Publications

muscular sarcocystosis in coyotes from oklahoma.	in a recent survey in oklahoma (usa), 52 free-ranging coyotes were examined for the presence of sarcocysts. two of these coyotes were found infected with sarcocysts in skeletal muscle. by light microscopy, the cyst wall was thin and smooth. ultrastructurally, the cyst wall had minute villar protrusions. the sarcocysts were 14.4 to 50.4 microm wide and 46.8 to 99 microm long. this is the first report of sarcocystis sp. sarcocysts in the skeletal muscle of coyotes.	2000	11085440
host association and seasonal activity of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in missouri.	from june 1993 through june 1996, 2,260 adult, 4,426 nymphal, and 2,178 larval lone star ticks amblyomma americanum (l.) were collected in missouri from vertebrate hosts and by dragging a cloth over vegetation. prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance of each stage varied among hosts. the relative abundance of adult lone star ticks was highest on white-tailed deer, but this stage was also collected from raccoons, opossum, red fox, coyotes, and wild turkey. nymphs were collected from gr ...	2000	11128501
an apparatus for studying operant activity of captive coyotes.	we describe a portable apparatus designed to examine the free-operant food preferences of captive coyotes in their home kennels. because lever-pressing for food access was the dependent variable, we measured food preference independently of food ingestion. using successive approximation, we trained 8 out of 19 coyotes (42%) to use the apparatus. this percentage is similar to training rates for dogs. we used fixed and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement to further test 4 of the trained coyo ...	2000	11189857
american canine hepatozoonosis. an emerging disease in the new world.	hepatozoon canis was first described from dogs in 1905 in india and rhipicephalus sanguineus was identified as the vector. dogs on the texas gulf coast were recognized in 1978 to have hepatozoonosis, and it was thought that h. canis had entered the new world. later, it was realized that american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is more debilitating than its old world counterpart, often resulting in death. when the malady and parasite were characterized, a new species, h. americanum, was described, in ...	2000	11193705
neosporosis. aspects of epidemiology and host immune response.	neospora caninum is a recently recognized protozoan parasite which has been described as causing a neuromuscular paralysis in dogs and is emerging as a major cause of bovine infertility and abortion worldwide. the parasite is known to infect a range of warm blooded animals but the disease predominates in dogs and cattle. it is not yet known if n. caninum can infect and cause disease in people. the dog has recently been identified as the definitive host and the parasite may be transmitted through ...	2000	11193706
major histocompatibility complex (mhc) variation in the endangered mexican wolf and related canids.	we have examined in mexican wolves and related canids the amount of genetic variation for a class ii gene in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc), thought to be part of the most important genetic basis for pathogen resistance in vertebrates. in mexican wolves, descended from only seven founders over three lineages, there were five different alleles. these were in three phylogenetic groups, only one of which was shared between lineages. using single stand conformation polymorphism (sscp), w ...	2000	11240629
bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from michigan.	during a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in michigan (usa) since 1996, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (ursus americanus). one adult, male bobcat (felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for ...	2001	11272505
morbidity-mortality factors and survival of an urban coyote population in arizona.	the health of coyotes (canis latrans) in urban areas has not been studied. our objectives were to assess the health of coyotes in tucson (arizona, usa) by determining the prevalence of antibodies to selected pathogens, estimating survival rates, and identifying sources of mortality. we drew blood from 22 coyotes to evaluate the prevalence of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) antigens, and antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), infectious canine hepatitis (ich), canine parvovirus (cpv), and se ...	2001	11310882
comparison of tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in the dog using immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods.	american canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon americanum, a recently described species of apicomplexan protozoan parasite. an immunohistochemical procedure using a polyclonal antibody to sporozoites of h. americanum clearly identified asexual stages of h. americanum in canine striated muscle. the method also detects hepatozoa present in naturally infected coyotes and raccoons and reacts with certain other apicomplexans. use of this immunohistochemical procedure confirms the canine inter ...	2001	11467476
sylvatic trichinellosis in texas.	there are no published reports of domestic or sylvatic trichinellosis in texas. the aim of the present survey was to determine the presence of trichinella species in selected representative species of potential wildlife reservoirs in southern texas. in 1998-99, tongues of 211 wild mammals were collected in southern texas: 154 coyotes (canis latrans), three bobcats (lynx rufus), 32 racoons (procyon lotor), 13 opossum (didelphis marsupialis), four ocelots (leopardus pardalis) and five wild boars ( ...	2001	11484391
trichinella infection in wildlife of the southwestern united states.	several potential mammalian reservoirs of sylvatic species of trichinella were examined from texas, new mexico, and arizona. during 1998-99, tongues were collected from a black bear (ursus americanus) in arizona; from 9 black bears, a coyote (canis latrans), and a mountain lion (felis concolor) in new mexico; and from 154 coyotes, 32 raccoons (procyon lotor), 13 opossums (didelphis marsupialis), 4 ocelots (leopardus pardalis), 3 bobcats (lynx rufus), and 5 feral hogs (sus scrofa) in southern tex ...	2001	11695403
serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines.	between august 1993 and september 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. all coyotes vaccinated with imrab 3 (rhone-merieux, inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with dura-rab 3 (immunovet, inc. ...	2001	11763743
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.	during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...	2001	11767918
determination of cabergoline by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: picogram detection via column focusing sample introduction.	an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for low-picogram detection of an ergot alkaloid, cabergoline, in coyote plasma extracts. cabergoline is under investigation as an abortifacient in canid species. central to the successful development of this method was the ability to introduce relatively large sample volumes into the mass spectrometer. this was achieved by focusing the analyte on a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography guard column prior to e ...	2001	11681474
communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: 1. semiochemical-mediated location and suitability of larval habitat.	we tested two hypotheses: 1) that there is semiochemical-mediated attraction of male and female webbing clothes moth (wcm), tineola bisselliella (hum.) (lepidoptera: tineidae) to suitable larval habitat; and 2) that selection of optimal larval habitat has fitness consequences. in binary or ternary choice arena bioassay experiments that prevented wcm from contacting test stimuli, males and females were attracted to dried but untanned animal pelts (red squirrel, muskrat, beaver, coyote, red fox an ...	2001	11521394
major histocompatibility complex variation in red wolves: evidence for common ancestry with coyotes and balancing selection.	we examined variation at a class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene (drb1) in the captive red wolf population and samples of coyotes from texas and north carolina. we found 4 alleles in the 48 red wolves, 8 alleles in the 10 coyotes from texas and 15 alleles in the 29 coyotes from north carolina. two of the four alleles found in red wolves, caru-2 and caru-4, were found in both the texas and north carolina coyote samples. allele caru-1, previously found in gray wolves, was also found ...	2002	12296935
home range formation in wolves due to scent marking.	social carnivores, such as wolves and coyotes, have distinct and well-defined home ranges. during the formation of these home ranges scent marks provide important cues regarding the use of space by familiar and foreign packs. previous models for territorial pattern formation have required a den site as the organizational center around which the territory is formed. however, well-defined wolf home ranges have been known to form in the absence of a den site, and even in the absence of surrounding ...	2002	11926117
contributions of forage competition, harvest, and climate fluctuation to changes in population growth of northern white-tailed deer.	recently there has been considerable interest in determining the relative roles of endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous (density-independent) factors in driving the population dynamics of free-ranging ungulates. we used time-series analysis to estimate the relative contributions of density-dependent forage competition, climatic fluctuation, and harvesting on the population dynamics of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in nova scotia, canada, from 1983 to 2000. a model incorporat ...	2002	28547026
effect of short-term coyote removal on populations of coyote helminths.	coyote (canis latrans) removal programs often are initiated despite the potential population regulatory mechanism of parasitism with increased coyote density. we investigated the effect of intensive, short-term coyote removal on population levels of helminths in juvenile and adult coyotes from western texas. coyotes were killed by aerial gunning every 3 mo for 2 yr on two 5,000 ha areas, which reduced the overall coyote density of these areas by about 50%. two other 5,000 ha areas were used as c ...	2002	11838229
new approaches to the development of live attenuated rabies vaccines.	in the united states, extensive reservoirs of the rabies virus exist in many diverse wild animal species, which continue to pose a serious risk of lethal infection of humans and cause an economic burden exceeding $1 billion annually. previous experience with rabies control in foxes in europe has clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free-ranging animals. however, unlike europe where vulpine rabies was the only major r ...	2002	12031103
a new flavor-coated sachet bait for delivering oral rabies vaccine to raccoons and coyotes.	research was conducted during 1996-2000 to develop baits for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to raccoons (procyon lotor) and coyotes (canis latrans). a bait was sought that: (1) was attractive to the target species, (2) could be distributed by aircraft, (3) was as effective (or more so) than the currently used fish meal polymer bait, and (4) could be produced in large numbers by automated procedures and could be purchased by user groups at substantially lower cost. ten field trials were conduc ...	2002	12038136
oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons.	raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ...	2002	12038142
species differences in normal brain cholinesterase activities of animals and birds.	the normal cholinesterase activity in brain tissue was measured in 15 mammalian and 44 avian species using the ellman method. enzyme activity exhibited considerable interspecies variability. in mammals, the enzyme activities ranged from approximately 2 to 10 micromole/min/g of wet tissue. with the exception of the carnivores (dog, fox, coyote), no consistency of the enzyme activity could be identified in related mammalian species. the range of interspecies differences associated with avian choli ...	2002	12046961
