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intestinal helminth parasite community in wolves (canis lupus) in italy.from 1987 to 1993, 89 wolves (canis lupus) collected throughout the whole italian range were examined for intestinal helminth parasites. twelve species were found, including 5 nematodes (uncinaria stenocephala, toxocara canis, ancylostoma caninum, trichuris vulpis and toxascaris leonina) and 7 cestodes (echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena, t. multiceps, t. pisiformis, t. ovis, mesocestoides lineatus and dipylidium caninum). no significant differences were detected between sexes. t. canis ...19938065823
intestinal helminths of public health importance in dogs in nairobi.in a survey of intestinal canine zoonotic helminths in nairobi, 156 dogs were autopsied. of these, 10% were infected with echinococcus granulosus, 88% with ancylostoma caninum, 45% with dipylidium caninum and 3% with toxocara canis. all the infected dogs with e. granulosus originated from around abottoirs in dagoretti. the risk of infection in man with hydatid disease is considered to be high around dagoretti and control measures are recommended.19938187655
ancylostoma caninum: glutathione stimulates feeding in third-stage larvae by a sulfhydryl-independent mechanism.the reduced form of the tripeptide glutathione has been reported to reinitiate feeding by third-stage larvae of the hookworm ancylostoma caninum. investigations were conducted with the gsh analogue ophthalmic acid to determine the mechanism by which gsh stimulates feeding. ophthalmic acid stimulated feeding, beginning at 1-2.5 mm and reaching a maximum by 10-15 mm, and also enhanced serum-stimulated feeding. the results indicate that gsh stimulates feeding by a specific, sulfhydryl-independent m ...19938253162
the ecology of animal parasitic nematodes in endemic areas of jos, nigeria.a survey involving 3418 faecal samples collected from three areas of heavy human and animal activities in jos, nigeria showed that 2354 (68.9%) of the samples harboured various parasitic nematodes of man and animals. altogether, twelve species of parasitic nematodes were encountered. five of these, namely: ascaris lumbricoides, ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus, trichuris trichiura and strongyloides stercoralis infect man while five others: trichostrongylus probolurus, t. colubriformis, ...19938334456
efficacy of ivermectin in a beef-based chewable formulation against ancylostoma caninum and uncinaria stenocephala in dogs.the effective dosage of a chewable formulation of ivermectin was determined in 35 young dogs with induced infections of ancylostoma caninum and uncinaria stenocephala. dogs were inoculated with these parasites and held until the infections were patent. within each of 7 replicates, dogs were allocated randomly to 1 of 5 treatment groups: vehicle control, or ivermectin at 6, 12, 18, or 24 micrograms/kg. chewable treatments were tailored to body weight. seven or 8 days after treatment, parasites we ...19938410551
observations on the feeding behaviour of parasitic third-stage hookworm larvae.the feeding behaviour of parasitic 3rd-stage larvae (l3) of the hookworms ancylostoma caninum, a. ceylanicum and necator americanus was examined. less than 11% of a. caninum l3 recovered from the small intestines of dogs infected orally were feeding at 4-48 h post-infection (p.i.), and none of the a. ceylanicum l3 recovered from the intestines of orally infected hamsters had resumed feeding. all l4 of both species recovered at 36 and 48 h p.i. had resumed feeding. on the other hand, approximatel ...19938446471
the prevalence of giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from aboriginal communities in the kimberley.to determine the prevalence of giardia duodenalis and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from aboriginal communities in the west kimberley region of western australia.19938450779
a field and laboratory evaluation of a commercial elisa for the detection of giardia coproantigens in humans and dogs.a capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was evaluated for its ability to detect giardia coproantigens in the faeces of humans and dogs in the perth metropolitan area and aboriginal communities in fitzroy crossing, western australia. using zinc sulphate flotation and light microscopy, giardia cysts and/or trophozoites were observed in 8 of 57 (14%) human stool samples from perth and 21 of 55 (38%) stool samples from fitzroy crossing, after 2 separate examinations. analysis of diagnos ...19938465392
persistence of a recurrent group of intestinal helminth species in a coyote population from southern texas.the persistence and interrelationships of a recurrent group of intestinal helminth species in a coyote population from southern texas were determined; data were collected at 4-yr intervals (1979, 1983, and 1987). the a priori expectation was that a defined recurrent group of helminth species persisted over time and that the respective helminth species were stable in terms of their abundances. the fager index and subsequent recurrent group analysis indicated a small group of taxonomically unrelat ...19938501593
occult enteric infection by ancylostoma caninum: a previously unrecognized zoonosis.human disease caused by the canine hookworm ancylostoma caninum and a high incidence of eosinophilic enteritis have been reported from northern queensland, australia. the aim of this study was to evaluate patients with unexplained abdominal pain and a possible association with cryptic infections by a. caninum.19948276205
immunologic incrimination of ancylostoma caninum as a human enteric pathogen.in northeastern australia, the incidence of human eosinophilic enteritis (ee) and unexplained abdominal pain with peripheral blood eosinophilia (pe) appear to be exceptionally high. because adults of the common dog hookworm, ancylostoma caninum, were found in situ in several cases, we compared specific antibody responses in patients with ee or pe with those of individuals from various control groups. sera were obtained from three patients with confirmed dog hookworm infection, 25 patients with e ...19948304575
human enteric infection with canine hookworms.to describe a zoonotic ancylostomiasis (canine), acquired from domestic pets by patients living in developed, urban communities.19948304653
a hookworm glycoprotein that inhibits neutrophil function is a ligand of the integrin cd11b/cd18.the chronic survival of many endoparasites is dependent on the ability of these organisms to escape the host immune response. identification of the molecular mechanisms by which these organisms evade this response may yield novel approaches in the development of anti-inflammatory agents. we describe here the discovery and characterization of a novel 41-kilodalton glycoprotein from the canine hookwork (ancylostoma caninum) that potently inhibits cd11/cd18-dependent neutrophil function in vitro. n ...19947908286
