Publications

impact of a nematode-parasitic fungus on the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes.	the impact of the nematode-parasitic fungus hirsutella rhossiliensis on the effectiveness of steinernema carpocapsae, s. glaseri, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora against galleria mellonella larvae was assessed in the laboratory. the presence of hirsutella conidia on the third-stage (j3) cuticle of s. carpocapsae and h. bacteriophora interfered with infection of insect larvae. conidia on the j3 cuticle of s. glaseri and on the ensheathing second-stage cuticle of h. bacteriophora did not reduce ...	1992	19283194
simple in vivo production and storage methods for steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles.	methods are described for standardized in vivo production, rapid harvest, and storage, in a concentrated form, of infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema carpocapsae mexican strain kapow selection. nematodes were stored in nematode wool configurations, consisting of mats of intertwined infective juveniles. freshly harvested nematodes are readily available in adequate quantities for laboratory and small-scale field evaluations as well as cottage industry production.	1993	19279758
interactions between nematodes and earthworms: enhanced dispersal of steinernema carpocapsae.	dispersal of the nematode steinernema carpocapsae (all strain), applied on the top or the bottom of soil columns, was tested in the presence or absence of two earthworm species, lumbricus terrestris or aporrectodea trapezoides. nematode dispersal was estimated after a 2-week period with a bioassay against the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. vertical dispersal of nematodes was increased in the presence of earthworms. when nematodes were placed on the surface of soil columns, significantly ...	1993	19279757
induction kinetics of immune antibacterial proteins in pupae of galleria mellonella and pieris brassicae.	1. pupae of galleria mellonella and pieris brassicae given an injection with live, non-pathogenic enterobacter cloacae or abiotic foreign molecules induce an acquired immunity that corresponds with the synthesis of haemolymph proteins of antibacterial activity. 2. this humoral defensive response which persists for several days, differs quantitatively between insect species and between the inducers used, although very different foreign bodies induced the same immune proteins in both lepidopteran ...	1993	8243062
further observations on the induction of immunity by hemolymph transfer in galleria mellonella.	humoral immune responses of galleria mellonella larvae were provoked by transfer of hemolymph lysate supernatant preparations (hls) from untreated donor larvae to recipient larvae. eighteen hours after transfer the antibacterial activity in cell-free hemolymph of recipient larvae was as high as after injection of high dosages of living enterobacter cloacae beta 12 bacteria. filtration of hls (fhls; 0.2 microns filter) prior to injection enhanced its induction capacity. injection of fhls concentr ...	1993	8375564
toxicity and pathology of crude broth filtrate produced by hirsutella thompsonii var. thompsonii in shake culture.	metabolic products secreted by the fungal mycelia of hirsutella thompsonii var. thompsonii (cbs 556.77d) in a defined culture broth in shake culture were tested for toxicity to galleria mellonella larvae and drosophila melanogaster adults via injection and per os application, respectively. in addition, the toxic effect of broth filtrate was observed in vitro in a cell line of bombyx mori. czapek-dox broth fortified with 1% yeast extract stimulated more rapid mycelial growth and correspondingly m ...	1993	8463709
biological control of the pecan weevil, curculio caryae (coleoptera: curculionidae), with entomopathogenic nematodes.	steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) strain a11, s. feltiae (filipjev) strain sn, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar strains hp88 and georgia were tested for their efficacy as biological control agents of the pecan weevil, curculio caryae (horn), in pecan orchard soil-profile containers under greenhouse conditions. percentage c. caryae parasitism by s. carpocapsae and h. bacteriophora strain hp88 and georgia was consistently poor when applied either prior to or following c. caryae entry into t ...	1993	19279746
quantification of invasion of two strains of steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) into three lepidopteran larvae.	studies with last instar larvae of the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith), the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel), and the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella (l.) were used to quantify the invasive ability of two strains (all and mexican) of steinernema carpocapsae and to determine how factors in the bioassay procedure affect both nematode invasion and host mortality. nematode invasive ability was variable, with 10-50% of nematodes successfully infecting the host. the p ...	1993	19279755
natural occurrence of entomogenous nematodes in tennessee nursery soils.	to isolate potential insect biocontrol agents, entomogenous nematodes were surveyed in tennessee plant nurseries in 1991. soil samples from 113 nursery sites were baited with greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) larvae, house cricket (acheta domesticus) adults, lesser mealworm (alphitobius diaperings) adults, and house fly (musca domestica) larvae. heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernema carpocapsae were each recovered from 17 soil samples. heterorhabditis bacteriophora was more common i ...	1993	19279756
survey of heterorhabditidae and steinernematidae (rhabditida, nematoda) in western canada.	a survey was done in the summer months along the alaska highway, in other parts of british columbia, in northern alberta, and in the yukon territory for steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes occurring in the top 10 cm of soil. steinernema feltiae and steinernema spp. were found at 18 and heterorhabditis megidis at 7 sites of 125 sampled. most nematodes were found where visible insect infestation occurred and where human influence on the habitat was substantial (e.g., agricultural, foreste ...	1993	19279830
stability and activities of antibiotics produced during infection of the insect galleria mellonella by two isolates of xenorhabdus nematophilus.	xenorhabdus nematophilus subsp. dutki, an entomopathogenic bacterium, is vectored by steinernematid nematodes into insects, where it produces broad-spectrum antibiotics. the use of the nematode-bacterium complex against soil-dwelling pest insects could introduce antibiotics into the soil via the dead insect fragments during the emergence phase of the nematodes. studies on the stability and activities of these antibiotics produced in the insect galleria mellonella may contribute to assessing the ...	1994	16349198
