Publications

maintaining zebu maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali. ii. epidemiological considerations.	scheduled monitoring of tsetse and other biting flies at tienfala forest, republic of mali from december 1979 until june 1981 yielded more than 14,500 specimens. comparisons of the monthly totals of tsetse and other biting flies with the monthly incidence of bovine trypanosomiasis in sentinel cattle suggested that biological transmission by a single riverine species of tsetse, glossina palpalis gambiensis, accounted for most if not all disease transmission at the study site. the data obtained al ...	1986	3705173
parasite kinetics and immune responses in efferent prefemoral lymph draining skin reactions induced by tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense.	localised skin reactions (chancres) occurred on the flanks of cattle at the sites of deposition by tsetse flies of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. marked enlargement of the draining prefemoral lymph nodes accompanied the development of the skin reactions. lymph from these nodes was collected through polyethylene cannulae inserted into the efferent lymphatics, and examined for trypanosomes, cells and antibody content. within 6-9 days after infected tsetse fly bite, trypanosomes were d ...	1986	3705421
hybrid formation between african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission.	trypanosomes of the species trypanosoma brucei reproduce primarily by binary fission, but the frequency of enzyme electrophoretic variants in natural populations of t. brucei has provided indirect evidence for the existence of a sexual cycle. these studies, coupled with studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, have also provided evidence for t. brucei being diploid. here we report direct evidence of gene exchange between two different clones of t ...	1986	3724860
infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues.	metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ...	1986	3735153
studies on the biochemical basis of the nutritional quality of tsetse fly diets.	batches of freeze-dried pig and cow blood, whose nutritional value to g. p. palpalis ranged from low to near optimum, were analysed for amino acid, triglyceride and cholesterol content. the results of the chemical analyses were compared with the nutritional quality parameters observed when each batch of blood was fed to g. p. palpalis in an attempt to establish a chemical basis for the nutritional quality of diets for glossina. in general, those pig or cow blood diets that had a higher nutrition ...	1986	2868828
characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man.	four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ...	1986	2872784
independent expression of the metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	the variable antigen repertoire expressed by metacyclic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is not influenced by the anamnestic expression whereby the variable antigen type (vat) ingested by a tsetse fly is present at high levels in early bloodstream populations of fly-infected mice. this has been demonstrated by feeding to glossina morsitans a trypanosome line expressing a vat which is normally a component of the metacyclic repertoire. the vat did not constitute a significantly increased proportion ...	1986	3960594
analysis of trypanosome variable antigen types in cultures of metacyclic and mammalian forms of trypanosoma congolense.	cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense display a characteristic repertoire of metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats) similar to that exhibited in vitro in the tsetse fly. there appeared to be no change in expression of m-vats in cultures of two stocks of t. congolense even after several passages, cryopreservation or long-term cultivation in vitro. metacyclic forms transformed into mammalian forms when transferred to cultures of bovine aorta endothelial cells and whilst one stock ...	1986	3528995
species identification of blood-meals from tsetse flies (glossinidae): results 1979-1985.	results from species identification of almost 6,000 tsetse fly blood-meals are reported. regarding glossina palpalis and g. pallidipes, it was shown that the preference of tsetse flies for certain host species differed according to the sampling area. consequently, results from blood-meal identification are to be interpreted with this point in view.	1986	3704476
[the pyramidal trap for collecting and controlling tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). comparative trials and description of new collecting technics].	the pyramidal trap, currently being used in the congo by the public health service, is between two and five times more efficient than the biconical trap in this country. this is the case in particular for collecting the sleeping sickness vector species glossina palpalis palpalis and g. fuscips quanzensis. its simple and robust construction makes this trap ideally suitable for the large scale control of tsetse flies. its efficiency and ease of transport make it useful for the biologist and the ep ...	1986	3704477
interference between different serodemes of trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse.	when domestic ruminants cyclically infected with trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. goats infected with tsetse-transmitte ...	1986	3748602
efficacy of ivermectin on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (glossinidae: diptera).		1986	3755883
opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly.	in order to examine the possible effects of ecdysteroids on parturition, we studied in vitro the influence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the motility of isolated uterus from virgin and pregnant female tsetse fly (glossina fuscipes). ecdysone initiates phasic uterine contractions or enhances the frequency of preexisting contractile activity. in contrast, uterine contractions are decreased or abolished by 20-hydroxyecdysone. pharmacological data indicate that tsetse fly uterus exhibits myo ...	1986	3796208
lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of glossina morsitans centralis.	rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. these responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. saliva components from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. separated salivary components were transferred to nitro ...	1986	3811131
trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion.	genetic exchange may occur between two particular trypanosoma brucei clones simultaneously transmitted by the same tsetse fly. we report here that this exchange takes place in the fly, through nuclear fusion. the resulting hybrids appear to be sub-tetraploid, some particular dna sequences from one of the parental stocks being lost before enough cloned hybrid trypanosomes could be harvested for dna analysis. a further reduction of the dna content of these hybrids occurs gradually upon growth and ...	1986	3830130
properties of a novel dna virus from the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes.	virus particles were isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes collected near mombasa, kenya. purified virus particles were rod-shaped, 57 nm wide by 700 to 1300 nm long. particle lengths fell into two size classes, with 'short' particles averaging 869 nm and 'long' particles 1175 nm. the virus particles morphologically resembled elongated baculovirus nucleocapsids although, unlike baculoviruses, no fully enveloped virions were found in purified preparati ...	1986	3950581
immunological approaches to the control of animal trypanosomiasis.	control of african trypanosomiasis relies heavily on attempts to eliminate the tsetse fly vectors, and the use of trypanocidal drugs which are not entirely satisfactory. but the prospects for immunological control have a long history - since the last century, explorers and settlers in africa have progressively exposed their horses and cattle to tsetse bites (a process known as 'salting') in an attempt to build up some degree of immunity to the disease. more recently, immunologists and biochemist ...	1986	15462812
genetics and trypanotolerance.	genetic resistance to disease and its use in domestic livestock usually ranks last, if at all, amongst preferred disease control measures - usually preceded by measures such as chemotherapy, vector control and vaccination. thus, interest in genetic resistance is often a reflection of dissatisfaction with other control strategies, and the current emphasis on trypanotolerant cattle in africa is just such a case. eighty years of tsetse fly eradication programmes have had little impact on tsetse dis ...	1987	15462937
[a new glossina from the congo: glossina (austenina) frezili sp. nov. (diptera: glossinidae)].	the male and female genitalia of glossina frezili sp. nov., a new tsetse fly occurring in the mangrove forest of the congo and gabon are described. g. frezili is related to g. medicorum but clearly distinct from this species by its habitat and the morphology of the genitalia.	1987	3629143
a novel arrangement of sequence elements surrounding the rdna promoter and its spacer duplications in tsetse species.	variation in organization and sequence of the rdna of six species of tsetse fly (glossina) has been investigated. several novel tsetse-specific features have been uncovered. like many other species the spacer is composed of subrepeats, which in some species contain duplications of the true promoter at the spacer-ets boundary. in tsetse, however, the first 90 base-pairs of the external transcribed spacer (ets) (that is, +1 to +90 after transcription initiation) is the 3' end of the last subrepeat ...	1987	3656412
cell adhesion in trypanosoma: in vitro studies of the interaction of trypanosoma vivax with immobilized organic dyes.	certain bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to amicon matrex gel green a dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of t. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. we now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. the b ...	1987	3430412
peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation dynamics during trypanosoma congolense infection in boran and n'dama cattle: an analysis using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) with specificities for bovine leucocyte subsets were used in conjunction with routine haematological procedures to analyse sequential changes in peripheral blood leucocyte populations during the course of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant n'dama and trypanosusceptible boran cattle. subsequent to the first parasitaemic wave, the n'dama cattle maintained packed cell volumes (pcv) above 22 and lower levels of parasitae ...	1987	3496577
geographical distribution of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g.p.palpalis in liberia.	the two subspecies of glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) occurring in liberia could be reliably separated morphometrically by measuring the width of the terminal dilatations of the male inferior claspers. subspecies differentiation of female flies was less conclusive. identification of flies from fifty-four sites revealed that most of liberia lies in the belt of glossina palpalis palpalis. however, pure and substantial populations of g.p.gambiensis vanderplank occur north of 8 degrees 20'n in ...	1987	2979551
tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence.	a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ...	1987	3029668
immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans.	midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ...	1987	2885369
dose and stage dependency for the development of local skin reactions caused by trypanosoma congolense in goats.	intradermal inoculation of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense propagated in vitro caused skin reactions in goats similar to the local skin reaction (chancre) induced by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. the onset, size and duration of these local skin reactions were dose-dependent. whereas one cultured metacyclic t. congolense was sufficient to cause a local skin reaction in a goat, over 10(7) bloodstream forms of t. congolense were necessary to elicit a detectable skin reaction and wh ...	1987	2892366
the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans.	when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ...	1987	2892368
[modification of the behavior of glossina palpalis palpalis linked to the swine fever epizootic of 1982 in a congolese village].	a swine fever epizootic decimated the pig herds in villages within the yamba focus of human trypanosomiasis. ecological studies of glossina palpalis palpalis populations were carried out in one of the villages for four years following the disappearance of the pigs, which had been the principal nutritive host of the glossina in the area. one important behavioural modification occurred, namely the establishment of a small peridomestic tsetse population. the flies deserted the patches of residual f ...	1987	2892369