functional interaction between the integrin antagonist neutrophil inhibitory factor and the i domain of cd11b/cd18.neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif) is a hookworm-derived glycoprotein ligand of the integrin cd11b/cd18 that inhibits human neutrophil function (moyle, m., foster, d. l., mcgrath, d. e., brown, s. m., laroche, y., de meutter, j., stanssens, p., bogowitz, c. a., fried, v. a., ely, j. a., soule, h. r., and vlasuk, g. p. (1994) j. biol. chem. 269, 1008-10015). here, we present evidence that recombinant nif (rnif) associates with the approximately 200-amino acid residue i domain of cd11b/cd18 and th ...19947929363
hyaluronidases of the gastrointestinal invasive nematodes ancylostoma caninum and anisakis simplex: possible functions in the pathogenesis of human zoonoses.the gastrointestinal invasive stages of two parasitic nematodes, ancylostoma caninum and anisakis simplex, were each found to release in vitro a hydrolytic enzyme that degrades the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid. the parasite hyaluronidases were partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and biochemically characterized. the hyaluronidase from a. caninum adult worms had a molecular weight of 65,000 and a ph optimum of 6 with activity at neutral ph, while the hyaluronidase from a. simple ...19947930737
secretion of cysteine proteinase activity by the zoonotic hookworm ancylostoma caninum.the zoonotic hookworm, ancylostoma caninum, probably induces human eosinophilic enteritis by inducing allergic responses to its secretions. this species is already known to secrete metalloproteinases, but in other parasites, cysteine proteinases are involved in pathogenesis. we studied somatic extracts of a. caninum adults and infective larvae and adult excretory/secretory (es) antigens for cysteine proteinase activity using fluorogenic peptide substrates and by gelatin and fluorogenic substrate ...19947943555
efficacy of fenbendazole against giardiasis in dogs.efficacy of fenbendazole at 2 dosages for treating naturally acquired giardiasis in dogs was assessed. giardia cysts were not detected in the feces of 6 of 6 group-1 dogs (as determined by use of the zinc sulfate concentration technique) after fenbendazole treatment (50 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 24 h, for 3 doses). cysts were not detected in the feces of 6 of 6 group-2 dogs after fenbendazole treatment (50 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 8 h, for 3 days). however, cysts were not detected in the fe ...19947978640
investigations into the efficacy of doramectin on reactivated somatic larvae of ancylostoma caninum ercolani 1859 (ancylostomatidae) in pregnant bitches.the aim of this investigation was to examine whether reactivated somatic ancylostoma caninum larvae can be eliminated by the administration of doramectin to pregnant bitches. four pregnant bitches experimentally infected with 20,000 third-stage larvae of a. caninum were treated subcutaneously with 1 mg doramectin per kg body weight on day 55 of the pregnancy (5-8 days before parturition). another four experimentally infected pregnant bitches served as controls. the single doramectin treatment co ...19947740860
the wild dog (lycaon pictus): a new host for ancylostoma caninum.faecal nematode egg counts performed on one captive and 49 free-ranging wild dogs (lycaon pictus) revealed the presence of eggs of ancylostoma spp. in 12 (24%) of the animals. the captive wild dog pup showed anorexia, general malaise, pale mucous membranes and black stools. adult male and female ancylostoma caninum were recovered from an approximately 3-month-old pup which died of distemper-like disease and a 9-year-old severely debilitated captive wild dog. a single adult a. caninum was also re ...19947745585
[effect of environmental conditions on parasitic infection of dogs].the following intestinal parasites: dipylidium caninum, taenia hydatigena, trichocephalus vulpis, ancylostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala, toxocara canis, toxascaris leonina, ascaris sp. have been found on the basis of coprological investigations of 120 dogs from the wrocłow shelter, 20 dogs from wrocłow flats and 20 dogs from rural area of kielce district. total extensity of infection of rural dogs was 100% and 40-48% in town. these differences, according to the authors, are connected with ...19947801643
effect of albendazole on ancylostoma caninum larvae migrating in the muscles of mice.when mice inoculated with 1,000 third-stage larvae of ancylostoma caninum for 1 week were treated intragastrically (ig) with albendazole (alb) 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg.d for 3 days, the mean larva numbers collected from the muscles of each group were 2.7 +/- 1.7, 2.0 +/- 1.5 and 1.0 +/- 1.0, respectively, being much less than that 205 +/- 68 of the control group. in mice treated ig with alb 150 mg/kg.d for 3 days, the concentrations of alb and its effective metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide (albso), ...19947867159
dog hookworm: a cause of eosinophilic enterocolitis in humans. 19947877002
the a-domain of beta 2 integrin cr3 (cd11b/cd18) is a receptor for the hookworm-derived neutrophil adhesion inhibitor nif.the a-domain is a approximately 200-amino acid peptide present within structurally diverse proadhesive proteins including seven integrins. a recombinant form of the a-domain of beta 2 integrins cr3 and lfa-1 has been recently shown to bind divalent cations and to contain binding sites for protein ligands that play essential roles in leukocyte trafficking to inflammatory sites, phagocytosis and target cell killing. in this report we demonstrate that the neutrophil adhesion inhibitor, nif produced ...19947528750
neutrophil inhibitory factor prevents neutrophil-dependent lung injury.neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif) is a recently cloned 41-kda protein from the canine hookworm that binds cd11b/cd18 and inhibits cd11b/cd18-dependent neutrophil adhesion. we evaluated nif's effects on neutrophil-dependent lung injury in guinea pigs. pulmonary vascular endothelial cd54 (icam-1) was induced in buffer-perfused lungs by 90-min exposure to 1000 u/ml tnf-alpha. human neutrophils (2 x 10(7)) were added to the perfusate and activated by 5 x 10(-9) pma; in some lungs, the neutrophils w ...19957594491
ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide: a hookworm-derived inhibitor of human coagulation factor xa.human hookworm infection is a major cause of gastrointestinal blood loss and iron deficiency anemia, affecting up to one billion people in the developing world. these soil-transmitted helminths cause blood loss during attachment to the intestinal mucosa by lacerating capillaries and ingesting extravasated blood. we have isolated the major anticoagulant used by adult worms to facilitate feeding and exacerbate intestinal blood loss. this 8.7-kda peptide, named the ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant ...19957597095
