Publications

antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of calamintha nepeta and its constituent pulegone against bacteria and fungi.	the chemical composition of the essential oil of calamintha nepeta and its antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, salmonella veneziana, s. paratyphi b. s. typhimurium, fusarium moniliforme, botrytis cinerea, aspergillus niger and pyricularia oryzae have been studied. moreover the main constituents of the oil (limonene, menthone, pulegone, menthol) have been tested against the same microorganisms. only pulegone showed antimicrobial activity, particularly against a ...	1999	10404547
histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of vacuoles and spherosomes as components of the lytic system in hyphae of the fungus botrytis cinerea.	an integrated approach to acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) histochemistry by the azo-dye and lead-capture ('gomori') methods in phosphate-starved hyphae of the fungus botrytis cinerea revealed strikingly different patterns of localization of activity staining. reaction product formed with the azo-dye method was found in numerous small organelles (<0.5 microm diameter), which also accumulated the lipophilic dye nile red and mislocalized the formazan indicating mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase a ...	1999	10461864
cryptocandin, a potent antimycotic from the endophytic fungus cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina.	a unique lipopeptide antimycotic, termed cryptocandin, is described from cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina, an endophytic fungus. cryptocandin, with a molecular mass of 1079 da, contains equimolar amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyhomotyrosine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, glutamine, 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylproline, 4,5-dihydroxyornithine and palmitic acid. cryptocandin is chemically related to well-known antimycotics, the echinocandins and pneumocandins, which are produced by such fungi as zalerion arborico ...	1999	10463158
methoxybifurcarenone: an antifungal and antibacterial meroditerpenoid from the brown alga cystoseira tamariscifolia.	a meroditerpenoid metabolite has been isolated from the brown alga cystoseira tamariscifolia and characterized as methoxybifurcarenone, by spectral analysis. methoxybifurcarenone possesses antifungal activity against three tomato pathogenic fungi: botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum sp. mycopersici and verticillium alboatrum and antibacterial activity against agrobacterium tumefaciens and escherichia coli.	1999	10466223
desiccation and osmotic stress increase the abundance of mrna of the tonoplast aquaporin bobtip26-1 in cauliflower cells.	changes in vacuolar structure and the expression at the rna level of a tonoplast aquaporin (bobtip26-1) were examined in cauliflower (brassicaoleracea l. var. botrytis) under water-stress conditions. gradual drying out of slices of cauliflower floret tissue caused its collapse, with a shrinkage in tissue and cell volumes and an apparent vesiculation of the central vacuole, whereas osmotic stress resulted in plasmolysis with a collapse of the cytoplasm and the central vacuole within. osmotic stre ...	1999	10467033
chloride and ethyl ester morpholine thiourea derivatives and their ni(ii) complexes. crystal and molecular structures of the thiourea derivative l-leucine methyl ester and its complexes with cu(ii) and pt(ii). growth of the pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	we have synthesized a series of ligands (1, 3, 4, 6 and 7) and some of their complexes with ni(ii), cu(ii) and pt(ii) (2, 5, 8 and 9). these compounds were studied and characterized by elemental analysis, ir and uv-vis spectra, conductivity measurements in solution, fab+/ms, 1h and 13c nmr, esr, etc. compound 7 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with z = 4. unit cell parameters were as follows: a = 21.307(2) a, alpha = 90 degrees, b = 12.498(1) a, beta = 90 degrees, c = ...	1999	10474203
deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus alternaria brassicicola.	the phytoalexin-deficient arabidopsis mutant pad3-1, which is affected in the production of the indole-type phytoalexin camalexin, has previously been shown not to display altered susceptibility to either the bacterium pseudomonas syringae (glazebrook & ausubel 1994; proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 91: 8955-8959) or the biotrophic fungi peronospora parasitica (glazebrook et al. 1997; genetics, 146: 381-392) and erysiphe orontii (reuber et al. 1998; plant j. 16: 473-485). we now show that this mutant ...	1999	10476063
duplication of the brassica oleracea apetala1 floral homeotic gene and the evolution of domesticated cauliflower.	development of the cauliflower phenotype in arabidopsis thaliana requires mutations at both the cauliflower and apetala1 loci. boap1 is the brassica oleracea orthologue to the arabidopsis ap1 gene, and is present in two copies in brassica genomes. the boap1-a gene appears to encode a full-length protein, but boap1-b alleles in b. oleracea contain insertions that lead to premature translation termination. the boap1-b allele found in most b. oleracea subspecies, including b. oleracea ssp. botrytis ...	1999	10544496
mycorrhiza-induced changes in disease severity and pr protein expression in tobacco leaves	the development of leaf disease symptoms and the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins were monitored in leaves of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthinc) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices. leaves of mycorrhizal plants infected with the leaf pathogens botrytis cinerea or tobacco mosaic virus showed a higher incidence and severity of necrotic lesions than those of nonmycorrhizal controls. similar plant responses were obtained at both low (0.1 ...	1999	10550896
isolation, antifungal activity, and structure elucidation of the glutarimide antibiotic, streptimidone, produced by micromonospora coerulea.	the antibiotic ao58a,which showed strong antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi, was purified from the culture broth and mycelial mats of micromonospora coerulea strain ao58 using various chromatographic procedures. the molecular formula of the antibiotic ao58a was deduced to be c(16)h(23)no(4) (m + h, m/z 294.1707) by high-resolution fab mass spectroscopy. analyses of (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and 2d nmr spectral data revealed that the antibiotic ao58a is the glutarimide antibiotic ...	1999	10552660
snakin-1, a peptide from potato that is active against plant pathogens.	a new type of antimicrobial peptide, snakin-1 (sn1), has been isolated from potato tubers and found to be active, at concentrations < 10 microm, against bacterial and fungal pathogens from potato and other plant species. the action of sn1 and potato defensin pth1 was synergistic against the bacterium clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and additive against the fungus botrytis cinerea. snakin-1 causes aggregation of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the peptide has 63 amino ...	1999	9885189
biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide by botrytis cinerea	biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide (1) with b. cinerea afforded 15 products (2-16). ten of these (3-5, 7, 9-11, and 14-16) are reported here for the first time. the main reaction paths involved stereoselective epoxidation at c-8/c-13 and hydroxylation at c-7. a rearranged compound was found, which was a cyclization product 16 possessing the caryolane skeleton.	1999	9917279
