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sarcocyst development in raccoons (procyon lotor) inoculated with different strains of sarcocystis neurona culture-derived merozoites.sarcocystis neurona is considered the major etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), a neurological disease in horses. raccoon ( procyon lotor ) is considered the most important intermediate host in the life cycle of s. neurona in the united states; s. neurona sarcocysts do mature in raccoon muscles, and raccoons also develop clinical signs simulating epm. the focus of this study was to determine if sarcocysts would develop in raccoons experimentally inoculated with different ...201525811893
an update on sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm).equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) is a serious disease of horses, and its management continues to be a challenge for veterinarians. the protozoan sarcocystis neurona is most commonly associated with epm. s. neurona has emerged as a common cause of mortality in marine mammals, especially sea otters (enhydra lutris). epm-like illness has also been recorded in several other mammals, including domestic dogs and cats. this paper updates s. neurona and epm information from the last 15 years on ...201525737052
systems-based analysis of the sarcocystis neurona genome identifies pathways that contribute to a heteroxenous life cycle.sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including eimeria, sarcocystis, neospora, and toxoplasma. unlike eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, sarcocystis, neospora, and toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. as a genus, sarcocystis is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, ...201525670772
pharmacokinetics of a low dose and fda-labeled dose of diclazuril administered orally as a pelleted topdressing in adult horses.the purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of the fda-approved labeled dose of diclazuril and compare it to a low dose in plasma and csf in adult horses. during each research period, six healthy adult horses received 0.5 mg/kg of 1.56% diclazuril pellets (protazil(tm) , merck animal health) compared to the approved labeled dose of 1 mg/kg orally once in two separate phases. a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was calculated to each horse's weight. blood was then collected immediately before ...201525329774
survey for infectious disease in the south american fur seal (arctocephalus australis) population at punta san juan, peru.the peruvian population of the south american fur seal ( arctocephalus australis ) is a distinct evolutionarily significant unit that is endangered. one of the largest rookeries for this species in peru is located within the punta san juan marine protected area (15°22's, 75°12'w). to better understand the current health status of this population, exposure to 10 pinniped pathogens was evaluated in adult female fur seals (n=29) via serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques in novembe ...201526056875
sarcocystis spp. infection in two red panda cubs (ailurus fulgens).two neonatal male red panda (ailurus fulgens) littermates were submitted for necropsy examination. one animal was found dead with no prior signs of illness; the other had a brief history of laboured breathing. post-mortem examination revealed disseminated protozoal infection. to further characterize the causative agent, transmission electron microscopy (tem), immunohistochemistry (ihc), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and amplification and nucleic acid sequencing were performed. ihc was negative ...201526054654
prevalence of antibodies against neospora spp. and sarcocystis neurona in donkeys from northeastern brazil.sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi are coccidian protozoa that can cause neurological illness in horses in america. in this study we report seroprevalence of neospora spp. ands. neurona in sera of 333 donkeys from the northeastern region of brazil. antibodies to neospora spp. were detected in 2% (7 donkeys) of 333 sera tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) with a cut-off dilution of 1:40. antibodies to s. neurona were found in 3% (10 donkeys) of the samples tested by ifat ...201626982557
sarcocystis caninum and sarcocystis svanai n. spp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) associated with severe myositis and hepatitis in the domestic dog (canis familiaris).there are several reports of sarcocystis sarcocysts in muscles of dogs, but these species have not been named. additionally, there are two reports of sarcocystis neurona in dogs. here, we propose two new names, sarcocystis caninum, and sarcocystis svanai for sarcocysts associated with clinical muscular sarcocystosis in four domestic dogs (canis familiaris), one each from montana and colorado in the usa, and two from british columbia, canada. only the sarcocyst stage was identified. most of the s ...201625256157
