Publications

an antigen capture test for the detection of cattle viremic with bovine viral diarrhoea virus--a comparison with bvd virus isolation from buffy coat cells in bovine kidney cells.	an antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) viral antigen in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cattle was used for the screening of 241 animals. the test used a monoclonal antibody directed against a conserved antigenic domain of a nonstructural protein (p125/p80) of pestiviruses for antigen capture. bound antigen was detected with a pestivirus-specific polyclonal peroxidase conjugate. in parallel the samples were analysed by routine virus isolatio ...	1992	1329407
epidemiological evaluation of a monoclonal elisa detecting bovine viral diarrhoea pestivirus antigens in field blood samples of persistently infected cattle.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection, was developed for detecting bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antigens in blood samples. the test was evaluated using 761 field samples of known status (viraemic or not). when an appropriate cut-off value was chosen, the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the assay were 100%, higher than the values obtained by classical virus isolation. correlation with the latter technique exce ...	1992	1331162
molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a pestivirus genome, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus strain sd-1.	genomic rna of noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strain sd-1 was extracted directly from serum obtained from a persistently infected animal. cdna was synthesized and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) before cloning. the complete genomic nucleotide sequence was determined by sequencing at least two different clones from independent pcr reactions. the 5' and 3' end sequences of the sd-1 genome was determined from 5'-3' ligation clones. the complete genome sequence w ...	1992	1333126
pestivirus infection of ruminants in australia.	pestivirus infections are commonly diagnosed in cattle but are relatively uncommon in other ruminant species in australia. virus isolation is a very reliable technique for detecting pestivirus in specimens, especially when group reactive monoclonal antibodies are used with immunoperoxidase staining to detect non-cytopathogenic virus. care must be taken to prevent adventitious pestivirus contamination of serum or cells used for cell culture. a recently developed antigen capture enzyme-linked immu ...	1992	1335309
pestivirus is a common contaminant in maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus stocks.	eight different laboratory stocks of maedi-visna or caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus were examined for the presence of pestiviruses by a fixed-cell immunoperoxidase assay with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. all of the viral stocks examined were found to contain noncytopathic pestivirus contaminants. the panel of monoclonal antibodies could not type the isolates as being more related to bovine virus diarrhea virus or border disease virus. however, the results did indicate that all isol ...	1992	1335836
proteins encoded in the 5' region of the pestivirus genome--considerations concerning taxonomy.	the first protein encoded within the pestivirus open reading frame is a nonstructural protein which removes itself from the polyprotein by autoproteolytic cleavage. the following nucleocapsid protein ends just before a putative signal sequence preceding three glycosylated proteins. all three glycoproteins are part of the viral envelope and exist in the form of disulfide-linked dimers. pestiviruses have recently been reclassified as members of the family flaviviridae which now comprises three gen ...	1992	1336240
characterisation of p20 gene sequences from a border disease-like pestivirus isolated from pigs.	a pestivirus, isolated from pigs with haemorrhagic lesions, was antigenically more similar to border disease (bd) virus than to either hog cholera (hc) or bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) viruses. after reverse transcription the genome at the 5' end, along with the same region from a bd isolate from sheep, was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and cloned. the region of the p20 gene was sequenced and compared with published data for bvd and hc viruses. a number of motifs were conserved in th ...	1992	1336241
polymerase chain reaction assay for hepatitis c virus rna using a single tube for reverse transcription and serial rounds of amplification with nested primer pairs.	a procedure is described for the detection of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna in blood by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in which the reverse transcription step and two rounds of amplification are carried out in a single tube. this results in fewer manipulations, reduced risk of contamination, and economy of time. the procedures are generally applicable to other assays based on the pcr. we describe the preparation (from 100 microl serum) of test samples that remain stable for at least ...	1992	1337550
[asymptomatic carriage of pestivirus in ruminants].	pestiviruses are enveloped single-chain ribonucleic acid viruses with a positive polarity. pestiviruses include the viruses of classical swine fever (hog cholera), border disease of sheep, mucosal disease of cattle, and isolates obtained from wild animals, such as red deer (cervus elaphus). among ruminants, pestiviruses have developed a remarkable strategy for assuring their persistence. through epigenetic transmission, they lead to the birth of asymptomatic carrier animals harbouring non-cytopa ...	1992	1339065
[sclerectasia in a pig farm in sotouboua, togo].	cases of sclerectasia were described in a pig farm, sotouboua, togo. the causative agent may be a pestivirus, on top of a predisposition revealed by consanguinity. livestock owners should be kept aware.	1992	1339984
bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease and border disease in egypt.	in egypt, bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (bvd-md) was initially detected as the result of a serological survey of cattle and sheep, using the serum neutralisation test. in 1970, the causal pestivirus was isolated from bovine calves and buffalo calves with pneumonia and enteritis. mixed viral infections were also prevalent. cases of immune tolerance were identified. the egyptian industry had complained of unthrifty cattle and high death rates of bovine calves and buffalo calves. a rinderp ...	1992	1472733
pestivirus infections in ruminants in norway.	serological surveys in norway have demonstrated neutralising antibodies against bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd) virus in cattle, sheep and goats. the prevalences were 18.5%, 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. occurrence of pestivirus-induced disease in norway is described. outbreaks of reproductive failure and mucosal disease have been reported, and the number of persistently-infected animals detected has increased considerably in recent years. acute bvd occurs rarely. border disease (bd) in sheep, first ...	1992	1472734
characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (sirs) virus (isolate atcc vr-2332).	the characterization of an isolate of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (sirs) virus (atcc vr-2332) is reported. a commercial cell line (cl2621) was used for the propagation of the virus for all assays. laboratory studies indicate that this isolate is a fastidious, nonhemagglutinating, enveloped rna virus. cesium chloride-purified virions visualized by electron microscopy were spherical particles with an average diameter of 62 nm (range: 48-83 nm) and a 25-30 nm core surrounded by an en ...	1992	1616976
a second envelope glycoprotein mediates neutralization of a pestivirus, hog cholera virus.	several monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against hog cholera virus (hcv) reacted with the hcv structural glycoprotein gp44/48 and neutralized the virus. the presence of hcv gp44/48 on the viral surface was directly demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy. eight anti-hcv gp44/48 mabs were tested by immunoperoxidase assay against a panel of pestivirus strains. each mab showed a distinct pattern of reactivity with hcv strains. it is suggested that the mabs are well suited for epidemiologi ...	1992	1583727
secondary structure of the 5' nontranslated regions of hepatitis c virus and pestivirus genomic rnas.	the rna genomes of human hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the animal pestiviruses responsible for bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv) and hog cholera (hchv) have relatively lengthy 5' nontranslated regions (5'ntrs) sharing short segments of conserved primary nucleotide sequence. the functions of these 5'ntrs are poorly understood. by comparative sequence analysis and thermodynamic modeling of the 5'ntrs of multiple bvdv and hchv strains, we developed models of the secondary structures of these rnas. these p ...	1992	1329037
the hog cholera virus.	hog cholera virus (hcv) is a spherical enveloped particle of about 40-60 nm dia. the viral genome is a single strand rna of about 12,000 bases with positive polarity. one single large open reading frame codes for presumably four structural, i.e. three glycoproteins and a core protein, and about three to five nonstructural proteins. the functional role is not yet fully clear for all viral proteins. hcv belongs to the pestivirus group and it is closely related to bovine viral diarrhoea and border ...	1992	1325334
[structural proteins of hepatitis c virus].		1993	7510088
increased reproductive losses in cattle infected with bovine pestivirus around the time of insemination.	unmated heifers seronegative to bovine pestivirus were used to investigate the effects on conception and embryo-fetal survival of pestivirus infection around the time of artificial insemination. the reproductive performances of three groups were compared; the control group did not become infected during pregnancy, group 1 heifers were infected by contact with a persistently infected cow and calf four days after insemination and group 2 heifers were infected intranasally nine days before insemina ...	1993	8212473
anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in adult zambian patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) virus is a cosmopolitan pestivirus of animals which is associated with diarrhoea, immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens. this study was conducted to establish the prevalence of anti-bvd virus antibodies in healthy zambian adults and those with asymptomatic and symptomatic hiv disease. sera from 1159 adults were tested for anti-bvd virus antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test and the confirmatory western blot. of the 1159 sera examined, 180 ...	1993	8218519
distribution of cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhea virus in tissues from a calf with experimentally induced mucosal disease using antigenic and genetic markers.	a comparative analysis of the distribution of cytopathogenic (cp) and noncytopathogenic (ncp) bovine virus diarrhea disease (bvd) virus in tissues from a calf with experimentally induced mucosal disease was performed using immunohistology and polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription (rt-pcr) of viral rna. for immunohistology, an antigenic marker on the superinfecting cp bvd virus defined by a monoclonal antibody (mab) was used, and overall presence of antigen was assessed with a pes ...	1993	8219810
molecular characterization of positive-strand rna viruses: pestiviruses and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv).	molecular characterization has become an important tool for the analysis of viruses including their classification. the manuscript focuses on the molecular analysis of two members of the genus pestivirus (hog cholera virus, hcv and bovine viral diarrhea virus, bvdv) and of the recently discovered porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the first protein encoded within the single large pestivirus orf is a nonstructural protein with autoproteolytic activity. the cleavage site ...	1993	8219812
serological and antigenical findings indicating pestivirus in man.	an epidemiological survey for pestivirus was undertaken in zambia and europe, in view of the recent serological findings obtained by previous studies in europe with humans. collected sera were tested for anti-bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) specific antibodies by iif and western blotting. of those individuals tested (n = 1272), 15.3% showed a seropositive reaction to the bvdv. anti-bvdv antibody prevalence in immuno-depressed patients (e.g. hiv positive) was investigated. a higher prevalence ...	1993	8219813
[viral gastroenteritis].		1993	8260517
epitope mapping of envelope glycoprotein e1 of hog cholera virus strain brescia.	four antigenic domains (a, b, c and d) on envelope glycoprotein e1 (gp51-54) of hog cholera virus strain brescia have been specified by using 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize non-conserved and conserved epitopes. it was shown that the non-conserved epitopes map to the n-terminal half of e1 by analysis of chimeric e1 proteins of strains brescia and c. conserved epitopes, however, could not be mapped using this approach. here we describe mapping of both conserved and non-conserved ep ...	1993	7691986
effects of congenital infection of sheep with border disease virus on myelin proteins.	border disease (bd) of sheep is caused by a virus in the genus pestivirus that results in decreased myelination throughout the cns when acquired congenitally. pregnant ewes were inoculated with bd virus at 50 days of gestation, and myelin proteins were quantified in several regions of the cns during prenatal and postnatal development of infected lambs for comparison with age-matched controls. newborn field-infected lambs were also examined. myelin basic protein (mbp), proteolipid protein (plp), ...	1993	7693867
