Publications

[viral neuraxitis. epidemiological and clinical aspects].	seven cases of acute neuraxitis due to coxsackie b3, 2 to mumps, 1 to measles, and 1 to influenza b observed in the province of alessandria between jan. 1975 and july 1977 are described. in the coxsackie cases, blood chemistry and clinical examinations were coupled with determination of serum levels of complement fixing, haemagglutin-inhibiting and neutralising antibodies on two successive specimens, isolation of virus from cerebrospinal fluid and faeces, and, in one case, from a cerebral biopsy ...	1978	683582
[live influenza vaccination of military personnel (author's transl)].	a field study was performed on 118 members of army personnel with the intranasally-applied live influenza vaccine, rit 4050. 91 subjects were revaccinated 7 days thereafter. the immune response was best in subjects with a low prevaccination titre and was better in subjects vaccinated twice than only once. an immune response was also detected in the nasal secretion measuring the secretory iga antibodies. live influenza vaccine can be regarded as a suitable alternative to other influenza vaccines, ...	1978	695667
distribution of antibodies in animals against influenza b and c viruses.		1978	739713
sudden infant death syndrome in cardiff, association with epidemic influenza and with temperature - 1955-1974.	the effects of social class, season, low temperature and sudden falls in temperature are investigated in 286 cases of sudden infant death syndrome in cardiff in the years 1955--1974. the association with low temperature was striking: unsuspected hypothermia may be an important feature of these deaths. sudden infant death incidence was associated with influenza a but not influenza b epidemics.	1978	744671
agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of kenya. x. haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b virus in sera from children living in the machakos district of kenya.	in the framework of the machakos project bloodcollections from random samples of children under 5 years of age and living in a rural area of kenya were done with regular intervals, serum samples of two collections were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza a and b viruses. the children had been exposed to the hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus or its variants during one, two or three episodes of circulation and probably to only one epidosde of b/hong kong/8/73 virus. the ...	1978	749289
[biological characteristics of influenza b viruses isolated during influenza b epidemics in 1976-1977].	comparative studies of the antigenic structure of influenza b viruses isolated in 1976-1977 and in previous years demonstrated one-way relationship of the hemagglutinin of b/76 viruses with that of b/72 viruses. antisera to new b/76 strains neutralized the hemagglutinating activity of all known reference influenza b virus strains beginning from 1972. influenza b/76 viruses were divided into two groups depending on complete or partial neutralization by antiserum b/hong kong/7/75. the study of the ...	1978	749340
[immunologic memory in influenza patients according to the blast transformation reaction to specific antigen].	one hundred-sixty patients with the laboratorily confirmed diagnosis of influenza were examined in the study on the capacity of t-and b-lymphocytes to retain immunological memory for influenza infection by the method of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation (lbt). the studies were carried out in the epidemic periods of influenza a2, a1, and b at various stages of the disease and convalescence. the lbt test was positive in 21--70% of tests depending on the time after the onset. memory cells were d ...	1978	749348
synthesis and antiviral acticity of some phosphates of the broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin).	1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide 5'-phosphate (2) was prepared and converted into the following derivatives: the 5'-phosphoramidate 3, the 5'-diphosphate 4, the 5'-triphosphate 5, and the cyclic 3',5'-phosphate 6. the cyclic 2',3'-phosphate 7 was prepared from the parent nucleoside, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (1), and was opened to the 2'(3')-phosphate 8. these compounds were found to exhibit significant antiviral activity against several viruses in ce ...	1978	211234
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to influenza a and b and parainfluenza type 1 in sera of patients.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza a/hong kong/1/68, influenza a/victoria/3/75, influenza b/hong kong/5/72, and parainfluenza type 1 viruses. development and standardization of the method indicated that an acetone-ethyl alcohol mixture was a suitable fixative for the preparation of the solid-phase coupled antigen. the addition of sodium azide to the enzyme-conjugated solution and the concentrations of the enzyme-conjugate antig ...	1978	217892
[first madagascan myxovirus b isolated during an influenza epidemic in antananarivo (june-august 1977)].	the authors study an influenza epidemic at antananarivo, during the austral winter 1977. a virologic work confirmed the diagnostic of influenza with the isolation of two influenza b virus strains. an epidemiologic survey was also carried out in consultant people at the work medecine department and hygiene municipal service to evaluate its influency on morbidity and mortality.	1978	218507
[antiviral antibodies in acute laryngotracheobronchitis].	antibodies to influenza a2, influenza b, parainfluenza 2 and 3, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial viruses were determined in thirty nine children with acute laryngotracheobronchitis; nine cases were not included in the analysis because of the presence of anticomplementary sera; 40% of cases were positive, 20% to influenza a2, 10% to influenza b (one case of double infection with influenza b and parainfluenza 2 viruses), 6.7% to respiratory syncytial virus and 3.3% to parainfluenza 2. results ...	1978	202293
[determination of antibodies against influenza viruses, using the elisa method].	a microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was adapted for the demonstration of antibodies to influenza a and b in 25 paired acute and convalescent sera taken from patients with influenza a infection, in 11 single convalescent sera collected from patients with acute respiratory infection and serological evidence of influenza b infection, in 14 paired sera collected from volunteers who were vaccinated with an aqueous inactivated influenza a and b vaccine, and in 15 serum sam ...	1978	350238