tsetse ecology in a liberian rain-forest focus of gambian sleeping sickness.	investigations on tsetse ecology were undertaken in bong county of liberia during the dry season, october 1981 to february 1982, around villages where the human infection rate with trypanosoma brucei gambiense dutton was about 2%. most tsetse captured in biconical traps were glossina palpalis robineau-desvoidy and g. pallicera bigot, with relatively few g. fusca walker and g. nigrofusca newstead. swamps and water-gathering places were predominant habitats of all four species, but tsetse were als ...	1987	2979539
tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement.	literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ...	1987	2473378
expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of trypanosoma brucei.	the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly (glossina spp.). trypanosomes ingested by the fly undergo a number of changes in the insect midgut during differentiation to procyclic forms. these include the loss of the variant specific glycoprotein (vsg) coat and the appearance of a common set of procyclic surface antigens. in order to investigate genes other than vsg genes which are expressed only at certain stages of the life cycle, the first ...	1987	3808022
differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei.	two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. the stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. two-dimensional gels of 35s-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained w ...	1987	3572842
onset of expression of the variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly studied using immunoelectron microscopy.	the acquisition of the variant surface glycoprotein (variable antigen) coat by metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, has been studied in situ by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against metacyclic variable antigen types and complexed with horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold. the coat is acquired after binary fission has ceased but while the parasite is still attached to the gland epit ...	1987	3654788
culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosoma brucei express common proteins.	proteins expressed by culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosomes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. analysis of the proteins of the two forms of procyclic organisms was performed by comparison of autoradiographs of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels prepared using [35s]methionine-labelled parasites. only eight spots were found to differ between autoradiographs of culture form and tsetse fly midgut form parasites. seven of these di ...	1987	3696176
prevalence of enlarged salivary glands in glossina palpalis, g. pallicera, and g. nigrofusca (diptera: glossinidae) from the vavoua area, ivory coast.		1987	3035182
import of fructose bisphosphate aldolase into the glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei.	the glycolytic enzymes of trypanosomatids are compartmentalized within peroxisome-like microbodies called glycosomes. fructose bisphosphate aldolase is synthesized on free polysomes and imported into glycosomes within 5 min. peptide mapping reveals no primary structural differences between the in vivo-synthesized protein and that made in vitro from a synthetic template. however, native aldolase from glycosomes is partially protease resistant, whereas the in vitro translation product is not. puls ...	1987	3320052
a model of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis.	the data needed to develop analytical models of trypanosomiasis transmission have become available only recently. by making some simplifying assumptions, models of the dynamics of the disease in vector, cattle and wild mammal populations can be constructed in order to determine criteria for successful disease control by mass and targetted chemotherapy, and by vector control. the heterogeneity in transmission due to tsetse fly feeding preferences and the variability of immunological characteristi ...	1988	3362578
prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in south-west zambia.	a trypanosomiasis survey was conducted in south-west zambia. from a total of 3,346 cattle sampled 342 cattle showed a positive trypanosomiasis parasitaemia. during the survey trypanosome species and pcv values were also recorded. with simple statistical analysis populations with higher and lower prevalence rates were differentiated. the results indicated that the kwando river basin tsetse fly belt and the kafue river basin tsetse fly belt infested a larger area than originally assumed and that a ...	1988	3400114
juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ...	1988	2980157
effects of flumethrin pour-on against glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera, glossinidae).	1920 males and females of glossina palpalis gambiensis were fed 3 times on a zebu treated with flumethrin pour-on. this resulted in a significant increase of the mortality and abortion rate of the flies. the fly-specific effects of flumethrin pour-on were time-dependent: clear effects on the performance of the flies were observed during the first 20 days after treatment of the zebu; an initial 90% "knock down" effect decreased to 40% during the first 15 days.	1988	3175470
effect of ivermectin and isometamidium chloride on glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae).		1988	3178326
loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly.	a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ...	1988	3194363
viruslike particles in glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae).		1988	3240012
procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes.	an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ...	1988	2464763
trials of compounds to enhance trap catches of glossina palpalis palpalis in liberia.		1988	2980175
