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structural and functional characterization of neuropeptide y in a primitive teleost, the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).in the present study, the first full-length cdna encoding neuropeptide y (npy) was cloned from the brain of japanese eel (anguilla japonica). the open reading frame of japanese eel npy gene is 294 bp in length, encoding a precursor protein of 97 amino acids, which contains a 36-amino-acid mature peptide. sequence analysis showed that the japanese eel npy peptide is similar to that of other species. real-time pcr revealed that npy in japanese eel is mainly expressed in the brain, especially in th ...201222902242
effects of salinity acclimation on na(+)/k(+)-atpase responses and fxyd11 expression in the gills and kidneys of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).na(+)/k(+)-atpase (nka) is a primary active pump provides the driving force for ion-transporting systems in the osmoregulatory tissues of teleosts. therefore, modulation of nka expression or activity and its regulatory subunit, fxyd protein, is essential for teleosts in salinity adaptation. to understand the mechanisms for modulation of nka in catadromous fishes, nka expression and activity, cloning and mrna expression of fxyd11 (ajfxyd11) were examined in japanese eel (anguilla japonica) expose ...201222885345
ethnopharmacological survey of native remedies commonly used against infectious diseases in the tropical island of mauritius.infectious diseases (ids) still remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. this study has been geared to gather primary ethnopharmacological information on common native remedies (nrs) used to treat and/or manage common infectious diseases from different regions of mauritius, a tropical multicultural island in the indian ocean. given the dearth of updated information on traditional medicine of mauritius, this work can provide an opportunity to establish valuable primary informati ...201222884867
cryopreservation of green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled primordial germ cells with gfp fused to the 3' untranslated region of the nanos gene by vitrification of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) somite stage embryos.primordial germ cells (pgc) are the only cell type in developing embryos with the potential to transmit genetic information to the next generation. in this study, pgc of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) were visualized by injection of mrna synthesized from a construct carrying the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene fused to the 3' untranslated region of the japanese eel nanos gene. we investigated the feasibility of cryopreserving japanese eel pgc by vitrification of dechorionated whole somite ...201222829617
morphological and physiological changes of female tropical eels, anguilla celebesensis and anguilla marmorata, in relation to downstream migration.the morphological and physiological characteristics of migrating and non-migrating female tropical eels, anguilla celebesensis and anguilla marmorata were examined in relation to their downstream migration on central sulawesi island, indonesia. migrating eels (64 a. celebesensis and 37 a. marmorata) were obtained from weirs set near the outlet area of poso lake and non-migrating eels (21 a. celebesensis and 21 a. marmorata) were sampled by set-lines and eel pots in poso lake, its inlet rivers, a ...201222803717
proliferating spermatogonia are susceptible to reactive oxygen species attack in japanese eel (anguilla japonica).oxidative stress has been implicated in pathogenesis of many diseases, but few studies describe its influence on spermatogenesis. in this study, we analyzed the direct influence of hypoxanthine (hx)-induced reactive oxygen species (ros) on spermatogenesis in fish using the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) testicular organ culture system. testicular fragments of eels were cultured in 0.1-100 μm hx with or without 10 ng/ml 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt). immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin ...201222786824
sympatric spawning but allopatric distribution of anguilla japonica and anguilla marmorata: temperature- and oceanic current-dependent sieving.anguilla japonica and anguilla marmorata share overlapping spawning sites, similar drifting routes, and comparable larval durations. however, they exhibit allopatric geographical distributions in east asia. to clarify this ecological discrepancy, glass eels from estuaries in taiwan, the philippines, indonesia, and china were collected monthly, and the survival rate of a. marmorata under varying water salinities and temperatures was examined. the composition ratio of these 2 eel species showed a ...201222675481
taurine plays an important role in the protection of spermatogonia from oxidative stress.it has been demonstrated that taurine has various physiological functions in the body. we demonstrated that taurine is abundant in the serum, liver, muscle and testis of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica). in the eel testis, taurine is found mainly in spermatogonia and is weakly expressed also in the sertoli cells. we have further found in the eel testis that taurine is actively accumulated via the sodium/chloride-dependent taurine transporter (taut; slc6a6), which is expressed in germ cells. ...201222619065
purification and identification of two carnosine-cleaving enzymes, carnosine dipeptidase i and xaa-methyl-his dipeptidase, from japanese eel (anguilla japonica).three enzymes, carnosine dipeptidase i (ec 3.4.13.20, cndp1), carnosine dipeptidase ii (ec 3.4.13.18, cndp2), and xaa-methyl-his dipeptidase (or anserinase: ec 3.4.13.5, ansn), are known to be capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine), in vertebrates. here we report the purification and identification of two unidentified carnosine-cleaving enzymes from japanese eel (anguilla japonica). two different dipeptidases were successfully purified to homogeneity from the sk ...201222525515
steroidogenic response of carp ovaries to piscine fsh and lh depends on the reproductive phase.the gonadotropins (gths) follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) are the key regulators of reproduction. we determined the competence of heterologous recombinant gths at eliciting steroid secretion from carp ovaries at different reproductive stages. we collected carp ovaries at: early, mid and end vitellogenesis, when most of the oocytes still contained a germinal vesicle (gv) at a central stage, and mature ovaries with a migrating gv. plasma estradiol (e2) levels at earl ...201222522050
