland.ixodes ricinus is a major vector for a range of microbial pathogens and the most prevalent and widely distributed tick species on the european continent, occurring in both natural and urban habitats. nevertheless, little is known about the relative density of ticks in these two ecologically distinct habitats and the diversity of tick-borne pathogens that they carry.201424661311
occurrence of ticks and prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in three types of urban biotopes: forests, parks and cemeteries.the aim of the present study was to compare different urban biotopes for the occurrence of ixodid tick species, for the population density of ixodes ricinus and for the prevalence rates of two emerging, zoonotic pathogens. altogether 2455 ticks were collected from the vegetation on 30 places (forests, parks, cemeteries) of budapest, hungary. i. ricinus and haemaphysalis concinna were collected in all three biotope types, but dermacentor reticulatus only in parks and forests, and d. marginatus on ...201425127161
the infection of questing dermacentor reticulatus ticks with babesia canis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in the chernobyl exclusion zone.tick occurrence was studied in the chernobyl exclusion zone (cez) during the august-october 2009-2012. dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected using the flagging method and then screened for infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia canis by a pcr method incorporating specific primers and sequence analysis. the prevalence of infection with b. canis canis and a. phagocytophilum was found to be 3.41% and 25.36%, respectively. the results present the first evidence of b. canis canis ...201424953751
no evidence of african swine fever virus replication in hard ticks.african swine fever (asf) is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), a tick-borne dna virus. soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros are the only biological vectors of asfv recognized so far. although other hard ticks have been tested for vector competence, two commonly found tick species in europe, ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus, have not been assessed for their vector competence for asfv. in this study, we aimed to determine whether virus replication can occur in any of these two ...201424980962
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 1. the summarising list of parasites noted.during the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in bison bonasus. these are 22 species of protozoa (trypanosoma wrublewskii, t. theileri, giardia sp., sarcocystis cruzi, s. hirsuta, s. hominis, s. fusiformis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium sp., eimeria cylindrica, e. subspherica, e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. alabamensis, e. bukidnonensis, e. auburnensis, e. pellita, e. brasiliensis, babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species ...201425119348
sympatric occurrence of ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and haemaphysalis concinna ticks and rickettsia and babesia species in slovakia.vojka nad dunajom in the south-west of the slovak republic is a locality with sympatric occurrence of 3 species of ticks. this study investigated the spatial distribution of dermacentor reticulatus, ixodes ricinus, and haemaphysalis concinna ticks in this area and determined the prevalence of babesia and rickettsia species in questing adults of these tick species considered as potential risk for humans and animals. ticks were collected by blanket dragging over the vegetation from september 2011 ...201424973275
[detection of babesia canis (piroplasmida) dna in the blood samples and lysates of the ticks dermacentor reticulatus (ixodidae) collected in the tula and moscow regions].chimeric primers, the sensitivity and specificity of which allow them to be used in both the clinical setting and the epizootological assessment of tick infection by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay, have been designed against babesia canis infection. the findings suggest that a large number of babesia dna copies are detectable in the blood in acute babesiosis. some animals that had experienced babesiosis developed blood b. canis carriage--a small number oftrophozoites remain ...201424738223
the risk of vector-borne infections in sled dogs associated with existing and new endemic areas in poland. part 2: occurrence and control of babesiosis in a sled dog kennel during a 13-year-long period.the achievements of sled dogs in competitions depend both on their training and on their health. vector-borne infections may lead to anemia, affect joints or heart muscles or even cause death. canine babesiosis is an emerging, quickly spreading tick-borne disease in central europe. over a 13-year period (2000-2012) the occurrence of babesiosis cases was analyzed in one sled dog kennel situated in kury, a village near tłuszcz (n 52°24'56.78″, e 21°30'37.55″) in central poland. twenty cases/episod ...201424612743