quantification of mycelium of botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum in necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen and lily by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.	abstract a technique was developed to localize and quantify the internal mycelial colonization of necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen (cyclamen persicum) or lily (lilium) by pathogenic botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum. this technique allows investigation of competitive substrate colonization by both fungi, which is a key process for biological control of botrytis spp. by u. atrum. a combination of differential fluorescent labeling and image analysis was applied on cryostat sections ...	1999	18944729
two sibling species of the botrytis cinerea complex, transposa and vacuma, are found in sympatry on numerous host plants.	abstract strains of botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the champagne region (france). strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers that were found by swapp (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (pcr-rflp, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). the markers revealed a high degree ...	1999	18944743
differential induction of grapevine defenses by two strains of botrytis cinerea.	abstract even though botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, is a highly variable fungus with strains displaying very different degrees of virulence toward one given host plant species, no study has yet shown any correlation between the lack of aggressiveness of one given strain and its ability to stimulate a defense response from its host. strains of b. cinerea collected from different host plant species were screened for their pathogenicity on grapevine to select two strains with simi ...	1999	18944759
characterization of a pterostilbene dehydrodimer produced by laccase of botrytis cinerea.	abstract in the interaction between grapevines and botrytis cinerea, one of the main aspects of pathogenicity is fungal ability to degrade phytoalexins synthesized by the plant in response to infection. laccase-like stilbene oxidase activity in liquid cultures of b. cinerea has been shown to be related to the decrease of phytoalexin concentrations. recent research and results presented in this paper determined the chemical structure of a pterostilbene metabolite produced by b. cinerea. study of ...	1999	18944774
[effect of inoculation time on the survival of spores of gliocladium roseum on geranium leaves.].	gliocladium roseumis a successful antagonist of botrytis cinerea and is considered to have the major potential for biocontrol of the pathogen in cropping systems. in order to elucidate the optimal moment of the day to apply the biological control agent, geranium plants were inoculated until run off with a suspension containing 10 e7 conidia of g. roseum + tritón 100x. the inoculation times were 9 am, 12 am, 3 pm and 6 pm. the number cfu per cm(2) of leaves at inoculation time (time 0) and at 3, ...	1999	18473563
variability of three isolates of botrytis cinerea affects the inhibitory effects of calcium on this fungus.	abstract botrytis cinerea is an economically important pathogen. epidemiological studies are difficult because of the genetic variability within this species. the objectives of this work were to study the variability and to compare the inhibitory effects of ca on three isolates of b. cinerea from decayed apple (b) and grape (c and c77:4). among these isolates, b had the least radial growth but had a sporulation rate 40% higher than that of both c77:4 and c. in situ, isolate c incited the largest ...	2000	18944497
genetic analysis of isolates of botrytis cinerea sensitive and resistant to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides.	abstract a total of 56 isolates of b. cinerea collected from ornamental crops from commercial greenhouses were examined by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprint analyses. isolates were examined as two independent sets of 35 and 36 isolates, with 15 isolates common to both sets. the isolates had four phenotypes: 17 were sensitive to two commonly used fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (s(t)s(v)); 18 were resistant to both fungicides (r ...	2000	18944506
systemic and local responses associated with uv- and pathogen-induced resistance to botrytis cinerea in stored carrot.	abstract the induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea in carrot roots by uv radiation, a possible means for controlling storage diseases, was compared with systemic resistance induced by inoculation with the pathogen. uv radiation did not have any systemic effect, and disease resistance was induced only in tissues directly exposed to the radiation. although uv radiation induced a local accumulation of 6-methoxymellein (6-mm), inoculation with b. cinerea caused 6-mm to accumulate systemically, ...	2000	18944523
early brown rot infections in sweet cherry fruit are detected by monilinia-specific dna primers.	abstract visible and nonvisible quiescent infections of immature and mature fruit are an integral component of the disease cycle of brown rot of sweet cherry in california. detection of these infections is critical for developing efficient and efficacious fungicide management programs. the previously published dna amplification primers mfs3 and ns5 for the identification of monilinia fructicola were very specific in amplifying dna of m. fructicola only and not m. laxa. this primer set, however, ...	2000	18944605
modeling infection of strawberry flowers by botrytis cinerea using field data.	abstract the incidence of strawberry flower infection by botrytis cinerea was monitored in unsprayed field plots in three successive years together with meteorological data and numbers of conidia in the air. there were large differences in conidia numbers and weather conditions in the 3 years. three sets of models were derived to relate inoculum and weather conditions to the incidence of flower infection; by inoculum only, by weather variables only, and by both inoculum and weather variables. al ...	2000	18943378
fitness of botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance.	abstract fitness costs in botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance were studied. spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated between resistance to iprodione and survival ability both outside and inside the greenhouse, measured on isolates randomly chosen from a collection done in a survey of commercial greenhouses in southeastern spain in 1992. survival was measured at 47, 83, and 110 days as percentage of surviving mycelia in a sample of artificially inoculated tomat ...	2000	18944427
humus bacteria of norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity.	we studied the potential of the humus layer of the norway spruce stands to supply beneficial rhizobacteria to birch (betula pendula), alder (alnus incana) and fescue grass (festuca rubra), representatives of pioneer vegetation after clear-cutting of the coniferous forest. axenically grown seedlings of these species were inoculated with the acid spruce humus, ph 3.7-5.3. actinorhizal propagules, capable of nodulating alder, were present in high density (10(3) g(-1)) in humus of long-term limed pl ...	2000	10640667