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against bovine pestivirus.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed and compared with the serum neutralisation test for bovine pestivirus using 508 cattle sera and serial serum samples from a goat hyperimmunized with five bovine pestivirus isolates. there was 96.7% agreement between the two tests. the relative sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared to the serum neutralisation test was 95.2% and the relative specificity was 99.4%. the titres of individual animals in the assay did ...	1993	16031709
rna insertions and gene duplications in the nonstructural protein p125 region of pestivirus strains and isolates in vitro and in vivo.	sixteen cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains/isolates were screened for the existence of rna insertions in the p125 gene region and/or for p80 gene duplications using the polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. three strains/isolates were shown to contain insertions, and in three others gene duplications were demonstrated. one strain was shown to contain a gene duplication in addition to an insertion. insertions or duplications were absent in the genomes ...	1993	8384762
detection of hog cholera virus and differentiation from other pestiviruses by polymerase chain reaction.	reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used for the detection and differentiation of pestiviruses. for this purpose, one primer pair was selected from a highly conserved region of the genome of pestiviruses. using these primers (pest 1-pest 2), dna fragments of between 72 and 74 bp could be amplified from all pestivirus isolates tested. in order to differentiate hog cholera virus (hcv) from bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus (bdv), ...	1993	8388887
processing of pestivirus polyprotein: cleavage site between autoprotease and nucleocapsid protein of classical swine fever virus.	the polyprotein of classical swine fever virus starts with the nonstructural protein p23, which is followed by the nucleocapsid protein p14. proteolytic cleavage between p23 and p14 was demonstrated in a cell-free transcription-translation system. successive truncation of the cdna used for the transcription indicated that the proteolytic activity responsible for the cleavage between p23 and p14 resides within p23. in order to determine the cleavage site between these two proteins, the respective ...	1993	8230432
processing of poly-ubiquitin in the polyprotein of an rna virus.	the rna genome of several cytopathogenic (cp) strains of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) contains ubiquitin coding sequences (ucs). in noncytopathogenic bvdv strains, such insertions are missing. gene expression of bvdv occurs via synthesis of a polyprotein which is subsequently processed by virus-encoded and cellular proteases. the insertion of ucs in the genomes of cpbvdv strains cp14 and osloss leads to additional cleavages in the viral polyprotein. the respective processing ...	1993	8212597
arachidonic acid immunoregulation in lambs persistently infected with border disease virus.	to evaluate arachidonic acid-related immunoregulatory mechanisms during long-term persistent pestivirus infection, we measured plasma contents of leukotriene c4 (ltc4), prostaglandin d2 (pgd2) and their plasma fatty acid (fa) precursor, arachidonic acid (aa), in six lambs with congenital border disease (bd). significantly elevated average plasma ltc4 during the first half year of life was associated with increased pdg2 when compared to uninfected control lambs. significantly elevated total plasm ...	1993	8281741
cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the major envelope glycoprotein (gp55) gene of hog cholera virus (weybridge).	a 1.7 kb cdna fragment corresponding to the coding region of the major envelope glycoprotein (gp55) of pestivirus hog cholera (weybridge) was obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and then cloned into puc 8. the deduced amino acid sequence of gp55 showed a strong homology to that of hcv strains brescia (94%) and alfort (90%), and to a lesser extent to the closely related gp53 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strain, nadl (65%). eighteen cysteine residues were identified in the seque ...	1993	8317145
rna-stimulated ntpase activity associated with the p80 protein of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the genomic rna of pestiviruses contains a single large open frame coding for virion structural proteins and viral nonstructural polypeptides. based on the presence of specific amino acid sequence motifs, pestivirus nonstructural protein p80 was predicted to be both a serine-type proteinase and a nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase)/rna helicase. we previously demonstrated p80 possesses the former activity (wisherchen and collett, virology 184, 341-350, 1991). here, we provide experimental evidenc ...	1993	8382392
identification of pestivirus carrier calves by an antigen-capture elisa.		1993	8384440
viruses as teratogens.	the ability of certain viruses to affect prenatal development in domestic animals is well documented. however, differentiating a viral-induced malformation from those caused by genetic or other environmental causes is a diagnostic dilemma. understanding how viruses interact with their embryo-fetal hosts and the potential consequences on prenatal development requires refining and dispelling some old concepts and injecting new insights into this diagnostic challenge. this article discusses several ...	1993	8384522
presumptive diagnostic differentiation of hog cholera virus from bovine viral diarrhea and border disease viruses by using a cdna nested-amplification approach.	hog cholera virus (hcv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bdv) are closely related pestiviruses. bvdv and bdv are found worldwide but seldom cause disease in swine. in contrast, hcv has been successfully eradicated from swine in several nations but poses a potentially devastating threat to them because of its great virulence. rapid differential diagnosis of hcv from bvdv and bdv infections in swine is vital for detection of the possible reintroduction of hcv into nat ...	1993	8384625
presence of viral replicative intermediates in the liver and serum of patients infected with hepatitis c virus.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a positive-polarity, single-stranded rna virus, distantly related to the pestivirus and flavivirus genera. these viruses replicate through the formation of a minus-strand rna intermediate, which encodes the positive-strand genome, which is subsequently encapsidated, enveloped, and released from infected cells. minus-strand rna is not found in the mature, circulating virions of flaviviruses. in an attempt to study the relative amounts of viral plus and minus strand in t ...	1993	8387574