distribution and prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in wild predators in nebraska, kansas, and wyoming.	to further determine the distribution and prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in the central united states, 245 wild canids (125 red foxes, 120 coyotes) and 33 bobcats were collected from nebraska, kansas, and wyoming and examined for this parasite. animals examined included 11 red foxes from the western panhandle of nebraska; 5 red foxes and 30 coyotes from southern nebraska; 56 red foxes and 1 coyote from northeastern nebraska; 20 red foxes, 63 coyotes, and 13 bobcats from northern kansa ...	2002	12054030
isolation of prorocentrum lima (syn. exuviaella lima) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (dsp) risk assessment in the gulf of california, mexico.	a benthic toxic dinoflagellate identified as prorocentrum lima (syn. exuviaella lima), and designated as strain prl-1, was isolated from the coast of el pardito (coyote) island in baja california sur, mexico, after a fisherman poisoning incident involving consumption of liver from lutjanus colorado, and mycteroperca prionura fish. purification and culturing was done in es-si medium, under 12:12 light/dark cycle (4 x 20 w cool-white fluorescent lamps), at 22 degrees c and constant stirring during ...	2002	12165314
assessment of cabergoline as a reproductive inhibitor in coyotes (canis latrans).	the efficacy of three oral formulations (gelatin capsule, tablet, oil base) and five dosages (50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 microg) of cabergoline to disrupt reproduction in coyotes (canis latrans) was evaluated. the type of formulation used had no effect on plasma progesterone and prolactin concentrations or on mean litter size. no adverse side effects (for example, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea) were observed despite the use of doses of up to 20 times the therapeutic dose used for domestic dogs and ...	2002	12220164
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes.	brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ...	2002	12238372
q fever in humans and animals in the united states.	coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of q fever, is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen. although q fever is present in the united states, little is known about its current incidence or geographic distribution in either humans or animals. published reports of national disease surveillance, individual cases, outbreak investigations, and serologic surveys were reviewed to better characterize q fever epidemiology in the united states. in national disease surveillance reports for 1948-1986, 1,396 human ...	2002	12737547
validation for use with coyotes (canis latrans) of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for dirofilaria immitis.	serological tests offer a potentially powerful tool for monitoring parasites in wildlife populations. however, such tests must be validated before using them with target wildlife populations. we evaluated in coyotes (canis latrans) the performance of a commercially available serological test used to detect canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) in domestic dogs. we obtained 265 coyote carcasses and serological specimens from 54 additional coyotes from several regions of california, usa. we necro ...	2002	12383624
prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cervids on privately owned ranches.	to determine prevalence of tuberculosis caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis in cervids on privately owned ranches in northeastern lower michigan.	2002	12418527
community and ecosystem level consequences of chemical cues in the plankton.	aquatic organisms produce compounds that deter consumers, alter prey behavior, suppress or kill target and nontarget species, and dramatically affect food-web structure, community composition, and the rates and pathways of biogeochemical cycles. toxins from marine and freshwater phytoplankton create health hazards for both aquatic and terrestrial species and can significantly affect human activities and the economic vitality of local communities. a reasonable case can be made that phytoplankton ...	2002	12474896
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
fight or flight? antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer.	it is well known that prey of different size and morphology often use different antipredator strategies. the prevailing notion is that this occurs because size, morphology and weaponry determine the relative effectiveness of alternative strategies, and nowhere is this assumption more entrenched than in our view of the basic decision to stay, fight or flee. here, we use observations of coyote (canis latrans) packs hunting deer in winter to show that two ungulates of similar size and morphology, w ...	2002	28547505
first report of giardia in coyotes (canis latrans).		2003	14736229
pedigree-based assignment tests for reversing coyote (canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (canis rufus) population.	the principal threat to the persistence of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) in the wild is hybridization with the coyote (canis latrans). to facilitate idengification and removal of hybrids, assignment tests are developed which use genotype data to estimate identity as coyote, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or full red wolf. the tests use genotypes from the red wolves that founded the surviving population and the resulting pedigree, rather than a contemporary red wolf sample. the tests are evaluated by anal ...	2003	14629346
a survey of the parasites of coyotes (canis latrans) in new york based on fecal analysis.	coyotes (canis latrans) have colonized northeastern north america only within the past 10-80 yr. we examined feces of coyotes in 2000-01 at three sites in new york (usa) to survey parasites in the region. two cestodes, nine nematodes, five protozoa, one trematode, and two arthropods were identified from 145 coyote fecal samples. parasite component community diversity was higher (n = 16 species) in southern new york than in middle and northern sites (nine species each) and infracommunity species ...	2003	14567236