an investigation into the health status and diseases of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in the kruger national park.many factors have been cited as possible reasons for the decline in the number of wild dogs (lycaon pictus), but few studies have provided supportive data. between 1990 and 1993, the dynamics of 10 wild dog packs in the southern district of the kruger national park in south africa were monitored. casual observations of the causes of disease and mortality in the entire population were also recorded. during the same period, 46 wild dogs were immobilised, weighed, and subjected to physical examinat ...19957629782
seasonal influence on human enteric infection by ancylostoma caninum.ancylostoma caninum, the cosmopolitan canine hookworm prevalent in domestic pets throughout northeastern australia, has been identified as a cause of obscure abdominal pain. to investigate the influence of climate on putative and confirmed human infections, a retrospective study of patients with eosinophilic enteritis and established infections was undertaken to identify the monthly and seasonal rates. the numbers seen each month were maintained throughout most of the year but decreased in june ...19957677217
diethylcarbamazine-induced dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin e concentration, in dogs with concurrent ancylostoma caninum infection.immunoglobulin e is produced in response to parasitic nematodes that undergo blood and tissue migrations. results of our previous studies indicated that ige and igg respond to dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. to determine the association between treatment with the larvicide, diethylcarbamazine (dec), and antibody responses and to examine the potential influence of infection with a nonfilarid intestinal nematode on isotype-specific immune responses, we monitored, by use of iso ...19957717581
cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding the catalytic subunit of a camp-dependent protein kinase from ancylostoma caninum third-stage infective larvae. 19957723782
immunohistochemical localization of excretory/secretory antigens in adult ancylostoma caninum using monoclonal antibodies and infected human sera.human eosinophilic enteritis (ee) may result from hypersensitivity to the excretory/secretory (es) antigens of adult ancylostoma caninum. the origin of several antigens were identified by probing adult a. caninum with mouse monoclonal antibodies (moabs), sera from mice vaccinated with es antigens and sera from human ee patients. six moabs (ac/es 1-6) were produced against es antigens, two being igg3 and four igm. western blots demonstrated four different antigen specificities: moab ac/es 1 bound ...19957731733
characterization and localization of cathepsin b proteinases expressed by adult ancylostoma caninum hookworms.the hookworm ancylostoma caninum induces human eosinophilic enteritis (ee), probably via allergic responses to its secretions. cysteine and metallo-proteinases may be the components of these secretions that elicit hypersensitivity reactions. in order to characterize genes encoding cysteine proteinases (cp) secreted by a. caninum, an adult hookworm cdna library was constructed and screened with a cloned fragment of a hookworm cp gene. this fragment was obtained using consensus oligonucleotide, cp ...19957477098
ancylostoma caninum: metalloprotease release coincides with activation of infective larvae in vitro.infective stages of several nematode parasites are known to release proteases in excretory/secretory products. these enzymes are believed to facilitate tissue invasion, although direct evidence is lacking. for these investigations, we employed an assay that uses the resumption of feeding as a marker for early events in the infectious process. when ancylostoma caninum third-stage infective larvae are stimulated to feed in vitro, they release proteases of approximately 50,000 and 90,000 molecular ...19957895832
eosinophilic enteritis in northeastern australia. pathology, association with ancylostoma caninum, and implications.while eosinophilic gastroenteritis is considered a rare condition, eosinophilic enteritis without gastric involvement is quite common in northeastern australia. we present 79 patients with biopsy-proven eosinophilic enteritis, 70 seen since 1987. in 10 patients, eosinophilic enteritis was associated with infection by single, sexually immature, adult hookworms, most positively identified as the common dog hookworm ancylostoma caninum. an additional 22 patients (of 34 tested) had serological evide ...19957872431
comparison of the efficacies of three heartworm preventives against experimentally induced infections with ancylostoma caninum and toxocara canis in pups.forty 11- to 12-week-old helminth-naive beagles were categorized by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (group 1, ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate; group 2, milbemycin oxime; group 3, untreated control; group 4, diethylcarbamazine/oxibendazole). each pup was inoculated po with approximately 100 infective ancylostoma caninum larvae and 100 larvated toxocara canis eggs on day 0, and repeatedly at 7-day intervals thereafter until day 56. administration of anthelmintics also began ...19957782242
amplification and characterization of cysteine proteinase genes from nematodes.in order to isolate proteinase genes from parasitic nematodes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques, we employed a pair of consensus oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal to the active site cysteine (primer ncpc) and asparagine (primer ncpn) coding regions of cysteine proteinases. the primers were biased toward the nucleotide and codon usages of cysteine proteinase genes of nematodes and were based on the consensus nucleotide sequences flanking the active site residues of genes from ...19958525283
neutrophil inhibitory factor is neuroprotective after focal ischemia in rats.we tested the neuroprotective potential of neutrophil inhibitory factor (rnif), a novel 41-kd recombinant glycoprotein derived from a hookworm, in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. male wistar rats were assigned to treatment with rnif and vehicle. middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) for 2 hours was induced by insertion of an intraluminal suture. infusion of the drug was initiated at the onset of reperfusion. infarct volume was determined 48 hours after reperfusion. neutrophils w ...19958526467
a natural glycoprotein inhibitor (nif) of cd11b/cd18 reduces leukocyte adhesion in the liver after hemorrhagic shock.this study was designed to assess the effect of neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a novel specific inhibitor of cd11b/cd18 on hepatic leukocyte trafficking by intravital microscopy 5 h after hemorrhagic shock. anesthetized rats were instrumented for invasive hemodynamical monitoring. hemorrhagic shock was induced for 60 min by withdrawal of arterial blood (mean arterial blood pressure = 40 mmhg). rats were adequately resuscitated for 5 h to achieve a mean arterial blood pressure > 100 mmhg and ...19958574753
abdominal pain, pan-gut eosinophilia, and dog hookworm infection. 19958583307