5' and 3' untranslated regions of pestivirus genome: primary and secondary structure analyses.	within the conserved 5' untranslated region (utr) of the pestivirus genome three highly variable regions were identified. preceding the polyprotein start codon, multiple cryptic aug codons and several small open reading frames are characteristic for all the five pestiviruses. inspection of the context of augs revealed that the polyprotein initiation aug of pestivirus has a weak context for efficient translation initiation. the most favorable context was found in two of the cryptic augs. two olig ...	1993	8388102
processing of the envelope glycoproteins of pestiviruses.	the genomic rna of pestiviruses is translated into a large polyprotein that is cleaved into a number of proteins. the structural proteins are n terminal in this polyprotein and include three glycoproteins called e0, e1, and e2 on the basis of the order in which they appear in the polyprotein. using pulse-chase experiments, we show that a pestiviral glycoprotein precursor, e012, is formed that is processed into e0, e1, and e2 in an ordered fashion. processing is initiated by a nascent cleavage be ...	1993	8388499
diagnostic approaches for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus and related pestiviruses.		1993	8389602
nucleotide sequence of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus osloss strain: comparison with related viruses and identification of specific dna probes in the 5' untranslated region.	the nucleotide sequence of the cytopathic osloss isolate of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was deduced from overlapping cdna clones and from pcr products. the osloss genome is an rna molecule of positive polarity containing 12,480 nucleotides and having the capacity to code for a polyprotein of 3975 amino acids. the presence of the previously described internal stop codon in this viral sequence was disproved after direct sequencing of the appropriate pcr-amplified fragment. except for the p ...	1993	8393084
hepatitis c virus ns3 protein polynucleotide-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and comparison with the related pestivirus and flavivirus enzymes.	sequence motifs within the nonstructural protein ns3 of members of the flaviviridae family suggest that this protein possesses nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase) and rna helicase activity. the rna-stimulated ntpase activity of this protein from prototypic members of the pestivirus and flavivirus genera has recently been established and enzymologically characterized. here, we experimentally demonstrate that the ns3 protein from a member of the third genus of flaviviridae, human hepatitis c virus ...	1993	8396675
polymerase chain reaction-mediated cloning and in vitro translation of the genes coding for the structural proteins of hog cholera virus.	after amplification by pcr, the 5' region of the genome of hog cholera virus (hcv) strain alfort 187 was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the ones of other pestiviruses. by in vitro translation experiments we were able to demonstrate the protease activity of the p 20 protein of hcv.	1993	8397504
five hours to identify immunotolerant cattle, persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus.	detection of animals which are persistently-infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) is of prime importance in the control of pestivirus infections in cattle, as these animals constitute the main reservoir of the virus. identification of such animals can be readily performed using crude whole blood samples with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) requiring only approximately five hours. this elisa uses a combination of monoclonal antibodies as the capture agent and an i ...	1993	8400388
detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue by nested polymerase chain reaction.	isolation and amplification of rna from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is delicate due to its fragility and ubiquitous ribonucleases. for retrospective studies, however, a convenient procedure for the detection of rna in archived material is of great value. bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus is a member of the pestivirus genus in the family flaviviridae. different protocols for the isolation of bvd virus rna from fresh and autolytic as well as from routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin ...	1993	8408445
pathogenesis of mucosal disease: a cytopathogenic pestivirus generated by an internal deletion.	cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) arises by rna recombination in animals persistently infected with noncytopathogenic bvdv. such animals develop fatal mucosal disease. in this report, the genome of a cytopathogenic bvdv isolate, termed cp9, is characterized. cp9-infected cells contained not only viral genomic rna of 12.3 kb but also a bvdv-specific rna of 8 kb. cdna cloning and sequencing revealed that the 8-kb rna is a bvdv genome with an internal deletion of 4.3 kb. the 8-kb rn ...	1994	8151789
monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus: cross-reactivities to field isolates and hog cholera virus strains.	monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) were examined for binding with a large number of north american bvdv isolates and eight strains of the serologically related pestivirus, hog cholera virus (hcv). no single bvdv monoclonal antibody reacted with all bvdv isolates. the most cross-reactive monoclonal antibody was an anti-p80/p125 antibody which showed a positive reaction with 173 of 180 (96%) north american isolates. from a fewer number of isolates tested, one anti-gp53 mon ...	1994	8143258
[bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease: a review].	infections with the bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease virus (bvdv) are widespread and cause a variety of diseases including reproductive disorders, abortion and malformation, pneumoenteritis, thrombocytopenia and mucosal disease. together with the closely related border disease virus of sheep (bdv) and european swine fever virus (csfv), also referred to as hog cholera virus, bvdv is now classified in the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. the bvdv exists in two biotypes, noncytopat ...	1994	8036482
comparative analysis of the 5' non-coding region of pestivirus rna detected from live virus vaccines.	comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences in the 5' non-coding region (ncr) of pestivirus rna detected from live porcine and human virus vaccines indicated that the contaminants are of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and that there are at least three genotypes, which are distinct from hog cholera virus, among the bvdv strains. most of the nucleotide changes in variable regions of the 5' ncr were covariant, with complementary substitutions at other positions for secondary structures. the p ...	1994	7865600
