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the autophagy pathway participates in resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in whiteflies.macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in mammals and plants. however, little has been known about the role of autophagy in the interactions of insect vectors with the plant viruses, which they transmit. begomoviruses are a group of single-stranded dna viruses and are exclusively transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner. in this study, we found that the infection of a begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) could activate ...201627310765
analysis of the mild strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, which overcomes ty-2 gene-mediated resistance in tomato line h24.in tomato line h24, an isolate of the mild (mld) strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv-mld [jr:kis]) overcomes ty-2 gene-mediated resistance and causes typical symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (tylcd). no systemic infection with visible symptoms or accumulation of viral dna in the upper leaves was observed in h24 challenged with another isolate, tylcv-il (tylcv-il [jr:osaka]), confirming that h24 is resistant to the il strain. to elucidate the genomic regions that cause the b ...201627231006
corrigendum: tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection mitigates the heat stress response of plants grown at high temperatures. 201627166264
tomato yellow leaf curl virus differentially influences plant defence responses to a vector and a non-vector herbivore.plants frequently engage in simultaneous interactions with diverse classes of biotic antagonists. differential induction of plant defence pathways by these antagonists, and interactions between pathways, can have important ecological implications; however, these effects are currently not well understood. we explored how tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) influenced the performance of its vector (bemisia tabaci) and a non-vector herbivore (tetranychus urticae) occurring separately or together ...201626436779
the non-canonical tomato yellow leaf curl virus recombinant that displaced its parental viruses in southern morocco exhibits a high selective advantage in experimental conditions.recombination events are frequently inferred from the increasing number of sequenced viral genomes, but their impact on natural viral populations has rarely been evidenced. tylcv-is76 is a recombinant (begomovirus,geminiviridae) between the israel strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv-il) and the spanish strain of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv-es) that was generated most probably in the late 1990s in southern morocco (souss). its emergence in the 2000s coincided with th ...201627902403
natural occurrence of tomato leaf curl new delhi virus in iranian cucurbit crops.the main areas for field-grown vegetable production in iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. a total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using polyclonal antibodies produced against tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). according to the elisa results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted w ...201627298595
elevated o₃ and tylcv infection reduce the suitability of tomato as a host for the whitefly bemisia tabaci.the effects of elevated atmospheric ozone (o₃) levels on herbivorous insects have been well studied, but little is known about the combined effects of elevated o₃ and virus infection on herbivorous insect performance. using open-top chambers in the field, we determined the effects of elevated o₃ and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) infection on wild-type (wt) tomato and 35s tomato (jasmonic acid (ja) defense-enhanced genotype) in association with whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius biotype b ...201627916792
the contrasting effects of elevated co2 on tylcv infection of tomato genotypes with and without the resistance gene, mi-1.2.elevated atmospheric co2 typically enhances photosynthesis of c3 plants and alters primary and secondary metabolites in plant tissue. by modifying the defensive signaling pathways in host plants, elevated co2 could potentially affect the interactions between plants, viruses, and insects that vector viruses. r gene-mediated resistance in plants represents an efficient and highly specific defense against pathogens and herbivorous insects. the current study determined the effect of elevated co2 on ...201627881989
ongoing geographical spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) seriously impacts tomato production throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. it has a broad geographical distribution and continues to spread to new regions in the indian and pacific oceans including australia, new caledonia and mauritius. we undertook a temporally-scaled, phylogeographic analysis of all publicly available, full genome sequences of tylcv, together with 70 new genome sequences from australia, iran and mauritius. this reveale ...201627619929
the whitefly bemisia tabaci knottin-1 gene is implicated in regulating the quantity of tomato yellow leaf curl virus ingested and transmitted by the insect.the whitefly bemisia tabaci is a major pest to agricultural crops. it transmits begomoviruses, such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), in a circular, persistent fashion. transcriptome analyses revealed that b. tabaci knottin genes were responsive to various stresses. upon ingestion of tomato begomoviruses, two of the four knottin genes were upregulated, knot-1 (with the highest expression) and knot-3. in this study, we examined the involvement of b. tabaci knottin genes in relation to tyl ...201627455309
the salicylic acid-mediated release of plant volatiles affects the host choice of bemisia tabaci.the whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) causes serious crop losses worldwide by transmitting viruses. we have previously shown that salicylic acid (sa)-related plant defenses directly affect whiteflies. in this study, we applied exogenous sa to tomato plants in order to investigate the interaction between sa-induced plant volatiles and nonviruliferous b. tabaci b and q or b- and q-carrying tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). the results showed that exogenous sa caused ...201627376280