dimerization of resveratrol by the grapevine pathogen botrytis cinerea.	resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is produced by grapes (vitis spp.) in response to microbial attack by the fungal grapevine pathogen botrytis cinerea. several reports indicate that pathogenic b.cinerea strains are capable of biotransforming resveratrol into an assortment of unidentified oxidized metabolites as a means of reducing the antifungal effects of resveratrol and facilitating botrytis invasion into host-plant tissues. studies utilizing growing incubations of botrytis cinerea ...	2000	10650073
biotransformation of (4e,8r)-caryophyll-4(5)-en-8-ol by botrytis cinerea.	biotransformation of (4e,8r)-caryophyll-4(5)-en-8-ol (1) with botrytis cinerea afforded 14 products (3-16). thirteen of these (4-16) are described here for the first time. the main reaction paths involved the isomerization of the double bond at c-4/c-5 and hydroxylation of methyl groups.	2000	10650077
pythium contiguanum nomen novum (syn. pythium dreschleri paul), its antagonism to botrytis cinerea, its1 region of its nuclear ribosomal dna, and its comparison with related species.	pythium drechsleri paul was described as a new species from soil samples taken in a salt-marsh of arzew, algeria [paul, b. (1988) une nouvelle espèce de pythium isolée d'une saline de l'ouest algérien. cryptogam. mycol. 9, 325-333]. the name of the fungus, p. drechsleri, is a nomen invalidum, as it is a later homonym of p. drechsleri rajgopalan and ramakrishnan [rajagopalan, s. and ramakrishnan, k. (1971) phycomycetes in agricultural soils with special reference to the pythiaceae. madras univ. j ...	2000	10650210
lipid composition of the extracellular matrix of botrytis cinerea germlings.	six simple lipid classes (mono-, di- and tri-acylglycerols, free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols and wax esters) were identified by tlc in the extracellular matrix of botrytis cinerea germlings and the molecular components of each class were characterized using gc-ms. the relative amounts of fatty acids and fatty alcohols within each lipid class were determined by gc-fid. over all the lipid classes, the most abundant saturated fatty acids were palmitic (ca. 30%) and stearic acid (ca. 22%). palm ...	2000	10680186
carbon catabolite repression in plant pathogenic fungi: isolation and characterization of the gibberella fujikuroi and botrytis cinerea crea genes.	the crea genes of two plant pathogenic fungi, the gibberellin-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi and the gray mold botrytis cinerea, were isolated and characterized. the deduced amino acid sequences of both glucose repressors are 64% identical to each other and 59% (g. fujikuroi) and 61% (b. cinerea) identical to the crea protein of aspergillus nidulans. the zinc finger regions of the gibberella and botrytis crea proteins shared 98% identity with the corresponding zinc finger region of ...	2000	10689158
secobotrytriendiol and related sesquiterpenoids: new phytotoxic metabolites from botrytis cinerea.	six new sesquiterpenoid metabolites (1, 3-7) have been isolated from botrytis cinerea. their structures were elucidated by means of ms and extensive nmr studies. the phytotoxic activities of these new products have been evaluated.	2000	10691704
isolation and characterization of antagonists for the biocontrol of the postharvest wound pathogen botrytis cinerea on strawberry fruits.	antagonistic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from the epiphytic flora of stored strawberry fruits and evaluated for their ability to protect strawberry fruit wounds after harvest against botrytis cinerea. among selected potential antagonists, three strains of candida reukaufii (5l3, 10cl4, 10l2) and one strain of candida pulcherima (10l8) still protected fruit wounds when applied at 10(3) cfu/wound, reducing lesion or conidiophore development. in the same conditions, two enterobacteriaceae (10 ...	2000	10716570
regulation of endopolygalacturonase gene expression in botrytis cinerea by galacturonic acid, ambient ph and carbon catabolite repression.	the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea produces a set of endopolygalacturonases (endopgs) which are involved in the enzymatic degradation of pectin in plant cell walls. the endopg-encoding genes of b. cinerea are differentially expressed when the fungus is grown in liquid culture on different carbon sources. a basic constitutive expression level was observed for two genes, bcpg1 and bcpg2, which encode basic isozymes. galacturonic acid was shown to induce the expression of bcpg4 and bcpg6. ...	2000	10743572
extrinsic allergic alveolitis in domestic environments (domestic allergic alveolitis) caused by mouldy tapestry	extrinsic allergic alveolitis often occures as bird fancier's lung or is caused by occupational treatment with antigenic materials. in housing environments antigens of allergic alveolitis are also found, especially mould fungi. lf a source of antigens is absent in the anamnesis and the clinical picture as well as the clinical findings are ambiguous, the diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolits is delayed or unobtained. the following example shows that in spite of a detailed allergic anamnesis t ...	2000	10756168
enhancement of in vitro growth and resistance to gray mould of vitis vinifera co-cultured with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.	the potential of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, pseudomonas sp. (strain psjn), to stimulate the growth and enhancement of the resistance of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) transplants to gray mould caused by botrytis cinerea has been investigated. in vitro inoculation of grapevine plantlets induced a significant plant growth promotion which made them more hardy and vigorous when compared to non-inoculated plantlets. this ability increased upon transplanting. when grown together with b. c ...	2000	10779718
fungicidal activity of natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactone analogs.	fungicidal activity of 36 natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactones with guaianolide, trans, trans-germacranolide, cis, cis-germacranolide, melampolide, and eudesmanolide carbon skeletons was evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi colletotrichum acutatum, c. fragariae, c. gloeosporioides, fusarium oxysporum, botrytis cinerea, and phomopsis sp. dose-response data for the active compounds dehydrozaluzanin c, dehydrocostuslactone, 5alpha-hydroxydehydrocostuslacone, costunolide, and zaluzani ...	2000	10783981
biotransformation of testosterone and pregnenolone catalyzed by the fungus botrytis cinerea.	testosterone (1), a male sex hormone, and pregnenolone (2), a precursor of many steroidal hormones, were oxidized by fermentation with the fungus botrytis cinerea. the fermentation of 1 yielded 7beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrostan-3-one (3) (73%) in a yield comparable to chemical transformations. fermentation of 2 by the same fungus afforded a major metabolite 3beta,11alpha, 16beta-trihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (4) (39%) along with a minor metabolite 11alpha,16beta-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (5) ( ...	2000	10785420
molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of trichoderma spp.	the most common biological control agents (bcas) of the genus trichoderma have been reported to be strains of trichoderma virens, t. harzianum, and t. viride. since trichoderma bcas use different mechanisms of biocontrol, it is very important to explore the synergistic effects expressed by different genotypes for their practical use in agriculture. characterization of 16 biocontrol strains, previously identified as "trichoderma harzianum" rifai and one biocontrol strain recognized as t. viride, ...	2000	10788356