molecular characterization of border disease virus, a pestivirus from sheep.	three serologically different pestivirus strains isolated from sheep were selected for molecular analysis. cdna and deduced amino acid sequences of the genomic regions encoding glycoproteins e1 and e2 were obtained from the three strains. a comparison with amino acid sequences of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) revealed that one of the three ovine pestivirus strains can be grouped together with bvdv. the other two strains, however, were clearly different ...	1994	8291236
evaluation of a 'one tube' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ruminant pestiviruses.	a 'one tube' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ('one tube' rt-pcr) using rtth dna polymerase was compared with an existing rt-pcr using taq dna polymerase (taq rt-pcr) to detect ruminant pestiviruses in infected cell cultures. the technically simpler and more convenient 'one tube' method was relatively insensitive detecting only 11 of the 34 samples tested, all of which were positive by taq rt-pcr.	1994	7714056
[pestivirus-induced changes in the central nervous system of ruminants].	this review article presents the pathomorphological and pathogenetic aspects of pestivirus-induced alterations of the central nervous system of ruminants following transplacental infections.	1994	7716747
congenital infection of pigs with ruminant-type pestiviruses.	congenital infections of pigs were induced with two ruminant-type pestiviruses isolated from pigs. one of the viruses was bovine viral diarrhoea virus-like and the other border disease virus-like. both produced symptoms similar to those observed with low virulence strains of classical swine fever virus. a striking effect of persistent virus infection in post-natal life was stunting in viraemic animals. it was also shown that a congenitally infected pig shed virus for 2.5 years and in sufficient ...	1994	7806701
comparison of pestivirus multiplication in cells of different species.	twenty-four pestiviruses, comprising 11 from pigs, eight from cattle and five from sheep, were tested for their ability to replicate in cells of porcine, bovine and ovine origin. seven of the viruses were successfully passaged in all three cell types. four porcine isolates (hog cholera virus) replicated to significant titres only in porcine cells. one bovine virus grew well in bovine cells but only poorly in ovine cells and not at all in porcine cells. the remaining 12 viruses could replicate in ...	1994	7817008
[development of pcr tests for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial viruses and pestiviruses].	the development of pcr assays for detection of bhv-1, brsv, bvdv and another pestiviruses is summarized. a polymerase chain reaction assay based on primers selected from the viral gi glycoprotein gene detected 3 fg pure bhv-1 dna, 0.1-1.0 tcid50 or a single infected cell. no amplification was observed with dna from bhv-2, bhv-3, bhv-4, ohv-1 or ohv-2. however, a fragment of the correct size (468 bp) was amplified using dna from herpesviruses isolated from reindeer, red deer and goat. the pcr ass ...	1994	7817501
pestivirus diversity.		1994	8279958
the outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus.	during the certification of the bulls at an artificial breeding centre for freedom from pestivirus infection, a single viraemic bull was identified, and further testing confirmed that it was persistently infected. the two-year-old bull was healthy and of similar bodyweight to its peers. its semen was of normal quality on the basis of density, motility and morphological criteria. approximately 600 doses of semen had been distributed for sire evaluation purposes to 97 dairy farms. an examination o ...	1994	7879367
border disease virus: delineation by monoclonal antibodies.	many ovine pestiviruses from britain and a number of atypical porcine isolates are largely unrecognised by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for reference strains of classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). additional mabs have therefore been produced using some of these "unreactive" pestiviruses. two of the viruses used were atypical porcine isolates (strains 87/6 and vosges), whilst another had been isolated from a sheep (59386). thirty-three mabs were selected, ...	1994	7979965
nucleotide sequence analysis of the structural gene coding region of the pestivirus border disease virus.	border disease virus (bdv) of sheep, an important ovine pathogen, is serologically related to the two other well characterized members of the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae family, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and hog cholera virus (hocv). to determine its genetic relationship to bvdv and hocv, the genome of bdv strain, bd-78 encompassing the 5' untranslated region (utr) and structural gene coding region was molecularly cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. the sequen ...	1994	7985409
evaluation of pcr for diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissue homogenates.	tissue homogenates from 60 specimens submitted to the veterinary diagnostic center were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). conventional virus isolation procedures showed the specimens contained bvdv. the bvdv rna was extracted from the homogenates and subjected to a reverse transcription reaction followed by pcr amplification. the pcr product was blotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with a 30-base pair oligonucleotide probe l ...	1994	8011781
pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis.	a polymerase chain reaction-based assay capable of detecting a broad range of pestiviruses from pigs, cattle, or sheep was developed. of six sets of primers selected from different parts of the pestivirus genome, the best results were provided by a pair from the highly conserved 5' non-coding region which gave amplification with all 129 isolates tested. this panel consisted of 33 isolates from pigs, 79 from cattle, and 17 from sheep. differentiation between the viruses was achieved by cutting th ...	1994	8031236
natural recombination in bovine viral diarrhea viruses.	bvdv isolates exist as two biotypes differentiated at the molecular level by production of a p80 polypeptide. insertions consisting of host cell sequences and/or duplicated and rearranged viral sequences have been observed in the portion of the genome coding for the p80 polypeptide in some, but not all, cytopathic bvdv. the significance of these insertions to biotypic expression has yet to be demonstrated. it has been hypothesized that recombination results in the production of the p80 polypepti ...	1994	8032255