a molecular survey of babesia spp. and theileria spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks from thuringia, germany.wild canines which are closely related to dogs constitute a potential reservoir for haemoparasites by both hosting tick species that infest dogs and harbouring tick-transmitted canine haemoparasites. in this study, the prevalence of babesia spp. and theileria spp. was investigated in german red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks. dna extracts of 261 spleen samples and 1953 ticks included 4 tick species: ixodes ricinus (n=870), i. canisuga (n=585), i. hexagonus (n=485), and dermacentor reticul ...201424717451
prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks from the russian federation.the prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks collected in 2008-2012 from 11 regions of the russian federation was investigated by real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr). the presence of kemerovo virus in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes ricinus, and dermacentor reticulatus was confirmed. virus prevalence depended on the region and varied from zero to 10.1%.201425073856
hepatozoon canis in german red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks: molecular characterization and the phylogenetic relationship to other hepatozoon spp.in this study, the prevalence of hepatozoon spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks from germany, as well as molecular characterizations and phylogenetic relationship to other hepatozoon spp. were investigated. dna extracts of 261 spleen samples and 1,953 ticks were examined for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by a conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the 18s rrna gene. the ticks included four tick species: ixodes ricinus, ixodes canisuga, ixodes hexagonus and dermace ...201424802869
the deduced evolution history of omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.omsk hemorrhagic fever (ohf) is a severe disease that emerged in the 1940s in siberia, russia. it is caused by the ohf virus (ohfv), belonging to the flavivirus genus. in wildlife, the principal vector of ohfv is the dermacentor reticulatus tick. however, humans are mainly infected after contact with an infected muskrat ondatra zibethicus. the evolutionary history of ohfv is not yet clarified. in an attempt to reconstruct the temporal and spatial phylodynamics of ohfv, a collection of 25 ohfv st ...201424259273
cultivable internal bacterial flora of ticks isolated in hungary.from six sampling sites in north-western hungary 126 questing ticks of three species (ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis concinna) were sampled. after inactivating the external bacteria on the surface of ticks, the internal bacterial flora was cultured (two kinds of agar media at three temperatures with aerobic and anaerobic conditions were applied), and 116 strains were isolated. our results showed, that after a blood meal the bacterial contamination of ticks was much higher ...201424366635
detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ...201424035586
comparison of the toxic effect of pyrethroids on ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus females.despite the increased rates of infestations with i. ricinus (ir) and d. reticulatus (dr) ticks observed over the last decade, no effective control methods have been developed so far. the present study was focused on assessment of the action of pyrethroids on these both tick species.201424959773
the occurrence of the dermacentor reticulatus tick--its expansion to new areas and possible causes.the ornate dog tick (dermacentor reticulatus) can be found in the temperate zones of eurasia. its area of occurrence is divided into east and west distributions, although the area as a whole is expanding. the initial east-west division was most probably associated with the varied climatic profile of europe, for example, the range of specific mean winter and summer temperatures: the region where d. reticulatus is absent is characterized by mean winter temperatures between 0 degree c and 5 degrees ...201424930245
tick infestation and prophylaxis of dogs in northeastern germany: a prospective study.ticks transmit various important pathogens to humans and animals, and dogs are frequently exposed to tick infestation. the objective of this study was to examine tick infestation and the characteristics of tick prophylaxis of dogs in the berlin/brandenburg area. a total of 441 dogs (392 owners) was examined from march 2010 to april 2011. the dog owners participated in the study for a period of 1-13 months (10.33±2.85; median 11.00). the prevalences of a total of 1728 ticks collected from 251 (57 ...201424629616
evaluation of the efficacy of afoxolaner against two european dog tick species: dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus.the acaricidal efficacy of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (nexgard(®), merial) against two european tick species was assessed in dogs experimentally infested with ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus. three studies, each characterized by a negative controlled randomized block design, were conducted with a total of 52 beagle or mongrel dogs of both sexes. starting 2 days before treatment, each dog was infested weekly with approximately 50 ticks. the number of live ticks was counted ...201424629424