[vaccination of infants and schoolchildren with an influenza subunit vaccine (author's transl)].	a new influenza subunit vaccine which contains only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens was investigated for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children aged between three and 15 years. children under six years of age received either 500 iu or 1000 iu of the commercial vaccine, those aged from six to 15 years either 1000 iu or 2000 iu. the vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the world health organisation for the vaccination season 1976/77. in a double blind study the vacci ...	1978	365775
influenza surveillance.	the main objectives of influenza surveillance are: to measure the impact of the disease by collection and analysis of epidemiological information on morbidity and mortality, and to anticipate future epidemics and pandemics by the collection and analysis of influenza viruses. the world health organization's influenza programme is based on the collaboration of 98 national influenza centres in 70 countries and the 2 who collaborating centres in atlanta and london.epidemiological information may be ...	1978	78771
immunological studies with the ha1 and ha2 polypeptides of influenza a virus haemagglutinin.	ha1 and ha2 polypeptides of influenza a virus haemagglutinin (ha) were separated in purified form using electrophoresis in sds containing polyacrylamide gels (page) or chloroform-methanol extraction. the populations of ha1 polypeptides were immunogenic but considerably less so than the intact ha molecule and induced antibody which cross-reacted with influenza a and b viruses. after absorption with heterologous influenza b virus, the cross-reacting antibodies were removed and the ha1 antisera the ...	1978	81152
the antibody response of institutionalized down's syndrome patients to seven microbial antigens.	an earlier cross-sectional study had revealed that institutionalized down's syndrome (ds) patients possessed much lower titres of hepatitis b surface antibodies (anti-hbs) than did their non-down's (nd) counterparts. in an attempt to determine whether ds patients were generally deficient in humoral antibody response, the inmates of an institution for the mentally retarded (110 ds, seventy-eight nd) were immunized with tetanus, diphtheria (toxoids), influenza a, influenza b (inactivated vaccines) ...	1978	148342
tracheobronchial clearance in health and disease: with special reference to interciliary fluid.	rats were exposed to influenza b virus for 2 hours. mucociliary function in the isolated airway preparation of these animals was studied from the first day after exposure and at regular intervals for up to 190 days. transmission electron microscopy (tem) studies were done at times corresponding to the mucociliary function studies. tem studies confirmed the results of the mucociliary function studies: pathological changes were first apparent three days after exposure and began in the distal bronc ...	1978	248013
recombination and complementation between orthomyxoviruses under conditions of abortive infection.	on interaction of ts mutants of fowl plague virus (fpv) belonging to different complementation groups and human influenza a viruses under conditions of abortive infection for both partners, complementation was marked and recombinants occurred with a high frequency. the level and degree of complementation as well as the frequency of recombinants depended on the stage at which the reproduction of the human influenza a viruses involved was blocked. on simultaneous inoculation of chicks with two apa ...	1979	39444
macrophage immunity to influenza virus: in vitro and in vivo studies.	using m-tur, a macrophage-adapted avian influenza a virus (hav1, nav3), antiviral resistance of peritoneal macrophages obtained from specifically or nonspecifically immunized mice towards in vitro infection was assessed. m-tur grew to high titers in macrophages from nonimmune mice thereby causing a marked cytopathic effect. in contrast, peritoneal macrophages from mice specifically immunized with tur virus were not affected by infection with m-tur in vitro. this antiviral immunity was specific: ...	1979	89051
antigenic relationships between strains of influenza b virus.	an immunological relationship between strains of influenza b virus, considerably differing from one another in haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and virus neutralization (vn) tests, was established. the relationships were also evaluated based on the ability of influenza b viruses to replicate in the lungs of mice immunized with strains possessing antigenically distinct haemagglutinin. there was no substantial difference in the protection of animals immunized with homologous or heterologous strai ...	1979	90457
the epidemiology of influenza b in a rural setting in 1977.	an epidemic of influenza b began in january, 1977, in two rural parishes in northeastern louisiana and quickly spread to involve 29% of their population with clinical influenza. this epidemic was investigated using a standard questionnaire and a random sample of 4.2% of the population. the clinical illness was typical of influenza, with predominant fever, cough, malaise and headache. gastrointestinal symptoms were part of the clinical syndrome. rhinitis and diarrhea were significantly more commo ...	1979	110144
isolation of influenza virus from muscle in myoglobinuric polymyositis.	we report the first isolation of influenza virus from muscle in a man with myoglobinuria and acute polymyositis. influenza virus was isolated from cultures of madin darby bovine kidney and primary rhesus monkey kidney cells inoculated with muscle homogenates in the presence of trypsin; the virus was identified by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies using influenza b/lee antiserum. viral plaque assay was performed with madin darby canine cells. viral antigen was also detected b ...	1979	384294
studies on prophylactic efficacy of n-2-hydroxyethyl palmitamide (impulsin) in acute respiratory infections. serologically controlled field trials.	the results of three serologically controlled double blind field trials in army units are presented. the evaluation of results according to morbidity, regardless of aetiology, showed a significant reduction in acute respiratory diseases (ard) after administration of impulsin. in the 1973 trial (901 volunteers), 22.7% of ard cases were found in the impulsin group contrary to 34.4% in the placebo group (p less than 0.0002). the relevant values in the 1974 trial (610 volunteers) were 19.7% and 40.7 ...	1979	392005