redox chemistry in laccase-catalyzed oxidation of n-hydroxy compounds.	1-hydroxybenzotriazole, violuric acid, and n-hydroxyacetanilide are three n-oh compounds capable of mediating a range of laccase-catalyzed biotransformations, such as paper pulp delignification and degradation of polycyclic hydrocarbons. the mechanism of their enzymatic oxidation was studied with seven fungal laccases. the oxidation had a bell-shaped ph-activity profile with an optimal ph ranging from 4 to 7. the oxidation rate was found to be dependent on the redox potential difference between ...	2000	10788380
isolation and identification of antifungal n-butylbenzenesulphonamide produced by pseudomonas sp. ab2.	an antifungal bacterial strain, isolated from a greenhouse soil sample, inhibits growth of microflora nearby. it was selected for further studies of bacterial antifungal properties. this isolate was identified as a pseudomonas sp. based on carbohydrate utilization, and other biochemical and physiological tests. petri plate assay revealed that the pseudomonas sp. exhibited antifungal activity against the plant pathogens, pythium ultimum, rhizoctonia solani, phytophthora capsici, botrytis cinerea ...	2000	10805572
cloning, characterization and chromosomal location of three genes encoding host-cell-wall-degrading enzymes in leptosphaeria maculans, a fungal pathogen of brassica spp.	the ascomycete, leptosphaeria maculans, causes blackleg disease of oilseed brassica spp. such as canola (brassica napus). we have cloned a gene encoding endopolygalacturonase, pg1, and two genes encoding cellulases, cel1 and cel2, in l. maculans. these genes are not clustered in the genome, as they are located on different chromosomes. the deduced amino acid sequences of all three genes predict an n-terminal signal sequence, as is common for secreted fungal enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. ...	2000	10806354
chaetoatrosin a, a novel chitin synthase ii inhibitor produced by chaetomium atrobrunneum f449.	chaetoatrosin a, a novel chitin synthase ii inhibitor, was isolated from the culture broth of fungus f449, which was identified as chaetomium atrobrunneum f449. chaetoatrosin a was purified by solvent partition, silica gel, ods, preparative tlc, and sephadex lh-20 column chromatographies, consecutively. the structure of chaetoatrosin a was assigned as 1,8-dihydroxy-3(2-hydroxypropionyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses including uv, ir, mass spectral, and nmr. ...	2000	10819295
variation and selection at the cauliflower floral homeotic gene accompanying the evolution of domesticated brassica oleracea.	the evolution of plant morphologies during domestication events provides clues to the origin of crop species and the evolutionary genetics of structural diversification. the cauliflower gene, a floral regulatory locus, has been implicated in the cauliflower phenotype in both arabidopsis thaliana and brassica oleracea. molecular population genetic analysis indicates that alleles carrying a nonsense mutation in exon 5 of the b. oleracea cauliflower (bocal) gene are segregating in both wild and dom ...	2000	10835404
confocal microscopy of fm4-64 as a tool for analysing endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae.	confocal microscopy of amphiphilic styryl dyes has been used to investigate endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae. hyphae were treated with fm4-64, fm1-43 or tma-dph, three of the most commonly used membrane-selective dyes reported as markers of endocytosis. all three dyes were rapidly internalized within hyphae. fm4-64 was found best for imaging the dynamic changes in size, morphology and position of the apical vesicle cluster within growing hyphal tips because of its stai ...	2000	10849201
the bmp1 gene is essential for pathogenicity in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea.	in magnaporthe grisea, a well-conserved mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase gene, pmk1, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. in this study, we tested whether the same map kinase is essential for plant infection in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogen that employs infection mechanisms different from those of m. grisea. we used a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to isolate map kinase homologues from b. cinerea. the botrytis map kinase required for pathogenesis ...	2000	10875333
a new method to monitor airborne inoculum of the fungal plant pathogens mycosphaerella brassicicola and botrytis cinerea.	we describe a new microtiter immunospore trapping device (mtist device) that uses a suction system to directly trap air particulates by impaction in microtiter wells. this device can be used for rapid detection and immunoquantification of ascospores of mycosphaerella brassicicola and conidia of botrytis cinerea by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) under controlled environmental conditions. for ascospores of m. brassicicola correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.943 and 0.9514 were obser ...	2000	10877797
mungin, a novel cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from the mung bean.	a protein designated mungin, isolated from mung bean (phaseolus mungo) seeds, possessed activity against the fungi rhizoctonia solani, coprinus comatus, mycosphaerella arachidicola, botrytis cinerea, and fusarium oxysporum. the 18-kda protein also possessed a novel n-terminal sequence with similarity to cyclophilins. it exerts an inhibitory action against alpha- and beta-glucosidases suppresses [(3)h]thymidine in corporation by mouse splenocytes.	2000	10891380
the hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea.	plants have evolved efficient mechanisms to combat pathogen attack. one of the earliest responses to attempted pathogen attack is the generation of oxidative burst that can trigger hypersensitive cell death. this is called the hypersensitive response (hr) and is considered to be a major element of plant disease resistance. the hr is thought to deprive the pathogens of a supply of food and confine them to initial infection site. necrotrophic pathogens, such as the fungi botrytis cinerea and scler ...	2000	10898976
statistical analysis of elicitation strategies for thiarubrine a production in hairy root cultures of ambrosia artemisiifolia.	elicitation strategies were studied for yield enhancement of thiarubrine a, a secondary metabolite and a potential pharmaceutical, produced by hairy root cultures of ambrosia artemisiifolia. abiotic elicitation was performed using vanadyl sulfate solution and biotic elicitation using autoclaved cell wall filtrates of the fungi protomyces gravidus, a pathogen of a. artemisiifolia and botrytis cinereae. the factors considered were age of the culture, concentration of the elicitor used and the time ...	2000	10908796
its1 region of the nuclear ribosomal dna of the mycoparasite pythium periplocum, its taxonomy, and its comparison with related species.	pythium periplocum drechsler was isolated from some soil samples taken in the botanical garden of tenerife, canary islands. this fungus has been found to be an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea. it is unique amongst the members of the genus pythium because of the character combination of inflated filamentous type of sporangia and ornamented oogonia. the taxonomic description of this fungus and its comparison with related species, together with the polymerase chain reaction of the inter ...	2000	10913866