the role of particular tick developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens affecting humans in central europe. 1. the general pattern.tick-borne pathogens are common in the natural environment, but their occurrence has a focal character. they occur in the natural environment in the form of the enzootic sources of infection. the general components include the animal reservoir, amplifiers and the efficient vector. however, the particular role of components can differ depending on the pathogen, the host range and possible transmission routes. animal reservoir of pathogen are vertebrate animals, being the hosts of pathogens. in eu ...201526878618
vasoconstriction induced by salivary gland extracts from ixodid ticks.in their quest for blood, most haematophagous parasites secrete vasodilators in their saliva to counter the host haemostatic response of vasoconstriction. surprisingly, salivary gland extracts from adult female dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks induced constriction in a rat femoral artery model; males induced vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the time of feeding. based on comparative hplc fractionation, the active compounds inducing vasoconstriction do no ...201526432295
spatial distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in romania.dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794), also known as the marsh tick or ornate dog tick is the second most significant vector (next to ixodes ricinus) of protozoan, rickettsial and viral pathogens in europe. until now, only limited information on the distribution of d. reticulatus in romania is available. a study was conducted on the distribution of d. reticulatus in romania during 2012-2014. in this study, d. reticulatus was detected in 17 counties, in 14 of which the species was recorded fo ...201526412141
influence of altitude on tick-borne encephalitis infection risk in the natural foci of the altai republic, southern siberia.the altai republic is a highly endemic area as far as tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is concerned. the aim of the research was to study the effect of altitude on the risk of tick-borne encephalitis infection in the altai republic. the paper analyzes the following data: the study of ixodid ticks collected from the vegetation in 116 sites at the 200-2383m elevation above sea level in 2012-2014, tbe virus prevalence of these vectors, tick-bite incidence rate, and tbe incidence rate of the population ...201525748512
toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908) detected in dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius) (ixodidae).the aim of the present work was to determine whether dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius), tick species common in eastern poland could be infected with toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908). a total of 664 unfed d. reticulatus ticks were collected from six localities of lublin province (eastern poland) within the framework of study for the presence of bacterial, viral and parasitological infections, with use of pcr and confirmed by sequencing analysis. the prevalence of t. gondii dna of b ...201526449345
orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in central neurons innervating the salivary glands and hindgut of ixodid ticks.orcokinins are conserved neuropeptides within the arthropoda but their cellular distribution and functions in ticks are unknown. we use an antibody against the highly conserved n-terminal (nfdeidr) of mature orcokinin peptides to examine their distribution in six ixodid species: amblyomma variegatum, dermacentor reticulatus, hyalomma anatolicum, ixodes scapularis, ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus. numerous immunoreactive neurons (~100) were detected in various regions of the synga ...201525792509
host preferences of immature dermacentor reticulatus (acari: ixodidae) in a forest habitat in germany.dermacentor reticulatus is widespread throughout europe and is expanding its range in several european countries. it is associated with a number of different pathogens. its role in the transmission of disease to humans is currently small; however, it might play an important role in the maintenance of pathogens in enzootic cycles. the ecology of d. reticulatus, especially of the immatures, is not well known. in this study, ticks from small mammals, caught in a capture-mark-release study between m ...201525983104
the role of domestic dogs and cats in the zoonotic cycles of ticks and pathogens. preliminary studies in the wrocław agglomeration (sw poland).the collection of 729 tick specimens (ixodes ricinus, 88.6%; ixodes hexagonus, 9.2%; dermacentor reticulatus, 2.2%) removed from 373 dogs and 78 cats, along with 201 ticks from vegetation (i. ricinus, 75.6%; d. reticulatus, 24.4%), allows one to say that pets play an important role in maintaining tick life cycles in different urban area. it shows the lack of statistical differences between tick intensity in high-impact anthropogenic areas (hiaa), low-impact anthropogenic areas (liaa) and mixed a ...201526464069