the role of corchorus in spreading of tomato yellow leaf curl virus on tomato in jeddah, saudi arabia.corchorus (corchorus capsularis l. and corchorus olitorius l.) is one of the most important fiber crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. field survey was conducted and naturally infected leaf samples were collected from corchorus and tomato plants in jeddah, saudi arabia. the causal virus was transmitted by whiteflies to tomato plants and begomovirus infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. the complete viral genome and associated betasatellites were a ...201626925440
tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection mitigates the heat stress response of plants grown at high temperatures.cultured tomatoes are often exposed to a combination of extreme heat and infection with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). this stress combination leads to intense disease symptoms and yield losses. the response of tylcv-susceptible and resistant tomatoes to heat stress together with viral infection was compared. the plant heat-stress response was undermined in tylcv infected plants. the decline correlated with the down-regulation of heat shock transcription factors (hsfs) hsfa2 and hsfb1, a ...201626792235
eugenol confers resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) by regulating the expression of slper1 in tomato plants.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is one of the most devastating plant diseases, and poses a significant agricultural concern because of the lack of an efficient control method. eugenol is a plant-derived natural compound that has been widely used as a food additive and in medicine. in the present study, we demonstrated the potential of eugenol to enhance the resistance of tomato plants to tylcv. the anti-tylcv efficiency of eugenol was significantly higher than that of moroxydine hydrochlor ...201626776605
tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv-il): a seed-transmissible geminivirus in tomatoes.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is one of the most well-known tomato-infecting begomoviruses and transmitted by bemisia tabaci. seed transmission has previously been reported for some rna viruses, but tylcv has not previously been described as a seed-borne virus. in 2013 and 2014, without whitefly-mediated transmission, tylcv was detected in young tomato plants germinated from fallen fruits produced from tylcv-infected tomato plants in the previous cultivation season. in addition, tylcv-is ...201626743765
assessing the genetic variation of ty-1 and ty-3 alleles conferring resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in a broad tomato germplasm.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) hampers tomato production worldwide. our previous studies have focussed on mapping and ultimately cloning of the tylcv resistance genes ty-1 and ty-3. both genes are derived from solanum chilense and were shown to be allelic. they code for an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdr) belonging to the rdrγ type defined by a dfdgd catalytic domain. in this study, we first fine-mapped the tylcv resistance in s. chilense la1932, la1960 and la1971. results showed that c ...201726028987
insecticidal effects on the spatial progression of tomato yellow leaf curl virus and movement of its whitefly vector in tomato.commercial management of whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) typically relies on insecticide control of whitefly vectors as a first line of defense. we quantified this effect in crop tunnel studies, with validation in a tomato field setting. tomato yellow leaf curl virus-infected and bemisia tabaci (gennadius)-infested source plants were planted at the beginning of tunneled rows to serve as inoculum source, so that movement of whiteflies and tylcv symptoms could be tracked ...201728334339
diversity, distribution, and evolution of tomato viruses in china uncovered by small rna sequencing.tomato is a major vegetable crop that has tremendous popularity. however, viral disease is still a major factor limiting tomato production. here we report the tomato virome identified through sequencing small rnas of 170 field-grown samples collected in china. a total of 22 viruses were identified including both well-documented and newly detected viruses. the tomato viral community is dominated by a few species, and they exhibit polymorphisms and recombination in the genomes with coldspots and h ...201728331089
the six tomato yellow leaf curl virus genes expressed individually in tomato induce different levels of plant stress response attenuation.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is a begomovirus infecting tomato plants worldwide. tylcv needs a healthy host environment to ensure a successful infection cycle for long periods. hence, tylcv restrains its destructive effect and induces neither a hypersensitive response nor cell death in infected tomatoes. on the contrary, tylcv counteracts cell death induced by other factors, such as inactivation of hsp90 functionality. suppression of plant death is associated with the inhibition of the ...201728324352
slmapk3 enhances tolerance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) by regulating salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling in tomato (solanum lycopersicum).several recent studies have reported on the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk3) in plant immune responses. however, little is known about how mapk3 functions in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) infected with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). there is also uncertainty about the connection between plant mapk3 and the salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) defense-signaling pathways. the results of this study indicated that slmapk3 participates in the antiviral response agains ...201728222174
clathrin-mediated endocytosis is involved in tomato yellow leaf curl virus transport across the midgut barrier of its whitefly vector.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is a begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci. the circulative translocation of the virus in the insect is known in its broad line. however, transit of tylcv from the digestive tract into the haemolymph is poorly understood. we studied the involvement of clathrin in this process by disrupting the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the endosome network using inhibitor feeding, antibody blocking and dsrna silencing. we monitored the quantities of ...201728056414