diversity of sarcocystis spp shed by opossums in brazil inferred with phylogenetic analysis of dna coding its1, cytochrome b, and surface antigens.although few species of sarcocystis are known to use marsupials of the genus didelphis as definitive host, an extensive diversity of alleles of surface antigen genes (sag2, sag3, and sag4) has been described in samples of didelphid opossums in brazil. in this work, we studied 25 samples of sarcocystis derived from gastrointestinal tract of opossums of the genus didelphis by accessing the variability of sag2, sag3, sag4, gene encoding cytochrome b (cytb) and first internal transcribed spacer (its ...201626905780
first report of cerebellar abiotrophy in an arabian foal from argentina.evidence of cerebellar abiotrophy (ca) was found in a six-month-old arabian filly with signs of incoordination, head tremor, wobbling, loss of balance and falling over, consistent with a cerebellar lesion. normal hematology profile blood test and cerebrospinal fluid analysis excluded infectious encephalitis, and serological testing for sarcocystis neurona was negative. the filly was euthanized. postmortem x-ray radiography of the cervical cephalic region identified not abnormalities, discounting ...201628116251
selective inhibition of sarcocystis neurona calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis therapy.sarcocystis neurona is the most frequent cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, a debilitating neurological disease of horses that can be difficult to treat. we identified sncdpk1, the s. neurona homologue of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (cdpk1), a validated drug target in toxoplasma gondii. sncdpk1 shares the glycine "gatekeeper" residue of the well-characterized t. gondii enzyme, which allows the latter to be targeted by bumped kinase inhibitors. this study presents detailed molecu ...201627729271
seroepidemiology of sarcocystis neurona, toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. among horses in the south of the state of minas gerais, brazil.the present study used the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to determine the seroprevalence of sarcocystis neurona, toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp., and evaluated the variables associated with these infections among 506 apparently healthy horses, reared in the south of the state of minas gerais, brazil. this study was conducted between april 2012 and october 2013. among the horses, the true prevalence of s. neurona was 26% (95% ci: 22.0-30.4%), t. gondii 19.9% (95% ci: 15.5-24.8%) a ...201627334814
seroepidemiology of sarcocystis neurona, toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. among horses in the south of the state of minas gerais, brazil.the present study used the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to determine the seroprevalence of sarcocystis neurona, toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp., and evaluated the variables associated with these infections among 506 apparently healthy horses, reared in the south of the state of minas gerais, brazil. this study was conducted between april 2012 and october 2013. among the horses, the true prevalence of s. neurona was 26% (95% ci: 22.0-30.4%), t. gondii 19.9% (95% ci: 15.5-24.8%) a ...201627276662
detection and characterization of diverse coccidian protozoa shed by california sea lions.tissue-cyst forming coccidia in the family sarcocystidae are etiologic agents of protozoal encephalitis in marine mammals including the federally listed southern sea otter (enhydra lutris). california sea lions (zalophus californianus), whose coastal habitat overlaps with sea otters, are definitive hosts for coccidian protozoa provisionally named coccidia a, b and c. while coccidia a and b have unknown clinical effects on aquatic wildlife hosts, coccidia c is associated with severe protozoal dis ...201627141438
california mussels (mytilus californianus) as sentinels for marine contamination with sarcocystis neurona.sarcocystis neurona is a terrestrial parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in the endangered southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis). to date, neither risk factors associated with marine contamination nor the route of s. neurona infection to marine mammals has been described. this study evaluated coastal s. neurona contamination using california mussels (mytilus californianus) as sentinels for pathogen pollution. a field investigation was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) mussels ...201627003262
chagas disease in a texan horse with neurologic deficits.a 10-year-old quarter horse gelding presented to the texas a&m university veterinary teaching hospital with a six month-history of ataxia and lameness in the hind limbs. the horse was treated presumptively for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) based on clinical signs but was ultimately euthanized after its condition worsened. gross lesions were limited to a small area of reddening in the gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord. histologically, trypanosome amastigotes morphologically simil ...201626801589
dual congenital transmission of toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona in a late-term aborted pup from a chronically infected southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis).toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona are protozoan parasites with terrestrial definitive hosts, and both pathogens can cause fatal disease in a wide range of marine animals. close monitoring of threatened southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) in california allowed for the diagnosis of dual transplacental transmission of t. gondii and s. neurona in a wild female otter that was chronically infected with both parasites. congenital infection resulted in late-term abortion due to dissemina ...201626494610