identification of a new group of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains associated with severe outbreaks and high mortalities.	new bvdv strains associated with very high mortalities, which killed about 25% of the veal calves in quebec in 1993, have been isolated. in this study, characterization of the last two-thirds of the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) of their genome and virus neutralization experiments with polyvalent antisera raised in different animals both demonstrated that these strains formed a distinct group. despite a difference of about 25% in the 5'utr sequence with that of the classical strains, these 5'ut ...	1994	8053150
persistent pestivirus infection in sheep in apulia (southern italy).	a study in a flock of 100 sheep was carried out to detect animals persistently infected with border disease virus (bdv). from buffy coats of animals without neutralizing antipestivirus antibodies, 6 non cytopathic pestiviruses were isolated in cell cultures. using 3 monoclonal antibodies, the 6 viruses were initially characterized as bdv strains.	1994	8065275
evidence of pestivirus rna in human virus vaccines.	we examined live virus vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella for the presence of pestivirus rna or of pestiviruses by reverse transcription pcr. pestivirus rna was detected in two measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccines and in two monovalent vaccines against mumps and rubella. nucleotide sequence analysis of the pcr products indicated that a modified live vaccine strain used for immunization of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea is not responsible for the contamination of the vaccines.	1994	8077414
[field infection with bvd virus in swine: epidemiology and diagnosis].	in a pig breeding herd in lower saxony infertility of breeding sows had been repeatedly observed. growth retardation and post mortem findings in two piglets gave clinical indication to swine fever/hog cholera. a virus was isolated and typed by monoclonal antibodies as pestivirus not identical with hog cholera virus (hcv). in neutralization tests applying the field isolate, hcv and bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus the sera breeding sows and weaner pigs yielded high neutralizing antibody titres a ...	1994	8131728
[clinical aspects and diagnosis of border disease].	the term border disease (bd) refers to a clinical condition of newborn lambs that results from congenital infection by a pestivirus (family: flaviviridae), occurring during the first one-half of gestation. the most prominent clinical features are tonic-clonic tremors and hairy fleece ("hairy shaker" symptomatology). moreover early transplacental infection often causes fetal death, abortion or stillbirth and teratogenic disorders. in germany there are only few reports on clinical cases of bd, how ...	1994	8165658
both ns3 and ns4a are required for proteolytic processing of hepatitis c virus nonstructural proteins.	the proteolytic cleavages at the ns3-ns4a, ns4a-ns4b, ns4b-ns5a, and ns5a-ns5b junctions of hepatitis c virus (hcv) polyprotein are effected by the virus-encoded serine protease contained within ns3. using transient expression in hela cells of cdna fragments that code for regions of the hcv polyprotein, we studied whether viral functions other than ns3 are required for proteolytic processing at these sites. we found that, in addition to ns3, a c-terminal 33-amino-acid sequence of the ns4a protei ...	1994	8189513
border disease virus transmitted to sheep and cattle by a persistently infected ewe: epidemiology and control.	in a swedish sheep flock comprising 202 ewes and 13 rams, a pair of twin lambs born in the spring of 1990 demonstrated signs of border disease (bd) and were persistently infected (pi) with border disease virus (bdv). investigation showed that bdv had been introduced in the preceding tupping period 5-6 months earlier by a bought-in ewe which, on the basis of immunoperoxidase- and polymerase chain reaction techniques, was shown to be pi with bdv. only 7 of the ewes, all of which had been in close ...	1994	8209823
rapid characterization of new pestivirus strains by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified cdna from the 5' noncoding region.	reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of pestivirus infections. a direct dna sequencing method was developed for the analysis of the amplified cdna from the 5' noncoding region of the viral genome. 70 pestivirus strains were compared in this study. sequence analysis allowed the characterization of each isolate as either classical swine fever virus (csfv), bovine viral diarrhea virus, or border disease virus, respecti ...	1994	7529990
comparison of an antigen capture enzyme-linked assay with reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction and cell culture immunoperoxidase tests for the diagnosis of ruminant pestivirus infections.	a study to compare the merits of three different tests for the diagnosis of ruminant pestivirus infections was carried out. sensitivity studies using reference strains of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and buffy coat samples from persistently infected (pi) carriers showed the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) had a greater sensitivity than the other tests. the antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was least sensitive and could only be used on sampl ...	1995	7536370
partial sequencing of hog cholera virus alfort strain genome and its comparison with other pestivirus strains.	after molecular rna cloning of the alfort strain (alfort/lcrv) of hog cholera virus (hcv), the nucleotide sequence of about 70% of the total genome was determined. this sequence was compared with homologous parts of previously published pestivirus genomes. the average homology with another clone of the alfort strain (alfort/frc) was found to be lower (86.1%) than with brescia strain of hcv (94.3%), while, compared with nadl, osloss and sd-1 (3 different strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus, bv ...	1995	7550401
pestivirus diversity.		1995	7560298
prevalence of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in 20 dairy herds in two counties in central michigan and comparison of prevalence of antibody-positive cattle among herds with different infection and vaccination status.	all cattle in 20 dairy herds randomly selected from herds participating in the dairy herd improvement association program in 2 counties in central michigan were tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). virus-positive animals were retested to ascertain persistent infection with the virus. a total of 5,481 animals were tested for presence of bvdv. in 9 of the herds, all animals were also tested for virus neutralizing antibody titer. based on infection and vaccination status, ...	1995	7578445