11-ketotestosterone synchronously induces oocyte development and silvering-related changes in the japanese eel, anguilla japonica.to evaluate the effects of sex steroids on silvering in the japanese eel, anguilla japonica, the development of oocytes, eye size, digestive tract, and swim bladder were studied in relation to observations of the profiles of plasma levels of sex steroids (estradiol 17β, e2; testosterone, t; 11-ketotestosterone; 11-kt) during silvering for each sex and by administrating 11-kt to yellow eels. all steroids examined in the study increased in female eels after silvering had begun, whereas in males, o ...201222468835
molecular evidence of anguillid herpesvirus-1 (anghv-1) in the farmed japanese eel, anguilla japonica temminck & schlegel, in korea. 201227082949
differences in organochlorine accumulation accompanying life history in the catadromous eel anguilla japonica and the marine eel conger myriaster.in order to examine the ecological risk for organic pollutants in diadromous fish migrating between sea and freshwater, organochlorine compounds (ocs) were determined in the catadromous eel anguilla japonica having marine, estuarine and freshwater residence life histories. the eels were collected in japanese coastal areas. we also compared the ocs accumulation with the marine eel conger myriaster, which has a similar life history as a. japonica in the marine environment. the ontogenic changes in ...201222407403
evaluation of multi-scale climate effects on annual recruitment levels of the japanese eel, anguilla japonica, to taiwan.long-term (1967-2008) glass eel catches were used to investigate climatic effects on the annual recruitment of japanese eel to taiwan. specifically, three prevailing hypotheses that potentially explain the annual recruitment were evaluated. hypothesis 1: high precipitation shifts the salinity front northward, resulting in favorable spawning locations. hypothesis 2: a southward shift of the position of the north equatorial current (nec) bifurcation provides a favorable larval transport route. hyp ...201222383976
molecular characterization and gene expression of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) gonadotropin receptors.a luteinizing hormone receptor (lhr) cdna with high identity to other fish lhrs was fully cloned from the ovary of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica). the genes for two gonadotropin receptors (gthr), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) and lhr, were differentially expressed during oogenesis, which was artificially induced by salmon pituitary extract, a gonadotropin-rich source. transcript abundance of fshr was significantly elevated at the early vitellogenic stage and peaked at the la ...201222379989
re-evaluation of the optimum dietary vitamin c requirement in juvenile eel, anguilla japonica by using l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate.this study was conducted to re-evaluate the dietary vitamin c requirement in juvenile eel, anguilla japonica by using l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (amp) as the vitamin c source. five semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 (amp0), 30 (amp24), 60 (amp52), 120 (amp108) and 1,200 (amp1137) mg amp kg-1 diet on a dry matter basis. casein and defatted fish meal were used as the main protein sources in the semi-purified experimental diets. after a 4-week conditioning period, fish in ...201225049484
differential regulation of the expression of cytochrome p450 aromatase, estrogen and androgen receptor subtypes in the brain-pituitary-ovarian axis of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) reveals steroid dependent and independent mechanisms.this study aimed at investigating the role of sexual steroids in the regulation of the expression of the single aromatase gene and steroid receptor subtypes in the brain-pituitary-ovarian axis of the japanese eel. unlike other teleosts, which possess duplicated genes for aromatase, cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b, expressed in the gonads and in the brain, respectively, eel species possess a single cyp19a1. phylogenetic analysis indicated that eel brain/gonadal cyp19a1 branches at the basis of both teleost ...201222107840
characterization of thyroid hormone receptors during early development of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).we studied the profiles of thyroid hormone receptors (trs) in japanese eels (anguilla japonica) during development from hatched larvae to juveniles. two trαs (trαa and trαb) and one trβ (trβa) cdna clones were generated by race. the trαa, trαb and trβa cdnas encoded 416, 407 and 397 amino acid proteins with much higher homologies to the japanese conger eel (conger myriaster) trs than to other fish trs. in a transiently transfected japanese eel cell line, hepa-e1, the trs showed thyroid hormone ( ...201324100168
intestinal expression of peptide transporter 1 (pept1) at different life stages of japanese eel, anguilla japonica.the expression of peptide transporter 1 (pept1) was investigated at the different life stages of japanese eel, anguilla japonica. the cdna encoding japanese eel pept1 was cloned and sequenced. the hydrophilicity plot analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarities with topological features of known pept1 molecules in other species. tissue distribution analysis confirmed that pept1 mrna was detected specifically in the anterior and posterior intestines of adult eel. in eel la ...201323994609
sex differences in growth rates of early life stage japanese eels anguilla japonica under experimental conditions.to assess the relationship between growth rate of body mass and sex in the japanese eel anguilla japonica in the early life stage; the growth rates of males and females were compared under experimental conditions. the mean growth rate of females was significantly slower than that of males. to assess the relative priority of growth rate and sex, growth was delayed by restricted feeding, resulting in a significantly higher proportion of females in the delayed than in the normal growth group. these ...201323991876
trypsin regulates meiotic initiation in the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) by promoting the uptake of taurine into germ cells during spermatogenesis.meiosis is a unique and critical process in reproduction. although the key molecular components of meiosis have been identified, the molecular mechanisms regulating the entry into this pathway remain unclear. we previously demonstrated that a progestin in teleost fish, 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, is essential for meiotic initiation, and up-regulates taurine synthesis and the production of trypsin in sertoli cells. in the present study, we found that trypsin promotes the uptake of ...201323926282