[the use of sentinel animals for the evaluation of the control of vectors of sleeping sickness: preliminary reports at a congolese site].	a large-scale control trial against glossina palpalis palpalis was carried out in the congo using a new trapping technique. in the same way a test related to the experimental utilization of sentinel animals was performed, concurrently to the classical epidemiological and entomological evaluation. 564 domestic animals (pigs, sheep, goats) were examined parasitologically (wet blood films, woo/hct) and serologically (testryps catt) in six villages. when a drastic reduction of tsetse populations was ...	1988	2907260
[house effect and family contamination in sleeping sickness: interpretative trial of the phenomenon. study of 3 congolese foci].	a review is given of the different hypotheses concerning the concentration of trypanosomiasis cases at the house or family level: 1. mechanical transmission by haematophagous insects. 2. interrupted feeding of a tsetse fly with cyclic infection on different people. 3. family biological factor. these hypotheses are used as a introduction to an epidemiological field study in three congolese foci. whereas their distribution among village districts is random, patients are significantly aggregated at ...	1988	3059954
evolution of the secondary structures and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal rnas of drosophila melanogaster.	this paper examines the effects of dna sequence evolution on rna secondary structures and compensatory mutations. models of the secondary structures of drosophila melanogaster 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and of the complex between 2s, 5.8s, and 28s rrnas have been drawn on the basis of comparative and energetic criteria. the overall au richness of the d. melanogaster rrnas allows the resolution of some ambiguities in the structures of both large rrnas. comparison of the sequence of expansion segmen ...	1988	3136295
biology of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly.	african trypanosomes present several features of interest to cell biologists. these include: a repressible single mitochondrion with a large mass of mitochondrial dna, the kinetoplast; a special organelle, the glycosome, which houses the enzymes of the glycolytic chain; a surface coat of variable glycoprotein which enables the parasite to evade the mammalian host's immune response; and a unique flagellum-to-host attachment mechanism associated with novel cytoskeletal elements. trypanosome develo ...	1988	3067793
detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae).	the study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, g. palpalis palpalis. the possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed.	1988	3198018
use of oven-dried blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies.	comparison of the survival, fecundity and offspring size of glossina palpalis palpalis females fed reconstituted oven-dried blood, fresh, frozen/thawed, or reconstituted freeze-dried blood showed that oven-drying at 45 degrees c does not diminish the nutritional quality of blood. the significance of this finding is discussed with a view to optimizing costs and conditions of blood-diet storage and transportation in the context of mass-rearing of tsetse flies.	1988	3416999
tsetse immunity and the transmission of trypanosomiasis.	cyclical transmission of african trypanosomes - trypanosoma congolense and subspecies of t. brucei - depends on their uptake by and development within their tsetse fly vectors. tsetse susceptibility to such trypanosome infection seems to be controlled by maternally inherited rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) (fig. 1) and it now seems that the rlos may exert this effect by controlling midgut lectins in the fly. ian maudlin and susan welburn explain the latest findings.	1988	15463060
a new method for isolating trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients.	low infectivity to laboratory mammals and low virulence make trypanosoma brucei gambiense difficult to isolate and grow in amounts sufficient for biochemical characterization. we report the isolation of t.b. gambiense by feeding cryopreserved primary isolates to laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans, followed by rapid cultivation in vitro of procyclic forms dissected from infected tsetse fly midguts. this technique allows the characterization of hitherto unsampled populations and avoids ...	1989	2617625
a single trypanosome is sufficient to infect a tsetse fly.		1989	2604482
[a community battle against a tropical endemic disease: supernatural beliefs and tsetse fly traps in the congo].	community participation in the control of tropical diseases is of major importance nowadays, particularly for sleeping sickness (gambian trypanosomiasis). indeed, the authoritarian measures used with success to control this disease during the colonial period are difficult to apply now. moreover, in the congo, cultural and financial restrictions are such that patients sometimes refuse treatment. thus, it has become highly desirable for vector control to be carried out at the same time as the trea ...	1989	2734626
effects of gamma irradiation on the midgut ultrastructure of glossina palpalis subspecies.	in the sterile insect technique, insects are sterilized prior to release in areas where they are pests. the sterile males compete for and with fertile wild individuals for mates, thus reducing the population's reproductive rate. tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations have been eradicated after release of laboratory-bred flies sterilized by gamma irradiation. however, no studies exist on radiation-induced damage to the midgut morphology and function of the radiation-sterilized insects. after g. p ...	1989	2727263
the trypanosome surface glycoprotein procyclin is expressed only on tsetse fly vector stages of the parasite.		1989	2616568
tropical pyomyositis associated with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a europid.	a 29-year-old european woman became infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in the luangwa valley, zambia. six days after the initial presentation of this infection she developed evidence of tropical pyomyositis (tp). these diseases, both of which are rare in europids, were satisfactorily treated. the pathogenesis of tp, which is nearly always caused by staphylococcus aureus, is undetermined. it seems possible that in this case either (i) both infections were introduced simultaneously by a ...	1989	2603212