occurrence of francisella spp. in dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus ticks collected in eastern poland.a total of 530 questing dermacentor reticulatus ticks and 861 questing ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from lublin province (eastern poland) and examined for the presence of francisella by pcr for 16s rrna (rrs) and tul4 genes. only one female d. reticulatus tick out of 530 examined (0.2%) was infected with francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica, as determined by pcr of the rrs gene. none of 861 i. ricinus ticks were infected with f. tularensis. in contrast, the presence of francisella ...201525666656
detection of murine herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) in dermacentor reticulatus ticks.murid herpesvirus 4 (muhv 4) strain 68 (mhv-68) is a natural pathogen of murid rodents, which serves as hosts to dermacentor reticulatus ticks. these ticks are known to transmit multiple pathogens, which can cause diseases in humans and animals. recently, the detection of mhv-68 antibodies in the blood of animals living in the same biotope as virus-infected mice has suggested the role of ticks in pathogen circulation in nature. herein, to identify mhv-68 in d. reticulatus ticks, dna samples from ...201525947097
molecular examinations of babesia microti in rodents and rodent-attached ticks from urban and sylvatic habitats in germany.small mammals serve as reservoir hosts for tick-borne pathogens, especially for those which are not transmitted transovarially in ticks - such as babesia microti. molecular investigations on the prevalence of b. microti in wild small mammals and on attached ticks from differently structured areas may provide information on the circulation of b. microti in different ecological niches. in 2012 and 2013, 622 rodents (396 myodes glareolus, 178 apodemus flavicollis, 36 apodemus sylvaticus, 4 apodemus ...201525922232
tick-borne diseases (borreliosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis) in german and austrian dogs: status quo and review of distribution, transmission, clinical findings, diagnostics and prophylaxis.tick-borne diseases (tbd) in dogs have gained in significance in german and austrian veterinary practices. the widespread european tick species ixodes ricinus represents an important vector for spirochaetes of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group and rickettsiales such as anaplasma phagocytophilum. the meadow or ornate dog tick (dermacentor reticulatus) is an important vector for babesia canis, as is the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) for babesia vogeli in the mediterranean regio ...201526152408
candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in natural rodent and tick communities in southern hungary.the aim of this study was to investigate the natural cycle of the new human pathogenic bacteria candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in southern hungary. we collected rodents with live-traps (2010-2013) and questing ticks with flagging in 2012. small mammals were euthanized, tissue samples were collected and all the ectoparasites were removed and stored in 70% alcohol. we found relatively low overall prevalence of tick infestation (8%). samples were analysed for a. ph ...201525468763
isolation and propagation of a spiroplasma sp. from slovakian ixodes ricinus ticks in ixodes spp. cell lines.ixodes spp. ticks are known to occasionally harbour spiroplasmas - helical mycoplasmas in the class mollicutes; a previous study in slovakia reported an overall prevalence of spiroplasma ixodetis of 3% in ixodes ricinus. in the present study, extracts of unfed adult i. ricinus ticks collected from vegetation in south-western slovakia were added to a panel of cell lines derived from i. ricinus and ixodes scapularis embryos. the cultures were monitored by preparation and examination of giemsa-stai ...201526003954
candidatus neoehrlichia sp. in an austrian fox is distinct from candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, but closer related to candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris.candidatus neoehrlichia came under the focus of recent research in terms of human and pet relevance. candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis seems to be relatively abundant in animals and humans from central european countries, whereas candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris was found solely in raccoons from the usa.201526471191
repellency and acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs.a blinded, controlled laboratory study was conducted to assess the repellency and acaricidal activity of a topical spot on formulation, a combination of fipronil and permethrin, against ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs.201526463998
