Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| upper airway obstruction in a llama caused by aberrant nasopharyngeal bots (cephenemyia sp.). | a 9 month old female llama was presented with inspiratory dyspnea. radiographically, there was a large soft tissue mass nearly occluding the nasopharynx. during endoscopic examination three nasopharyngeal bots were identified embedded in the mass. the larvae were removed and the patient treated with ivermectin. the patient was discharged one week later free of clinical respiratory disease. in follow-up radiographs made 6 weeks later, only residual radiopacity in the area of the mass remained. | 1997 | 9335098 |
| evaluation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias. | to determine the relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (ggt) activity and serum igg concentration in neonatal crias. | 1997 | 9364234 |
| effects of carbon dioxide insufflation combined with changes in body position on blood gas and acid-base status in anesthetized llamas (llama glama). | to study the combined effects of intra-abdominal co2 insufflation with changes in body position during laparoscopy in xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthetized llamas. | 1997 | 9381667 |
| unilateral nephrectomy in a juvenile llama. | the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management of a llama with an ectopic ureter. | 1997 | 9387215 |
| endogenous lipid pneumonia (alveolar histiocytosis) and hydrocephalus in an adult llama (llama glama). | 1997 | 9392068 | |
| presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ... | 1997 | 9415451 |
| timing of mating and ovarian response in llamas (lama glama) treated with pfsh. | the effect of the timing of mating on ovarian response in llamas was evaluated using 20 adult llamas weighing 90-120 kg which had been in oestrus for 5 days and were treated with 20 mg pfsh every 12 h for the following 5 days (total dose: 200 mg of fsh-nih-p1). they were randomly allocated to group a (n = 10) and mated immediately at the end of pfsh treatment or to group b (n = 10) and mated 36 h after the end of pfsh treatment. llamas of both groups were given hcg (750 iu, i.m.) immediately aft ... | 1997 | 9452884 |
| influence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western montana, usa | / various types of recreational traffic impact hiking trails uniquely and cause different levels of trail degradation; however, trail head restrictions are applied similarly across all types of packstock. the purpose of this study was to assess the relative physical impact of hikers, llamas, and horses on recreational trails. horse, llama, and hiker traffic were applied to 56 separate plots on an existing trail at lubrecht experimental forest in western montana. the traffic was applied to plots ... | 1998 | 9465134 |
| normal reference intervals and the effects of time and feeding on serum bile acid concentrations in llamas. | fifty clinically healthy llamas, 0.5-13 years of age (22 intact males, 10 neutered males, 18 females), with no biochemical evidence of liver disease or hematologic abnormalities, were selected to establish serum bile acid reference intervals. serum samples submitted to the clinical pathology laboratory were analyzed using a colorimetric enzymatic assay to establish bile acid reference intervals. a nonparametric distribution of llama bile acid concentrations was 1-23 micromol/liter for llamas >1 ... | 1998 | 9576346 |
| surgical correction of an acquired vaginal stricture in a llama, using a carbon-dioxide laser. | an acquired vaginal stricture in a llama secondary to trauma from uterine torsion during gestation was repaired, using a carbon-dioxide laser. the procedure was accomplished by use of epidural anesthesia with the llama in a standing position. repeated dilation of the vagina was required after surgery; however, the llama subsequently mated and conceived, and a male cria was delivered by cesarean section at the end of a full-term gestation. | 1998 | 9589132 |
| gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis. | a 9-year-old llama examined because of hind limb paresis was found to have parelaphostrongylosis. despite treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole, cimetidine, and ceftiofur, the llama developed gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis and was euthanatized. parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a parasite of white-tailed deer, but ruminants can serve as aberrant or dead-end hosts after accidentally ingesting snails or slugs carrying third-stage larvae of the parasite. gastrointestinal ulce ... | 1998 | 9589133 |
| pancreatic necrosis in a llama. | 1998 | 9650238 | |
| ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic ovariectomy in llamas. | to evaluate a technique for laparoscopic ovariectomy by a ventral abdominal approach in the llama. | 1998 | 9662775 |
| cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxemia in the chronically catheterized fetal llama at 0.7-0.9 of gestation. | the adult llama (lama glama) has several compensatory mechanisms that allow it to successfully survive at high altitude. llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation, and near-term llama fetuses studied close to surgery, did not increase cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral oxygen delivery during acute hypoxemia. it is not known whether these responses were the result of immaturity or surgical stress. the aim of this study was to determine whether the lack of increase in cerebral blood flow and t ... | 1998 | 9683409 |
| an overview of selected diseases and drug needs in the llama and alpaca industries. | the north american llama and alpaca industries will probably continue to expand at a rate of 20-25% per year for at least the next one to two decades. as a result, while the total population will always be small relative to the cattle and swine industries, the total numbers of alpacas and llamas will be substantial. accordingly, it is appropriate and timely to begin the process of getting drugs approved for usage in these species. four drugs that warrant consideration for nrsp-7 evaluation and a ... | 1998 | 9706687 |