transcriptomic and itraq proteomic approaches reveal novel short-term hyperosmotic stress responsive proteins in the gill of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).osmoregulation is critical for the survival of fishes that migrate between freshwater (fw) and seawater (sw). the eel, as a catadromous fish, has been studied for decades to reveal the mechanisms of osmoregulation. these studies, however, have been limited by the lack of a genomic database to decipher the mechanism of osmoregulation at a molecular level. in this study, using high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic technologies, we have provided the first genome-wide study to identify hypero ...201323735544
anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of anguilla japonica suppresses cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin d₂ generation in mast cells and anaphylaxis in mice.the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of n-hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of japanese eel, anguilla japonica (hee), on cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2)-dependent prostaglandin d₂(pgd₂) generation in stem cell factor (scf), il-10, plus lps-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (bmmcs) and on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (pca) in mice. hee suppressed scf/il-10/lps-induced pgd₂ generation, and concomitantly reduced cox-2 protein expression dose-dependently. to unde ...201323562928
head-shape polymorphism in japanese eels anguilla japonica in relation to differences of somatic growth in freshwater and brackish habitats.the age, total length (l(t)), head shape and skull shape were investigated for 379 japanese eels anguilla japonica sampled in freshwater and brackish areas of the kojima bay-asahi river system, okayama, japan, to learn about the differentiation process of head-shape polymorphism. the relative mouth width (ratio of mouth width to l(t)) of a. japonica > 400 mm l(t) collected in fresh water was significantly greater than that of fish collected in brackish water. growth rates of mouth width and the ...201323557308
bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas contributed to the formation of ca precipitates in japanese eel, anguilla japonica.marine teleosts produce ca precipitates in the intestine as a product of osmoregulation. ca precipitates are formed by a chemical reaction of mg(2+) and ca(2+) derived from ingested seawater with bicarbonate (hco(3)(-)). it has been reported that hco(3)(-) originates from the intestine; however, the pancreas is predicted to be another organ that may supply hco(3)(-) to the intestinal tract. in the present study, the pancreas was surgically removed from japanese eel to confirm its contribution to ...201323184476
partial characterization and ontogenetic development of pancreatic digestive enzymes in japanese eel anguilla japonica larvae.the pancreatic digestive enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase were partially characterized, and changes in their activities were examined during the initial ontogeny of japanese eel anguilla japonica larvae from 5 to 34 days post-hatching (dph). the ph optima of the eel larval enzymes were narrower than those other fish species; trypsin activity was highest at ph 9, chymotrypsin and amylase activities were highest at ph 7 and 8, and lipase activity was highest at ph 8 and 9. in an ...201323179912
angiotensin at2 receptor activates the cyclic-amp signaling pathway in eel.a unique angiotensin type 2 receptor (at2) that induces a camp signaling pathway was cloned and characterized for the first time in fish, anguilla japonica. phylogeny and synteny results showed that the at2s among fishes and tetrapods share the same origin despite a sub-cluster formation among eel, salmon, and zebrafish. the eel at2 was expressed abundantly in the spleen and localized at straight arterioles and ellipsoid regions prior to the sinusoid, suggesting a role in the regulation of micro ...201323174758
profiles of mrna expression for prolactin, growth hormone, and somatolactin in japanese eels, anguilla japonica: the effect of salinity, silvering and seasonal change.for understanding the functions of the growth hormone (gh)/prolactin (prl)/somatolactin (sl) family of hormones, we examined pituitary mrna expression of these hormones in anguillid eels in relation to salinity difference, silvering, and seasonal change. female japanese eels (anguilla japonica) were collected in the brackish hamana lake and its freshwater rivers from july to december. to clarify the effect of salinity, the habitat use history of the eels were determined using otolith microchemis ...201323047050
the transcriptome of the invasive eel swimbladder nematode parasite anguillicola crassus.anguillicola crassus is an economically and ecologically important parasitic nematode of eels. the native range of a. crassus is in east asia, where it infects anguilla japonica, the japanese eel. a. crassus was introduced into european eels, anguilla anguilla, 30 years ago. the parasite is more pathogenic in its new host than in its native one, and is thought to threaten the endangered an. anguilla across its range. the molecular bases for the increased pathogenicity of the nematodes in their n ...201323394720
anguillids: conserving a global fishery.concern has increased in recent years over the sustainability of anguillid populations worldwide in the face of sustained consumer demand. this is as true of the more numerous tropical species as it is for the better known temperate species. there are, however, critical gaps in knowledge of anguillid biology and ecology, and these hold back measures designed to conserve and enhance anguillid populations, including aquaculture. developing a more integrated understanding of anguillid biology, and ...201324090547
molecular characterization of aeromonas species isolated from farmed eels (anguilla japonica).seventy aeromonas strains were identified by phylogenetic analysis using housekeeping genes (gyrb and rpod) in order to investigate etiological agents for aeromoniasis in farmed eels (anguilla japonica). the phylogenetic analysis showed that aeromonas aquariorum (n=22, 31.4%) was the predominant species among the investigated eel strains, followed by aeromonas caviae (n=16, 22.9%), a. veronii (n=13, 18.6%), a. hydrophila (n=12, 17.1%), a. jandaei (n=4, 5.7%), a. media (n=2, 2.9%), and a. trota ( ...201323499189
effects of dietary supplementation of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 on the growth performance, immune and antioxidant systems of japanese eel anguilla japonica challenged with edwardsiella tarda.the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of dietary administration of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 on growth performance and the immune and antioxidant systems in japanese eel anguilla japonica challenged with edwardsiella tarda. a total of 75 japanese eels (24.63±0.83 g) were grouped into 5 treatment diets which were a control diet (c) without e. tarda and 4 treatment diets with e. tarda challenge, including c for e. tarda challenge (nc), c plus l. pentosus pl11 supplemented diet (10⁸ ...201323261510