determination of mifepristone levels in wild canid serum using liquid chromatography.	an hplc method was developed to determine levels of mifepristone, in coyote (canis latrans) serum where mifepristone will be used as an oral contragestive agent for nonlethal predator control. serum samples were extracted using c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. a synthetic analog of mifepristone, rti-3021-003, was used as the internal standard. separation of the compounds was achieved by using a c(18) (150 x 4.6 mm) column. the mobile phase was 55% acetonitrile in water running at 1.0 ml/ ...	2003	12888193
using faecal dna sampling and gis to monitor hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the us fish and wildlife service's (usfws) red wolf recovery program recognizes hybridization with coyotes as the primary threat to red wolf recovery. efforts to curb or stop hybridization are hampered in two ways. first, hybrid individuals are difficult to identify based solely on morphology. second, managers need to effectively search 6000 km(2) for the presence of coyotes and hybrids. we develop a noninvasive method to screen large geographical areas for coyotes and hybrids with maternal coyo ...	2003	12859637
spatial analysis of yersinia pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seroprevalence in california coyotes (canis latrans).	zoonotic transmission of sylvatic plague caused by yersinia pestis occurs in california, usa. human infections with various bartonella species have been reported recently. coyotes (canis latrans) are ubiquitous throughout california and can become infected with both bacterial agents, making the species useful for surveillance purposes. this study examined the geographic distribution of 863 coyotes tested for y. pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii serologic status to gain insight int ...	2003	12507856
widespread occurrence of a domestic dog mitochondrial dna haplotype in southeastern us coyotes.	sequence analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region from 112 southeastern us coyotes (canis latrans) revealed 12 individuals with a haplotype closely related to those in domestic dogs. phylogenetic analyses grouped this new haplotype in the dog/grey wolf (canis familiaris/canis lupus) clade with 98% bootstrap support. these results demonstrate that a male coyote hybridized with a female dog, and female hybrid offspring successfully integrated into the coyote population. the widespread dist ...	2003	12535104
assessing behavior in extinct animals: was smilodon social?	it has been suggested that saber-tooth species such as smilodon fatalis were social because partially healed skeletal injuries were found at rancho la brea, california. this conclusion assumes injured animals would die without help. this paper will rebut assertions of sociality. first, cats use metabolic reserves to heal quickly without feeding. second, dehydration is a more profound limitation than starvation as prey carcasses only provide a quarter of necessary water. injured animals must be m ...	2003	12697957
reconstructing the spread of dirofilaria immitis in california coyotes.	dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode parasite that is currently widely enzootic in dog and coyote (canis latrans) populations of california. weak historical evidence suggests that the initial focus of d. immitis in california occurred 3 decades ago in the sierra nevada foothills (snf) and spread to other parts of california thereafter. however, this hypothesis is difficult to evaluate because of the lack of epidemiological studies on heartworm in california before 1970. we investigated thi ...	2003	12760647
clinical impact of persistent bartonella bacteremia in humans and animals.	bartonella spp. are emerging vector-borne pathogens that cause persistent, often asymptomatic bacteremia in their natural hosts. as our knowledge progresses, it appears that chronic infection may actually predispose the host to mild, insidious nonspecific manifestations or induce, in selected instances, severe diseases. persistent asymptomatic bacteremia is most common in animals that serve as the main reservoir for the specific bartonella. in humans, these organisms are b. bacilliformis and b. ...	2003	12860639
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted infection of domestic dogs caused by a recently recognized species of apicomplexan parasite, hepatozoon americanum. the known definitive host of the protozoan is the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum. presently recognized intermediate hosts include the domestic dog and the coyote, canis latrans. laboratory-reared larval or nymphal a. maculatum can be infected readily by feeding to repletion on a parasitemic intermediate host; spo ...	2003	12885206
rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the united states, 1960-2000.	most cases of rabies reported annually in the united states occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (procyon lotor), skunks (mephitis, spilogale, and putorius), foxes (vulpes, urocyon, and alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). however, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, georgia (usa), from 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico. three species of t ...	2003	12910751
serologic survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from two ecologically distinct areas of utah.	the influence of habitat and associated prey assemblages on the prevalence of canine diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) has received scant attention. from december 1997 through december 1999, we captured 67 coyotes in two ecologically distinct areas of utah (usa): deseret land and livestock ranch and us army dugway proving ground. these areas differ in habitat and prey base. we collected blood samples and tested for evidence of various canine diseases. prevalence of antibodies against canine pa ...	2003	12910777
canine transmissible venereal tumour: cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. a review.	canine transmissible venereal tumour (ctvt) is the only known naturally occurring tumour that can be transplanted as an allograft across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers within the same species, and even to other members of the canine family, such as foxes, coyotes and wolves. the progression of this tumour is unique in that, it follows a predictable growth pattern. in natural and experimental cases, the growth pattern includes progressive growth phase, static phase and regression phase, ...	2003	14535580