[the determination of the geographical boundaries between two subspecies of tsetse flies in the ivory coast: glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy, 1830) and g.p.gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949)].	the biometric analysis of the male genitalia of glossina palpalis palpalis and glossina palpalis gambiensis about samples caught along four bits of road in côte d'ivoire permitted to determine the geographic limit between both subspecies. g. p. palpalis is everywhere in the guinean area whereas g. p. gambiensis is found in the sudanese one. in the wet savanna, both subspecies live together and mate to give out a reduced number of hybrids.	1989	2544980
review of tsetse control measures taken in the lambwe valley in 1980-1984.	during an outbreak of rhodesian sleeping sickness in the lambwe valley in 1980 initial tsetse control measures consisted of applications of dieldrin to the periphery of the ruma national park. this activity had a marked effect on the prevalence of sleeping sickness. concern about the use of dieldrin caused the cessation of this programme and justified an aerial spray programme using endosulfan. although the lambwe valley did not appear to be a good candidate for aerial spray, the endosulfan had ...	1989	2619385
natural and acquired resistance to trypanosoma vivax in cattle.	zebu x european (z x e) crossbred cattle suffered a more severe course of disease than boran cattle when infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans. all z x e animals in this study required berenil treatment while all borans self-cured the infection without treatment. the more severe disease in z x e animals was characterized by longer periods of patent infection and fever, more severe anaemia and greater likelihood of haemorrhage. cattle previously infected and cured with be ...	1989	2619393
effects of flumethrin pour-on against glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera, glossinidae) during releases in a fly proof stable.	2000 males and females of glossina palpalis gambiensis were released in the presence of a zebu treated with flumethrin pour-on in a fly proof stable. from the first day after treatment until day 15, the flies were released at intervals of two days. the mortalities were highest during the first five days after treatment. with the exception of the first two releases the "knock down" effects were distinctly higher than the corresponding mortalities, ranging between 60% and 100% during the observati ...	1989	2623434
procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei.	in the mammalian host, the unicellular flagellate trypanosoma brucei is covered by a dense surface coat that consists of a single species of macromolecule, the membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfvsg). after uptake by the insect vector, the tsetse fly, bloodstream-form trypanosomes differentiate to procyclic forms in the fly midgut. differentiation is characterized by the loss of the mfvsg coat and the acquisition of a new surface glycoprotein, procyclin. in this study, the chan ...	1989	2645304
trypanosome sociology and antigenic variation.	survival of the trypanosome (trypanosoma brucei) population in the mammalian body depends upon paced stimulation of the host's humoral immune response by different antigenic variants and serial sacrifice of the dominant variant (homotype) so that minority variants (heterotypes) can continue the infection and each become a homotype in its turn. new variants are generated by a spontaneous switch in gene expression so that the trypanosome puts on a surface coat of a glycoprotein differing in antige ...	1989	2682484
a history of sleeping sickness in kenya.	gambian sleeping sickness entered what is now kenya from uganda in about 1901 and quickly spread along the kenyan shores and islands of lake victoria, reaching tanzania in 1902. by 1910 the disease had spread 25 miles inland along the kuja and migori rivers and their tributaries. sleeping sickness waxed and waned in these areas despite attempts to control tsetse fly populations by various methods. it was not until 1950, when the use of insecticides (ddt) applied by backpack sprayer proved succes ...	1989	2694984
evidence for diploidy in metacyclic forms of african trypanosomes.	the dna contents of bloodstream form trypanosomes (life cycle stages circulating in the blood of the vertebrate host) of four african trypanosoma species and of metacyclic forms (the life cycle stage that is injected into the vertebrate by the tsetse fly during its bite) of the same four species were measured by cytofluorometry of individual cells or nuclei. the results showed unambiguously that the metacyclic forms cannot be considered to be products of meiosis containing only half of the dna o ...	1989	2748597
trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site.	the arrest of variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) synthesis is one of the first events accompanying the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms into procyclic forms, which are characteristic of the insect vector. this is because of a very fast inhibition of vsg gene transcription which occurs as soon as the temperature is lowered. we report that this effect is probably not controlled at the level of transcription initiation, since the beginning of the vsg gene expression site, ab ...	1989	2779574
high frequency of antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections.	rates at which trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomes switch from expression of one variable antigen type (vat) to that of another have been determined in cloned populations that have been recently tsetse-fly transmitted. switching rates have been determined between several, specific pairs of vats in each population. high rates of switching were observed in 2 cloned trypanosome lines, each derived from a separate cyclical transmission of the same parental stock and each expressing a differe ...	1989	2797873
problems of field testing theoretical models: a case study.	the problems of field-testing models are discussed with reference to a population simulation model for the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen developed by us at nguruman in southwestern kenya. model predictions showed a reasonable fit to the changes in the biconical trap index of population size, but tended to overestimate some changes and underestimate others. a more rigorous test for the model is to manipulate one of the population parameters and compare model predictions with the observed ...	1989	2802817