efficiency of complement fixation (cf) test with internal nucleoprotein (np) antigen and hemagglutination--inhibition (hi) test in the serodiagnosis of a and b influenza infections.		1979	401012
high-resolution flow-zonal centrifuge system.	a modified cf-32 beckman flow centrifuge rotor has been developed that provides a long sedimentation path length with high gravitational force at the gradient sample interface. the modified rotor exhibits excellent separative capability and extraction efficiency when applied to purification of human influenza b and herpes simplex viruses.	1979	427264
influenza b virus genome: assignment of viral polypeptides to rna segments.	it was shown that all eight rna segments of influenza b viruses are most likely monocistronic and code for eight virus-specific polypeptides. a genetic map of the influenza b virus genome was established, and six polypeptides (p1 protein, nucleoprotein, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, m protein, and nonstructural protein) were unambiguously assigned to specific rna segments. molecular weight estimates of the eight individual genes are obtained by using the glyoxal method. these results suggest tha ...	1979	430594
influenza a and b virus infection in infants and young children during the years 1957-1976.	influenza a virus activity was demonstrated in infants and young children from metropolitan washington, dc during each of 19 successive august-july respiratory disease years, and during 17 of these years at least 2% of hospitalized respiratory disease patients yielded an influenza a or b virus and/or showed an influenza a or b serum complement-fixing (cf) antibody response. between october 1957 and july 1976, 14.3% of 860 croup patients and 5.3% of a total of 5655 hospitalized respiratory patien ...	1979	443244
[acute untreated interstitial myocarditis in the generalized form of influenza b].		1979	459242
reye's syndrome in nonpediatric age groups.	reye's syndrome (encephalopathy and fatty liver) is generally considered a disease of children. four patients, aged 16, 18, 19, and 23 years, with reye's syndrome were initially seen by internists. a viral prodrome followed by vomiting and encephalopathy without focal neurological signs or jaundice clinically suggested reye's syndrome. normal findings of csf examination (except for increased opening pressure), abnormal findings of liver function tests, and increased blood ammonia further support ...	1979	480558
urticaria subsequent to administration of influenza vaccine.	described is an 11-year-old girl who had a reaction including urticaria and asthma to influenza immunization. the urticaria lasted for nine days. this patient had no clinical sensitivity to egg and no skin test reactivity to egg, but she did show positive skin test reactions to influenza b and bivalent flu vaccine. since passive transfer did not produce positive skin tests, it would appear that the reactions were not ige-mediated. the patient has not had subsequent urticaria. the possibility exi ...	1979	482996
[influenza b outbreak and endemic influenza a (h1n1) infections in winter 1978/9 in lower saxony].		1979	498965
reye's syndrome in the united states in 1977-1978, a non-influenza b virus year.		1979	501157
sales of nonprescription cold remedies: a unique method of influenza surveillance.	in 1976, the national institute of allergy and infectious disease sponsored a nationwide network for influenza surveillance. in this paper, in addition to reporting the surveillance findings in los angeles, sales of nonprescription cold remedies in a large supermarket chain were evaluated as an indicator of influenza activity in the community. twenty-seven isolates of influenza b occurred between february 17 and april 26, 1977. peak influenza b activity occurred from mid-march to early april, 19 ...	1979	503653
laboratory-based surveillance of influenza virus in the united states during the winter of 1977-1978. i. periods of prevalence of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a strains, their relative rates of isolation in different age groups, and detection of antigenic variants.	influenza a (h3n2) viruses were isolated from outbreaks and epidemics of disease during the period december 1977 to march 1978. for the last two months of this period, h1n1 strains of influenza a were also responsible for epidemics. in some regions (e.g., hawaii) co-circulation of h1n1 and h3n2 strains occurred, whereas in other regions (e.g., wisconsin) isolation of h3n2 strains had almost ceased prior to isolation of h1n1 strains. few influenza b isolates were reported. analysis of the ages of ...	1979	507036
viral shedding patterns of children with influenza b infection.	during an epidemic of influenza b, 43 ambulatory children were prospectively followed to determine the quantitative shedding patterns of influenza b viral infection, because these have not been previously described. the spectrum of illness included 74% with a typical influenzalike illness, 7% with an afebrile infection of the upper respiratory tract, and 19% with croup. mild myositis occurred in 21%. for the first three days of illness, greater than or equal to 93% of the children shed virus, an ...	1979	512419
secretory immunity in influenza.	the dynamics of secretory antibody formation, the duration of secretory antibody preservation, and changes in the concentration of secretory antibodies to antigens other than influenza virus were studied in 64 patients with influenza a, 105 patients with influenza b, and 23 persons who had had influenza a. severe forms of influenza a were accompanied by antibody accumulation in sera and nasal secretions; in some cases of mild forms of this infection, this process was limited by the humoral immun ...	1979	541522
the structural and infected cell polypeptides of influenza b virus.	structural and virus-induced infected cell polypeptides of several strains of influenza b virus were examined by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shown to be directly analogous to those of the influenza a viruses. eight structural polypeptides, p1, p2, p3, ha1, ha2, na, np and m were observed in purified virus and at least two additional polypeptides, ha and ns could be detected in infected mdck cells. the three p proteins plus np were shown to be associated with rna-depen ...	1979	541675