vector-borne transmission of besnoitia besnoiti by blood-sucking and secretophagous flies: epidemiological and clinicopathological implications.bovine besnoitiosis has been recently diagnosed in a three-parted herd of 796 aubrac and charolais beef cattle in hungary. a large scale serological, histological and molecular survey was initiated in order to uncover important factors in the local epidemiology of the disease.201526338535
a quantitative evaluation of the extent of fluralaner uptake by ticks (ixodes ricinus, ixodes scapularis) in fluralaner (bravecto) treated vs. untreated dogs using the parameters tick weight and coxal index.fluralaner is a new antiparasitic drug that was recently introduced as bravecto chewable tablets for the treatment of tick and flea infestations in dogs. most marketed tick products exert their effect via topical application and contact exposure to the parasite. in contrast, bravecto delivers its acaricidal activity through systemic exposure. tick exposure to fluralaner occurs after attachment to orally treated dogs, which induces a tick-killing effect within 12 h. the fast onset of killing last ...201526123249
host-feeding behaviour of dermacentor reticulatus and dermacentor marginatus in mono-specific and inter-specific infestations.given the sympatric occurrence in some regions of europe and the great epidemiological significance of d. reticulatus and d. marginatus species, we investigated the behaviour of these ticks during inter-specific and mono-specific host infestations.201526381387
a novel combination of fipronil and permethrin (frontline tri-act®/frontect®) reduces risk of transmission of babesia canis by dermacentor reticulatus and of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs.the ability of frontline tri-act®/frontect®, a topical ectoparasiticide containing fipronil and permethrin for dogs, to prevent the transmission of babesia canis as well as ehrlichia canis was evaluated by infesting dogs with infected vector ticks.201526586365
prevention of transmission of babesia canis by dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (bravecto™).the preventive effect of fluralaner chewable tablets (bravecto™) against transmission of babesia canis by dermacentor reticulatus ticks was evaluated.201526040319
molecular detection of tick-borne rickettsial and protozoan pathogens in domestic dogs from turkey.canine tick-borne parasites have emerged in recent years, showing a wider geographic distribution and increased global prevalence. in addition to their veterinary importance, domestic dogs play an important role in the transmission cycles of some agents by acting as reservoirs and sentinels. this study investigated babesia, theileria, anaplasma, and ehrlichia species in asymptomatic dogs in ten provinces of turkey.201525889911
screening of bat faeces for arthropod-borne apicomplexan protozoa: babesia canis and besnoitia besnoiti-like sequences from chiroptera.bats are among the most eco-epidemiologically important mammals, owing to their presence in human settlements and animal keeping facilities. roosting of bats in buildings may bring pathogens of veterinary-medical importance into the environment of domestic animals and humans. in this context bats have long been studied as carriers of various pathogen groups. however, despite their close association with arthropods (both in their food and as their ectoparasites), only a few molecular surveys have ...201526315069
the effect of synthetic pyrethroids on the attachment and host-feeding behaviour in dermacentor reticulatus females (ixodida: amblyommidae).the high competence of d. reticulatus in transmission of tick-borne pathogens prompts investigations of the effect of chemicals used as repellents and acaricides on the behaviour of the tick on the host. therefore, this paper presents the effect of permethrin and deltamethrin on the attachment and feeding in this tick species.201526160421
novel foci of dermacentor reticulatus ticks infected with babesia canis and babesia caballi in the netherlands and in belgium.autochthonous populations of dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the netherlands were discovered after fatal cases of babesiosis occurred in resident dogs in 2004. the presence of d. reticulatus in the netherlands has also linked with the emergence of piroplasmosis in the resident horse population. the aim of this study was to put together results of continued surveillance of field sites and hosts for this tick in the netherlands and also in belgium and determine their infection status for babesia ...201525889392
prevention of babesia canis in dogs: efficacy of a fixed combination of permethrin and fipronil (effitix®) using an experimental transmission blocking model with infected dermacentor reticulatus ticks.two experimental studies using a transmission blocking model with dermacentor reticulatus ticks infected with babesia canis were performed to test the ability of effitix® to prevent the transmission of babesiosis in dogs.201525595325