isolation and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of japanese eel, anguilla japonica.we isolated and characterized a novel antibacterial peptide, ajhbα, derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of japanese eel, anguilla japonica. it with concentration of 11.30 μm exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterium 1 × 10(6) cell ml(-1)edwardsiella tarda than other two bacteria. the extraction procedure for ajhbα included extraction with acetate acid, ultrafiltration, cation-exchange chromatography on hitrap™ cm ff, reverse-phase liquid chromatography on sour ...201322951230
flagellar motility contributes to the invasion and survival of aeromonas hydrophila in anguilla japonica macrophages.the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the host phagocytes is complicated. it is generally believed that only obligate intracellular pathogens can invade and survive in host phagocytes. in this study, we revealed that the pathogenic aeromonas hydrophila b11 can also invade and survive in the macrophages of its host anguilla japonica in vitro. to further investigate the mechanisms of a. hydrophila invasion and survival in host macrophages, a mini-tn10 transposon mutagenesis system was us ...201424859591
transcriptome analyses of anguillicola crassus from native and novel hosts.anguillicola crassus is a swim bladder nematode of eels. the parasite is native to the asian eel anguilla japonica, but was introduced to europe and the european eel anguilla anguilla in the early 1980s. a taiwanese source has been proposed for this introduction. in the new host in the recipient area, the parasite appears to be more pathogenic. as a reason for these differences, genetically fixed differences in infectivity and development between taiwanese and european a.crassus have been descri ...201425469324
phenotypic traits, virulence-associated gene profile and genetic relatedness of edwardsiella tarda isolates from japanese eel anguilla japonica in korea.edwardsiella tarda is the predominant bacterium in farm-cultured eel in korea. here, we evaluated the heterogeneity of 37 e. tarda isolates derived from japanese eel with various origins (olive flounder, common carp and ornamental fish) between 2003 and 2010. regardless of origins, the biochemical characteristics of e. tarda isolates were homogenous except hydrogen sulfide production, citrate utilization and mannitol fermentation. based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna, e. tarda isolates ...201424117973
heterosporis anguillarum infection in a garter snake (thamnophis sirtalis).a captive garter snake (thamnophis sirtalis) showed marked circumferential thickening of the body wall due to a chronic fibrous to necrotizing inflammatory reaction extending from the serosa to the skin. the lesions were associated with the presence of intra- and extracellular microsporidian organisms. with ultrastructural and molecular analyses the microsporidia were identified as heterosporis anguillarum. this organism causes a morphologically similar disease in the japanese eel (anguilla japo ...201424011905
comparison of infection success, development and swim bladder pathogenicity of two congeneric anguillicola species in experimentally infected anguilla anguilla and a. japonica.two closely related parasites, anguillicola crassus and anguillicola novaezelandiae, originally parasitizing swim bladders of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica and the short-finned eel (anguilla australis), respectively, were used for analyzing the infection success of each parasite species on either long-known, recently acquired or new definitive host species and the associated effects on the eels' swim bladders. on that account, european eels (anguilla anguilla) and japanese eels were experi ...201425070578
genetic positioning of aquabirnavirus isolates from cultured japanese eel anguilla japonica in korea.aquabirnavirus is an epizootic virus in japanese eel anguilla japonica farms in korea, although its origin is unclear. in the present study, nucleotide sequences of the vp2/ns junction region of 9 korean aquabirnaviruses from cultured eel in various areas of korea during 2000-2009 were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatedness to worldwide isolates. the nucleotide sequences showed more than 94.2% identity among the 9 korean eel isolates, 71.2% identity among 16 korean isolates from freshwat ...201424781792
changes in the role of the thyroid axis during metamorphosis of the japanese eel, anguilla japonica.to clarify the role of thyroid function during metamorphosis from leptocephalus to glass eel in the japanese eel, we examined the histology of the thyroid gland and measured whole-body concentrations of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3), and thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit tsh (tshβ) mrna expression levels in five stages of artificially hatched eels (leptocephalus, early-metamorphosis, late-metamorphosis, glass eel, and elver). during metamorphosis, the inner collo ...201424692334
a ddrad-based genetic map and its integration with the genome assembly of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) provides insights into genome evolution after the teleost-specific genome duplication.recent advancements in next-generation sequencing technology have enabled cost-effective sequencing of whole or partial genomes, permitting the discovery and characterization of molecular polymorphisms. double-digest restriction-site associated dna sequencing (ddrad-seq) is a powerful and inexpensive approach to developing numerous single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers and constructing a high-density genetic map. to enrich genomic resources for japanese eel (anguilla japonica), we constru ...201424669946
genetic evidence for panmixia of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) populations in china.the japanese eel population has dramatically declined since the 1970s. in order to conserve this species, the background genetic structure affecting these populations should be well documented. previous genetic studies of this species have produced seemingly conflicting results, ranging from no detectable heterogeneity to small, but statistically significant variance. this study investigates the population structure of japanese glass eels collected from 10 localities in china in 2009 using a mit ...201424615041
spawning sites of the japanese eel in relation to oceanographic structure and the west mariana ridge.the japanese eel, anguilla japonica, spawns within the north equatorial current that bifurcates into both northward and southward flows in its westward region, so its spawning location and larval transport dynamics seem important for understanding fluctuations in its recruitment to east asia. intensive research efforts determined that japanese eels spawn along the western side of the west mariana ridge during new moon periods, where all oceanic life history stages have been collected, including ...201424551155