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is a tick-borne disease that is spreading in the southeastern and south-central united states. characterized by marked leukocytosis and periosteal bone proliferation, ach is very debilitating and often fatal. dogs acquire infection by ingesting nymphal or adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum) that, in a previous life stage, ingested the parasite in a blood meal taken from some vertebrate intermediate host. ach is caused by the apicomplexan hepatozoon a ...	2003	14557294
canine heartworms in coyotes in illinois.	canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) disease affects wild canids and may be a factor impacting the health and population dynamics of coyotes (canis latrans). coyotes may serve also as a potential reservoir for transmission of these parasites to domestic dogs. we investigated 920 coyotes harvested by hunters and trappers throughout illinois (usa) from 1995-1997. the objectives of the study were to: 1) survey the regional prevalence and intensity of heartworms in coyotes in illinois, 2) determin ...	2003	14567221
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.	during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...	2003	14690203
experimental babesia gibsoni infection in coyotes (canis latrans).	four 5 mo old captive raised coyotes (canis latrans) were experimentally inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(6) babesia gibsoni organisms. parasites were detected 1 wk post-inoculation in all coyotes with maximum parasitemia of 8-11% occurring at 34 wk. parasitemias remained at or above 1% for at least 12 wk and were still detectable 20 wk post-inoculation. all experimentally infected coyotes developed pale mucous membranes, splenomegaly, and a positive heme reaction in urine while one coyote e ...	2003	14733288
components of resistance to magnaporthe grisea in 'coyote' and 'coronado' tall fescue.	the components of resistance in tall fescue to magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of gray leaf spot, were measured in growth chamber experiments. cultivars ranging in susceptibility to m. grisea were selected: 'kentucky 31' (susceptible), 'rebel iii' (moderately susceptible), 'coronado' (resistant), and 'coyote' (resistant). plants were inoculated with nine m. grisea isolates representing five clonal lineages associated with tall fescue in georgia. compared to kentucky 31, coronado and coyote ...	2003	30812793
coyote rib as an urethral dilator.		2004	987612
coyotes (canis latrans) are definitive hosts of neospora caninum.	four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from neospora caninum-infected calves. faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. one pup shed n. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni using pcr tests. coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of n. caninum, after dogs. in north america, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. to reduce the ris ...	2004	15037103
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.	toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...	2004	15040668
life-history studies on two molecular strains of mesocestoides (cestoda: mesocestoididae): identification of sylvatic hosts and infectivity of immature life stages.	life-cycle studies were conducted on 2 molecular strains of mesocestoides tapeworms that represent different evolutionary lineages (clades a and b). wild carnivores, reptiles, and rodents were examined for tapeworm infections at 2 enzootic sites: (1) san miguel island (smi), a small island off the coast of southern california and (2) hopland research and extension center (hrec), a field station in northern california. results indicate that deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and coyotes (canis la ...	2004	15040675
occurrence of the gulf coast tick (acari: ixodidae) on wild and domestic mammals in north-central oklahoma.	parasitic life stages of amblyomma maculatum koch were collected from domestic cattle and several species of wild mammals during a 3.5-yr study (may 1998-october 2001) in north-central oklahoma. adult ticks were the predominant life stage collected from cattle, white-tailed deer, coyotes, and raccoons, whereas only immature ticks were collected from cotton rats and white-footed mice. the prevalence of adult a. maculatum on white-tailed deer (n = 15) examined in june, july, and august 1998 was 80 ...	2004	15061275
from wild wolf to domestic dog: gene expression changes in the brain.	despite the relatively recent divergence time between domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and gray wolves (canis lupus), the two species show remarkable behavioral differences. since dogs and wolves are nearly identical at the level of dna sequence, we hypothesize that the two species may differ in patterns of gene expression. we compare gene expression patterns in dogs, wolves and a close relative, the coyote (canis latrans), in three parts of the brain: hypothalamus, amygdala and frontal cortex, ...	2004	15249144
detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, lycalopex gymnocercus and cerdocyon thous from brazil.	domestic dog (canis domesticus) and the coyote (canis latrans) are the only known definitive hosts for the protozoan neospora caninum that causes abortion in dairy cattle. in the present study, antibodies to n. caninum were sought in three species of wild canids, cerdocyon thous, lycalopex gymnocercus and dusicyon vetulus from brazil. antibodies to n. caninum were assayed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and the neospora agglutination test (nat). n. caninum antibodies were found ...	2004	15325054
evaluation of a rapid single multiplex microsatellite-based assay for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	to develop a set of microsatellite markers, composed of a minimal number of these markers, suitable for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	2004	15524334