the specificity of the human ige response to necator americanus.human ige responses to helminth infections have been described as both problematic and beneficial, in that type 1 hypersensitivity to parasite infections can reputedly cause pathology and/or parasite expulsion, (pritchard, quinnell & walsh 1995). in the present communication, we can report that the ige response to helminth infections may be beneficial in a diagnostic sense, in that antibodies of this isotype showed minimal cross-reactivity against antigens from the parasites tested. this informa ...19958817608
surface expression and ligand-based selection of cdnas fused to filamentous phage gene vi.we describe a novel phage display system that affords the surface expression and hence affinity selection of cdnas. the strategy is based on a new approach to functionally display proteins on filamentous phage through the attachment to the c-terminus of the minor coat protein vi. the utility of the method was evaluated using a cdna library derived from the parasite ancylostoma caninum. cdna sequences were fused in each of the three reading frames to the 3'-end of the m13 gene vi expressed by a p ...19959634780
cryopreservation of sheathed third-stage larvae of ancylostoma caninum (hookworm of dogs) and ancylostoma tubaeforme (hookworm of cats).sheathed infective third-stage larvae of ancylostoma caninum and ancylostoma tubaeforme were successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. the survival rates, as assessed by motility, were a. caninum 49.2% and a. tubaeforme 51,5% after 30 d of cryopreservation.19968856767
acasp, a gene encoding a cathepsin d-like aspartic protease from the hookworm ancylostoma caninum.intestinal infection with the zoonotic hookworm ancylostoma caninum can provoke human eosinophilic enteritis. a cdna was isolated from a. caninum, using an oligonucleotide primer designed to hybridize to the region encoding the consensus, catalytic site residues d32tgssnlw of aspartic proteases. this novel cdna encoded an aspartic protease zymogen of 422 amino acids, exhibiting 47% identity to the lysosomal aspartic protease of aedes aegypti, 46% identity to the aspartic protease of schistosoma ...19968858139
attenuation of the inflammatory response in an animal colitis model by neutrophil inhibitory factor, a novel beta 2-integrin antagonist.neutrophils are significant effector cells in acute inflammatory bowel disease. recruitment of these cells is dependent on beta 2-integrin-mediated adhesion and transmigration. the efficacy of neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), an antagonist of the beta 2-integrin cd11b/cd18, in ameliorating inflammation was tested in an animal model of acute colitis.19968858748
enterobius, trichuris, capillaria, and hookworm including ancylostoma caninum.infections by the nematodes enterobius, trichuris, capillaria, and hookworm are some of the most widespread gastrointestinal infections worldwide. this article is designed not only to provide an overview of the different parasites in terms of epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and disease but also to highlight particular areas of intensive research activity that are providing new insights into both the biology of the host-parasite relationship and possible new approaches to infection manageme ...19968863041
ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide: cloning by pcr and expression of soluble, active protein in e. coli.ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide (acap) is the major anticoagulant activity present in extracts of adult ancylostoma caninum hookworms. this 8.7 kda protein is a potent and specific inhibitor of human coagulation factor xa. using pcr, we have isolated a cdna encoding for acap from an adult a. caninum cdna library. the 5' end of the acap cdna was identified by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) using a. caninum cdna and a 5' primer corresponding to a nematode spliced leader sequence. the ...19968885227
molecular approaches to vaccinating against hookworm disease.anthelminthic drug chemotherapy has failed as an acceptable approach to hookworm control in the less developed countries of the tropics. the development of a genetically engineered vaccine against hookworm infection would be a major advance in our efforts to control this parasitic disease. we have produced several lead recombinant hookworm vaccine antigens. their development is based on scientific principles that were generated almost 70 years ago when investigators first began to attenuate livi ...19968888276
hookworm: developmental biology of the infectious process.hookworms cause severe anemia and malnutrition in developing countries of the tropics, with an estimated one billion people infected worldwide. an in vitro system that models the early events of infection has provided new information about the linkage between the infectious process and the parasite's developmental biology. the cloning and expression of ancylostoma secreted protein, asp 1 - a secreted molecule associated with these developmental processes - is an example of how this system allows ...19968939719
a discrete site modulates activation of i domains. application to integrin alphambeta2.a central characteristic of integrin adhesion receptors is their capacity to become activated, thereby enhancing their affinity for ligands. here, we report the identification of a discrete site within the i domain of integrin alphambeta2, which modulates the adhesive activity of this receptor. based upon the crystal structure, this region is composed of two short and spatially proximal loops, e162qlkksktl and q190nnpnprs. mutations in these loops yield receptors which support spontaneous cell a ...19968939940
vaccination with alum-precipitated recombinant ancylostoma-secreted protein 1 protects mice against challenge infections with infective hookworm (ancylostoma caninum) larvae.ancylostoma-secreted protein 1 (asp-1) is the major protein secreted by infective hookworm larvae (ancylostoma caninum). the escherichia coli-expressed recombinant protein was evaluated as a vaccine antigen in a mouse model of ancylostomiasis. a. caninum larvae migrate through mouse lungs, with maximal migration occurring 48-54 h after oral infection. quantitative larval recovery from the lungs at this time was used as an end point for vaccine evaluation. all mice developed antibodies to recombi ...19968940240
structural analysis of the catalytic site of accp-1, a cysteine proteinase secreted by the hookworm ancylostoma caninum.previously, we have reported that hookworms secrete cysteine proteinase activity that is capable of cleaving the cathepsin l-specific substrate z-phe-arg-amc. we have also reported the gene sequences of novel cathepsin b-like proteinases from hookworms, but have been unable to locate cathepsin l-like genes that could account for the presence of the cathepsin l activity in these parasites. here we present an homology model for the secreted hookworm cysteine proteinase accp-1 based upon the crysta ...19968948483