evidence for an aetiological role for adenovirus type 7 in the mesenteric adenitis syndrome.	previous research has established the relationship between viral infection with adenovirus, influenza b virus and coxsackie b virus, and mesenteric adenitis. a prospective controlled survey of the incidence of viral infection in mesenteric adenitis was undertaken in children attending a children's hospital over a period of 13 months. eighteen patients, together with 18 controls who were matched for age, sex, and date of presentation, were studied. there were five cases of adenovirus type 7 infec ...	1979	226850
asymptomatic glomerulonephritis after nonstreptococcal upper respiratory infections.	two hundred forty previously healthy military personnel with nonstreptococcal upper respiratory infections were prospectively studied to define the incidence and clinicopathologic characteristics of possible virus-associated glomerulonephritis. nine patients without preceding streptococcal infection had erythrocyte casts on urinalysis and glomerulonephritis on biopsy. of these nine, four had a reduction in total hemolytic complement and five had serologic evidence of infection with adenovirus, i ...	1979	227300
decreased cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.	cell-mediated cytotoxicity, directed against virus-infected tissue culture cells, was studied with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and 12 matched, normal subjects in a 51cr release assay. baseline (preimmunization) levels of cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza a/victoria, influenza b/hong kong, newcastle disease virus, and herpes simplex virus were significantly decreased in patients with sle compared to normal sub ...	1979	231095
rates of pneumonia during influenza epidemics in seattle, 1964 to 1975.	influenza a epidemics were associated with a doubling to tripling of pneumonia rates among adult members of a prepaid medical care group studied between 1963 and 1975. rates of influenza a associated with pneumonia increased with age. influenza b epidemics did not have a similar effect. overall pneumonia rates were highest in children younger than 5 years, but in this age group, other respiratory viruses dominated as causative agents. influenza a and b epidemics were not always synchronized with ...	1979	758528
a clinical trial with alice/r-75 strain, live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant intranasal bivalent influenza a/b vaccine.	a clinical trial was conducted with alice/r-75 strain live attenuated intranasal influenza a/b vaccine. with double blind control 88 adult volunteers were administered 2 doses of alice/r-75 vaccine, 93 volunteers received one dose of alice/r-75 vaccine and one dose placebo solution and 94 subjects were administered 2 doses of placebo solution. twenty-three other subjects received alice strain monovalent influenza a vaccine. for comparison, data from 21 subjects who received monovalent intranasal ...	1979	375050
electronmicroscopical and immunoelectronmicroscopical examination of the lymphocytes of young and old people after influenza vaccination.	authors examined the lymphocytes of young and old individuals before, 6 days and 6 weeks after influenza vaccination. vaccination was carried out with killed influenza b/hong-kong virus. electronmicroscopic structure of the lymphocytes and membrane bound surface igg and igm were studied. membrane bound surface igg and igm were seen on the small lymphocytes and on the membrane of the medium-sized lymphocytes in young and aged individuals before and after vaccination. in both age groups intracytop ...	1979	37760
human cytotoxic t-cell responses to type a and type b influenza viruses can be restricted by different hla antigens. implications for hla polymorphism and genetic regulation.	the present study compares human cytotoxic t-cell responses to two closely related viruses (type a and type b influenza) to understand the antigen-specific elements involved in hla-linked genetic control of cytotoxic t-cell responses. the hla antigens function as self antigens that are recognized by cytotoxic t cells sensitized against either virus. however, studies in an informative family indicate that in this family, the hla antigens preferentially recognized in conjunction with type a influe ...	1980	6153112
susceptibility of birds to type-b influenza virus.	among zoo birds and migrating wild birds examined serologically during an outbreak due to influenza b virus, 4.1% were found to have serum antibodies to the agent. evidence of avian susceptibility to the agent was emerging from reisolations of the virus and primary and secondary hi antibody response of the birds in subsequent infection experiments performed on adult pheasants and mallards, as well as one-day-old domestic ducklings and chicks. the virus persisted in the pheasants for at least thr ...	1980	6258401
microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses that uses continuous cell lines and fresh serum enhancement.	a modified microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses was developed. use of continuous cell lines (madin-darby canine kidney and llc-mk2), hemagglutination for virus detection, and transfer plates and other microtiter equipment resulted in a highly mechanized technique suitable for titrating large numbers of sera easily and relatively inexpensively. titers of heat-inactivated human sera were enhanced 0.5 to 3.5 log2 by addition of fresh hamster or human seru ...	1980	6260835
experimental basis of enhancing the immunogenicity of influenza b virus by genetic recombination.	redistribution of the immunogenicity marker in the course of genetic recombination of influenza b virus was studied in animal experiments on virus strains differing in their ability to induce antibody formation following a single peroral or intraperitoneal immunization. immunogenicity of influenza virus could be enhanced by recombination of a strain possessing a low activity with a highly immunogenic homotypic strain. efficiency of the transfer of the immunogenicity marker depended on the proper ...	1980	6111198
comparison of haemagglutination-inhibition and single-radial-haemolysis techniques for detection of antibodies to influenza b virus.	some of the strains influenza b isolated between 1975 to 1978 showed a significant drift away from the prototype strain b/hk/8/73 when tested by cross haemagglutination-inhibition. a serum survey for antibody to two strains of influenza b virus was carried out comparing haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single-radical haemolysis (srh) tests. the srh technique was found to be more sensitive than the hi test.	1980	6986861