itraq-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals acute hypo-osmotic responsive proteins in the gills of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).osmoregulation in fish has been a classical research topic for several decades. salmon and eels are the widely used model animals because of their wide distribution in different geographical locations and spawning migration between fresh- and salt-water habitats. numerous fish osmoregulatory hormones and ion transporters were identified for their essential roles in acclimation and adaptation to waters of different salinities. because of the lack of a genomic database, the scope of most studies, ...201424503184
cloning of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) precursor cdna and immunohistochemical detection of crh peptide in the brain of the japanese eel, paying special attention to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.the stress-related corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) was first identified by isolation of its cdna from the brain of the japanese eel anguilla japonica. crh cdna encodes a signal peptide, a cryptic peptide and crh (41 amino acids). the sequence homology to mammalian crh is high. next, the distribution of crh-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain and pituitary were examined by immunohistochemistry. crh-ir cell bodies were detected in several brain regions, e.g., nucleus preo ...201424477796
variation in organochlorine accumulation in relation to the life history of the japanese eel anguilla japonica.members of the catadromous eel live in various fresh, brackish and marine habitats. therefore, these eels can accumulate organic pollutants and are a suitable bioindicator species for determining the levels of organic contaminants within different water bodies. the ecological risk for organochlorine compounds (ocs) in anguilla japonica with various migration patterns, such as freshwater, estuarine and marine residences, was examined to understand the specific accumulation patterns. the concentra ...201424461693
de novo assembly of the whole transcriptome of the wild embryo, preleptocephalus, leptocephalus, and glass eel of anguilla japonica and deciphering the digestive and absorptive capacities during early development.natural stocks of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) have decreased drastically because of overfishing, habitat destruction, and changes in the ocean environment over the past few decades. however, to date, artificial mass production of glass eels is far from reality because of the lack of appropriate feed for the eel larvae. in this study, wild glass eel, leptocephali, preleptocephali, and embryos were collected to conduct rna-seq. approximately 279 million reads were generated and assembled into ...201526406914
data for transcriptomic and itraq proteomic analysis of anguilla japonica gills in response to osmotic stress.this article contains data related to the two research articles titled transcriptomic and itraq proteomic approaches reveal novel short-term hyperosmotic stress responsive proteins in the gill of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) (tse et al. [1]) and itraq-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals acute hypo-osmotic responsive proteins in the gills of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) (tse et al. [2]). the two research articles show the usefulness of combining transcriptomic and proteo ...201526217731
induction of apoptosis and antitumor activity of eel skin mucus, containing lactose-binding molecules, on human leukemic k562 cells.for innate immune defense, lower animals such as fish and amphibian are covered with skin mucus, which acts as both a mechanical and biochemical barrier. although several mucus sources have been isolated and studied for their biochemical and immunological functions, the precise mechanism(s) of action remains unknown. in the present study, we additionally found the eel skin mucus (esm) to be a promising candidate for use in anti-tumor therapy. our results showed that the viability of k562 cells w ...201526090845
heliconema anguillae yamaguti, 1935, a physalopterid nematode found in japanese eels: taxonomic resurrection with a note on the third-stage larva from intertidal crabs in western japan.a parasitic nematode from the stomach of japanese eel anguilla japonica temminck et schlegel in western japan, previously identified as heliconema longissimum (ortlepp, 1922), was morphologically re-examined and compared with the previous descriptions. in addition, the third-stage larva of this nematode is described, based on the specimens of encapsuled larvae found in musculature of two crabs, hemigrapsus sp. and perisesarma bidens (de haan), caught from the upper-intertidal zone of the same lo ...201526040330
variation of lipids and fatty acids of the japanese freshwater eel, anguilla japonica, during spawning migration.the lipid and fatty acid composition of the muscle of the wild japanese freshwater eel, anguilla japonica, was analyzed between the initial and terminal stages of spawning migration to clarify the relationship between lipid physiology and maturation. triacylglycerols were the only major component in the initial-phase eels, which contained high levels of lipids, while comparatively low triacylglycerol levels were observed in terminal-phase eels (mariana silvers) at spawning area. significant leve ...201526028326
transcriptomic responses of corpuscle of stannius gland of japanese eels (anguilla japonica) to changes in water salinity.physiological studies of a unique endocrine gland in fish, named corpuscles of stannius (cs), described a ca2(+)-regulatory function for this gland mediated by stanniocalcin-1, a hypocalcemic polypeptide hormone. however, to date, the endocrine functions of the glands have not been completely elucidated.we hypothesized that other unidentified active principles in the glands are involved in the regulation of plasma ion (na(+), ca2(+)) and/or blood pressure. in this study, transcriptome sequencing ...201525907828
detection of japanese eel endothelial cells-infecting virus (jeecv) in the japanese eel anguilla japonica (temminck & schlegel), living in natural habitats. 201525117695