genetic markers in ribosomal dna for hookworm identification.polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis of ribosomal (r) dna was conducted on uncinaria stenocephala, ancylostoma caninum, a. tubaeforme and a. ceylanicum. the rdna region spanning the first and second internal transcribed spacers (its1 and its2) plus the 5.8s (its+) gene was amplified by pcr from each of the species, digested separately with 9 restriction endonucleases and the fragments separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. characteristi ...19968971275
human enteric infection with ancylostoma caninum: hookworms reappraised in the light of a "new" zoonosis.recent studies in northeastern australia indicate that enteric infection with ancylostoma caninum is a leading cause of human eosinophilic enteritis. much more frequent accompaniments of this infection are obscure abdominal pain with or without blood eosinophilia, while a large part of the population is probably infected asymptomatically. these conclusions are based on extensive serological investigations in patients and control subjects, as well as 15 cases in which single, adult hookworms were ...19968971276
neuroprotective effect of recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor in transient focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat.the neuroprotective effects of recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif) have been assessed with temporary (2 h) middle cerebral artery (mca) occlusion in the rat using the intraluminal suture technique. administration of nif (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) immediately after the onset of reperfusion and at 4 and 6 h post-mca occlusion significantly reduced both hemispheric infarct volume (p < 0.001) and brain swelling (p < 0.001), and improved neurological outcome (p < 0.02) when assessed at 24 h. these ...19969117543
aberrant migration of ancylostoma caninum to the os penis of a dog.a male pitbull terrier was presented with a history of stranguria and depression. on clinical and radiological examination a suspected necrogranuloma of the caudal os penis, which obstructed the urethra, was found. the necrogranuloma was removed surgically and contained blood and necrotic tissue as well as several adult male and female ancylostoma caninum worms. the urethral obstruction resulted in post-renal azotaemia, hydronephrosis and eventually bladder rupture. a rare case of aberrant migra ...19969120864
new anticoagulant prompts bad blood between partners. 19968596945
the role of cd11/cd18 integrins in the reverse passive arthus reaction in rat dermal tissue.the cd11/cd18 leukocyte integrins are necessary for tissue localization of neutrophils, an early requisite event in inflammation. we have analyzed the contribution of cd11a/cd18 and cd11b/cd18 to local neutrophil accumulation and tissue injury in the reverse passive arthus reaction in the rat dermis. experimental groups comprised animals that received an intravenous infusion of (1) recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a hookworm-derived antagonist of cd11b/cd18; (2) monoclonal antibod ...19968603998
use of a novel cd11b/cd18 inhibitory agent in a c6-deficient rat to evaluate delayed xenograft rejection. 19968623367
cloning and characterization of ancylostoma-secreted protein. a novel protein associated with the transition to parasitism by infective hookworm larvae.the developmentally arrested third stage infective larva of hookworms resumes development upon entry into the definitive host. this transition to parasitism can be modeled in vitro by stimulating infective larvae with a low molecular weight ultrafiltrate of host serum together with methylated glutathione analogues. when stimulated to resume development in vitro, activated larvae of the hookworm ancylostoma caninum released a 42-kda protein, termed ancylostoma-secreted protein (asp). asp was the ...19968636085
solvent-accessible residues on the metal ion-dependent adhesion site face of integrin cr3 mediate its binding to the neutrophil inhibitory factor.neutrophil adhesion-dependent functions such as chemotaxis, spreading, and phagocytosis are inhibited by neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a glycoprotein produced by the hookworm ancylostoma caninum. the nif binding site has been localized to the a-domain of integrin cr3 (cd11b/cd18) and shown to be metal-dependent. the recently solved crystal structure of the a-domain from cd11b revealed a putative metal ion-dependent adhesion site (midas) on the top of the structure. to determine if nif bind ...19968663417
overlapping, but not identical, sites are involved in the recognition of c3bi, neutrophil inhibitory factor, and adhesive ligands by the alphambeta2 integrin.the alphambeta2 (cd11b/cd18, mac-1) integrin receptor binds numerous ligands, including neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), c3bi, and certain immobilized protein substrates, represented by denatured ovalbumin. these ligands share no obvious structural similarities, yet their interactions with receptor are inhibited by nif and involve the i domain, a stretch of approximately 200 amino acids in the alpham subunit. recombinant wild-type and mutant forms of alphambeta2 have been used to compare the ...19968663418
immunoglobulin g subclass antibodies against excretory/secretory antigens of ancylostoma caninum in human enteric infections.most patients with proven or suspected enteric infection with the common hookworm of dogs, ancylostoma caninum, produce immunoglobulin g (igg) and ige antibodies to an immunodominant excretory/secretory antigen (ac68) of the parasite. these antibodies were detected in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blots; the western blot to detect igg antibodies to ac68 was the most specific and sensitive. the subclasses of igg of the antibody response to the parasite were analyzed u ...19968686791
immunochemical characterization of ancylostoma caninum antigens.adult worms of ancylostoma caninum were dissected and manually separated into cephalic glands, cervical glands, intestine, esophagus and cuticula. these fractions as well as third stage larvae were fractionated with triton x-114 into water soluble (hydrophilic), triton soluble (hydrophobic) and unsoluble proteins. these fractions were characterized by immunoblotting with serum from rabbits immunized either with a pool of cervical, cephalic glands and intestine, or the esophagus fraction as well ...19968688863
anticoagulant repertoire of the hookworm ancylostoma caninum.hookworms are hematophagous nematodes that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. there has been speculation for nearly a century as to the identity of the anticoagulant substances) used by these organisms to subvert host hemostasis. using molecular cloning, we describe a family of potent small protein (75-84 amino acids) anticoagulants from the hookworm ancylostoma caninum termed acap (a. caninum anticoagulant protein). two recombinant acap members (acap5 and acap6) directly ...19968700900