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
serologic survey for canine infectious diseases among sympatric swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado.	swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) are sympatric canids distributed throughout many regions of the great plains of north america. the prevalence of canid diseases among these two species where they occur sympatrically is presently unknown. from january 1997 to january 2001, we collected blood samples from 89 swift foxes and 122 coyotes on the us army piñon canyon maneuver site, las animas county, se colorado (usa). seroprevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) ...	2004	15650093
transmission of neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals.	to determine whether deer can transmit neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni. the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated nc-deer1) was identical to n. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that n. caninum is transmitted ...	2004	15715229
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada.	records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ...	2004	15362815
population structure of california coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks and illuminates species history.	little is known about the relationship between animal movements and the emergent structure of populations, especially for species occupying large continuous distributions. some such mammals disperse disproportionately into habitat similar to their natal habitat, a behavioural bias that might be expected to lead to habitat-conforming genetic structure. we hypothesized that coyotes (canis latrans) would exhibit such natal-biased dispersal, and used 13 microsatellite loci to test, correspondingly, ...	2004	15078462
influence of extender, freezing rate, and thawing rate on post-thaw motility, viability and morphology of coyote (canis latrans) spermatozoa.	the objective of this study was to examine the post-thaw effects of three cryoprotective extenders (tris-fructose-citric acid extender, tris-glucose-citric acid extender, and lactose extender), three linear freezing rates (-1, -6, and -20 degrees c/min), and three thawing rates (37 degrees c water bath for 120s, 60 degrees c water bath for 30s, and 70 degrees c water bath for 8s) on coyote spermatozoa. after thawing, the findings supported that cryopreservation of coyote (canis latrans) spermato ...	2005	15961151
monitoring coyote population dynamics by genotyping faeces.	reliable population estimates are necessary for effective conservation and management, and faecal genotyping has been used successfully to estimate the population size of several elusive mammalian species. information such as changes in population size over time and survival rates, however, are often more useful for conservation biology than single population estimates. we evaluated the use of faecal genotyping as a tool for monitoring long-term population dynamics, using coyotes (canis latrans) ...	2005	15813796
coyote movements and social structure along a cryptic population genetic subdivision.	a recent region-wide study determined that the central california coyote (canis latrans) population was genetically subdivided according to habitat bioregions, supporting the hypothesis that coyotes exhibit a dispersal bias toward their natal habitat type. here, we further investigated this hypothesis using radio-collared coyotes captured on a 150-km(2) study site on the border of (i.e. overlapping) two bioregions (great valley and cascade mountains). as predicted, most coyotes were assigned (ba ...	2005	15773950
'candidatus borrelia texasensis', from the american dog tick dermacentor variabilis.	txw-1, a borrelia strain isolated in march 1998 from an adult male dermacentor variabilis tick feeding on a coyote from webb county, texas, usa, was characterized by using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, rflp and sequence analysis of flab and rrs (16s rrna gene), dna-dna hybridization analysis, sds-page and western blotting with mabs. it shows different banding patterns in rflp analysis of flab and forms distinct branches in phylogenetic analysis derived from flab and rrs gen ...	2005	15774644
gis-facilitated spatial epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) in northern and coastal california.	ixodes pacificus is the main tick vector for transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi to large vertebrates in california. the present study was undertaken in i. pacificus-infested counties in california to examine spatial and temporal relationships among a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi-exposed coyotes with vegetation type and climate. the overall a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi seroprevalences were 39.5% (n=215) and 18.9% (n=148), respectively, with no assoc ...	2005	15857659
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
environmental factors associated with bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern california.	bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. coyotes (canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western united states, but its vectors are still unknown. our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern california, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in addition, associations were evaluated between b. v. berkhoffii and two ...	2005	16011426
the sylvatic cycle of neospora caninum: where do we go from here?	bovine abortions due to neospora caninum infection are a major cattle-production problem worldwide. the parasite is readily maintained in cattle populations by vertical transmission. the domestic dog excretes oocysts in its feces and, after sporulation, these oocysts are infectious to cattle. current control measures are aimed at culling infected cows and limiting the access of cattle to infective oocysts. the recent revelations that coyotes (canis latrans) can excrete n. caninum oocysts in thei ...	2005	16098812