light-sensitive vertical migration of the japanese eel anguilla japonica revealed by real-time tracking and its utilization for geolocation.short-time tracking (one to eight days) of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) using ultrasonic transmitter was performed in the tropical-subtropical area adjacent to the spawning area and temperate area off the japanese archipelago. of 16 eels (11 wild and five farmed) used, 10 wild eels displayed clear diel vertical migration (dvm) from the beginning, while the other five farmed eels tracked for 19 to 66 hours did not. during daytime, a significantly positive correlation between migration dep ...201525875179
characterization and expression of cdnas encoding p450c17-ii (cyp17a2) in japanese eel during induced ovarian development.estradiol-17β (e2) and maturation-inducing hormone (mih) are two steroid hormones produced in the teleost ovary that are required for vitellogenic growth and final oocyte maturation and ovulation. during this transition, the main steroid hormone produced in the ovary shifts from estrogens to progestogens. in the commercially important japanese eel (anguilla japonica), the mih 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (dhp) is generated from its precursor by p450c17, which has both 17α-hydroxylase and c1 ...201525701739
vasodilatory effects of homologous adrenomedullin 2 and adrenomedullin 5 on isolated blood vessels of two species of eel.in mammals, adrenomedullin (am) is a potent vasodilator through signalling pathways that involve the endothelium. in teleost fishes, a family of five ams are present (am1/4, am2/3 and am5) with four homologous ams (am1, am2/3 and am5) recently cloned from the japanese eel, anguilla japonica. both am2 and am5 have been shown to be strong in vivo vasodepressors in eel, but the mechanism of action of homologous ams on isolated blood vessels has not been examined in teleost fish. in this study, both ...201525284501
differences and variations among anguilla japonica, muraenesox cinereus and conger myriaster from the yellow sea.genomic dnas were extracted from the muscle of twenty-one specimens of three eel species collected in anguilla japonica (aj), muraenesox cinereus (mc) and conger myriaster (cm) from the yellow sea, respectively. in the present study, 7 oligonucleotides primers generated 191 specific loci in the aj species, 226 in the (mc) species and 181 in the cm species, respectively. the primer bion-02 generated the most loci (a total of 83), with an average of 11.86 in the aj species. the specific loci gener ...201527004273
migratory restlessness and the role of androgen for increasing behavioral drive in the spawning migration of the japanese eel.migratory restlessness refers to a type of locomotor activity observed just before the onset of a migration. this behavior is primarily known in birds, where it is considered to be an indicator of the urge for migration. in contrast, little is known about migratory restlessness in fishes. to confirm migratory restlessness in a fish, we measured the locomotor activity of the japanese eel, anguilla japonica during its migration season. migratory-phase silver eels showed higher locomotor activity i ...201526617079
different ossification patterns of intermuscular bones in fish with different swimming modes.intermuscular bones are found in the myosepta in teleosts. however, there is very little information on the development and ossification of these intermuscular bones. in this study, we performed an in-depth investigation of the ossification process during development in zebrafish (danio rerio) and japanese eel (anguilla japonica). in japanese eel, a typical anguilliform swimmer, the intermuscular bones ossified predominantly from the anterior to the posterior. by contrast, in the zebrafish, a su ...201526603470
[fish population structure in the fishway of changzhou hydro-junction].the fishway of changzhou hydro-junction, located in the main stream of xijiang river, is the biggest fishway in china up to now. efficiency assessment of the changzhou fishway is important for fish resource and ecosystem protection of the pearl river, and can provide basic data for design, construction and management of other fishways in china. a total of 40 fish species in the changzhou fishway were sampled on 11 occasions from april to june during 2011-2014 by using blocking method. migratory ...201526571676
functional characterization of cyp1a9 and cyp1c1 from anguillus japonica.we evaluated the metabolism of several herbicides and progesterone by two p450 proteins (cyp1a9 and cyp1c1) from japanese eel (anguilla japonica). expression vectors harboring cyp1a9 and cyp1c1 sequences were introduced into escherichia coli. e. coli membrane fractions were incubated with each substrate, and the metabolites were analyzed. cyp1a9 and cyp1c1 deethylated 7-ethoxycoumarin and phenacetin, and demethylated chlorotoluron, diuron, and linuron. cyp1c1 specifically hydroxlyated progestero ...201526233561
influence of adult anguillicoloides crassus load in european eels swimbladder on macrophage response.anguillicoloides crassus has become one of the most important threats to the european eel (anguilla anguilla). adult parasites colonize the swimbladder leading to an impaired functioning of this organ. the infection is also responsible for an increased in the stress level of infected eels, that could produce an altered immune response as well. differences in parasite loads and effects in the european and japanese eel (anguilla japonica) have been described. we have studied the influence of the n ...201525463301
mind plays an important role in aeromonas hydrophila adherence to anguilla japonica mucus.for a better understanding of the genitic regulation of the adhesion of aeromonas hydrophila, a mini-tn10 transposon mutagenesis system was introduced to generate an insertion mutant library by cell conjugation between the donor escherichia coli sm10 (plof/km) and the recipient a. hydrophila strain w. out of 332 individual colonies, 7 mutants with significantly attenuated adhesion ability were selected. the dna sequence flanking the mini-tn10 transposon inserted in the mutant strain m45 was ampl ...201525881868
size does matter-a closer look on anguillicola morphology.the present study deals with morphological differences between two closely related parasitic nematode species (anguillicola crassus kuwahara et al., 1974 and anguillicola novaezelandiae moravec & taraschewski, 1988) in two different experimentally infected eel species (anguilla anguilla linnaeus, 1758 and anguilla japonica temminck & schlegel, 1847). furthermore, it considers the question whether size differences between those two species are ontogenetically determined or host species-dependent. ...201526096826
antibiotic resistance and repetitive-element pcr fingerprinting in aeromonas veronii isolates.this study evaluated antibiotic resistance and the related genes in total 47 aeromonas veronii isolates from pet fish, eel (anguilla japonica) and koi (cyprinus carpio) in korea. in comparison with the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from eel and koi, those of pet fish were more resistant to ceftiofur, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and nitrofurantoin. and isolates from pet fish showed high prevalences of class 1 integron, quinolones and tetracycline resistance determinants than those fro ...201627690177