high prevalence of ancylostoma spp. infection in dogs, associated with endemic focus of human cutaneous larva migrans, in tacuarembo, uruguay.a helminthological survey of the intestinal parasites in stray dogs was conducted in urban and suburban area of tacuarembó, uruguay, during winter time. eighty stray dogs captured in the city were necropsied. seventy nine dogs (98.8%) were positive for helminth infection. seventy seven (96.3%) were parasitized by hookworms. two species of hookworms were found: ancylostoma caninum 96.3% and a. braziliense 49.4%. this is the first report of the prevalence of a. braziliense in uruguay. considering ...19968758550
a distinctive aphthous ileitis linked to ancylostoma caninum.ileal ulceration is diagnosed commonly at colonoscopy in northeastern australia. this observation has occurred contemporaneously with the description of a painful enteritis caused through supposedly rare infections by ancylostoma caninum, the cosmopolitan dog hookworm. in this study, we describe the morphology and prevalence of ileal ulcers and investigate their cause. there were 182 patients with a distinctive aphthous ileitis highlighted by haemorrhage into the tips of surrounding villi. the a ...19968792304
the efficacy of doramectin on arrested larvae of ancylostoma caninum in early pregnancy of bitches.the efficacy of doramectin treatment on arrested a. caninum larvae during early pregnancy of bitches was examined. four bitches were percutaneously infected with 20,000 third-stage larvae of a. caninum on the day of conception and treated subcutaneously with 1 mg doramectin per kg body weight on day 30 of pregnancy. four infected untreated pregnant bitches served as controls. a single application of dormectin substantially reduced the number of somatic larvae in bitches and the number of intesti ...19968794697
mechanisms underlying neutrophil adhesion to apical epithelial membranes.crypt abscesses allow prolonged apposition of activated neutrophils to the epithelial surface of the colon. adhesion of neutrophils to both the vascular endothelium and basolateral epithelial membrane share common effector molecules but are distinct processes. this study aimed to define the mechanisms that effect adhesion, independent of transmigration, to the apical epithelium. ht29 (cl 19a) cells were grown to confluency and incubated with neutrophils under conditions of: (i) neutrophil stimul ...19968801197
polymorphonuclear leucocyte (pmn) inhibitory factor prevents pmn-dependent endothelial cell injury by an anti-adhesive mechanism.neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a 41-kd glycoprotein isolated from the canine hookworm, inhibits cd11b/cd18-dependent neutrophil adhesion by binding to cd1lb. we studied the effects of nif on neutrophil-dependent endothelial cell injury using bovine pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells grown on microporous filters. endothelial injury was determined as an increase in the transendothelial 125i-albumin clearance rate (a measure of transendothelial permeability). layering of neutrophils on th ...19979130469
transfer and expression of neutrophil inhibitory factor gene in endothelial and epithelial cells prevent neutrophil adhesion. 19979184546
identification and reconstruction of the binding site within alphambeta2 for a specific and high affinity ligand, nif.engagement of the alphambeta2 (cd11b/cd18, mac-1) integrin on neutrophils supports adhesion and induces various cellular responses. these responses can be blocked by a specific ligand of alphambeta2, neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif). the molecular basis of alphambeta2-nif interactions was studied. the single chain alpham subunit, expressed on the surface of human 293 cells, bound nif with an affinity equivalent to that of alphambeta2 heterodimer. this observation, coupled with previous data sh ...19979211902
a peptide derived from neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif) blocks neutrophil adherence to endothelial cells.peptides derived from neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a known antagonist of mac-1, were evaluated as inhibitors of neutrophil adherence.19979243305
long-term survey on intestinal nematode and cestode infections in stray puppies ibaraki prefecture.we conducted the survey on intestinal nematode, mainly toxocara canis, and cestode infections in stray puppies aged less than 5 months in ibaraki prefecture for 8 years from 1988 to 1995. the rate of t. canis infection stayed almost unchanged for the 8 years and ranged from 72.2 to 85.4%. of the total 916 dogs, 732 (79.9%) harboured with t. canis. the average rates of other helminthic infections showed 24.6 (diphylidium caninum), 2.5 (trichuris vulpis), 1.2 (ancylostoma caninum) and 0.7% (spirom ...19979300373
antithrombotic efficacy of a recombinant nematode anticoagulant peptide (rnap5) in canine models of thrombosis after single subcutaneous administration.we describe the antithrombotic effects of recombinant nematode anticoagulant peptide (rnap5), a selective and direct factor xa inhibitor, after a single s.c. administration in canine models of arterial and venous thrombosis. the systemic anticoagulant effects of rnap5 were evaluated initially in conscious dogs after s.c. dosing (0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) that resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the activated clotting time and the activated partial thromboplastin time. the antithrombotic effe ...19979336312
[helminth fauna of red foxes (vulpes vulpes linne 1758) in southern saxony--2: nematodes].between january 1993 and november 1994 a total of 1300 red foxes from the administrative districts halle and dessau were examined for the presence of nematodes in the stomach and the small intestine. the following nematodes were found: toxocara canis (26.5%), toxascaris leonina (10.5%), uncinaria stenocephala (15.9%) ancylostoma caninum (1.7%). the search for trichinella spp. larvae was negative in all 780 examined foxes.19979471417
a trichuris specific diagnostic antigen from culture fluids of trichuris suis adult worms.trichuris suis is a nematode parasite of swine which can cause serious pathology in infected pigs, such as anorexia, diarrhea, anemia, and death in heavy infections, especially in young animals. infection with trichuris suis is difficult to diagnose because much of the pathology occurs when only larval stages are present, and because of sporadic egg production by adult female worms. we have isolated a 20 kda excretory/secretory (e/s) glycoprotein from culture fluids of adult worms by column chro ...19979066055
[modulation of inflammatory cells in helminth infections].in this review, different mechanisms by which helminthic parasites modulate the activities of inflammatory cells are considered. examples are presented of parasitic products interfering with lymphocytes and their products such as antibodies, then modifying both regulation and effector response of the immune system. furthermore, examples of interference on the complement system are illustrated. parasites such as ancylostoma caninum produce factors such as the neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif) ca ...19979616965