new localities of dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the baltic countries.according to previous observations in three baltic states, dermacentor reticulatus was found only in lithuania where it occurred mainly in the central and western parts of the country. during the past decade, evidence about a changing distribution of d. reticulatus in the baltic countries was provided by the occurrence of canine babesiosis in the new locations in lithuania and latvia. in the present study the current distribution of d. reticulatus in lithuania and latvia was investigated. ticks ...201526045169
comparative efficacy of two oral treatments for dogs containing either afoxolaner or fluralaner against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and dermacentor reticulatus.the present study compares the efficacy of two recent oral ectoparasiticides containing isoxazolines (nexgard(®), containing afoxolaner and administered at a monthly regimen, and bravecto™ containing fluralaner and administered at a tri-monthly regimen) against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and dermacentor reticulatus ticks on dogs. 24 dogs were randomly allocated to untreated control, nexgard(®) treated, and bravecto™ treated groups. the treatments were administered on days 0, 28 and 56 f ...201525716658
ticks on dogs and cats: a pet owner-based survey in a rural town in northeastern switzerland.changes in the endemic foci of tick populations and invasions of tick species to new areas have become evident in europe, leading to changes in the epidemiology of tick-transmitted diseases. however, data about tick infestations of pet animals are limited. following the recent identification of a new focus of canine babesiosis in northeastern switzerland, we investigated the occurrence of tick vectors in this region by using a pet owner-based sampling strategy. all dog owners in a rural town wer ...201525684694
the effect of changes in agricultural practices on the density of dermacentor reticulatus ticks.the impact of agricultural practices/ activities on the environment has been falling in many areas of europe due to the widespread exodus of inhabitants from rural areas. the associated abandonment of agricultural lands has enabled a wide range of wild animals to prosper in the countryside, including birds, ungulates and large carnivores. one consequence has been the increase in ticks and associated tick-borne diseases which now constitute a greater threat for public health than earlier. the aim ...201526073110
pathogens vectored by the tick, dermacentor reticulatus, in endemic regions and zones of expansion in poland.dermacentor reticulatus plays an important role in the maintenance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance in the environment. currently two isolated populations of d. reticulatus are present in poland--western and eastern. the range of the eastern population covers endemic areas in eastern poland but this population is expanding westwards creating an expansion zone in the centre of the country. the expansion zone in western poland is occupied by the recently discovered western populat ...201526403456
climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: the butterfly effect.we have killed wild animals for obtaining food and decimated forests for many reasons. nowadays, we are burning fossil fuels as never before and even exploring petroleum in deep waters. the impact of these activities on our planet is now visible to the naked eye and the debate on climate change is warming up in scientific meetings and becoming a priority on the agenda of both scientists and policy decision makers. on the occasion of the impact of environmental changes on infectious diseases (iec ...201526835253
comparative metagenomic profiling of symbiotic bacterial communities associated with ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi and dermacentor reticulatus ticks.ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi, and dermacentor reticulatus ticks inhabiting western siberia are responsible for the transmission of a number of etiological agents that cause human and animal tick-borne diseases. because these ticks are abundant in the suburbs of large cities, agricultural areas, and popular tourist sites and frequently attack people and livestock, data regarding the microbiomes of these organisms are required. using metagenomic 16s profiling, we evaluate bacterial commun ...201526154300
babesia spp. and other pathogens in ticks recovered from domestic dogs in denmark.newly recognized endemic foci for human babesiosis include europe, where ixodes ricinus, a vector for several species of babesia, is the most commonly identified tick. vector-based surveillance provides an early warning system for the emergence of human babesiosis, which is likely to be under-reported at emerging sites. in the present study, we set out to screen i. ricinus collected from danish domestic dogs for babesia, in order to identify whether humans in denmark are exposed to the parasite.201525951937
tick microbiome: the force within.ticks are obligate blood-feeders and serve as vectors of human and livestock pathogens worldwide. defining the tick microbiome and deciphering the interactions between the tick and its symbiotic bacteria in the context of tick development and pathogen transmission will likely reveal new insights and spawn new paradigms to control tick-borne diseases. descriptive observations on the tick microbiome that began almost a century ago serve as forerunners to the gathering momentum to define the tick m ...201525936226