vector susceptibility to african trypanosomes.	susceptibility of tsetse fly to trypanosome depends on two distinct barriers controlling respectively colonization of midgut and, migration to salivary glands. those barriers are modulated by barely known factors, pertaining to the physiological status of the fly as well as to cytoplasmic and nuclear inheritance. quantification of colonization (p) and migration (m) rates provides a way to calculate intrinsic vectorial capacity (ivc) as a product ivc = p x m, and to undergo comparative analysis o ...	1989	2802818
passive transfer of humoral resistance against adults of the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae), in rabbits.	the possibility of passive transfer of rabbit humoral immunity against tsetse fly bites was investigated for the first time. partial immunity of recipient animals was achieved after two intravenous injections of 15 ml of serum from immunized (donor) rabbits during 48 hrs. this treatment induced an apparent increase of resistance in the passively immunized group of rabbits expressed as direct mortality ("killing effect") of sucking flies within the following 72 hr period. the immunological state ...	1989	2488053
the roles of vision and olfaction in mate location by males of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	the roles of visual and/or olfactory stimuli in eliciting mating responses from male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were examined, using a system for automatically recording the number and duration of mating strikes made towards decoys, under controlled conditions. the results confirm that there is no olfactory component of the female sex recognition pheromone sensed by the male antennae, and the attraction of males to females appears to be visual. the absence of male-male mating strikes ...	1989	2519658
implications of genetic exchange in the study of protozoan infections.	genetic exchange is now known to occur during the life-cycle of many parasitic protozoa, including malaria parasites, coccidia and trypanosomes. the process is studied by making deliberate crosses between cloned organisms differing in clearly defined markers. in malaria parasites, crosses have been made between parasites differing in characters such as isoenzymes, antigens and other proteins, drug sensitivity, and chromosome and other dna polymorphisms. crosses are made by transmitting a mixture ...	1989	2573031
the effect of intersubspecific hybridization and gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) and glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank.	the closely related tsetse fly subspecies glossina palpalis palpalis (nigeria origin) and glossina palpalis gambiensis (burkina faso origin) hybridize readily in the laboratory. hybridized g.p.palpalis females produced less offspring than the parental intrasubspecific crosses. adult emergence was below 70% with at least 78% being females. most female hybrids were fertile whereas most of the male hybrids were sterile when backcrossed to the g.p.palpalis parental line. all f1 males were capable of ...	1990	2222007
surface carbohydrate differences of glossina salivary glands and infectivity of trypanosoma brucei gambiense to glossina.	incubation of fluorescein- and biotin-lectin conjugates with the salivary glands of glossina spp has revealed inter- and intraspecific variation in the surface carbohydrates of the glands. the degree of con a binding to the basal laminae of the glands of the two glossina palpalis subspecies, g.p. palpalis and g.p. gambiensis was markedly different. the infectivity of t.b. gambiense sensu lato isolates to g.p. palpalis and g.p. gambiensis was compared. g.p. gambiensis from the field and from labo ...	1990	2369168
specific probes for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) evansi based on kinetoplast dna minicircles.	trypanosoma evansi is difficult to distinguish from other members of subgenus trypanozoon, save for its inability to develop cyclically in the tsetse fly and its characteristic kinetoplast dna (kdna). we have used cloned kdna minicircle fragments as specific probes to distinguish t. evansi from other trypanosomes of subgenus trypanozoon. two probes were required, each specific for one of the subgroups of t. evansi previously described. probe a reacted only with the major isoenzyme group of t. ev ...	1990	2163493
[the trapping of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). improvement of a model: the vavoua trap].	the control of tsetse flies with traps needs a decrease of their cost/efficiency. in the forest belt of côte d'ivoire, the research on glossina palpalis palpalis behaviour allows to propose a new model of trap, the "vavoua" trap, issued from the biconical and the pyramidal traps, with a similar efficiency but a twice lower cost (1139 f cfa without manpower, i.e. 3.55 us $, respectively 6.68 and 6.98 us $ for the biconical and the pyramidal). this trap has an upper cone (polyamide mosquito net) o ...	1990	2166330
monitoring tsetse fly populations. ii. the effect of climate on trap catches of glossina pallidipes.	in part i it was shown that the sampling distribution of trap catches of tsetse flies, glossina pallidipes austen, at nguruman, kenya, using unbaited biconical traps follows a poisson distribution. in this paper we examine the effect of humidity and temperature on day-to-day and seasonal variations in the trap catches. it is shown that the seasonal variation is significantly correlated with maximum daily temperature, the catches increasing with temperature when the maximum temperature is below 3 ...	1990	2132982
trypanosoma brucei: a membrane-associated protein in coated endocytotic vesicles.	membrane proteins were isolated from purified trypanosoma brucei coated endocytotic vesicles by phase separation with triton x-114. the largest abundant membrane protein was a doublet band with a molecular mass of about 77 kda. a specific antiserum was prepared against this protein by immunization with antigen bands excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoblot analyses with this antiserum showed that the 77-kda protein was present in other t. brucei, in t. congolense, and ...	1990	2404779