cutaneous and subcutaneous granulomata formation in mice immunized and challenged with third-stage infective hookworm (ancylostoma caninum) larvae.to determine the inflammatory and immunological mechanisms associated with live third-stage (l3) hookworm larval vaccines, mice were immunized either subcutaneously or orally with three doses of 500 l3 of ancylostoma caninum at 2-week intervals, and then challenged percutaneously (via abdominal skin) with 500 l3. non-immunized mice served as negative controls. skin was excised from post-challenge mice at intervals between 6 h and 28 days, and then examined by light microscopy. in non-immunized m ...19989638275
in vitro expression of a recombinant paramyosin of ancylostoma caninum.the objective of this study was to characterise a recombinant antigen of ancylostoma caninum that had been identified by immunoscreening with selected antisera described elsewhere. in vitro expression of clone 341 produced a protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 34 kda which was recognised in western blots by antisera against whole worms and antisera against esophagi from adult worms, but not by sera from experimentally infected dogs or rabbits. dna sequencing showed a cdna of ...19989762569
a recombinant protein disulfide isomerase homologue from ancylostoma caninum.the objective of this study was to characterize a recombinant antigen of ancylostoma caninum that had been identified by immunoscreening with selected antisera as described elsewhere. in vitro expression of clone ac38-1 produced a protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 38 kda, which reacted in western blots with the antiserum from rabbits experimentally infected with l3 and also with affinity-purified antibodies against hydrophilic proteins of the cephalic glands obtained from ...19989766908
electron and light microscopy of peritoneal cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated and challenged with third-stage infective hookworm (ancylostoma caninum) larvae.the role of peritoneal macrophages in a murine model of immunity to living hookworm third-stage larvae (l3) was investigated. mice immunized orally with 500 l3 once every 2 weeks for three times were challenged intraperitoneally with 2000 l3 1 week after the final immunization. the challenged larvae were collected from the peritoneal cavity at intervals between 2 and 72 h and then examined by inverted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. peritoneal ...19989821464
anthelmintic efficacy against tissue-arrested larvae of ancylostoma caninum in murine hosts.third-stage larvae of the major human and canine ancylostoma hookworm species have the capacity to undergo developmental arrest in the somatic tissues of an infected host. arrested larvae reactivate at opportune periods such as pregnancy, which results in the transmammary transmission of infection to the nursing neonates. using murine paratenic hosts to focus specifically on tissue-arrested stages of ancylostoma caninum, the present study found that neither recommended nor elevated doses of comm ...19989920326
protective immunity in mice elicited by living infective third-stage hookworm larvae (shanghai strain of ancylostoma caninum).to elucidate the mechanisms of protective immunity in mice elicited by living hookworm (ancylostoma caninum third-stage infective larvae (l3).199810322652
hookworm-provoked ige-mediated pathology: capricious damage or remarkable strategy?the existence of the canine hookworm ancylostoma caninum in the human gut seems to be curtailed by an effective ige-mediated inflammatory response against the helminth's feeding secretions, which, by damaging the host, compromises the parasite's feeding opportunities. in contrast, immunity does not develop against adapted, anthropophilic hookworm species, and it is suggested this relates to modulation of the inflammatory response by hookworm secretions. here, john croese discusses this hypothesi ...199817040701
neutrophil inhibitory factor treatment of focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.the present study was designed to determine whether a hookworm-derived recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor (rnif) is neuroprotective when administered after initiation of focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. we measured the rnif dose-response on cerebral infarct volume, the therapeutic time window, the therapeutic response to permanent ischemia, and whether rnif treatment delays the maturation of the ischemic lesion (2 days), or reduces cerebral infarct volume at 7 days after middle cerebral ...19989554941
anthelmintic efficacy of oxibendazole against some important nematodes in dogs and cats.the anthelmintic efficacy and safety of the oxibendazole component in a combination oxibendazole-niclosamide paste were investigated in dogs and cats and in litters of pups with naturally acquired nematode infections. a single dose of 15 mg oxibendazole/kg body weight given to 70 dogs and to 29 cats reduced faecal worm egg counts (epg) by 97.6% for toxocara canis, 95.7% for trichuris vulpis, 94.6% for ancylostoma caninum, and 100% for toxascaris leonina. in cats, 96.7% efficacy was demonstrated ...19989563164
ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide blocks metastasis in vivo and inhibits factor xa binding to melanoma cells in vitro.we evaluated the in vivo anti-metastatic activity of recombinant ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide (racap), a potent (ki = 265 pm) and specific active site inhibitor of human coagulation factor xa originally isolated from bloodfeeding hookworms. subcutaneous injection of scid mice with racap (0.01-0.2 mg/mouse) prior to tail vein injection of lox human melanoma cells resulted in a dose dependent reduction in pulmonary metastases. in order to elucidate potential mechanisms of racap's anti ...19989609244
in vivo expression of neutrophil inhibitory factor via gene transfer prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced lung neutrophil infiltration and injury by a beta2 integrin-dependent mechanism.the binding of beta2 (cd18) integrins on pmn cell membrane to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam) counter-receptors on the surface of vascular endothelial cells mediates pmn adhesion to endothelial cells. neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a 41-kd glycoprotein isolated from the canine hookworm (ancylostoma caninum), is a beta2 integrin antagonist that inhibits pmn adhesion to endothelial cells. we transferred the nif gene into cd1 mouse lungs by intravenous injection of cationic liposomes to ...19989616214
caenorhabditis elegans: a genetic guide to parasitic nematode biology.the advent of parasite genome sequencing projects, as well as an increase in biology-directed gene discovery, promises to reveal genes encoding many of the key molecules required for nematode-host interactions. however, distinguishing parasitism genes from those merely required for nematode viability remains a substantial challenge. although this will ultimately require a functional test in the host or parasite, the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans can be exploited as a heterologous s ...199819274223