the hsp70 response of anguillicola species to host-specific stressors.the present study is based on infection experiments of two different swim bladder parasite species, anguillicola crassus kuwahara et al., 1974 and anguillicola novaezelandiae moravec and taraschewski, 1988, which were experimentally transferred to the two eel species anguilla anguilla linnaeus, 1758 and anguilla japonica temmink and schlegel, 1846, respectively. the host-parasite groups were selected due to their different grades of mutual adaptation. the main aim of this study was to analyze th ...201626920569
identification of a retinoic acid-inducible gene i from japanese eel (anguilla japonica) and expression analysis in vivo and in vitro.rig-i (retinoic acid inducible gene-i) is one of the key cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (prrs) for the recognition of cytosolic viral nucleic acids and the production of type i interferons (ifns). the full-length cdna sequence of rig-i (ajrig-i) in japanese eel (anguilla japonica) was identified and characterized in this article. the full-length cdna of ajrig-i was 3468 bp, including a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 52 bp, a 3'-utr of 617 bp and an open reading frame (orf) of 2799 bp e ...201627238428
hemerythrin is required for aeromonas hydraphlia to survive in the macrophages of anguilla japonica.survival in host phagocytes is an effective strategy for pathogenic microbes to spread. to understand the mechanisms of aeromonas hydrophila survival within host macrophages, a library of mini-tn10 transposon insertion mutants was constructed. the m85 mutant, whose survival in host macrophages was only 23.1% of that of the wild-type (wt) strain, was utilized for further study. molecular analysis showed that a 756-bp open reading frame (orf) (genbank accession no. cp007576) in the m85 mutant was ...201627173333
immunomodulation of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 against edwardsiella tarda infection in the head kidney cells of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).wild and farm-raised fish can be simultaneously exposed to different types of pathogens in their habitats. hence, it is important to study their effects, whether isolated or in combination. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 on the transcription of specific cytokine genes related to immune response, using japanese eel macrophages as an in vitro model. head kidney leukocytes were isolated from japanese eels and cell viability was determined ...201627108377
identification and molecular characterization of peroxiredoxin 6 from japanese eel (anguilla japonica) revealing its potent antioxidant properties and putative immune relevancy.peroxiredoxins (prdx) are thiol specific antioxidant enzymes that play a pivotal role in cellular oxidative stress by reducing toxic peroxide compounds into nontoxic products. in this study, we identified and characterized a peroxiredoxin 6 counterpart from japanese eel (anguilla japonica) (ajprdx6) at molecular, transcriptional and protein level. the identified full-length coding sequence of ajprdx6 (669 bp) coded for a polypeptide of 223 aa residues (24.9 kda). deduced protein of ajprdx6 showe ...201626911410
data on the characterization of follicle-stimulating hormone monoclonal antibodies and localization in japanese eel pituitary.monoclonal antibodies were generated against recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rec-fsh) from japanese eel anguilla japonica; rec-fsh was produced in escherichia coli and purified using ni-nta sepharose column chromatography. in support of our recent publication, "production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant tethered follicle-stimulating hormone from japanese eel anguilla japonica" [1], it was important to characterize the specificity of eel follicle-stimul ...201627331121
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant tethered follicle-stimulating hormone from japanese eel anguilla japonica.we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a recombinant tethered follicle-stimulating hormone (rec-fsh) from japanese eel anguilla japonica that was produced in escherichia coli. positive hybridomas (clones efa-c5, efa-c10, efa-c11, efa-c12, efa-c13, and efb-c14) were selected by using the eel fsh antigen in elisa, and anti-eel fsh mabs were purified from culture supernatants by performing affinity chromatography. three of the 6mabs were characterized and their isotypes were identified as ...201627174750
development and validation of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of anguillid herpesvirus 1.anguillid herpesvirus 1 (anghv1) causes a haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality in wild and farmed european eel, anguilla anguilla (l.) and japanese eel anguilla japonica, temminck & schlegel). detection of anghv1 is currently based on virus isolation in cell culture, antibody-based typing assays or conventional pcr. we developed, optimized and concisely validated a diagnostic taqman probe based real-time pcr assay for the detection of anghv1. the primers and probe target anghv1 open rea ...201625588414
the complete mitochondrial genome of anguilla japonica (anguilliformes, anguillidae) collected from yangtze estuary and the phylogenetic relationship in genus anguilla.the complete mitochondrial genome of anguilla japonica collected from yangtze estuary was determined by next-generation sequencing. the mitogenome is a circular molecule 16 715 bp in length, including the typical structure of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, 22 transfer rna genes, and a control region. the tas, central csb and csb were detected in the control region. the gene contents of the mitogenome are identical to those observed in most bony fishes. the phylogenetic tree in t ...201626486487
anguilla japonica lectin 1 delivery through adenovirus vector induces apoptotic cancer cell death through interaction with prmt5.our previous studies have demonstrated that, through adenovirus mediated gene delivery, various exogenously expressed lectins elicited cytotoxicity to cancer cells, utilizing protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (prmt5) as a common binding target.201626990556
tidal-flat macrobenthos as diets of the japanese eel anguilla japonica in western japan, with a note on the occurrence of a parasitic nematode heliconema anguillae in eel stomachs.dietary items of the japanese eel anguilla japonica inhabiting estuaries were examined by analyses of the gut (stomach and intestine) contents in two areas in kyushu, western japan. in a small estuary in kagoshima bay, where seven eel guts were examined, almost all of the dietary organisms consisted of hemigrapsus crabs and hediste polychaetes, both of which commonly occurred on tidal flats of this site during our survey on the macrobenthic fauna. in another large estuary in the innermost part o ...201626853869