oxidative metabolism of ambrox and sclareolide by botrytis cinerea.	ambrox (1), a perfumery diterpene, was oxidatively metabolised by a plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea in a xenobiotic fashion to afford a major product, i.e., 1beta-hydroxy-8-epiambrox (13) (60%) along with three minor metabolites 3beta-hydroxyambrox (2), sclareolide (5) and 3beta-hydroxysclareolide (7). sclareolide (5), a cytotoxic diterpenoidal lactone was fermented with the same fungus to yield 3beta-hydroxysclareolide (7) (59%) as a major metabolite together with two minor metabolites ...	2000	10928544
can the grey mould disease of the grape-vine be controlled by yeast?	botrytis cinerea has been found to be highly pathogenic to 'chardonnay' and 'pinot noir' cultivars of the grape-vine producing the characteristic grey mould symptoms within 7 days of inoculation to the vitro-plants. the yeast pichia anomala (strain fy-102), isolated from apple skin, was found to be antagonistic to b. cinerea as it completely inhibited the appearance of the grey mould symptoms when grown together. the yeast was responsible for morphological changes such as coagulation and leakage ...	2000	10930744
identification and characterization of a hexapeptide with activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits.	a hexapeptide of amino acid sequence ac-arg-lys-thr-trp-phe-trp-nh2 was demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits. the peptide synthesized with either all d- or all l-amino acids inhibited the in vitro growth of strains of penicilium italicum, p. digitatum, and botrytis cinerea, with mics of 60 to 80 microm and 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of 30 to 40 microm. the inhibitory activity of the peptide was both seq ...	2000	10939255
biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the non-mevalonate pathway in plants, and by the mevalonate pathway in fungi.	the biosynthetic pathways to abscisic acid (aba) were investigated by feeding [1-(13)c]-d-glucose to cuttings from young tulip tree shoots and to two aba-producing phytopathogenic fungi. 13c-nmr spectra of the aba samples isolated showed that the carbons at 1, 5, 6, 4', 7' and 9' of aba from the tulip tree were labeled with 13c, while the carbons at 2, 4, 6, 1', 3', 5', 7', 8' and 9' of aba from the fungi were labeled with 13c. the former corresponds to c-1 and -5 of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a ...	2000	10945263
role of carbonyl compounds in so(2) binding phenomena in musts and wines from botrytized grapes.	carbonyl compounds play an important role in musts from botrytized grapes. some of them, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, may explain a considerable part of bindable so(2). others, such as 2- and 5-oxogluconic acids, produced by gluconic acid oxidation in proportions respectively from 2.5 per 1 play an interesting role as so(2) binding indicator. finally, the levels of some compounds such as dihydroxyacetone, 5-oxofructose, and delta-gluconolactone in balance with gluconic acid are well correl ...	2000	10956126
transgenic expression of pear pgip in tomato limits fungal colonization.	transgenic tomato plants expressing the pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (ppgip) were used to demonstrate that this inhibitor of fungal pathogen endopolygalacturonases (endo-pgs) influences disease development. transgenic expression of ppgip resulted in abundant accumulation of the heterologous protein in all tissues and did not alter the expression of an endogenous tomato fruit pgip (tpgip). the ppgip protein was detected, as expected, in the cell wall protein fraction in all tran ...	2000	10975651
biological characterization of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, two bioactive secondary metabolites of fusarium semitectum.	fusapyrone (1) and deoxyfusapyrone (2), two alpha-pyrones originally isolated from rice cultures of fusarium semitectum, were tested in several biological assays. compounds 1 and 2 showed considerable antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic and/or mycotoxigenic filamentous fungi, although they were inactive toward yeasts isolated from plants and the gram-positive bacterium bacillus megaterium in disk diffusion assays. compound 1 was consistently more active than 2. among the tested ...	2000	10978211
the response of the grape berry moth (lobesia botrana) to a dietary phytopathogenic fungus (botrytis cinerea): the significance of fungus sterols.	a tortricidae (lobesia botrana) has a mutualistic relationship with the fungus (botrytis cinerea). in this study, we investigated the growth, survival, fecundity and amount of sterols and steroids in larvae of this vineyard pest reared on artificial diets containing mycelium (3%) or purified sterols (0.01%) of the phytopathogenic fungus. two principal questions related to the physiological and biochemical basis of this mutualistic relationship were addressed: (1) how the fungus influences growth ...	2000	10980301
enzymes of botrytis cinerea capable of breaking down hydrogen peroxide.	the amounts of intra- and extracellular guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, laccase, and catalase present in botrytis cinerea, cultured in three different media: kovac synthetic medium, sabouraud fluid medium, and a medium containing malt extract, were determined. the activity of two enzymes, ascorbic peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase, has not been previously described in b. cinerea. the detected amount of the enzymes showed considerable va ...	2000	10981701
antimicrobial effect of rosemary extracts.	a rosemary extract commercially exploited (oxy'less) as an antioxidant of lipids in foods was dissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml), and the solution was tested against foodborne microorganisms. for gram-positive bacteria, the mic of the ethanolic solution was 1% for leuconostoc mesenteroides, 0.5% for listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% for staphylococcus aureus, 0.13% for streptococcus mutans, and 0.06% for bacillus cereus. it slowed the growth of penicillium roquefortii and botrytis cinerea. up to 1% of ...	2000	11041135
stagonospora avenae secretes multiple enzymes that hydrolyze oat leaf saponins.	the phytopathogenic fungus stagonospora avenae is able to infect oat leaves despite the presence of avenacoside saponins in the leaf tissue. in response to pathogen attack, avenacosides are converted into 26-desglucoavenacosides (26-dgas), which possess antifungal activity. these molecules are comprised of a steroidal backbone linked to a branched sugar chain consisting of one alpha-l-rhamnose and two (avenacoside a) or three (avenacoside b) beta-d-glucose residues. isolates of the fungus that a ...	2000	11043466
affinity purification and characterization of a cutinase from the fungal plant pathogen monilinia fructicola (wint.) honey.	trifluoromethyl ketones (tfk) are potent inhibitors of a variety of serine hydrolases. the tfk inhibitor, 3-(4-mercaptobutylthio)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone (mbtfp), was found to competitively inhibit cutinase activity (i50 = 9.4 x 10(-3)) from the fungal plant pathogen monilinia fructicola and to serve as an effective affinity ligand for the purification of cutinases from culture filtrates. the tfk inhibitors, 3-n-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone (otfp) and 3-n-pentylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro- ...	2000	11051094