ancylostoma secreted protein 2: cloning and characterization of a second member of a family of nematode secreted proteins from ancylostoma caninum.invading infective third-stage larvae (l3) of parasitic nematodes execute a series of programmed developmental events in response to a host-specific signal encountered during infection. one of these early events is the release of excretory/secretory products. using an in vitro feeding assay that mimics these early events of infection, a protein released by in vitro activated larvae of the hookworm ancylostoma caninum was identified. this protein, ac-asp-2, was partially sequenced, and the cdna e ...199910340481
amino acid sequences within the alpha subunit of integrin alpha m beta 2 (mac-1) critical for specific recognition of c3bi.phagocytosis of opsonized particles by neutrophils and monocytes plays a central role in host defense mechanisms against foreign pathogens. this process depends on the interaction between c3bi, a degradation product derived from activation of the complement system, and the alpha m beta 2 (cd11b/cd18, mac-1) receptor, the major integrin on neutrophils. previous studies had established a central role for the i domain, a stretch of approximately 200 amino acids within the alpha m subunit in the bin ...199910387051
chemo- and thermosensory neurons: structure and function in animal parasitic nematodes.nematode parasites of warm-blooded hosts use chemical and thermal signals in host-finding and in the subsequent resumption of development. the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for investigating the chemo- and thermosensory neurons of such parasites, because the functions of its amphidial neurons are well known from laser microbeam ablation studies. the neurons found in the amphidial channel detect aqueous chemoattractants and repellants; the wing cells-flattened amph ...199910456420
investigations into the prevention of neonatal ancylostoma caninum infections in puppies by application of moxidectin to the bitch.the aim of this investigation was to examine whether reactivated ancylostoma caninum larvae can be eliminated by the administration of moxidectin to pregnant bitches. four pregnant bitches infected experimentally with 20,000 third-stage larvae of a. caninum were treated subcutaneously with 1 mg moxidectin/kg body weight on day 55 of the pregnancy (5-8 days before parturition). another four experimentally infected pregnant bitches served as controls. the single moxidectin treatment completely pre ...199910481618
inherent flexibility in a potent inhibitor of blood coagulation, recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2.nematode anticoagulant proteins (naps) from the hematophagous nematode ancylostoma caninum inhibit blood coagulation with picomolar inhibition constants, and have been targeted as novel pharmaceutical agents. nap5 and nap6 inhibit factor xa by binding to its active site, whereas napc2 binds to factor xa at a different, as yet unidentified, site and the resultant binary complex inhibits the tissue factor-factor viia complex. we have undertaken nmr studies of napc2, including the calculation of a ...199910504384
antibody responses in pregnancy-induced transmammary transmission of ancylostoma caninum hookworm larvae.third stage larvae of the ancylostoma caninum hookworm nematode have the capacity to infect a dog, abort the normal maturation pathway to become blood-feeding intestinal worms, and instead distribute throughout the body in a developmentally arrested state that is relatively resilient to most chemotherapeutic agents. during pregnancy, a percentage of the arrested larvae reactivate and transmit via the mammary glands to infect the nursing puppies with resulting iron-deficiency anemia and potential ...199910507368
antibody-dependent reductions in mouse hookworm burden after vaccination with ancylostoma caninum secreted protein 1.vaccination of mice with either third-stage ancylostoma caninum infective hookworm larvae (l3) or alum-precipitated recombinant ancylostoma secreted protein 1 from a. caninum (ac-asp-1) results in protection against hookworm challenge infections. vaccine protection is manifested by reductions in lung hookworm burdens at 48 h postchallenge. mice actively immunized 4 times with ac-asp-1 also exhibited reductions in hookworm burden in the muscles. hookworm burden reductions from ac-asp-1 immunizati ...199910515831
neutrophil inhibitory factor abrogates neutrophil adhesion by blockade of cd11a and cd11b beta(2) integrins.we studied the basis of inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) adhesion induced by neutrophil inhibitory factor (nif), a 41-kda cd11/cd18 beta(2) integrin-binding protein isolated from the canine hookworm (ancylostoma caninum). nif blocked pmn adhesion in a concentration-dependent manner with complete blockade occurring at approximately 10 nm nif. because cd11a and cd11b beta(2) integrins are functionally active on stimulated pmns, and yet nif is postulated to inhibit only cd11b integri ...199910531396
developmental arrest and pregnancy-induced transmammary transmission of ancylostoma caninum larvae in the murine model.pregnancy is associated with reactivation of latent infections of many protozoal and helminthic parasites. to facilitate in vivo studies on the process of transmammary transmission of hookworm infection to nursing newborns, we established an experimental model of infection of balb/c mice with infective larvae of the canine nematode ancylostoma caninum. to establish latency with a significant reservoir of tissue larvae and achieve acceptable pregnancy success rates, mice were subcutaneously infec ...199910577710
experimental approaches to the development of a recombinant hookworm vaccine.hookworm infection is a major parasitic cause of morbidity in the developing nations of the tropics. development of a genetically engineered vaccine would be a useful tool in the control of this infection in highly endemic areas. recombinant polypeptides belonging to the ancylostoma secreted protein (asp)-1 family have shown promise for reducing hookworm burdens after larval challenge infections in mice. typically, these polypeptides are expressed in escherichia coli and administered as an alum ...199910582170
ancylostoma secreted protein 1 (asp-1) homologues in human hookworms. 199910029316
the hookworm platelet inhibitor: functional blockade of integrins gpiib/iiia (alphaiibbeta3) and gpia/iia (alpha2beta1) inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion in vitro.hookworms, aggressive, blood-feeding, intestinal nematodes, are currently a leading cause of iron deficiency anemia in the developing world. an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and adhesion has been partially purified and characterized from soluble protein extracts of adult ancylostoma caninum hookworms. this protein, named the hookworm platelet inhibitor, has an estimated molecular mass of 15 kda as determined by size-exclusion chromatography. in addition to blocking platelet aggregation in re ...199910191228
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