characterizing noise in nonhuman vocalizations: acoustic analysis and human perception of barks by coyotes and dogs.	measuring noise as a component of mammalian vocalizations is of interest because of its potential relevance to the communicative function. however, methods for characterizing and quantifying noise are less well established than methods applicable to harmonically structured aspects of signals. using barks of coyotes and domestic dogs, we compared six acoustic measures and studied how they are related to human perception of noisiness. measures of harmonic-to-noise-ratio (hnr), percent voicing, and ...	2005	16119370
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003.	to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.	2005	16178403
experimental infection of adult and juvenile coyotes with domestic dog and wild coyote isolates of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina).	each of five adult and four juvenile coyotes (canis latrans) was exposed to an oral dose of 50 hepatozoon americanum oocysts recovered from amblyomma maculatum ticks that previously fed on either naturally infected domestic dogs (canis familiaris) or naturally infected wild coyotes. all coyotes exposed to h. americanum became infected, regardless of isolate source, and all exhibited mild to moderate clinical disease that simulated american canine hepatozoonosis in naturally infected dogs. at 100 ...	2005	16244069
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
[bovine neosporosis: general concepts, immunity and perspectives for vaccination].	neospora caninum causes abortions in cattle worldwide. the neospora-cycle of life is heteroxenous. dogs (canis familiaris) and coyotes (canis latrans) are the definitive hosts known at present. although, transplacental infection is an efficiently mode of transmission in cattle; there are also experimental and field data that prove horizontal transmission. several techniques are available for diagnosis since neosporosis is recognized as a disease that causes economic losses in cattle. the mechani ...	2005	16502644
serologic survey of select infectious diseases in coyotes and raccoons in nebraska.	to obtain data about select zoonotic and other infectious diseases in free-ranging predators in five ecoregions in nebraska, sera were collected from 67 coyotes (canis latrans) and 63 raccoons (procyon lotor) from november 2002 through january 2003. for coyotes, antibodies were detected against canine distemper virus (cdv, 61%), francisella tularensis (32%), rickettsia rickettsi (13%), and flaviviruses (48%). none of the coyote sera had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, brucella canis, or six ...	2005	16456169
angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a coyote (canis latrans) from newfoundland and labrador, canada.	tissue samples and feces were collected from a dead, adult female coyote (canis latrans) found at the side of the road in late march 2003 in the avalon peninsula region of newfoundland, canada. the coyote apparently died of vehicular-related trauma. samples of lung, brain, heart, liver, and kidney were fixed in formalin and submitted for histologic examination. the entire remaining lung and heart also were submitted for examination. the coyote was diagnosed with moderate, multifocal, granulomato ...	2005	16456176
evaluation of cocoa- and coffee-derived methylxanthines as toxicants for the control of pest coyotes.	methylxanthines were quantified in coffee, tea, and chocolate products. tarajuilie tea from india, cocoa powder, and cocoa nibs contained the highest levels of methylxanthines. theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline combined in the ratios observed in tea and chocolate were ingested by coyotes. although both mixtures induced acute toxicity, the symptoms accompanying the chocolate methylxanthine mimic were preferable. manipulation of the ratios of methylxanthines in the chocolate mimic led to the ...	2005	15884841
conservation of mhc class ii doa sequences among carnivores.	we obtained the nucleotide sequence for most of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii doa locus for weddell, leopard, northern elephant, and southern elephant seals and from the coyote and compared them to all known doa data available to date. we found generally low levels of interspecific polymorphisms, providing further support for stabilizing selection acting on the doa locus. this suggests that do gene products play a substantial functional role in the regulation of antigen pre ...	2005	15730524
species resilience in pleistocene hominids that traveled far and ate widely: an analogy to the wolf-like canids.	morphological and genetic analyses have yet to resolve the question of whether more than one species of homo existed contemporaneously in the pleistocene. in an effort to contribute a process-related perspective to hominid phylogenetic reconstruction, this paper uses an analogy to the northern wolf-like canids (the wolves and coyotes) to ask the question, how many homo species should there be, given their likely behavioral profile(s)? in contrast to earlier comparisons to social carnivores which ...	2006	16904731
mechanistic home range models capture spatial patterns and dynamics of coyote territories in yellowstone.	patterns of space-use by individuals are fundamental to the ecology of animal populations influencing their social organization, mating systems, demography and the spatial distribution of prey and competitors. to date, the principal method used to analyse the underlying determinants of animal home range patterns has been resource selection analysis (rsa), a spatially implicit approach that examines the relative frequencies of animal relocations in relation to landscape attributes. in this analys ...	2006	16769637
a southern california freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores.	roads present formidable barriers to dispersal. we examine movements of two highly mobile carnivores across the ventura freeway near los angeles, one of the busiest highways in the united states. the two species, bobcats and coyotes, can disappear from habitats isolated and fragmented by roads, and their ability to disperse across the ventura freeway tests the limits of vertebrates to overcome anthropogenic obstacles. we combine radio-telemetry data and genetically based assignments to identify ...	2006	16689893
an aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks.	an aerial baiting system was developed to deliver oral rabies vaccines to wild carnivore vectors of rabies, e.g., red fox, striped skunk, and raccoon. the bait consists of a polyethylene bag that contains either a 30-g hamburger ball or a 25-ml cube of polyurethane sponge coated with a wax-beef tallow mixture containing 100-150 mg of tetracycline as a biomarker. attractants used with the sponge were added to the bag (e.g., liver slurry, cheeses, fish oils, or fruits). baits (greater than 80,000) ...	2006	3206077
a bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii typing scheme based upon 16s-23s its and pap31 sequences from dog, coyote, gray fox, and human isolates.	since the isolation of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis in 1993, this organism has emerged as an important pathogen in dogs and as an emerging pathogen in people. current evidence indicates that coyotes, dogs and gray foxes potentially serve as reservoir hosts. based upon sequence differences within the 16s-23s its region and pap31 gene, we propose a classification scheme that divides b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii isolates into four distinct types. two conse ...	2006	16460911
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.	during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...	2006	17173527
protecting babies: vaccine strategies to prevent foetopathy in neospora caninum-infected cattle.	neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is a significant infectious abortifacient agent in cattle. despite the fact that it is a member of a well described taxonomic group, it is a relatively newly discovered parasite and its biology is not yet fully understood. cattle become infected either congenitally via transplacental transmission or post-natally by ingesting oocysts derived from the definitive host; dogs and coyotes are the only definitive hosts that have been described ...	2006	16441503
perceptual specificity in the alarm calls of gunnison's prairie dogs.	gunnison's prairie dogs have a complex alarm communication system. we show that the escape responses of prairie dogs to naturally occurring live predators differed depending upon the species of predator. we also show that playbacks of alarm calls that were elicited originally by the live predators produced the same escape responses as the live predators themselves. the escape responses fell into two qualitatively different categories: running to the burrow and diving inside for hawks and humans, ...	2006	16529880
neospora caninum in wildlife.	neosporosis, which is caused by the coccidian parasite neospora caninum, is recognized as a major disease of domestic animals that causes high abortion rates in cattle and fatal neurological disease in dogs. a life cycle of n. caninum in wild animals (i.e. sylvatic) has long been suspected because neosporosis has been detected in several wildlife species. recently, the transmission of n. caninum has been confirmed in coyotes and white-tailed deer. the newly confirmed wild hosts and other wild an ...	2006	16616642
antibodies to west nile virus in asymptomatic mammals, birds, and reptiles in the yucatan peninsula of mexico.	surveillance for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in taxonomically diverse vertebrates was conducted in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2003 and 2004. sera from 144 horses on cozumel island, quintana roo state, 415 vertebrates (257 birds, 52 mammals, and 106 reptiles) belonging to 61 species from the merida zoo, yucatan state, and 7 farmed crocodiles in ciudad del carmen, campeche state were assayed for antibodies to flaviviruses. ninety (62%) horses on cozumel island had epitope-b ...	2006	16687701
acoustic structures in the alarm calls of gunnison's prairie dogs.	acoustic structures of sound in gunnison's prairie dog alarm calls are described, showing how these acoustic structures may encode information about three different predator species (red-tailed hawk-buteo jamaicensis; domestic dog-canis familaris; and coyote-canis latrans). by dividing each alarm call into 25 equal-sized partitions and using resonant frequencies within each partition, commonly occurring acoustic structures were identified as components of alarm calls for the three predators. alt ...	2006	16708970
neosporosis in dairy cattle: an update from an epidemiological perspective.	our understanding of the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis is advancing rapidly with considerable research activity being facilitated by improving methods. the dynamics of the infection in the known definitive hosts, the dog and the coyote, are being described. improved procedures for production of oocysts enables the horizontal transmission to intermediate hosts and the subsequent more natural infection process to be studied. details of the sylvatic cycles, potentially involving other animals ...	2006	16737732
relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial dna following domestication.	the domestication of dogs caused a dramatic change in their way of life compared with that of their ancestor, the gray wolf. we hypothesize that this new life style changed the selective forces that acted upon the species, which in turn had an effect on the dog's genome. we sequenced the complete mitochondrial dna genome in 14 dogs, six wolves, and three coyotes. here we show that dogs have accumulated nonsynonymous changes in mitochondrial genes at a faster rate than wolves, leading to elevated ...	2006	16809672
possible vector dissemination by swift foxes following a plague epizootic in black-tailed prairie dogs in northwestern texas.	to determine whether swift foxes (vulpes velox) could facilitate transmission of yersinia pestis to uninfected black-tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies by acquiring infected fleas, ectoparasite and serologic samples were collected from swift foxes living adjacent to prairie dog towns during a 2004 plague epizootic in northwestern texas, usa. a previous study (1999-2001) indicated that these swift foxes were infested almost exclusively with the flea pulex irritans. black-tailed pr ...	2006	16870868