transcriptome sequencing based annotation and homologous evidence based scaffolding of anguilla japonica draft genome.anguilla japonica (japanese eel) is currently one of the most important research subjects in eastern asia aquaculture. enigmatic life cycle of the organism makes study of artificial reproduction extremely limited. henceforth genomic and transcriptomic resources of eels are urgently needed to help solving the problems surrounding this organism across multiple fields. we hereby provide a reconstructed transcriptome from deep sequencing of juvenile (glass eels) whole body samples. the provided expr ...201626818233
eel green fluorescent protein is associated with resistance to oxidative stress.green fluorescent protein (gfp) from eel (anguilla japonica) muscle (eelgfp) is unique in the vertebrates and requires bilirubin as a ligand to emit fluorescence. this study was performed to clarify the physiological function of the unique gfp. investigation of susceptibility to oxidative stress was carried out using three types of cell lines including jellyfish (aequorea coerulescens) gfp (jfgfp)-, or eel gfp (eelgfp)-expressing hek293 cells, and control vector-transfected hek293 cells. binding ...201626746389
detection of japanese eel endothelial cells-infecting virus in anguilla japonica elvers.japanese eel endothelial cells-infecting virus (jeecv) has spread in eel farms and caused serious economic loss. in this study, we examined the prevalence of jeecv infection in 100 wild japanese eel (anguilla japonica) elvers caught from yamaguchi prefecture, japan, using quantitative pcr and conventional pcr. total genomic dna was obtained from the cranial quarter of the body in 70 of 100 eels and from the gill in the remaining. of 30 gill samples, 20 were analyzed after pooling with other samp ...201626672624
complete mitochondrial genome of anguilla japonica (anguilliformes, anguillidae).the complete mitochondrial genome of anguilla japonica have been determined in this study. the gene composition, arrangement and transcriptional orientation in a. japonica mitogenome were identical to those of most vertebrates. the complete mitogenome of a. japonica was 16,615 bp in size wih 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes and a control region. two start codon patterns and three stop codon patterns were found in protein-coding genes. only the trna-ser2 could not fold into a ...201625010074
corrigendum to "novel dna virus isolated from samples showing endothelial cell necrosis in the japanese eel, anguilla japonica" [virology 412 (2011) 179-187]. 201627825474
differential expression of skin mucus c-type lectin in two freshwater eel species, anguilla marmorata and anguilla japonica.two types of lactose-specific lectins, galectin (ajl-1) and c-type lectin (ajl-2), were previously identified in the mucus of adult anguilla japonica. here, we compared the expression profiles of these two homologous lectins at the adult and juvenile stages between the tropical eel anguilla marmorata and the temperate eel a. japonica. only one lectin, predicted to be an orthologue of ajl-1 by lc-ms/ms, was detected in the mucus of adult a. marmorata. we also found that an orthologous gene to ajl ...201627026508
prolongation of somitogenesis in two anguilliform species, the japanese eel anguilla japonica and pike eel muraenesox cinereus, with refined descriptions of their early development.the embryonic development of the japanese eel anguilla japonica and pike eel muraenesox cinereus was morphologically investigated with laboratory-reared specimens to clarify the characteristics of somitogenesis. in a. japonica, somites were first observed at 18 h post fertilization (hpf) when epiboly reached 90%. somitogenesis progressed at a rate of 1·6 h(-1) at mean ± s.d. 22·6 ± 0·7° c and completed at 107 hpf (3 days post hatching; dph) when total number of somites (st) reached 114, which co ...201728097653
assessment of neuronal cell based cytotoxicity of neurotoxins from an estuarine nemertean in the han river estuary.a heteronemertean, yininemertes pratensis was collected in han river estuary, south korea. this estuarine nemertean has been known for harmful effects by the local fishermen to the glass eels, juveniles of japanese eels anguilla japonica, migrating to fresh water. the present study confirmed the neurotoxic effects of this heteronemertean ribbon worm at the cellular level. 5, 11-dideoxy ttx (288 m/z) and 11-norttx-6(s)-01 (m/z 305.97), derivative types of neurotoxic ttx, were identified through h ...201728081357
a combination mode of climate variability responsible for extremely poor recruitment of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica).satellite data and assimilation products are used to investigate fluctuations in the catch of japanese eel (anguilla japonica) in eastern asian countries. it has been reported that the salinity front has extended farther south, which has shifted the eel's spawning grounds to a lower latitude, resulting in smaller eel catches in 1983, 1992, and 1998. this study demonstrates that interannual variability in the eel catch is strongly correlated with the combination mode (c-mode), but not with the el ...201728300135
comparative evaluation of dietary probiotics bacillus subtilis wb60 and lactobacillus plantarum kctc3928 on the growth performance, immunological parameters, gut morphology and disease resistance in japanese eel, anguilla japonica.the current experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two different probiotics bacillus subtilis wb60 and lactobacillus plantarum kctc3928 in diet of japanese eel, anguilla japonica. seven experimental diets were formulated to contain no probiotics (con), three graded levels of b. subtilis at 10(6) (bs1), 10(7) (bs2), 10(8) (bs3) and l. plantarum at 10(6) (lp1), 10(7) (lp2), 10(8) (lp3) cfu/g diet. twenty fish averaging 8.29 ± 0.06 g were distributed in to 21 aquaria and w ...201728034835
ribose operon repressor (rbsr) contributes to the adhesion of aeromonas hydrophila to anguilla japonica mucus.the characterization of adhesion between pathogenic bacteria and the host is critical. pathogenic aeromonas hydrophila was shown to adhere in vitro to the mucus of anguilla japonica. to further investigate the adhesion mechanisms of a. hydrophila, a mini-tn10 transposon mutagenesis system was used to generate an insertion mutant library by cell conjugation. seven mutants that were impaired in adhesion to mucus were selected out of 332 individual colonies, and mutant m196 was the most severely im ...201728127946
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