high isolation rate of branhamella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in adults with acute laryngitis.	branhamella catarrhalis was isolated from the nasopharynx in 55% of 40 noncompromised adult patients suffering from acute laryngitis. diplococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae were found in another 5 and 8%, respectively; one patient had group a streptococci in the throat specimen. in 90% of the patients the laryngitis complaints were preceded by symptoms of an acute respiratory tract infection. two of the patients with b. catarrhalis showed a significant titre conversion against influen ...	1980	7006061
epidemiologic observations of influenza b virus infections in houston, texas, 1976-1977.	influenza b virus infections were documented in houston, texas, in 726 patients with febrile respiratory illnesses who presented to representative primary care facilities during the 1976-1977 respiratory disease season. this epidemic followed a "herald wave" of illness associated with influenza b during the preceding spring. over one-half the virus isolates were from children aged 5-19 years, and school absenteeism rates indicated that about 40 per cent of the students in the houston area were i ...	1980	7352453
severe illness with influenza b.	fifteen patients with recent influenza b infection were admitted to three dallas hospitals in the first 11 weeks of 1977. the patients' ages ranged from five to 73 years, with a median of 18 years. most had no significant underlying disease. the spectrum of clinical illness included postinfluenzal bacterial pneumonia (three cases), other severe chest disease (two cases), hyperpyrexia and possible rhabdomyolysis in the elderly (two cases), onset of toxemia of pregnancy, thyroid dysfunction, steve ...	1980	7355890
influenza b virus: alpha-amanitin sensitivity of replication and primer-dependence of in vitro transcription.	the replication of influenza b/lee/40 virus in mdck (canine kidney) cells was sensitive to alpha-amanitin and actinomycin d. in vitro, virion transcriptase activity was stimulated by dinucleotide primers such as apg. the above characteristics are shared by a/wsn virus.	1980	7356393
protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous hi antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons.	a split-product influenza a vaccine which contained an influenza b strain (b/hong kong/8/73) and two influenza a strains, antigenically identical with a/fort dix/741/76 (hsw1n1) and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), was offered to personnel of the cphl. changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. during the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza a i ...	1980	7358963
epidemic influenza myopathy in cincinnati in 1977.	a distinctive myopathy was observed in 24 children following influenza b infection. the abrupt onset of severe muscle pain and difficulty in walking began as the respiratory symptoms were waning. the lower extremities, particularly the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, were involved preferentially. nasopharyngeal cultures were positive for influenza b hong kong in 18 of these patients. serum creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly elevated (mean 55.2 units) when compared to controls and ...	1980	7359257
comparison of influenza b/hong kong virus infections among infants, children, and young adults.	an influenza b/hong kong viral epidemic was monitored by surveillance of respiratory illness in three different age groups. prospective viral monitoring of febrile respiratory illness was a useful mirror of the epidemiologic behavior of influenza in the community. influenza b virus infection in infants and young children was distinguished by high fever and respiratory symptoms and was occasionally associated with otitis media. in older children and young adults, systemic and gastrointestinal com ...	1980	7373080
amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza a and b infection in mice.	ribavirin, amantadine, and the two drugs in combination given in small-particle aerosol were highly effective in the treatment of influenza a infection in mice. treatment was started 72, 96, and 120 h after inoculation and was given continuously for 4 days. with increasing delay in start of treatment, there was a pronounced reduction in effectiveness of ribavirin but not in that of amantadine. the combination treatment reflected the loss of ribavirin activity. leukocyte infiltration and virus ti ...	1980	7396454
plaque inhibition assay for drug susceptibility testing of influenza viruses.	the relative antiviral activities of four drugs against contemporary strains of influenza a and b viruses were determined in madin-darby canine kidney cell monolayers with a plaque inhibition assay. this assay proved to be a reliable, rapid method of determining 50% inhibitory concentrations that correlated well with clinically achievable drug levels and the results of clinical trials. contemporary strains of influenza a viruses (subtypes h1n1, h3n2, hsw1n1) required amantadine hydrochloride and ...	1980	7396473
[population heterogeneity of modern influenza b virus strains].		1980	7412610
reye syndrome in ohio, 1973-1977.	some major epidemiologic features of reye syndrome have been elucidated since the first description of this clinical entity. multiple studies have shown an association with epidemic influenza b and endemic varicella. little population data are available on age, sex, race, geographic distribution, and secular trends. a five-year retrospective population-based study of 190 ohio residents diagnosed with reye syndrome from january 1, 1973-december 31, 1977, is reported here. the temporal relationshi ...	1980	7435489
morbidity and mortality associated with influenza b in the united states, 1979-1980. a report from the center for disease control.		1980	7441006
from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases: summary of a workshop on influenza b viruses and reye's syndrome.		1980	7441013
pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in young immunocompetent infants.	of 67 infants enrolled in a prospective study of infant pneumonia ten (14%) had evidence of pneumocystis carinii infection. diagnosis was achieved by demonstrating circulating p carinii antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in all ten cases and by histopathology in the only infant who underwent an open lung biopsy. antigenemia did not occur in 64 control infants (p = .003), nor in 57 patients of similar age who were hospitalized with pneumonitis due to chlamydia trachomatis, respiratory syncy ...	1980	6967588
a revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a who memorandum.	in february 1980, the world health organization convened a meeting to consider information relevant to the nomenclature of influenza viruses and to make definitive proposals for the revision of the system which has been in use since 1971. the who recommendations are based on data derived from double immunodiffusion reactions involving haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the revised system of nomenclature is similar to the 1971 system in that it consists of two parts: (a) a type and strain ...	1980	6969132
the ecology of influenza viruses: a who memorandum.	influenza a viruses continue to be isolated from man, pigs, horses, and a wide range of avian species, especially ducks. the recent isolation of an influenza a virus from seals has added an additional mammal to the list of natural hosts for these viruses. in contrast, influenza b viruses have been isolated only from man.the haemagglutinin of a virus isolated from gulls in the united states of america could not be identified with reference antisera and may constitute a new haemagglutinin subtype. ...	1981	6978194
influenza b virus vaccines in children and adults: adverse reactions, immune response, and observations in the field.	a double-blind trial of influenza virus vaccines was initiated in the fall of 1976. one dose of 500 chick cell-agglutinating units of subvirion influenza b vaccine gave negligible adverse reactions in schoolchildren and young adults, whereas whole-virus vaccine caused systemic reactions. subvirion vaccines induced a complement-fixing antibody response, particularly in children, that returned to near original levels over a two-year period. levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting (hai) antibodies in ...	1981	7240807
influenza b virus rna segment 8 codes for two nonstructural proteins.		1981	7257181
an outbreak of influenza b in an elderly population.	an outbreak of influenza b occurred in an elderly population residing in a minnesota nursing home between april 24 and may 21, 1979 and involved 129 (35.9%) of the 359 residents. throat swabs from 11 and 19 acutely ill residents yielded influenza b virus similar to the b/singapore/79 strain. fourfold or greater increases in titer of complement-fixing or hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were detected in paired sera from 18 of the 19 persons affected and from three of 16 unaffected residents ...	1981	7288209
analysis of antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin molecule of influenza b virus with monoclonal antibodies.	antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin (ha) molecule of influenza b viruses was studied with monoclonal antibodies. antigenic drift occurred in each of the 12 different epitopes studied and there was evidence that at least two antigenically distinguishable influenza b virus strains can co-circulate during an epidemic. the frequency of antigenic variation in the ha of influenza a strains. haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests on antigenic variants selected with 12 different monoclonal antibodies ...	1981	7288409
differences in the electrophoretic migration rates of polypeptides and rnas of recent isolates of influenza b viruses.	the electrophoretic migration rates of structural and non-structural polypeptides of 38 influenza b viruses isolated in epidemics in 1978-1980 and antigenically closely related to b/singapore/222/79 virus were compared using high resolution sds polyacrylamide gels. thirty of the viruses could be distinguished from the prototype b/singapore/222/79 virus by electrophoretic migration rate differences in ha, 17 by differences in np and 27 by differences in mobility of the ns 1 polypeptide. mobility ...	1981	7295041
mitogenicity of influenza hemagglutinin glycoproteins and influenza viruses bearing h2-hemagglutinin.	the hemagglutinin glycoprotein is responsible for the mitogenic effect of influenza a viruses of the h2n2 subtype. this was indicated by the ability of viruses bearing the h2-hemagglutinin glycoprotein, regardless of its associated neuraminidase, to induce lymphocyte proliferation in normal spleen cell suspensions and by the ability of antisera with specificity for the h2-hemagglutinin to block this response. moreover, purified hemagglutinin from representative viruses from the h0n1, h1n1, h2n2, ...	1981	7298178
protein synthesis in vero cells abortively infected with influenza b virus.	growth of influenza b virus was found to be greatly restricted in vero cells compared with that in mdck cells. the analysis of protein synthesis in infected cells showed that the synthesis of m protein is selectively inhibited in abortive infection. cell fractionation experiments demonstrated that the viral glycoproteins, ha and na, migrate from rough membranes via smooth membranes to plasma membranes in abortive as well as in productive cells. these results suggest that intracellular migration ...	1981	7299373
a comparison of proteins among various influenza b virus strains by one-dimensional peptide mapping.	the major virus-specific proteins (ha, na, np, ns1 and m) of five different isolates of influenza b virus (b/lee/40, b/osaka/2/70, b/yamagata/1/73, b/aomori/1/76 and b/yamagata/26/77) were compared by limited proteolysis with staphylococcus aureus v8 protease and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the peptide patterns of matrix (m) proteins from all five strains were virtually identical. the nucleoproteins (np) as well as the non-structural proteins (ns1) were also very similar among ...	1981	7310378
causes of pneumonia presenting to a district general hospital.	the incidence of bacterial, viral, mycoplasma, and rickettsial infections has been assessed prospectively in 210 adult patients with pneumonia who presented to a district hospital over a six-year period. one hundred and thirteen infective agents were detected in 103 patients. the agent most frequently detected was mycoplasma pneumoniae which accounted for 30 infections. a bacterial pathogen was found in 43 patients. streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common of these (24 patients); staphylococ ...	1981	7314031
[effect of remantadine on the development of toxicoses caused by different strains of influenza virus].	the effect of remantadine on the development of viral toxicosis caused in mice by original and remantadine-resistant strains of influenza virus was studied. a definite reduction of the antitoxic effectiveness of remantadine was demonstrated in passages of toxigenic influenza a virus strain in its presence. prophylactic administration of remantadine protected mice from the development of toxic pulmonary edema and death caused by inoculation of a massive dose of influenza b virus. passages of infl ...	1981	7336681