| laparoscopic ovariectomy in two standing llamas. | laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed in 2 llamas that were sedated but remained standing, avoiding possible complications associated with general anesthesia. all incisions were made in the left paralumbar fossa. the only intraoperative complications encountered were difficulty in maneuvering the laparoscope ventral to the uterine body in 1 llama because of distension of the urinary bladder, and a tendency to lean on the sidebar of the stocks in the other llama. the only postoperative complicat ... | 1998 | 9713537 |
| atrioventricular septal defects in three llamas (lama glama). | two half-sibling neonatal llamas (lama glama) and one unrelated adult llama were presented with various complaints, including failure to thrive, respiratory distress, and excessive recumbency. the related camelids were born in successive years to the same dam but from unrelated sires. thoracic auscultation revealed significant systolic and diastolic murmurs on both sides of the chest in all three llamas, and arterial blood gas evaluation revealed hypoxemia in two llamas. echocardiographic examin ... | 1998 | 9732042 |
| conservative management of a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle in a male llama. | rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle was diagnosed in an obese llama using physical examination and ultrasound imaging. conservative therapy consisting of the use of a cast to immobilize the affected limb permitted the muscle to heal. only mild, residual gait abnormalities were observed on follow-up examination. | 1998 | 9818139 |
| immunohistopathological findings in an adult llama with listeriosis. | 1998 | 9829307 | |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease? | the ehrlichieae are gram-negative obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens. they can be divided into at least three genogroups on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequences, but are also classified by target cell specificity. a group of granulocytic ehrlichiae primarily infect neutrophils and fall into genogroup ii. the granulocytic ehrlichiae are subdivided by their target hosts, i.e., ehrlichia phagocytophila in cattle and sheep, e. equi in horses, and the agents of human (hge) and llama (lge) g ... | 1998 | 9879965 |
| urinary obstruction in a hermaphroditic llama. | a 24-hour-old cria was admitted for evaluation of stranguria evident shortly after birth. on physical examination, the prepuce appeared to be normally formed and small drops of fluid dripped from it as the cria strained to urinate. testes could not be palpated. ultrasonographic examination revealed that the bladder was distended. the only abnormality detected on serum biochemical analysis was high creatinine concentration. tube cystostomy was performed, and the cria was treated with saline (0.9% ... | 1998 | 9524647 |
| surgical repair of patellar luxation in llamas: 7 cases (1980-1996). | to evaluate anatomy of the stifle in llamas and determine outcome of llamas that underwent surgery for repair of patellar luxation. | 1998 | 9530429 |
| use of computed tomography to evaluate the intestinal tract of adult llamas. | in the llama, signs of colic are obscure and may be exhibited as persistent sternal recumbency and anorexia even in the presence of a surgical lesion. diagnostic methods for evaluation of abdominal disorders are limited. as a result, surgical intervention may be prolonged and increase the risk of mortality and postoperative complications. the objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of computed tomography to evaluate the llama intestinal tract. eighteen hours prior to the compute ... | 1998 | 9548138 |
| the immunological response of llamas (lama glama) following experimental infection with mycobacterium bovis. | llamas were experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis in order to evaluate the axillary skin test and the elisa as diagnostic procedures for tuberculosis in llamas (lama glama). six llamas were given a single intratracheal challenge with 1 of 2 doses of a recent field isolate of m. bovis and 2 llamas were left as noninfected controls. this resulted in a progressive disease in some animals with 1 mortality as early as 68 d post-infection (pi). the tuberculin skin test, at the axillary site ... | 1998 | 9553708 |
| characterization of plasma immunoglobulin g concentrations of llamas. | to develop appropriate reference ranges for plasma igg concentrations of llamas. | 1998 | 9563621 |
| chemoreflex contribution to adrenocortical function during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus at 0.6 to 0.7 of gestation. | this study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama, a species adapted to the chronic hypoxia of life at high altitude, demonstrates a potent carotid chemoreflex influence on adrenocortical responses during acute hypoxemia. plasma acth and cortisol concentrations, and mesencephalic and adrenal blood flows were measured during a 1-h period of acute hypoxemia in six intact and four carotid sinus-denervated llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation. fetal pao2 was reduced from approximately 23 to abo ... | 1998 | 9564872 |
| listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. | listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli were isolated from blood collected on presentation and tissues samples taken postmortem. listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid collected antemortem. the importance of passive transfer of immunity, the subtlety of neurologic signs in early meningitis, and considering blood-csf penetration in antimicrobial selection are discussed. | 1998 | 10051957 |
| 1995 epizootic of vesicular stomatitis (new jersey serotype) in the western united states: an entomologic perspective. | entomologic and epizootic data are reviewed concerning the potential for transmission of vesicular stomatitis (vs) virus by insects, including field data from case-positive premises in new mexico and colorado during the 1995 outbreak of the new jersey serotype (vsnj). as with previous outbreaks of vsnj in the western united states, the 1995 epizootic illustrated that risk of exposure is seasonal, increasing during warm weather and decreasing with onset of cool weather; virus activity spread from ... | 1999 | 10071485 |