duplicative activation mechanisms of two trypanosome telomeric vsg genes with structurally simple 5' flanks.	in the mammalian bloodstream, african trypanosomes express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes from a family of long and complex telomeric expression sites. vsg switching generally occurs by the duplication of different vsg genes into these sites by gene conversion involving a series of 70 base pair (70bp) repeats in the 5' flank. in contrast, when vsg is first synthesised by trypanosomes in the tsetse fly at the metacyclic stage, a separate set of telomeric expression sites is activated. t ...	1990	2175429
[east african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense infection) in 2 swiss travelers to the tropics].	we report on two swiss travellers who acquired african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense) the same day while visiting the akagera park in rwanda. the first patient developed clinical signs of sleeping sickness 8 days after being bitten by a tsetse fly. trypanosomes were demonstrated in the blood and csf. the other patient fell ill 13 days after the bite and trypanosomes were found only in blood samples. the first patient (cerebral trypanosomiasis), was treated with melarsoprol. he devel ...	1990	2218457
[relation between tsetse fly density and bovine trypanosomiasis: the case of n'dama cattle ranching (louboulou, congo)].	the authors report the results of an entomo-parasitological survey in the state ranch of louboulou, bouenza region, congo. over a period of more than five months, the average tsetse density was 0.2 glossina palpalis palpalis captured per day and trap. although some specimens of glossina fusca congolensis were also captured, the density of the latter species was quite insignificant. no trypanosomiasis was detected among the n'dama cattle of the ranch, as a result of 114 blood samples collected fo ...	1990	2263746
experimental infection of n'dama cattle with trypanosomes using glossina palpalis gambiensis caught in the wild.	the transmissibility of trypanosome infection to n'dama cattle by tsetse flies caught in the field was examined. wild-caught glossina palpalis gambiensis were transferred singly into small numbered cages and allowed to feed on 14 uninfected n'dama cattle. following a completed feed the tsetse were dissected and infection in the proboscis, the salivary glands and the gut was recorded. each animal was bitten by a number of tsetse ranging from five up to 64 flies. following dissection of the tsetse ...	1990	2321260
community participation in the control of tsetse flies. large scale trials using the pyramid trap in the congo.	an experiment of glossina palpalis control was carried out by rural communities in 55 villages of the niari river sleeping sickness focus (bouenza region, republic of the congo). it was based on the use of a new trap, not requiring insecticide impregnation, in which the captured glossina are preserved. the results show that this simple, cheap trap is an effective method of control, resulting in a considerable decrease in the tsetse population and is easily operated by the villagers. screening su ...	1990	2339247
identification of midgut trypanolysin and trypanoagglutinin in glossina palpalis sspp. (diptera: glossinidae).	a midgut trypanolysin and an agglutinin from glossina palpalis subspecies were isolated and partially characterized using anion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. fplc fractions of midgut extracts of glossina palpalis palpalis caused agglutination and lysis of two trypanosome species (trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei), although glossina palpalis gambiensis caused only agglutination. the trypanolysin and agglutinin were active only in the posterior ...	1990	2092294
monitoring tsetse fly populations. i. the intrinsic variability of trap catches of glossina pallidipes at nguruman, kenya.	during 1986 the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen was monitored daily at nguruman, southwestern kenya, using three unbaited biconical traps. this was done to investigate the nature and causes of daily variation in trap catches. the variability of the observed catches was compared to a model which includes the trapping probability and the stochastic variation in the sex-ratio. by comparing the catches of male and female flies we are able to establish the sampling distribution of the trap catc ...	1990	2132981
genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and developmentally regulated expression of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c of trypanosoma brucei.	the surface of the bloodstream form of the african trypanosome, trypansoma brucei, is covered with about 10(7) molecules of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), a protein tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) membrane anchor. this anchor is cleavable by an endogenous gpi-specific phospholipase c (gpi-plc). gpi-plc activity is down regulated when trypanosomes differentiate from the bloodstream form to the procyclic form found in the tsetse fly vector. we have ...	1990	1688997
genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei.	the discovery of genetic exchange in african trypanosomes belonging to the trypanosoma brucei group is an important development in our understanding of these organisms. genetic exchange is a feature of major importance in relation to population structure and speciation. furthermore, a convenient laboratory-based mating system would be of considerable value as a tool in trypanosomiasis research. it is now known that although cyclical development of trypanosomes within the tsetse fly does not requ ...	1990	15463300
trypanosoma vivax in glossina palpalis gambiensis do not appear to affect feeding behaviour, longevity or reproductive performance of the vector.	feeding behaviour of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank infected with trypanosoma vivax ziemann was studied and compared with that of uninfected control tsetse. the parameters measured were: total number of probes into the ear-skin of rabbits; rate of bloodmeal engorgement; weight of freshly ingested blood; survival; and mean weight of pupae. the results showed that the rosettes of t.vivax parasites in the labrum did not interfere with the feeding behaviour of the vectors. furthermore, mea ...	1991	1768899
anatomy of the parp gene promoter of trypanosoma brucei.	while growing in the tsetse fly, trypanosoma brucei expresses a major surface glycoprotein, the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). the parp genes are transcribed by an alpha-amanitin-resistant rna polymerase. we have determined the sequence requirements for parp promoter activity. studies of rna produced from input dna in transiently transfected trypanosomes indicate that the rna is correctly processed by trans-splicing and polyadenylation. deletion analyses show that 330 bp are suffici ...	1991	1840521