infectious disease and toxicological monitoring of stranded pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi) in cook inlet as surrogates for monitoring endangered belugas (delphinapterus leucas).pacific harbor seals ( phoca vitulina richardsi) and belugas ( delphinapterus leucas ) eat many of the same prey species, occupy the same geographic area, and demonstrate site fidelity in cook inlet, alaska. although most direct research involving the critically endangered belugas is currently prohibited, studying harbor seals may provide important information about this beluga population. in recent years, harbor seal populations in alaska have declined for unknown reasons. as part of its strand ...201627691941
molecular phylogeny of toxoplasmatinae: comparison between inferences based on mitochondrial and apicoplast genetic sequences.phylogenies within toxoplasmatinae have been widely investigated with different molecular markers. here, we studied molecular phylogenies of the toxoplasmatinae subfamily based on apicoplast and mitochondrial genes. partial sequences of apicoplast genes coding for caseinolytic protease (clpc) and beta subunit of rna polymerase (rpob), and mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome b (cytb) were analyzed. laboratory-adapted strains of the closely related parasites sarcocystis falcatula and sarcocys ...201627007245
pathology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings associated with neurological sarcocystosis in cattle.paraffin-embedded blocks of brain of a nine months old bull calf that died of neurological signs in 1982 in germany were restudied. numerous schizonts and merozoites were found associated with extensive but focal necrosis and severe meningoencephalitis. developing stages of schizonts as well as free merozoites were identified. the schizonts were primarily in perivascular areas. ultrastructurally, schizonts were seen both in capillaries and in extravascular space. merozoites were often concentrat ...201627198793
regulation of dna replication proteins in parasitic protozoans: possible role of cdk-like kinases.regulatory roles of cdks in fundamental processes including cell cycle progression and transcription are well conserved in metazoans. this family of proteins has undergone significant evolutionary divergence and specialization. several cdk-like kinases have been identified and characterized in parasitic protozoans. however, clear functional role and physiological relevance of these proteins in protozoans still remain elusive. in continuation with the recent finding that cdk-like protein pfpk5 re ...201626780367
accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against sarcocystis neurona using the snsag2 and snsag4/3 elisas.recent work demonstrated the value of antigen-specific antibody indices (ai and c-value) to detect intrathecal antibody production against sarcocystis neurona for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm).201624033423
indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen elisas for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.recent research suggests that serum : csf titer ratios could provide the most accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) caused by sarcocystis neurona.201623517480
sarcocystis neurona manipulation using culture-derived merozoites for bradyzoite and sporocyst production.equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) remains a significant central nervous system disease of horses in the american continents. sarcocystis neurona is considered the primary causative agent and its intermediate life stages are carried by a wide host-range including raccoons (procyon lotor) in north america. s. neurona sarcocysts mature in raccoon skeletal muscle and can produce central nervous system disease in raccoons, mirroring the clinical presentation in horses. the study aimed to devel ...201728372843
genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of sarcocystis neurona protein kinases.the apicomplexan parasite sarcocystis neurona causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), a degenerative neurological disease of horses. due to its host range expansion, s. neurona is an emerging threat that requires close monitoring. in apicomplexans, protein kinases (pks) have been implicated in a myriad of critical functions, such as host cell invasion, cell cycle progression and host immune response evasion. here, we used various bioinformatics methods to define the kinome of s. neurona ...201728335576
therapeutics for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is an infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by sarcocystis neurona or neospora hughesi. affected horses routinely present with progressive and asymmetrical neurologic deficits. the diagnosis relies on the presence of neurologic signs, ruling out other neurologic disorders, and the detection of intrathecally derived antibodies to either s neurona and/or n hughesi. recommended treatment is use of an fda-approved anticoccidial drug formulation. m ...201728161037
equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) remains an important neurologic disease of horses. there are no pathognomonic clinical signs for the disease. affected horses can have focal or multifocal central nervous system (cns) disease. epm can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. it is caused by either of 2 parasites, sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi, with much less known about n. hughesi. although risk factors such as transport stress and breed and age correlations have been identified, b ...201726857902
exposure of free-living jaguars to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona in the brazilian pantanal.toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona are related apicomplexan parasites that cause reproductive and neurological disorders in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. in the present study, the immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used to investigate the presence of antibodies against t. gondii, n. caninum and s. neurona in the sera of 11 free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in two protected areas in the pantanal region of mato grosso state, brazil. ten jaguars (90. ...201725517539
frequency of antibodies against sarcocystis neurona and neospora caninum in domestic cats in the state of bahia, brazil.sarcocystis neurona is the major agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. it infects several mammalian species in the americas, where the definitive hosts, marsupials of the genus didelphis (d. virginiana and d. albiventris) are found. domestic cats are one of the confirmed intermediate hosts of the parasite; however, antibodies against s. neurona had never before been demonstrated in brazilian cats. the aim of this study was to determine whether cats in bahia, brazil, are exposed to the par ...201725517534
a serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in spanish equids: first detection of anti-besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in europe.equine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia bennetti, and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), caused by sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi are relevant equine diseases in the americas that have been scarcely studied in europe. thus, a serosurvey of these cystogenic coccidia was carried out in southern spain. a cross-sectional study was performed and serum samples from horses (n = 553), donkeys (n = 85) and mules (n = 83) were included. an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elis ...201728490374
sarcocystis neurona and neospora caninum in brazilian opossums (didelphis spp.): molecular investigation and in vitro isolation of sarcocystis spp.sarcocystis neurona and neospora spp. are protozoan parasites that induce neurological diseases in horses and other animal species. opossums (didelphis albiventris and didelphis virginiana) are definitive hosts of s. neurona, which is the major cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm). neospora caninum causes abortion in cattle and infects a wide range of animal species, while n. hughesi is known to induce neurologic disease in equids. the aims of this study were to investigate s. neuro ...201728807293
seroepidemiology of sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi infections in domestic donkeys (equus asinus) in durango, mexico.there is currently no information regarding sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi infections in donkeys in mexico. here, we determined the presence of antibodies against s. neurona and n. hughesi in donkeys in the northern mexican state of durango. serum samples of 239 domestic donkeys (equus asinus) were assayed for s. neurona and n. hughesi antibodies using home-made enzyme-linked immunoassays; six (2.5%) of the 239 donkeys tested seropositive for s. neurona. the seroprevalence of s. neuron ...201728730993
toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: a case-control study of californian horses.while toxoplasmosis is not commonly considered a clinical disease of equines, previous seroprevalence studies have reported differing background rates of toxoplasma gondii infection in horses globally. the objective of this study was to evaluate possible associations between t. gondii seroprevalence and clinical signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) in horses. using a case-control study design, 720 californian horses with neurologic signs compatible with epm were compared to healthy, ...201728697873
seroprevalences of anti-sarcocystis neurona and anti-neospora hughesi antibodies among healthy equids in the united states.objective to describe the general seroprevalence of anti-sarcocystis neurona and anti-neospora hughesi antibodies among healthy equids by use of indirect fluorescent antibody tests and determine potential risk factors for seropositivity. design cross-sectional study. sample whole blood samples collected from 5,250 equids (1 sample/animal) across 18 states in the united states during october 2013. procedures information regarding potential risk factors (geographic region, breed, primary use, sex, ...201728509641
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