structural investigations of influenza b virus.		1981	7338901
recombinants of influenza virus type b as potential live vaccine candidates: rna characterization and evaluation in man.	two recombinants (r22 and r75) of the attenuated b/ussr/69 strain bright and the virulent b/hong kong/5/72 and one recombinant (r5) of bright and the virulent b/hong kong /8/73 were selected for genotypic and phenotypic caracterization. all three recombinants had the growth property of the attenuated parent brigit. analysis of their rna's by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that, the strains r22 and r75 had derived all their genes from brigit, those coding for haemagglutinin excepted. ...	1981	7019320
influenza b at christ's hospital: natural antibody to influenza b estimated by radial haemolysis.	the technique of radial haemolysis (srh) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza b virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. the technique detected 95% of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. anti ...	1981	7026670
detection of influenza a virus by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay from nasopharyngeal specimens.	four-layer (indirect) radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme-immunoassay (eia) techniques were developed for the detection of influenza a and b virus in the sonicated nasopharyngeal specimens from patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infection. polystyrene beads (ria) or polystyrene microtiter plates (eia) were used as the solid-phase, guinea pig antivirus immunoglobulins as the catching antibodies, rabbit antivirus immunoglobulins as the secondary antibodies, and 125i-labeled sheep antirabbit ...	1981	7026733
clinical trial of a subunit influenza vaccine.	a double-blind field trial was performed comparing a subunit influenza vaccine (a/victoria/75 and b/hongkong/73) with placebo. a good protection against influenza was induced by the vaccine. on the basis of serological determinations (enzyme immunoassay, eia) the incidences of influenza a and b infections were reduced within a period from 3 weeks up to 5 months after the vaccination by 88 and 68%, respectively. three weeks after the vaccination 79% of the vaccines had acquired protective serum a ...	1981	7031855
influenza b--texas.		1981	6795436
the epidemiology of tracheobronchitis in pediatric practice.	epidemiologic characteristics of childhood tracheobronchitis occurring over a 104-month period in chapel hill, nc, were ascertained and compared to those of other pediatric lower respiratory illness (lri) syndromes. tracheobronchitis accounted for 40% of all lri seen at the community's only pediatric practice. tracheobronchitis incidence was highest during the first two years of life, through the ratio of tracheobronchitis incidence to total lri incidence increased with age. a viral pathogen or ...	1981	6797294
mixed respiratory viral infections during influenza a epidemics.	mixed respiratory viral infections occurring in the course of 8 influenza a epidemics in the estonian ssr between 1969 and 1978 were investigated. a total of 1638 patients were followed up. the if method, serological test cfr and hir and isolation of the virus on tissue cultures and chick embryos were used. mixed infections were found in 0-77.7% of laboratory-confirmed cases, depending on the epidemic. a combination of influenza a + parainfluenza was observed most frequently during the influenza ...	1981	6271867
[pseudomembranous colitis. possible relation with cytomegalovirus infection and influenza b].		1981	6272189
patterns of shedding of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in children.	in the houston family study, young children were cultured for virus weekly or biweekly and during acute respiratory illnesses. the interval between the onset of illness and positive culture was examined for 179 infections during 1975-1979. in week 1 after onset, 73%, 73%, and 66% of cultures were positive for influenza a virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and parainfluenza virus type 3, respectively. pooled data from influenza b virus infections in 1977 and 1980 showed that 73% of culture ...	1981	6273473
[on the biological action of transition metal complexes. 3. about the antiviral activity of cis-dichloro diammine platinum (ii) (author's transl)].	the coordination compound cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(ii) (cis-ddp) was shown by rosenberg et al. (17) to exhibit antitumour activity. several authors have indicated limited virustatic properties of cis-ddp against bacterial, oncogenic, avipox and paramyxo viruses. in our investigations, cis-ddp significantly showed an antiviral action in vitro against enveloped dna and rna viruses, such as vaccinia, pseudorabies, herpes simplex type 1, newcastle disease, influenza a/fowl plague, influenza a/vi ...	1981	6277096
[on the biological action of transition metal complexes. 4. the antiviral activity of metallocene dichlorides of titanium and molybdenum (author's transl)].	in view of the fact that bis cyclopentadienyl metal dihalides are known to be anti-tumour drugs, we have investigated the antiviral activity of this type of coordination compounds. bis cyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride (a) has shown significant antiviral efficiency in vitro against representatives of a nuber of enveloped dna and rna viruses. inhibition of orthopoxvirus (vaccinia), herpes virus (pseudorabies), orthomyxoviruses (influenza a/fowl plague [fpv], influenza a/victoria 3/75, influenz ...	1981	6277097
a/ussr and b/hong kong vaccine. field experiences during an a/brazil and an influenza b epidemic.	young adults vaccinated in late spring of 1978 with one dose of vaccine containing either 7 microgram or 20 microgram of a/ussr (h1n1) hemagglutinin, followed by a dose of trivalent (a/ussr, a/texas, b/hong kong) vaccine, were observed through an epidemic of a/brazil influenza in the winter of 1978-1979, and of influenza b in 1979-1980. influenza infection was diagnosed by virus isolation or serological titer rises between the spring seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. during the a/brazil epidemic, ...	1981	6163876