[vectorial capacity of glossina palpalis gambiensis (bobo dioulasso) for trypanosoma brucei brucei eatro 1125].	a total of 440 teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis received one single bloodmeal on a guinea pig infected chronically with trypanosoma brucei brucei eatro 1125. metacyclic infections were present in 11.29% of the flies, in 2.32% infections were limited to procyclical stages. no significant difference in vectorial capacity was observed between male and female flies, the level of metacyclic infections being 13.19% in the former and 9.55% in the latter. the parasitaemia level, the percentage of st ...	1991	1843825
an outbreak of streptococcus pyogenes infection associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in guinea pigs (cavia porcellus).	an outbreak of streptococcus pyogenes infection occurred in a colony of 800 dunkin-hartley guinea pigs resulting in 364 (46%) deaths involving breeders, sucklings, weaners, but mainly adults used as a source of blood meals for haematophagus flies (glossina palpalis). clinical signs included bleeding from the nose, mouth and vagina before death. necropsy revealed pneumonia with consolidation of one or both lungs, haemopericardium and haemothorax. there were yellowish-grey deposits in the urinary ...	1991	1857101
the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in uda sheep.	the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in eight uda rams was studied. all the infected animals became parasitaemic 2 days post-inoculation and remained so throughout the study period. a three-phase disease pattern was recognized, i.e. acute, subacute and chronic stages lasting 17-85 days. the disease was characterized by fever and a terminal decrease in rectal temperature despite an increase in parasitaemia with time for rams with acute and subacute infections. mean weight loss w ...	1991	1882495
[infection of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae) by trypanosomes in the forest zone of gagnoa in the ivory coast].	2,153 glossina palpalis palpalis caught in biconical traps from different biotopes in relation with human activities in the forest areas of côte d'ivoire were used to calculate the trypanosome infection rates. the results showed that there was no preferential biotope for glossina infected by trypanosomes. the most widespread species of trypanosomes infecting glossina p. palpalis is t. congolense (10.13%) followed by t. vivax (8.22%) and seldomly by t. brucei (0.70%). female glossina are infected ...	1991	1665576
surface coat synthesis and turnover from epimastigote to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei.	monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic surface coat glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 247lg were produced for a study of the synthesis of metacyclic variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) within the salivary gland of glossina morsitans morsitans, and of the first exchange of the surface glycoproteins after infection in mice. immunofluorescence antibody tests and protein a-gold labelling revealed that the vsgs are continuously integrated into the whole surface of the trypanosome while i ...	1991	1686146
expression and deletion analysis of the trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cysteine protease in escherichia coli.	trypanosoma brucei, the cause of african sleeping sickness, differentiates in the mammalian bloodstream from a long, slender trypanosome into a short, stumpy trypanosome. this event is necessary for infection of the tsetse fly and maintenance of the life cycle. we have previously shown that the stumpy form contains 10- to 15-fold-greater cysteine protease activity than either the slender form or the insect midgut procyclic, and we have isolated a cdna encoding the protease. in order to determine ...	1991	1997411
studies on the efficacy of deltamethrin applied to cattle for the control of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in southern africa.	the tsetse fly (glossina spp.) inhabits 11 million km2 of africa (greekmore, 1989) where it is responsible for the transmission of trypanosomosis to man and animals. because of its slow rate of reproduction, with females producing only four to five pupae per annum, control of the tsetse fly is the best means of controlling trypanosomosis. a number of different methods have been and are used but, whilst successes have been achieved, a long term solution has not been found.	1991	1796525
investigation of the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on for the control of high tsetse and trypanosomiasis challenge in kenya.	the effects of bi-weekly flumethrin pour-on treatments at 1 mg kg bodyweight on tsetse fly population and trypanosome infection rates were monitored over a one-year period (2/89-2/90) in 2000 head of cattle on a trial farm, located in the lamu district in east kenya, an adjacent control farm and a transsecting road for additional fly monitoring. the tsetse fly population on the trial farm dropped from pretreatment counts of 118 flies/trap/week (feb. 1989) to 13 in june 1989 and 32 in jan. 1990. ...	1991	1896770
structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	1. the major protein in the milk gland secretions of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and crystallization. 2. it has a native mr approximately 47,000 and is composed of two identical polypeptide chains (mr approximately 21,000) as determined by chemical cross-linking studies. the protein has no covalently-bound carbohydrates or lipids. amino acid analysis of the protein revealed relatively high amounts of the aromatic am ...	1991	1790673
secondary structure constraints on the evolution of drosophila 28 s ribosomal rna expansion segments.	eukaryotic ribosomal rna genes contain rapidly evolving regions of unknown function termed expansion segments. we present the comparative analysis of the primary and secondary structure of two expansion segments from the large subunit rrna gene of ten species of drosophila and the tsetse fly species glossina morsitans morsitans. at the primary sequence level, most of the differences observed in the sequences obtained are single base substitutions. this is in marked contrast with observations in ...	1991	1904940