biotransformation of two cytotoxic terpenes, alpha-santonin and sclareol by botrytis cinerea.	two cytotoxic terpenes, alpha-santonin (1) and sclareol (3) were biotransformed by a plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea to produce oxidized metabolites in high yields. alpha-santonin (1) on fermentation with the fungus for ten days afforded a hydroxylated metabolite identified as 11beta-hydroxy-alpha-santonin (2) in a high yield (83%), while sclareol (3) was metabolized to epoxysclareol (4) (64%) and a new compound 8-deoxy-14,15-dihydro-15-chloro-14-hydroxy-8,9-dehydrosclareol (5) (7%), re ...	2000	11098821
a robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive allium tuberosum.	from the inner shoots of the chive allium tuberosum, a single-chained protein with a molecular weight of 36 kda and an n-terminal sequence manifesting resemblance to chitinases but lacking in cysteine residues characteristic of a cysteine-rich domain present in chitinases of other allium species, was purified. the isolation procedure entailed affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and mono s, and gel filtration on superdex 75. the protein was ...	2000	11112420
ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from ginkgo biloba seeds with sequence similarity to embryo-abundant protein.	a novel single-chained antifungal protein with a molecular weight of 13 kda displaying an n-terminal sequence with marked similarity to embryo-abundant protein from the white spruce was isolated from the seeds of ginkgo biloba using ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on sp-sepharose, and then gel filtration on superdex 75. the protein, designated ginkbilobin, exerted potent antifungal activity against a variety ...	2000	11118300
synthesis and antifungal activity of some new quinazoline and benzoxazinone derivatives.	the hitherto unknown 2-isopropyl-6,8-dibromo-4h-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one (2) was subjected to condensation with either primary or secondary amines affording the benzamide derivatives (3-7), while with alcohols in presence of the base, corresponding esters were obtained (8 and 9). acylation of the hydrazide (12) or its cyclized form (13) gave (14-17). the quinazolinone derivative (18) was obtained either when (12) was reacted with nitrous acid or via fusion of (2) with ammonium acetate. the thione (2 ...	2000	11129978
some biological properties of new quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives.	the antimicrobial and morphogenetic effects of fourteen newly synthesized 2-substituted derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide were studied using g+ and g- bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. the highest antimicrobial effects were found with substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives. quinoline-4-carboxamides only weakly influenced the growth of the tested microorganisms. some derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid elicited profound changes in the ...	2000	11347250
isolation and bioactivities of epidioxysterol from the tunicate cynthia savignyi.	from a hexane extract of the tunicate cynthia savignyi, collected in morocco, epidioxysterol or 5,8-alpha-epidioxy-5alpha-cholest-6-en-3beta-ol has been isolated. this is the first example of epidioxysterol found in the tunicate c. savignyi. the structure of epidioxysterol has been characterised by nmr data (1h, 13c and 2d). epidioxysterol possesses antifungal activity against three tomato pathogenic fungi: botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and verticillium albo atrum and antibacterial activi ...	2000	11204751
phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in cauliflower.	cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis cv. maghi) was grown in refined sand with complete nutrition (control) and at 0.5 mm each of co, cr and cu. in cauliflower, compared to that of excess cu or cr, the visible effects of excess co appeared first and were most pronounced. excess of each heavy metal restricted the biomass of cauliflower, concentrations of fe, chlorophylls a and b, protein and activity of catalase in leaves in the order co>cu>cr. the translocation of cr from roots to top ...	2000	15092914
[genetic analysis and relationship to pathogenicity in botrytis cinerea].	botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus that produces the disease known as grey mould in a wide variety of agriculturally important hosts in many countries. ten strains from different locations collected on different years have been isolated and characterized by several methods (morphological, biochemical, genetical and molecular). results showed that clear morphological differences exist between strains, and showing a relationship between the presence of sclerotia and pathogenicity. the c ...	2000	15762780
[pathogenicity factors in botrytis cinerea].	botrytis cinereais an important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide host range, which can make use of different infection mechanisms. although genetic variation for resistance to b. cinereahas been observed within some species, no gene-for-gene relationship has been found. the development of resistant genotypes is, therefore, complicated. any attempt to develop control strategies makes it necessary a detailed knowledge of both the fungal infection mechanisms and the plant defence mechanisms. the ...	2000	15762781
stilbene content of mature vitis vinifera berries in response to uv-c elicitation.	a method using hplc analysis has been used to compare the level of resveratrol and its derivatives, piceid, pterostilbene and epsilon-viniferin, in grapevine berries of three vitis vinifera varieties. the concentration of these compounds has been evaluated in healthy and botrytis cinerea infected grape clusters, both in natural vineyard conditions and in response to uv elicitation.	2000	11312782
cloning and characterization of a glutathione s-transferase homologue from the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinereadouble dagger.	abstract a gene was cloned from botrytis cinerea that encodes a protein homologous to glutathione s-transferase (gst). the gene, denominated bcgst1, is present in a single copy and represents the first example of such a gene from a filamentous fungus. the biochemical function of gsts is to conjugate toxic compounds to glutathione, thereby detoxifying the compound. in many other organisms, gst plays a role in chemical stress tolerance. we anticipated that gst functions for b. cinerea as a potenti ...	2000	20572963
the potential biocontrol agent pseudomonas antimicrobica inhibits germination of conidia and outgrowth of botrytis cinerea.	antifungal metabolites of pseudomonas antimicrobica have previously been shown to inhibit conidial germination of the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea. in this study, metabolites of the bacterium have been tested at different stages of botrytis germination to determine their effects on germ tube production and extension.	2001	11328503
a brassica oleracea gene expressed in a variety-specific manner may encode a novel plant transmembrane receptor.	the species brassica oleracea includes several agricultural varieties characterized by the proliferation of different types of meristems. using a combination of subtractive hybridization and pcr (polymerase chain reaction) techniques we have identified several genes which are expressed in the reproductive meristems of the cauliflower curd (b. oleracea var. botrytis) but not in the vegetative meristems of brussels sprouts (b. oleracea var. gemmifera) axillary buds. one of the cloned genes, termed ...	2001	11333311