| distribution of keratins, vimentin, and actin in the testis of two south american camelids: vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama). an immunohistochemical study. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of cytokeratins, vimentin and muscular actin in the testis of vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama) two species of camelids native of the andean high plateau of south america. testicular biopsies of four vicunas and five llamas were used. animals were healthy breeders. the tissues were processed by standard immunohistochemistry with antipancytokeratinae1/ae3, antikeratin 18 (k 18), cam 5.2 (antikeratin 5, 1 ... | 1999 | 10096664 |
| immunodeficiency syndrome in a 3-year-old llama. | an adult, castrated male llama was presented for evaluation of a chronic respiratory problem. complete blood analyses indicated a leukopenia and hypoproteinemia. radial immunodiffusion, bone marrow core, and lymph node biopsies supported a tentative diagnosis of juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome. this diagnosis was confirmed by postmortem findings. | 1999 | 10200887 |
| the effect of short duration transportation on serum cortisol response in alpacas (llama pacos). | this research project evaluated the changes in serum cortisol in six male and six female alpacas in response to transportation of short duration. all alpacas were subjected to trailer transportation for 30 min. serum samples were obtained prior to transportation, immediately after transportation, and after a 4-h recovery period. heart rate was recorded at each time interval and observations of individual behavioural characteristics were recorded. data were analysed using analysis of variance. he ... | 1999 | 10204416 |
| clinical and serologic evaluation of two llamas (lama glama) infected with toxoplasma gondii during gestation. | two pregnant llamas (lama glama) infected with toxoplasma gondii and their offspring were evaluated clinically and serologically. llama 1 was inoculated orally with 1,000 infective occysts of the p89 strain of t. gondii at 82 days of gestation (dog). llama 2 became naturally infected with t. gondii between 26 and 119 dog. both llamas remained clinically normal and delivered healthy offspring. sera collected from both llamas during pregnancy and from their offspring before and after colostral ing ... | 1999 | 10207383 |
| comparison of physical chemical properties of llama vhh antibody fragments and mouse monoclonal antibodies. | antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments were compared to antigen specific mouse monoclonal antibodies with respect to specificity, affinity and stability. the llama vhh antibody fragments and the mouse monoclonal antibodies investigated were shown to be highly specific for the protein antigen hcg or the hapten antigen rr-6. the affinity of the interaction between monovalent llama vhh antibody fragments and their antigen is close to the nanomolar range, similar to the bivalent mouse monoclo ... | 1999 | 10209277 |
| prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in midwestern lama spp. | to compare the prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis among midwestern llamas (lama glama), alpacas (lama pacos), and guanacos (lama guanicoe), feces were obtained from lama spp. in 10 states between october 1989 and february 1996. feces were examined by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity--1.28-1.30), and oocysts were quantified by a modified mcmaster method. data were compared by host species and age classifications. typical oocysts occurred in samples from 28% of 76 herds a ... | 1999 | 10219324 |
| genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ... | 1999 | 10231768 |
| hybridizing old and new world camelids: camelus dromedarius x lama guanicoe. | thirty female dromedary camels were inseminated on a total of 50 occasions with 2-4 ml of fresh guanaco semen diluted with an equal volume of commercially available camel semen extender. similarly, nine female guanacos were inseminated on 34 occasions with 4-6 ml of fresh, diluted camel semen. only two of the dromedary females conceived; one aborted a female foetus on day 260 of gestation and the other gave birth to a stillborn female calf on day 365. six conceptions occurred in the female guana ... | 1999 | 10331286 |
| serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (lama glama) in argentina. | this study analysed sera from 390 llamas (lama glama) from nine farms located in three different argentine provinces: buenos aires, cordoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against 8 virus known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus (badv iii), bovine enterovirus (bev), bovine rotavirus (brv), bluetongue virus (btv), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), and foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) by conventional methods such as s ... | 1999 | 10337237 |
| ileocecocolic intussusception in a one-month-old llama. | a 1-month-old female llama was examined because of signs of acute abdominal pain. physical and ultrasonographic examination revealed a cylindrical mass in the left caudal quadrant of the abdomen. results of serum biochemical analyses and cbc were within reference ranges. exploratory laparotomy revealed an ileocecocolic intussusception. ileocecal resection and end-to-end ileocolic anastomosis were performed. after surgery, fecal examination revealed many coccidial oocysts, although a direct assoc ... | 1999 | 10363103 |
| subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. | a 9-year-old, intact male llama with mild ataxia and generalized malaise of 1 month's duration was euthanized following clinical evaluation. excessive liver copper concentrations were found in the llama and also in clinically normal herdmates. this case documents multiple animals with increased hepatic stores from standard diets and mineral supplements. | 1999 | 10367160 |