in vitro antibody response to influenza virus. ii. specificity of helper t cell recognizing hemagglutinin.	intraperitoneal immunization of mice with liver influenza virus was shown to induce helper t (th) cells with specificity for the hemagglutinin (ha). the interaction of virus-primed th cells with purified ha was studied independently of b cell reactivity to the same antigen by using the generation of nonspecific help as an index of activation of ha-specific th cells. th cells from mice primed with any of the h3 viruses a/aichi/68 x a/bel/42 (h3n1), a/memphis/102/72 x a/bel/42 (h3n1) or a/port cha ...	1981	6166681
studies with some influenza b viruses in cell cultures, hamsters and hamster tracheal organ cultures.	six influenza b virus strains and one recombinant vaccine strain have been compared in cell cultures, hamsters and in hamster tracheal organ cultures. in cell cultures all strains plaque well with or without trypsin. all strains are restricted in growth above 38 degrees c. the cold adapted attenuated virus, influenza b/aa/1/66, and a cold recombinant, rb77, are also restricted in growth above 37 degrees c and thus have a temperature marker. in hamsters influenza b viruses, except strain b/lee, g ...	1981	6166842
surveillance of reye syndrome in the united states, 1977.	between december 1, 1976, and november 30, 1977, 454 cases of reye syndrome were reported to the centers for disease control by 43 states. analysis of data about these cases revealed that reye syndrome primarily affected white children under age 18 years, with a mean age of 7.7 years and bimodal incidence peaks in infancy and at age 6-7 years, was temporally and geographically associated with influenza b for about 75% of cases, but also occurred sporadically and not in association with influenza ...	1981	7304576
a cluster of cases of reye syndrome associated with chickenpox.	in the spring of 1980, four confirmed, and three possible cases of reye syndrome, each associated with a chickenpox prodromal illness, were identified in las cruces, nm. one patient, a 5-year-old girl, died. cases tended to occur in one section of the community, among children attending two of the 16 elementary schools. a telephone survey of parents with school-aged children (6 to 9 years old) suggested that a significantly greater attack rate of chickenpox occurred in children attending those t ...	1982	7145545
altered octase location in the influenza b/lee virus model for reye's syndrome.		1982	7150272
antigen-specific human t lymphocyte clones: induction, antigen specificity, and mhc restriction of influenza virus-immune clones.	human peripheral blood lymphocytes from an hla-dw1,3 individual were primed in vitro with influenza a virus (a/texas/1-77/x-49) and subsequently cloned by limiting dilution in tcgf. of the 96 tlcs originally obtained, nine were characterized in detail. tlcs were antigen specific, responding to influenza a virus, not to influenza b, tgal, gat, tetanus toxoid, or klh, and only when antigen was presented by cells unable to form rosettes with aet-treated srbc. presentation of antigen by unseparated ...	1982	6172480
is a compromised interferon response an etiologic factor in reye's syndrome?	young mice injected with sublethal doses of toximul mp8, a typical commercial polyoxyethylene ether-based emulsifier, died more frequently when infected with encephalomyocarditis virus than did control mice. lymphocytes taken from emulsifier-injected mice responded poorly to interferon induction, unlike lymphocytes from control animals. interferon protected control mice against viral encephalomyocarditis, but such protection was not equally demonstrable in emulsifier-injected mice. these data su ...	1982	6176306
influenza in the united kingdom 1977-1981.	the laboratory surveillance of influenza in the uk has continued to demonstrate the regularity of influenza outbreaks each winter even in the absence of increase in the other indices which reflect the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. the period of five years from 1976 to 1981 has seen the appearance of a second sub-type of influenza. a with the return of the historic h1n1 virus; and the continued circulation of h3n2 concurrently with h1n1 virus. variants of both these influenza ...	1982	6177743
[antigenic heterogeneity of influenza virus b neuraminidases].	antigenic relationships among neuraminidases of influenza b viruses isolated in 1940-1980 were studied by means of the neuraminidase activity inhibition test using hypoimmune sera from rats and roosters. cross-reactions between influenza b virus enzymes showed their antigenic heterogeneity. the results permit conclusion that among influenza b virus strains both the drift and shift variants may be distinguished by the antigenic composition of the neuraminidase component.	1982	6178216
cloned lines of human cytotoxic t lymphocytes with specificity for influenza virus.	the generation of human cytotoxic t cell clones with specificity for influenza virus and some of their characteristics are described. the clones were generated by limiting dilution of peripheral blood lymphocytes after two in vitro stimulations with autologous influenza a/ussr virus-infected cells and were grown in t cell growth factor. the majority of the virus-specific clones showed cross-reactivity for different influenza a virus subtypes but did not recognize influenza b virus-infected cells ...	1982	6180020
[comparative characteristics of epidemic strains of the influenza virus b isolated in 1980-1981].	the epidemic situation of 1980-1981 was conditioned by the emergence of new antigenic variants of influenza b virus with an altered composition of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. the strains isolated in the epidemic season of 1980-1981 vary in their antigenic and biological properties and the degree of relationship with previously circulating influenza b viruses, although they show sufficient stability of molecular weights of major virion polypeptides. influenza b viruses occurring after 1972 s ...	1982	6186087
sequence of rna segment 7 of the influenza b virus genome: partial amino acid homology between the membrane proteins (m1) of influenza a and b viruses and conservation of a second open reading frame.		1982	6278729
survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces.	to investigate the transmission of influenza viruses via hands and environmental surfaces, the survival of laboratory-grown influenza a and influenza b viruses on various surfaces was studied. both influenza a and b viruses survived for 24-48 hr on hard, nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel and plastic but survived for less than 8-12 hr on cloth, paper, and tissues. measurable quantities of influenza a virus were transferred from stainless steel surfaces to hands for 24 hr and from tissues ...	1982	6282993