application of antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) as a measure to detect herds with cattle persistently infected with bvdv.	based on the distribution of antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in 10 michigan dairy herds, it was calculated that screening of 5 young stock for bvdv antibody titer could be used to distinguish herds with persistently infected (pi) animals from herds without such animals. the herds were selected to represent 3 different herd categories: a, herds without use of vaccination and without pi animals (5 herds); b, herds with use of killed vaccine but no pi animals (2 herds); c ...	1995	7578446
failure to consider the antigenic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus isolates may lead to misdiagnosis.		1995	7578456
effect of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) superinfection on viral antigen association with platelets, viremia, and specific antibody levels in two heifers persistently infected with noncytopathic bvdv.		1995	7578459
early reproductive loss due to bovine pestivirus infection.	bovine pestivirus infection has been mainly recognized as the cause of mucosal disease, a syndrome which occurs sporadically in weaned and adult cattle as a late sequel to foetal infection during the first 3-4 months of gestation. infection has also been associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations, especially of the central nervous system. following the development of improved diagnostic and research techniques, pestivirus has now been shown to be associated with significant early ...	1995	7640955
unusual folding regions and ribosome landing pad within hepatitis c virus and pestivirus rnas.	a statistically significant folding region is identified in the 5' untranslated region (5'-utr) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus. this unusual folding region (ufr) detected in hcv encompasses 199 nucleotides (nt) and coincides with the reported internal ribosome entry site or ribosome landing pad (rlp), as determined by the 5' and 3' deletions [tsukiyama-kohara et al., j. virol. 66 (1992) 1476-1483]. the rna structure predicted in the ufr of hcv consi ...	1995	7890155
an rna pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis c virus 5' noncoding region.	translation of the human hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna genome occurs by a mechanism known as "internal ribosome entry." this unusual strategy of translation is employed by naturally uncapped picornaviral genomic rnas and several cellular mrnas. a common feature of these rnas is a relatively long 5' noncoding region (ncr) that folds into a complex secondary structure harboring an internal ribosome entry site (ires). evidence derived from the use of dicistronic expression systems, combined with an e ...	1995	7489514
pestivirus translation initiation occurs by internal ribosome entry.	the role of the 385 nucleotide 5' noncoding region (ncr) in the translation of the pestivirus genome was investigated. in vitro translation of an rna transcript containing the 5' ncr of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) genome followed by the coding sequence of the first gene product (p20) of the bvdv large open reading frame resulted in the synthesis of a 20-kda polypeptide. results from hybrid-arrest translation studies identified a region involving a predicted rna stem-loop structure spa ...	1995	7831836
pestivirus ns3 (p80) protein possesses rna helicase activity.	the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) p80 protein (referred to here as the ns3 protein) contains amino acid sequence motifs predictive of three enzymatic activities: serine proteinase, nucleoside triphosphatase, and rna helicase. we have previously demonstrated that the former two enzymatic activities are associated with this protein. here, we show that a purified recombinant bvdv ns3 protein derived from baculovirus-infected insect cells possesses rna helicase activity. bvdv ns3 rna ...	1995	7853509
a double monoclonal antibody elisa for detecting pestivirus antigen in the blood of viraemic cattle and sheep.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) has been produced to the p125/p80 non-structural polypeptide of border disease virus (bdv) and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv). this polypeptide appears to be highly conserved among bdv and bvdv isolates and consequently the mabs directed against it have a broad cross-reactivity with pestivirus isolates. the epitope specificities of these mabs were determined by competitive binding and four of the mabs with mutually exclusive epitope specificities were ...	1995	7716885
a proposed division of the pestivirus genus using monoclonal antibodies, supported by cross-neutralisation assays and genetic sequencing.	sixty-six pestiviruses from ruminant and porcine hosts were analysed with a panel of 76 monoclonal antibodies raised against 9 different viruses. reactivity was used to construct epitope similarity maps for all of the viruses. four principal virus subgroups were demonstrated. one subgroup equated to classical swine fever virus (csfv) and included most porcine pestiviruses but none from ruminants. a second subgroup contained mainly viruses of bovine origin, including reference bovine viral diarrh ...	1995	7735309
further characterization of border disease virus isolates: evidence for the presence of more than three species within the genus pestivirus.	the molecular analysis of three ovine pestivirus strains revealed the existence of two distinct groups of sheep-derived pestiviruses, namely "true" border disease virus strains (bdv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-like strains. as an extension of these studies rt-pcr and nucleotide sequencing of the autoprotease (npro) and nucleocapsid protein (c) encoding regions of additional serologically defined ovine pestivirus strains were performed. a comparison of npro and c revealed that three o ...	1995	7747470
adventitious pestivirus rna in live virus vaccines against bovine and swine diseases.	live virus vaccines against bovine and porcine diseases were examined for the presence of adventitious pestivirus rna or pestiviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pestivirus rna was detected in the live virus vaccines against akabane disease, ibaraki disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, porcine parvovirus infection, transmissible gastroenteritis and japanese encephalitis. pestivirus rna or pestivirus in the fetal bovine serum used to grow the host cells used t ...	1995	7762264
bovine viral diarrhea serologic diagnostic reagents prepared from bacterially expressed recombinant proteins.		1995	7779949