bacterial and protozoal agents of canine vector-borne diseases in the blood of domestic and stray dogs from southern portugal.the so-called canine vector-borne diseases (cvbd) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. in addition to their veterinary importance, many of these canine vector-borne pathogens can also affect the human population due to their zoonotic potential, a situation that requires a one health approach. as the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in cats from southern portugal has been recently evaluated, the aim of the present study was to assess if the same agents were prese ...201525886525
tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide.the abundance and activity of ectoparasites and its hosts are affected by various abiotic factors, such as climate and other organisms (predators, pathogens and competitors) presenting thus multiples forms of association (obligate to facultative, permanent to intermittent and superficial to subcutaneous) developed during long co-evolving processes. ticks are ectoparasites widespread globally and its eco epidemiology are closely related to the environmental conditions. they are obligatory hematop ...201527047089
detection and quantification of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in ixodes ricinus ticks from urban and rural environment, northern poland, by real-time polymerase chain reaction.anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. are emerging tick-borne pathogens which can threaten human health. a duplex real-time pcr and qpcrs with primers and probes targeting 97 and 116 bp fragments of 16s rrna and 18s rrna genes, respectively, were used for qualitative and quantitative detection of both pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks. altogether 1875 ticks (1084 adults and 791 nymphs) were collected from rural and urban habitats in northern poland. of them, at least 0.9% were found to be i ...201525721255
dominance of dermacentor reticulatus over ixodes ricinus (ixodidae) on livestock, companion animals and wild ruminants in eastern and central poland.the most common tick species parasitizing animals in poland are ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus. these tick species differ in their distribution, habitats, seasonal activity and host specificity. ixodes ricinus is the most prevalent and widely distributed, whereas the range of d. reticulatus is limited to eastern and central parts of the country with several new foci in the middle-west and the west. however, as in many central european countries, the range of d. reticulatus is expandi ...201525717007
update on epidemiology of canine babesiosis in southern france.canine babesiosis is an emerging or re-emerging disease caused by babesia and theileria protozoans, also called piroplasms, transmitted by ixodid ticks. in europe, four etiological agents have been identified to date, namely babesia canis, b. vogeli, b. gibsoni and theileria annae. france has a high prevalence of canine babesiosis and two tick species, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus, are supposed to transmit b. canis and b. vogeli respectively. in southern france, where dog ...201526303260
efficacy of orally administered fluralaner (bravecto™) or topically applied imidacloprid/moxidectin (advocate®) against generalized demodicosis in dogs.this laboratory study compared the efficacy of bravecto™ (fluralaner), formulated as a chewable tablet, with the efficacy of advocate® (imidacloprid/moxidectin), formulated for topical administration, against naturally acquired generalized demodicosis in dogs.201525881320
anaplasma phagocytophilum prevalence in ticks and rodents in an urban and natural habitat in south-western slovakia.ixodes ricinus is the principal vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the ethiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in europe. anaplasmosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with a natural enzootic cycle. the reservoir competence of rodents is unclear. monitoring of a. phagocytophilum prevalence in i. ricinus and rodents in various habitat types of slovakia may contribute to the knowledge about the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in central europe.201525980768
babesia spp. in questing ticks from eastern poland: prevalence and species diversity.a total of 853 questing ixodes ricinus males, females, and nymphs and of 582 questing dermacentor reticulatus males and females were collected from vegetation on the territory of the lublin province (eastern poland). the ticks were examined for the presence of babesia by pcr detecting part of 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene and nuclear small subunit rrna (ss-rdna) for determining of babesia spp. and babesia microti, respectively. the overall incidence of babesia strains in i. ricinus ticks was 4.6 ...201525976982
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