seed transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in white soybean (glycine max).tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) infection of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) has been reported, but soybean (glycine max) has not previously been identified as a tylcv host. five cultivars of white soybean were agro-inoculated using an infectious tylcv clone. at 30 days post-inoculation, they showed infection rates of 25% to 100%. typical tylcv symptoms were not observed in any inoculated plants. to examine whether tylcv was transmitted in soybean seeds, dna was isolated from bundles ...201728811759
expression of tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein using baculovirus expression system and evaluation of its utility as a viral antigen.dna encoding the coat protein (cp) of an egyptian isolate of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) was inserted into the genome of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acnpv) under the control of polyhedrin promoter. the generated recombinant baculovirus construct harboring the coat protein gene was characterized using pcr analysis. the recombinant coat protein expressed in infected insect cells was used as a coating antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and do ...201728794924
no evidence of seed transmissibility of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in nicotiana benthamiana.recent work reported that tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is seed-transmissible in tomato, contrary to previous belief. in this work, we explore whether tylcv is also a seed-borne virus in another member of the solanaceae family, the experimental host nicotiana benthamiana.201728471116
odor, not performance, dictates bemisia tabaci's selection between healthy and virus infected plants.although, insect herbivores are generally thought to select hosts that favor the fitness of their progeny, this "mother-knows-best" hypothesis may be challenged by the presence of a plant virus. our previous study showed that the whitefly, bemisia tabaci, the obligate vector for transmitting tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), preferred to settle and oviposit on tylcv-infected rather than healthy host plant, datura stramonium. the performances of b. tabaci larvae and adults were indeed improv ...201728360861
the involvement of heat shock proteins in the establishment of tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), a begomovirus, induces protein aggregation in infected tomatoes and in its whitefly vector bemisia tabaci. the interactions between tylcv and hsp70 and hsp90 in plants and vectors are necessity for virus infection to proceed. in infected host cells, hsp70 and hsp90 are redistributed from a soluble to an aggregated state. these aggregates contain, together with viral dna/proteins and virions, hsps and components of the protein quality control system such as ...201728360921
flupyradifurone effectively manages whitefly bemisia tabaci med (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) in tomato.the cotton whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) is among the most important pests of numerous crops and a vector of >100 plant viruses, causing significant crop losses worldwide. managing the pest as well as inhibiting the transmission of major viruses such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is of utmost importance for sustainable yields. the efficacy on both whiteflies and virus transmission of the novel systemic butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone, was investigated in this study.201728345196
autophagy functions as an antiviral mechanism against geminiviruses in plants.autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that recycles damaged or unwanted cellular components, and has been linked to plant immunity. however, how autophagy contributes to plant immunity is unknown. here we reported that the plant autophagic machinery targets the virulence factor βc1 of cotton leaf curl multan virus (clcumuv) for degradation through its interaction with the key autophagy protein atg8. a v32a mutation in βc1 abolished its interaction with nbatg8f, and virus carrying βc1( ...201728244873
virus surveys of capsicum spp. in the republic of benin reveal the prevalence of pepper vein yellows virus and the identification of a previously uncharacterised polerovirus species.surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in southern and northern benin, respectively, to identify the viruses infecting peppers (capsicum spp.). the samples were screened by elisa for cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), pepper veinal mottle virus (pvmv), potato virus y (pvy) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). a generic reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) was used to test for the presence of poleroviruses. elisa tests confirmed the prevalence of all viruses, while the rt-pcr detected pepper vein ...201728220324
towards area wide management of insect vectored viruses of tomatoes in the bowen district.the bowen region of northern queensland is an important winter production area for tomatoes in australia. there are three economically important viruses in the region that affect tomato, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) and potato leafroll virus (plrv), which are vectored by whiteflies, thrips and aphids, respectively. an area wide management approach is required to lower the primary inoculum throughout the district. to this end, we undertook investigations ...201728625668
vector development and vitellogenin determine the transovarial transmission of begomoviruses.the majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors between hosts, and transovarial transmission of viruses from vector parents to offspring has great significance to their epidemiology. begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner and are maintained through a plant-insect-plant cycle. other routes of begomovirus transmission are not clearly known. here, we report that transovarial transmission from female whiteflies to offspring often happens ...201728607073
detection and molecular characterization of tomato yellow leaf curl virus naturally infecting lycopersicon esculentum in egypt.tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) infections of tomato crops in egypt were widely spread in 2014. infected symptomatic tomato plants from different governorates were sampled. tylcv strains israel and mild (tylcv-il, tylcv-mild) were identified by multiplex and real-time pcr. in addition, nucleotide sequence analysis of the v1 and v2 protein genes, revealed ten tylcv egyptian isolates (tylcv from ty1 to 10). phylogenetic analysis showed their high degree of relatedness with tylcv-il jordan is ...201728854789
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