effect of high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on microbial growth and sensorial qualities of fresh-cut produce.	the application of high oxygen atmospheres (hoa) (i.e. > 70% o2) for packaging ready-to-eat vegetables was evaluated as an alternative technique for low o2 equilibrium modified atmosphere (ema) packaging (3% o2-5% co2-balance n2) for respiring products. comparative experiments between both techniques were performed in-vitro and in-vivo. typical spoilage causing microorganisms (pseudomonas fluorescens, candida lambica), the moulds botrytis cinerea, aspergillus flavus and the opportunistic psychro ...	2001	11789938
control of post-harvest decay of apples by pre-harvest and post-harvest application of ammonium molybdate.	ammonium molybdate was tested as a potential fungicide for use in apples (cv golden delicious) against blue and grey mould, important post-harvest diseases of pome fruits. in tests in vivo at 20 degrees c, ammonium molybdate (15 mm) reduced lesion diameters of penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea and rhizopus stolonifer by 84%, 88% and 100% respectively. when apples treated with ammonium molybdate were stored at 1 degree c for three months, a significant reduction in severity and incidence of ...	2001	11802595
purification of allivin, a novel antifungal protein from bulbs of the round-cloved garlic.	a novel antifungal protein, designated allivin, was isolated from bulbs of the round-cloved garlic allium sativum var. round clove with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on cm-sepharose and fplc-gel filtration on superdex 75. allivin possessed an n-terminal sequence demonstrating very little similarity to sequences of allium sativum chitinases and ribosome inactivating proteins. allivin e ...	2001	12005268
effect of some compounds on the decay of strawberry fruits caused by botrytis cinerea pers.	field experiments were conducted in the years 1997-2000 to determine the effect of various sprayings strawberry plants on the percentage of infected fruits caused by botrytis cinerea pers. the effect of garlic's extract at concentration 1%, water solution of microcrystalline chitosan (3% polymer content) at concentration 0.2% and iprodione (255 g active form in 1000 cm3 of water) was estimated. the experiment was conducted on cultivar senga-sengana. during the growing season strawberry plants we ...	2001	12425042
a combination of high oxygen atmosphere and equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging to improve the keeping quality of red fruits.	when high-barrier material is used to package fresh whole fruit in high oxygen atmospheres, shelf life is limited due to the accumulation of its produced co2 and its creation of an anaerobic atmosphere. in this study, the effect of the combination of high oxygen atmosphere and equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging was tested on the shelf life of two non-climacteric red fruits, particularly strawberries and raspberries, at 7 degrees c. herefor, the following packaging systems are compared: th ...	2001	15954643
production of antimicrobial defensin in nicotiana benthamiana with a potato virus x vector.	a recombinant plasmid, ptxs.th, was constructed to express the gene-encoding wasabi (wasabia japonica) defensin with the potato virus x (pvx) vector. ptxs.th allows the expression of defensin in the host nicotiana benthamiana, and the defensin protein wt1 can be purified from virus-infected leaves by heat treatment and affinity chromatography. wt1 exhibits strong antifungal activity toward the phytopathogenic fungi magnaporthe grisea (50% inhibitory concentration [ic50] = 5 microg/ml) and botryt ...	2001	11204773
expression and action pattern of botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase in pichia pastoris.	the cdna sequence coding for the complete rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (rgase) of botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) was introduced into pichia pastoris and expressed under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter. the rgase was secreted into the medium of the yeast driven by the alpha-factor secretion peptide and could be purified using the c-terminal his6-tag fusion. rgase activity was measured using a traditional reducing end assay with linseed rhamnogalacturonan (rg) as the substra ...	2001	11217965
removal of herbicides from liquid media by fungi isolated from a contaminated soil.	fungi were isolated from soil samples corresponding to pesticide-contaminated soil (cs) and noncontaminated soil (ncs) in the annaba vicinity (algeria) and identified. the number of isolates obtained from cs and ncs were 263 and 288, respectively. the most frequent species (aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, a. terreus, absidia corymbifera, and rhizopus microsporus var microsporus) were not sensitive to the pesticides. the growth of the genus trichoderma was inhibited by the pesticides, while gene ...	2001	11285902
jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase: a key enzyme for jasmonate-regulated plant responses.	methyl jasmonate is a plant volatile that acts as an important cellular regulator mediating diverse developmental processes and defense responses. we have cloned the novel gene jmt encoding an s-adenosyl-l-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (jmt) from arabidopsis thaliana. recombinant jmt protein expressed in escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of methyl jasmonate from jasmonic acid with k(m) value of 38.5 microm. jmt rna was not detected in young seedlings but was detected ...	2001	11287667
nasal polyposis: a study of its association with airborne allergen hypersensitivity.	despite the frequent presence of clinical symptoms such as sneezing and itching, elevated histamine and ige in extracellular polyp fluids, tissue eosinophilia, and degranulated mast cells, allergy is not considered an important cause of nasal polyposis.	2001	11289325
markers for oxidative stress associated with soft rots in french beans (phaseolus vulgaris) infected by botrytis cinerea.	the role of active oxygen species has been studied in spreading soft-rot lesions caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea pers.:fr. in leaves of four genotypes of french bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.). large increases were observed for the aldehydic end-products of oxidative damage, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, as a result of infection in each of the genotypes studied. similar increases were found in a stable free radical and g=4.27 fe(iii) signals, but not mn(ii) si ...	2001	11289602
study of the role of antimicrobial glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates in resistance of arabidopsis to microbial pathogens.	crude aqueous extracts from arabidopsis leaves were subjected to chromatographic separations, after which the different fractions were monitored for antimicrobial activity using the fungus neurospora crassa as a test organism. two major fractions were obtained that appeared to have the same abundance in leaves from untreated plants versus leaves from plants challenge inoculated with the fungus alternaria brassicicola. one of both major antimicrobial fractions was purified to homogeneity and iden ...	2001	11299350
production of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether by alternaria alternata grown on fruits at various temperatures.	two toxigenic strains of the fungus alternaria alternata (atcc 56836 and atcc 66868) were grown on surface-disinfected, fresh, ripe fruits and tested for the production of alternariol (aoh) and alternariol methyl ether (ame). examined fruits included strawberries; red and green seedless grapes; concord grapes; red delicious, golden delicious, and gala apples; and blueberries. after inoculation, fruits were incubated at 4, 10 degrees c, or room temperature (approximately 21 degrees c) for up to 3 ...	2001	11307891