| [comparative histological study of the female reproductive system in the llama (lama guanicoe glama). ii. oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina]. | the histological characteristics of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of the llama are described and compared with those of domestic mammals. there are differences between llama and domestic mammals in the type of placentation and the epithelium of the vagina, which seems to be a transitional epithelium. | 1999 | 10386010 |
| unique single-domain antigen binding fragments derived from naturally occurring camel heavy-chain antibodies. | the humoral immune response of camels, dromedaries and llamas includes functional antibodies formed by two heavy chains and no light chains. the amino acid sequence of the variable domain of the naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies reveals the necessary adaptations to compensate for the absence of the light chain. in contrast to the conventional antibodies, a large proportion of the heavy-chain antibodies acts as competitive enzyme inhibitors. studies on the dromedary immunoglobulin genes ... | 1999 | 10398404 |
| genetic differentiation of mites of the genus chorioptes (acari: psoroptidae). | in an effort to clarify the species status of mites of the genus chorioptes the second internal transcribed spacer of the rrna gene was characterized in 14 isolates from cattle, horse, sheep and llama of different geographic origins. the genotypes segregated into two clearly separated groups of dna sequences. in addition, two phenotypes could be distinguished by the lengths of the outer opisthosomal setae of male adults which had previously been designated as chorioptes bovis and chorioptes texa ... | 1999 | 10399307 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and alpacas (llama pacos) in chile. | serum samples from 408 sheep from different regions of chile and 447 alpacas (llama pacos) from the north of the country were tested for toxoplasma gondii antibodies. the indirect haemagglutination test (ihat) was used in both species and the indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) was also used on the sheep samples in order to compare the performance of the tests in that species. in both tests, titers > or = 1:16 were considered diagnostically significant. sera from 49 sheep (12%) were positive ... | 1999 | 10423770 |
| [llamas--sedation and anesthesia (review article)]. | increasing is the number of llamas (llama glama) referred to veterinarians for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures which frequently require sedation or anaesthesia. much of the knowledge concerning sedation and anaesthesia of domesticated ruminants and horses can be applied to sedate or anaesthetise a llama. a variety of considerations remain special for the llama. the article reviews all aspects of today's knowledge about sedation and anaesthesia of llamas. | 1999 | 10425887 |
| non satellite veins in the pelvic limb of the llama (lama glama). | the objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the venous system of the pelvic limb of the llama (lama glama) and that of other mammals, including humans. eight adult llamas, preserved by means of 6% formalin solution at 0 degrees c, were dissected. the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. two venous systems are recognised, superficial and deep. the veins of the deep system follow the same course as the arteries, except for two imp ... | 1999 | 10456991 |
| presumptive sry-negative xx sex reversal in a llama with multiple congenital anomalies. | multiple congenital abnormalities of the external genitalia consistent with xx sex reversal were detected in a juvenile llama. the llama had a typical female karyotype (74, xx) and did not have a y chromosome, but a minute chromosome was detected. to determine whether a piece of y chromosome containing the sry gene might be located in a small translocation, dna analysis by polymerase chain reaction was performed; the sry gene was not detected. histologic examination revealed ovarian tissue, wher ... | 1999 | 10530329 |
| xx/xy chimerism and freemartinism in a female llama co-twin to a male. | a 20-month-old female llama was examined because at the time of mating, the male llama was apparently unable to achieve intromission. the female llama had been born co-twin to a male. on physical examination, the vaginal vestibule appeared to end in a blind pouch, and the uterus, cervix, and ovaries could not be identified during transrectal palpation or ultrasonography. karyotyping was done, and 43% of blood lymphocytes had 2 x chromosomes, and 57% had 1 x and 1 y chromosome. all skin fibroblas ... | 1999 | 10530330 |
| the structure of the llama heavy chain constant genes reveals a mechanism for heavy-chain antibody formation. | 1999 | 10541815 | |
| cecal impaction due to dysautonomia in a llama (lama glama). | a llama (lama glama) died after 1 wk of obstipation, lethargy, and rolling. necropsy showed that the stomach and small intestine were distended with gas and fluid. the cecum was impacted with dry contents and the colon was empty. no gross lesions were found in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. histologic changes consisted of chromatolysis of neurons of autonomic ganglia, enteric plexi, and the accessory cuneate nucleus, consistent with lesions associated with dysautonomia i ... | 1999 | 10572871 |
| suspected tremorgenic mycotoxicosis (ryegrass staggers) in alpacas (llama pacos) in the uk. | 1999 | 10576282 | |
| recovery of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from camelids (lama glama and vicugna vicugna) in argentina. | a survey of whipworms was conducted in llamas and vicuñas in northwestern argentina. fecal examinations of a group of 14 llamas (april 1995-march 1996) and 69 vicuñas (november 1996) indicated a high prevalence (usually >50%) of trichuris sp. in these hosts. prevalence was highest during july-november 1995 that also coincided with the highest mean fecal egg count. during postmortem examinations of 1 llama and 1 vicuña, specimens of trichuris tenuis were recovered from the cecum/large intestine o ... | 1999 | 10577735 |
| risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. | an assessment was made of the risk of transmission of foot and mouth disease (fmd), vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, tuberculosis and brucellosis by llama embryos. the study suggests that embryo transfer is a safe method for the international movement of llama embryos despite the special characteristics of these embryos, such as the absence of a zona pellucida, and despite the lack of data on pathogen-embryo interactions. for acute viral diseases such as fmd, vesicular stomatitis or bluetongue, ... | 1999 | 10588016 |
| radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. | this is a description of the radiographic appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract of neonatal crias with survey and contrast radiography, including transit times for the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. radiographs of the abdomen of six healthy neonatal llama crias positioned in right lateral and dorsal recombency were obtained initially then at various intervals post barium administration. portions of the gastrointestinal tract that could be identified included the stomac ... | 1999 | 10608686 |
| bovine tuberculosis in llama (lama glama) in the uk. | 1999 | 10619610 | |
| adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. | 1. the effects of fetal intravenous treatment with phentolamine or a vasopressinergic v1-receptor antagonist on the fetal cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxaemia in the llama were investigated. 2. six llama fetuses were surgically prepared between 60 and 70 % of gestation under general halothane anaesthesia with vascular catheters and transit-time ultrasonic flow probes around a carotid artery and a femoral artery. at least 4 days after surgery all fetuses were subjected to a 3 h experiment ... | 1999 | 9925892 |
| usefulness of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis in animals. | to determine the diagnostic value of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis (iuk). | 1999 | 14567433 |
| analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (llama glama). | seventeen clinically healthy adult llamas were used to study the characteristics of transtracheal aspirates (tta) and pleural fluid samples. results of complete blood counts, fibrinogen determination and thoracic radiographs were within normal limits prior to sampling. cytologic evaluation of tta revealed the majority of cells were vacuolated macrophages (60-100%), with 0-40% neutrophils, and fewer lymphocytes (0-1%), eosinophils (0-3%), and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells (0-10%). in tta ... | 1999 | 12075534 |
| llama heavy-chain v regions consist of at least four distinct subfamilies revealing novel sequence features. | in addition to conventional antibodies (abs), camelids possess abs consisting of only heavy chains. the variable domain of such a heavy-chain ab (vhh) is fully capable of antigen (ag) binding. earlier analysis of 47 vhhs showed sequence features unique to vhh domains. these include the presence of characteristic amino acid substitutions in positions which, in conventional vh domains are involved in interdomain interactions, and the presence of a long third complementarity-determining region (cdr ... | 2000 | 11163394 |
| transvaginal collection and ultrastructure of llama (lama glama) oocytes. | ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration has been described as a noninvasive and repeatable procedure for oocyte collection in several species, but its use has not been described for any of the members of the family, camelidae. a study was designed to determine the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal approach for oocyte collection in llamas. fifteen non-pregnant, adult female llamas (10 non-stimulated and 5 superstimulated) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography with ... | 2000 | 11192185 |
| cardiovascular responses to arginine vasopressin blockade during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus. | the fetal llama has a marked increase in the peripheral vascular resistance and no augmentation of brain blood flow during hypoxemia. in spite of the substantial plasma arginine-vasopressin (avp) increase during hypoxemia, up to 8 times greater than in fetal sheep, there are no changes of carotid and femoral blood flows during hypoxemia with a v1 receptor blockade, as is seen in the fetal sheep. the aim of this study was to assess the role of avp function in mediating the combined ventricular ou ... | 2000 | 11254227 |
| intraocular pressure in normal llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | objective: to determine the mean intraocular pressure in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos) using applanation tonometry.animals studied: ten llamas and 10 alpacas.procedures: intraocular pressure (iop) was measured with a tono-pentrade mark xl (mentor ophthalmics, inc., norwell, ma, usa). three values, with 5% variance, were recorded for each eye. least-squares means were determined for iop for each eye of llamas and alpacas. controlling for age, differences between left and right eye ... | 2000 | 11397280 |
| experimental infestation of llamas (lama glama) with boophilus microplus (acari:ixodidae). | two llamas (lama glama) were infested with approximately 20,000 boophilus microplus larvae each and maintained under controlled conditions to collect the detached adult ticks. a total of 72 engorged and semi-engorged females were recovered with a mean weight of 163.0 +/- 70.6 mg. sixty-three (87.5%) of these ticks oviposited and 60 (95.2%) of the egg masses produced larvae. six of the heaviest females laid 18,838 eggs from which 16,545 (87.8%) hatched. these results show that llamas are able to ... | 2000 | 11201357 |
| effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. | serum and heparinized plasma samples were collected from 11 adult, clinically healthy llamas. aliquots were assayed for sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) activity after storage at room temperature (20 degrees c), 4 degrees c, or -20 degrees c for defined time intervals up to 1 week postcollection. sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in all samples was within reference intervals for our laboratory. no difference was found between serum and plasma sdh activity when measured immediately (within 1 hour) afte ... | 2000 | 12070818 |
| experimental brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. | brucella abortus infection has not been documented in llamas. this report describes the abortion of the only pregnant animal in a group of 12. the llama was infected by inoculating 1 x 10(8) viable b. abortus organisms into the conjunctival sac. forty-three days postinfection, the llama aborted a fetus of approximately 8 months gestational age. brucella organisms were isolated from the placenta and all fetal specimens examined. these organisms were also isolated from the dam's mammary gland and ... | 2000 | 10643984 |
| suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. | clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosis developed in a 4-year-old llama that received 2 doses of tolazoline hydrochloride to reverse xylazine-induced sedation. the full first dose (4.3 mg/kg [2.0 mg/lb] of body weight) was erroneously injected i.v., and the second dose was administered half i.v., half i.m. 45 minutes later, because the llama became weak and recumbent. signs of anxiety, hyperesthesia, profuse salivation, and tachypnea were the first detectable clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosi ... | 2000 | 10649759 |
| camelid heavy-chain variable domains provide efficient combining sites to haptens. | camelids can produce antibodies devoid of light chains and ch1 domains (hamers-casterman, c. et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448). camelid heavy-chain variable domains (vhh) have high affinities for protein antigens and the structures of two of these complexes have been determined (desmyter, a. et al. (1996) nature struc. biol. 3, 803-811; decanniere, k. et al. (1999) structure 7, 361-370). however, the small size of these vhhs and their monomeric nature bring into question their capacity to bind ... | 2000 | 10684599 |
| evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias. | 2000 | 10687013 |
| isolation of antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments and their high level secretion by saccharomyces cerevisiae. | recently the existence of 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins in camelidae has been described. however, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to haptens. in addition, it was not a priori predictable whether the binding domains (vhh) of these antibodies could be produced and secreted by the lower eukaryotic micro-organism saccharomyces cerevisiae. in the present study these questions are addressed. heavy chain immunoglobulins directed against two hapten molecules, the azo-dyes ... | 2000 | 10702907 |
| thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (lama glama). | 2000 | 10731075 | |
| flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. | the present study was undertaken to characterize the immune system of llamas and alpacas and establish the basis for an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. flow cytometric (fc) analysis of the immune system with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) revealed the immune system of llamas and alpacas is similar in leukocyte subset composition to that in ruminants. peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adults are comprised of surface immunoglobulin (sig(+)) b-cells (31%+/-8 s.d.), ... | 2000 | 10760393 |
| long-bone fractures in llamas: six cases (1993-1998). | to determine clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome for llamas with long-bone fractures. | 2000 | 10767973 |
| carcass characteristics of llamas (lama glama) reared in central chile. | body and carcass composition were studied on 10 male and 10 female naturally reared llamas (lama glama). half the animals were young (9-12 months) and the other half adult (>3 year). the average live weights for young and adult males were 104.4 and 100.6kg, and for females 67.6 and 104.6kg, respectively. average carcass weights for the four groups were 58.9, 56.2, 36.8 and 56.7kg, respectively. carcass composition for males and females was similar, but males had slightly higher dressing percenta ... | 2000 | 10818308 |
| induction of immune responses and molecular cloning of the heavy chain antibody repertoire of lama glama. | functional heavy chain immunoglobulins have, so far, only been found in camels and llamas. antigen-specific fragments of these heavy chain iggs (v(hh)) are of great interest in biotechnology because they are very stable and can be produced at high level by the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. the work described in this paper was conducted to determine whether llamas (lama glama) are a practical source of antigen-specific v(hh) fragments. llamas were immunised with various types of antigens and th ... | 2000 | 10854612 |
| canonical antigen-binding loop structures in immunoglobulins: more structures, more canonical classes? | grafting the antigen-binding loops onto a human antibody scaffold is a widely used technique to humanise murine antibodies. the success of this approach depends largely on the observation that the antigen-binding loops adopt only a limited number of canonical structures. identification of the correct canonical structure is therefore essential. algorithms that predict the main-chain conformation of the hypervariable loops using only the amino acid sequence often provide this information. here, we ... | 2000 | 10864500 |
| molecular dynamics simulations highlight mobile regions in proteins: a novel suggestion for converting a murine v(h) domain into a more tractable species. | the v(h) region of the murine antibody 1f7 has been identified as a single-domain chorismate mutase, but a tendency to denature and aggregate has hampered its biochemical characterization. standard mutagenesis approaches targeting antibody chain dimerization areas have been exhausted. we describe a new approach to the problem, where we use molecular dynamics (md) simulations to find the differences between the untractable protein and the known soluble v(h) domain from a llama antibody. md simula ... | 2000 | 10891281 |
| passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin g in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate precolostral hypogammaglobulinemia in neonatal llamas and alpacas, to determine when postcolostral peak serum igg concentrations develop, to determine whether differences in postcolostral serum igg concentrations between llamas and alpacas exist, and to determine postcolostral half-life of serum igg in llamas and alpacas. | 2000 | 10895892 |
| the effect of enzymes on semen viscosity in llamas and alpacas. | the effect of four enzymes: collagenase, fibrinolysin, hyalurodinase, and trypsin were recorded on the viscosity, motility, percent live spermatozoa and acrosome integrity of llama and alpaca semen. semen samples were collected using a modified artificial vagina for each of the five llamas and five alpacas. a 25% solution of the of enzyme at a concentration of 1mg/ml was added to the ejaculate. analysis of variance was used to determine differences in eliminating viscosity and alterations in mot ... | 2000 | 10924884 |
| improved production and function of llama heavy chain antibody fragments by molecular evolution. | the aim of this study was to improve production level of llama heavy chain antibody fragments (v(hh)) in saccharomyces cerevisiae while retaining functional characteristics. for this purpose, the dna shuffling technique was used on llama v(hh) fragments specific for the azo-dye reactive red-6. in the dna shuffling process, three parental llama v(hh) with high amino acid sequence identity with significant differences in production and functional characteristics were used. from these parental sequ ... | 2000 | 10949316 |
| differentiation of clinical mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates by gyrb dna sequence polymorphism analysis. | the discriminatory power of gyrb dna sequence polymorphisms for differentiation of the species of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) was evaluated by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of a 1,020-bp fragment amplified from clinical isolates of m. tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis (pyrazinamide [pza] resistant as well as pza susceptible), mycobacterium africanum subtypes i and ii, and mycobacterium microti types vole and llama. we found sequence pol ... | 2000 | 10970363 |
| two cases of mycobacterium microti derived tuberculosis in hiv-negative immunocompetent patients. | we describe two cases of mycobacterium microti infection causing pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in hiv-seronegative immunocompetent patients in germany. the isolates were identified as m. microti of the llama and vole types, according to spoligotype patterns. our data demonstrate that m. microti can cause severe pulmonary tb in immunocompetent patients. | 2000 | 10998387 |
| ossifying fibroma in a llama. | a 4.5-year-old llama was admitted for evaluation of a firm mass rostral and ventral to the medial canthus of the left eye. mucopurulent nasal discharge and absence of airflow through the left nostril were noted. radiographs of the skull revealed a sharply demarcated soft tissue mass with faint mineralization. endoscopy of the nasal passages revealed a mucosa-covered mass originating in the area of the second premolar, extending to the edge of the soft palate, and obstructing the airway. examinat ... | 2000 | 11021440 |
| comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle. | to analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. | 2000 | 11039563 |
| detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears. | to determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. | 2000 | 11039564 |
| use of cloprostenol as an abortifacient in the llama (lama glama). | as part of a larger project investigating the development and heritability of choanal atresia glama), it was necessary to develop a protocol for aborting llamas at various stages of gestation. twenty-seven animals between 4 and 7 mo of gestation were successfully aborted a total of 53 times following two 250 microg intramuscular injections of cloprostenol at 24 h intervals. abortion was induced once in 10 animals and multiple times (range 2 to 5) in 17 animals. twenty-four animals (45.2%) aborte ... | 2000 | 11051331 |
| introduction of an n-glycosylation site increases secretion of heterologous proteins in yeasts. | saccharomyces cerevisiae is often used to produce heterologous proteins that are preferentially secreted to increase economic feasibility. we used n-glycosylation as a tool to enhance protein secretion. secretion of cutinase, a lipase, and llama v(hh) antibody fragments by s. cerevisiae or pichia pastoris improved following the introduction of an n-glycosylation site. when we introduced an n-glycosylation consensus sequence in the n-terminal region of a hydrophobic cutinase, secretion increased ... | 2000 | 11055947 |
| arteries of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). | the objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0 degree c, were dissected. the arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. angiographies were also obtained. in the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used ... | 2000 | 11103515 |
| malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a llama. | a lesion was identified in the eye of a juvenile llama, and preliminary clinical findings included anterior uveitis and an exudative retinal detachment suggestive of infectious disease. however, histopathologic evaluation of the enucleated globe revealed an intraocular neoplasm composed of primitive neuroepithelium forming ribbons, cords, and rosettes, heteroplastic elements including spindle cells in a loose myxomatous matrix, and islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage. immunohistoche ... | 2000 | 11105963 |