evaluation of an antigen-capture elisa for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle blood samples.	from blood samples routinely received for bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) diagnosis, 860 samples without antibodies to bvd virus were examined in both virus isolation and in an antigen-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the nonstructural bvd virus protein p125/p80. a total of 843 samples (98%) were positive (n = 170, 20%) or negative (n = 673, 78%) in both tests, corresponding to an agreement of kappa = 0.94. among 17 samples with diverg ...	1995	7779967
[the hemorrhagic form of acute bovine virus diarrhea: literature review and case report].	infection of cattle with certain strains of bvd-virus causes a severe thrombocytopenia. the most obvious clinical and pathological lesions are multiple hemorrhages. until now, problems with the hemorrhagic syndrome have been reported predominantly from veal calf operations in the u.s.a. this publication presents first a literature review about the hemorrhagic syndrome. the current data are based upon retrospective studies of field cases and experimental infections. afterwards clinical, pathologi ...	1995	7792770
molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its interactions with the host.	the contributions of pestivirus molecular biology research to our understanding of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) biology and disease have been remarkable. completion of nucleotide sequence information for genomes of ncp and cp-bvdv isolates was an important milestone. subsequent work on the protein map of bvdv and polyprotein processing pathways paved the way for the interpretation of many other virologic and immunologic studies. discovery of a correlation between genotype ii and virulence ...	1995	8581855
enhanced replication of orbiviruses in bovine testicle cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus.	bovine testicle (bt) cells infected with non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) developed cytopathogenic effect (cpe) after superinfection with 7 orbiviruses, whereas no cpe was induced by them in the absence of ncp bvdv infection. the cpe was accompanied by the enhanced replication of orbiviruses. seven of 10 strains of ncp bvdv induced the enhanced replication of ibaraki virus, a member of orbivirus. these 7 strains of ncp bvdv were end phenomenon positive. in contrast, t ...	1995	8519897
[simple detection of the contamination in animal cell cultures].		1995	8532895
experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease--characterization of the cytopathogenic viruses isolated.	antigenic and genetic analyses were performed in order to establish relationships between the noncytopathogenic (ncp) and the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (bvdv) involved in the induction of a case of experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease (md) symptoms. the persistent ncpbvdv, the cpbvdv used for superinfection (strain tgac) and the virus isolates from faeces (cpx) were examined using an immunoplaque test (ipt) to distinguish between cp and ncp virus populatio ...	1995	8545967
a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate pestiviruses.	viruses that comprise the pestivirus genus cause significant losses to the livestock industry. based on sequence analysis, currently 4 distinct genotypes are identified of which 3 infect cattle and sheep. distinguishing between bovine and ovine isolates by serological tests has often been difficult because of a high degree of cross reactivity. in this study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to identify and distinguish between bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type i, ...	1995	8578861
antigenic differences among pestiviruses.	monoclonal antibody typing of pestiviruses, supplemented with genetic sequence comparisons, has shown that at least four antigenic clusters can be identified within the genus. one cluster represents "classic" bovine viral diarrhea strains, which also have been isolated occasionally from sheep and pigs, whereas a second group corresponds to classic swine fever (hog cholera) strains. a distinct group of "true" border disease isolates is found in sheep and has been isolated occasionally from swine. ...	1995	8581863
border disease in sheep.	the current knowledge on border disease in sheep is reviewed. this is a congenital and teratogenic disorder induced by pestivirus. the history, etiology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathologic lesions at postnatal and intrauterine infections (as well as in congenitally affected animals), pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and control and prevention of the syndrome are discussed.	1995	8581864
ruminant pestivirus infections in animals other than cattle and sheep.	the current knowledge on infection with ruminant pestiviruses in animals other than cattle and sheep and reviewed. natural infection is found to occur in goats, in captive and free-living ruminants, as well as in pigs. the viral agent, susceptible species, epidemiology, clinicopathologic lesions, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control, and consequences for control programs in domestic ruminants are discussed.	1995	8581865
isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus-like pestiviruses from roe deer (capreolus capreolus).	cytopathogenic pestiviruses were isolated from two seronegative free-ranging roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from northern germany (schleswig-holstein): an adult female and a young buck collected on 6 december 1990 and 26 july 1991, respectively. the two isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction as pestiviruses. however, they were negative when primers specific for bovine virus diarrhea virus or classical swine fever virus were used, indicating that the two isolates might belong to a ...	1995	8583645
bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (cervidae) in germany.	from 1990 until 1992, 355 blood samples of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (n = 123), red deer (cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow deer (dama dama) (n = 87) and other cervid species (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 175) in germany were tested for prevalence of pestivirus antibodies. seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv); only one animal had antibodies for border disease virus. microneutralization test titers ran ...	1995	8583646
diagnosis of naturally occurring bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in ruminants using monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry.	formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 spontaneous cases (39 bovine, nine ovine, two caprine) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection diagnosed by virus isolation were retrospectively examined for bvdv antigen by immunohistochemistry using anti-bvdv gp-43 monoclonal antibody (mab 15c5). the cases were separated into enteric disease syndrome, respiratory disease syndrome, and abortion/weak calf syndrome based upon clinical disease. the purposes of the study were to 1) compare ro ...	1995	8592795