evidence for surfactant solubilization of plant epicuticular wax.	the solubilization of isolated, reconstituted tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) fruit and broccoli (brassica oleracaea var. botrytis l.) leaf epicuticular waxes (ecw) by nonionic octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol surfactant (triton x-100) was demonstrated in a model system by tlc and fluorescence analysis using pyrene as a fluorescent probe. ecw was solubilized at or above the surfactant critical micelle concentration; solubilization increased with an increase in micelle concentration. as show ...	2001	11308330
the abc transporter bcatrb affects the sensitivity of botrytis cinerea to the phytoalexin resveratrol and the fungicide fenpiclonil.	during pathogenesis, fungal pathogens are exposed to a variety of fungitoxic compounds. this may be particularly relevant to botrytis cinerea, a plant pathogen that has a broad host range and, consequently, is subjected to exposure to many plant defense compounds. in practice, the pathogen is controlled with fungicides belonging to different chemical groups. atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters might provide protection against plant defense compounds and fungicides by atp-driven efflux mechan ...	2001	11310744
metschnikowia fructicola, a new ascosporic yeast with potential for biocontrol of postharvest fruit rots.	a new ascosporic yeast, metschnikowia fructicola (type strain nrrl y-27328, cbs 8853), is described and was isolated from grapes grown in central israel. preliminary tests indicate the new species has biocontrol activity against botrytis rot of stored grapes. phylogenetic analysis of domain d1/d2 26s rdna sequences showed m. fructicola to be a sister species of m. pulcherrima.	2001	11822675
identifying sources and mechanisms of resistance in crucifers for control of cabbage maggot (diptera: anthomyiidae).	the cabbage maggot, delia radicum (l.) is an important insect pest of eruciferous crops in upstate new york. this species causes considerable damage to seedlings and young plants by feeding on roots and stems, resulting in plant stand loss and yield loss. five crucifer accessions (brassica oleracea variety italica l.,'green comet'; b. oleracea l.,'rapid cycling' [crucifer genetics cooperative 3-1 ]; b. oleracea variety botrytis l., a standard cauliflower cultivar'amazing'; b. carinata l.; and si ...	2001	11561856
osmotic dehydration of apple slices using a sucrose/cacl2 combination to control spoilage caused by botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum acutatum, and penicillium expansum.	the efficacy of sucrose combined with cacl2 during osmotic dehydration (od) was tested for the control of botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum acutatum, and penicillium expansum growth on lightly processed apple slices. the objective of this work was to determine whether the addition of cacl2 in the osmotic solutions would limit the proliferation of fungal decay organisms. slices were submitted to od for 1 h at 25 degrees c in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. calcium chloride was added to a si ...	2001	11563522
a procedure for quantifying adhesion of conidia of botrytis cinerea to the skin of apple fruit.	ultrasonication was evaluated as a nonchemical means to quantitatively remove conidia of botrytis cinerea from the skin of golden delicious apple (malus domestica borkh.) fruit. a probe immersed in a suspension of conidia and generating 20 khz at 150 w for 30- or 60-s pulses destroyed 13.3% or 29% of conidia, respectively. destruction at 150 w for 10 s or at 30-120 w for up to 60 s was <2%. the procedure for quantifying adhesion of conidia to the skin of fruit consisted of pipetting a 50-microl ...	2001	11575508
mode of antagonism of brevibacillus brevis against botrytis cinerea in vitro.	to assess the activity of brevibacillus brevis (formerly bacillus brevis) nagano and the antibiotic it produces, gramicidin s, against the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea.	2001	11576302
a basic peroxidase from wheat kernel with antifungal activity.	a basic heme-peroxidase (wp1) was purified to homogeneity from wheat (triticum aestivum) kernels. the protein was not glycosylated and exhibited a molecular mass of 36 kda and a pi of 8.0. the n-terminal amino acid sequence revealed a very high similarity with a wheat flour peroxidase allergen associated with baker's asthma. wpi showed indole-3-acetic acid oxidase activity in the presence of mn2+ and phenolic cofactors. antifungal assays performed in vitro towards phytopathogenic fungi indicated ...	2001	11672739
effects of long-term storage at different temperatures on conidia of botrytis cinerea pers.: fr.	survival of botrytis cinerea conidia was studied after storage without pretreatments at different temperatures (-80 degrees c, -20 degrees c, 4 degrees c and 21 degrees c). germination tests performed during 3 years showed that viability at 21 degrees c was completely lost after 1 month. conidia stored for 30 months at -80 degrees c, -20 degrees c and 4 degrees c were able to germinate, respectively, at 79%, 8% and 0.2%. changes in adenylate level, energy charge and respiration (o(2) consumption ...	2001	11682186
novel antifungal peptides from ceylon spinach seeds.	two novel antifungal peptides, designated alpha- and beta-basrubrins, respectively, were isolated from seeds of the ceylon spinach basella rubra. the purification procedure involved saline extraction, (nh(4))(2)so(4) precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose and fplc-gel filtration on superdex peptide column. alpha- and beta-basrubrins exhibited a molecular weight of 4.3 and 5 kda, respe ...	2001	11688973
a method for both mass and individual rearing of fungivorous astigmatid mites (acari).	several species of common fungi were assessed as food for fungivorous astigmatid mites. hypocrea nigricans, botrytis cinerea and flammulina velutipes were generally good food sources for most mites examined. fungal mycelia growing on pda (potato dextrose agar) medium were not only nutritionally adequate but the system also maintained high humidity through the water-based agar medium. among acarid mites, most species of rhizoglyphinae could be reared easily with the method. although filter-feedin ...	2001	11697786
examination of pineal indoles and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone for antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.	oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (ldl) induced by free radicals is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. the aim of the present study was to examine the ability of various pineal indoles in inhibiting ldl oxidation which is accompanied by an increase in mobility in agarose gel electrophoresis and by an augmented generation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance induced by cu2+. it was found that the order of potencies in inhibiting malondialdehyde formation was 5- ...	2001	11701394
biological control in greenhouse systems.	the controlled environment of greenhouses, the high value of the crops, and the limited number of registered fungicides offer a unique niche for the biological control of plant diseases. during the past ten years, over 80 biocontrol products have been marketed worldwide. a large percentage of these have been developed for greenhouse crops. products to control soilborne pathogens such as sclerotinia, pythium, rhizoctonia and fusarium include coniothyrium minitans, species of gliocladium, trichode ...	2001	11701861