| modification of a bovine elisa to detect camelid antibodies to mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, or johne's disease, reportedly has a low prevalence in south american camelid populations. recently, however, single cases in the united states as well as an outbreak of the disease in australian alpacas (lama pacos) have been described. to provide a rapid and cost-effective method of diagnosing johne's disease in this species, the bovine parachek((r)) johne's absorbed eia (csl, vic., australia) was modified to create a camelid-specific seru ... | 2000 | 11118718 |
| nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama. | a 3-year-old female llama that was 3 months into her first lactation and 10 weeks pregnant was evaluated for anorexia of 24 hours' duration. on physical examination, the llama was in lateral recumbency, bradycardic, tachypneic, and hyperthermic. palpation per rectum confirmed the presence of a possible dry fecal mass in the spiral colon. a tissue biopsy specimen of the liver was obtained, and histologic examination revealed moderate diffuse lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes. lactated rin ... | 2000 | 11128546 |
| absence or reduction of carbonic anhydrase ii in the red cells of the beluga whale and llama: implications for adaptation to hypoxia. | carbonic anhydrase (ca) expression was examined in the red cells of two mammals that have adapted to low oxygen stress: the llama, which has adapted to high altitudes, and the beluga (or white) whale, which routinely dives for extended periods. immunodiffusion analyses of their hb-free hemolysates and partial amino acid sequencing of their hplc-separated nonheme proteins indicate that the low-activity ca i isozyme is the major nonheme protein in erythrocytes of both the beluga whale and the llam ... | 2000 | 11131338 |
| mycobacterium microti llama-type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. | a rare case of mycobacterium microti infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient is described. because of unusual morphological and cultural features, the pathogen was analyzed by spoligotyping and identified as the mycobacterium microti llama type. although culture of m. microti is difficult, drug susceptibility testing could be performed, which correlated with the clinical outcome. | 2001 | 11136815 |
| thermal unfolding of a llama antibody fragment: a two-state reversible process. | camelids produce functional "heavy chain" antibodies which are devoid of light chains and ch1 domains [hamers-casterman, c., et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448]. it has been shown that the variable domains of these heavy chain antibodies (the v(hh) fragments) are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures, in contrast to conventional antibodies [linden van der, r. h. j., et al. (1999) biochim. biophys. acta 1431, 37-44]. for a detailed understanding of the higher thermostability of thes ... | 2001 | 11141058 |
| persistent right aortic arch in a mature llama. | 2001 | 11232929 | |
| thoracic radiographic appearance in the normal llama. | the goal of this study was to collect quantitative and qualitative radiographic information of the normal adult llama thorax. standing right-left lateral radiographs of the thorax of 16 normal llamas were made. normal ratios of cardiac height, width, and height plus width to thoracic vertebrae 3-5 and thoracic height were calculated. normal values determined for tracheal angle of divergence from the thoracic spine, cardiophrenic and cardiosternal contact are additional potential indicators of ca ... | 2001 | 11245234 |
| nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia. | the fetal llama (lama glama; a species adapted to live in chronic hypoxia in the highlands of the andes) did not increase cerebral blood flow and reduce the brain oxygen uptake during hypoxemia. although nitric oxide (no) is a normal mediator in the regulation of vascular tone and synaptic transmission, no overproduction by hypoxemia could produce neuronal damage. we hypothesized that nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity is either maintained or reduced in the central nervous system of the llama ... | 2001 | 11423330 |
| peritonitis in a llama caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | a 7-month-old, male llama was diagnosed with peritonitis caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. clinical findings, medical treatment, and case outcome are described. hematogenous dissemination from suspected pneumonia is proposed as the route of infection in this case. possible transmission of the organism through contact with horses is discussed. | 2001 | 11424579 |
| analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate composition of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | 2001 | 11453480 |
| evidence for three fast myosin heavy chain isoforms in type ii skeletal muscle fibers in the adult llama (lama glama). | skeletal muscle fiber types classified on the basis of their content of different myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms were analyzed in samples from hindlimb muscles of adult sedentary llamas (lama glama) by correlating immunohistochemistry with specific anti-mhc monoclonal antibodies, myofibrillar atpase (matpase) histochemistry, and quantitative histochemistry of fiber metabolic and size properties. the immunohistochemical technique allowed the separation of four pure (i.e., expressing a unique m ... | 2001 | 11457931 |
| diagnostic ophthalmology. bilateral idiopathic uveitis in a llama. | 2001 | 11467189 | |
| lateral recognition of a dye hapten by a llama vhh domain. | camelids, camels and llamas, have a unique immune system able to produce heavy-chain only antibodies. their vh domains (vhhs) are the smallest binding units produced by immune systems, and therefore suitable for biotechnological applications through heterologous expression. the recognition of protein antigens by these vhhs is rather well documented, while less is known about the vhh/hapten interactions. the recently reported x-ray structure of a vhh in complex with a copper-containing azo-dye se ... | 2001 | 11469862 |