plaque assay and replication of tipula iridescent virus in spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cells.	a plaque assay was developed for the study of tipula iridescent virus (tiv) replication using a cell line derived from the fall army worm spodoptera frugiperda (sf9). infection and plaque formation were monitored with time by phase contrast microscopy, video and fluorescent light microscopy. structure of virions, viroplasmic centres and organelles of infected cells were examined by transmission electron microscopy (tem). after 4 h postinfection, plaques were visibly detected within the cell mono ...	1994	7839010
isolation and characterization of a hemocyte aggregation inhibitor from hemolymph of manduca sexta larvae.	a protein that inhibits hemocyte aggregation has been isolated from hemolymph of manduca sexta larvae and named hemocyte aggregation inhibitor protein (haip). haip has a m(r) = 50,000, pi = 8.5, and contains 7% carbohydrate. it is present at 230 +/- 20 micrograms/ml in hemolymph of day 3 fifth instar larvae. antibodies to haip do not cross-react with m. sexta hemolin, which is similar in size and charge and also inhibits hemocyte aggregation. haip and hemolin have some similarity in amino acid c ...	1994	7949257
isolation and developmental expression of the ecdysteroid-induced ghr3 gene of the wax moth galleria mellonella.	three degenerate primers were designed to match the most conserved regions within the dna-binding domains of several selected members of the steroid hormone receptor family. use of these primers in the polymerase chain reaction with cdna from galleria mellonella prepupae detected a 177 bp fragment that had 87% identity to the manduca sexta gene mhr3 and 75% to the drosophila melanogaster dhr3 gene, and therefore was named "ghr3". screening of a galleria penultimate instar cdna library with this ...	1994	7981726
interaction of mutants of xenorhabdus nematophilus (enterobacteriaceae) with antibacterial systems of galleria mellonella larvae (insecta: pyralidae).	xenorhabdus nematophilus mutants that took longer to kill insects than did the wild type were used to determine the relationship of the physicochemical properties and outer membrane composition to bacterial interaction with the antibacterial systems of galleria mellonella larvae and to bacterial virulence. insect serum slowed the growth of the wild-type and mutant bacteria. this was attributed to increased spheroplast formation for the mutants. spheroplast formation was associated with an increa ...	1994	8012904
adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of galleria mellonella extract in rats and frogs.	pharmacological and metabolic effects of galleria mellonella larvae extract used in russian folk medicine to treat cardiovascular and senile diseases were studied. it was shown that the extract possesses adaptogenic, cardiotropic, cardioprotective, and hypocoagulant properties. the extract possesses low toxicity and does not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters in the blood serum of laboratory animals. increase in catecholamine content in the heart and aortic tissues and their dec ...	1994	8027932
gallysin-1, an antibacterial protein isolated from hemolymph of galleria mellonella.	an inducible hemolysin with antibacterial properties was isolated from the hemolymph of immune galleria mellonella larvae. the galleria-derived lysin, named gallysin-1, was shown to have an apparent molecular weight of 75,000 and to be relatively heat stable at 56 degrees c. although gallysin alone was not bactericidal it caused sufficient damage of the outer cell membranes of pseudomonas aeruginosa rp4 and escherichia coli k176 to release beta-lactamase from the periplasm. in the presence of ei ...	1994	8050612
asthma caused by live fish bait.	larvae of insects and worms are commonly used as live fish bait (lfb) by anglers. asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and urticaria related to various kinds of lfb have been reported.	1994	8120269
effects of eight brighteners as solar radiation protectants for steinernema carpocapsae, all strain.	seven commercially available blankophor fluorescent brighteners were compared with the standard tinopal lpw as solar radiation protectants for steinernema carpocapsae (all strain). blankophor bbh and tinopal lpw were the most successful uv screens, with 95% of the original nematode infectivity to larvae of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, retained after 4 hours of exposure to direct sunlight. the blankophor hrs and dml preserved 80 and 85% infectivity, and the p167 preserved 70% infect ...	1994	19279965
granular formulations of steinernema carpocapsae (strain all) (nematoda: rhabditida) with improved shelf life.	shelf life (nematode survival) of steinernema carpocapsae (strain all) nematodes at 21 c in "pesta" granules, made by a pasta-like process, was increased from 8 to 26 weeks by incorporating low concentrations of formaldehyde. pesta samples containing an average of 427,000 nematodes/g were prepared with wheat flour (semolina or bread flour), kaolin, bentonite, peat moss, nematode slurry, and formaldehyde (0-1.4% w/w) and were dried to a water content of 23.6-26.9%. nematodes emerged from pesta (s ...	1994	19279903
isolation, characterization and developmental expression of the ecdysteroid-induced e75 gene of the wax moth galleria mellonella.	using the cdna for the drosophila ecdysteroid-induced member of the steroid-hormone-receptor superfamily, e75a, we isolated a genomic clone from galleria mellonella that revealed 77% similarity with the region of e75a cdna encoding the c-terminal zinc-finger motif. a galleria cdna clone was isolated that encoded a complete dna-binding domain composed of two zinc fingers and designated gme75a. its deduced amino acid sequence showed 100% and 85% identities within the dna-binding and ligand-binding ...	1994	8174547
nucleotide sequence, structure and developmental regulation of lhp82, a juvenile hormone-suppressible hexamerin gene from the waxmoth, galleria mellonella.	we cloned and sequenced a composite cdna corresponding to the 2.6 kb last instar-specific, juvenile hormone-suppressible lhp82 mrna from galleria mellonella. the identity of the cdna was confirmed by n-terminal amino acid sequencing of the purified lhp82 subunit. in addition, we sequenced all coding regions and most of the intronic dna as well as 1300 nucleotides of 5' flanking dna from the lhp82 gene. the eight exons of the lhp82 gene specify a pre-protein of 706 residues, including the signal ...	1994	8111425
purification and characterization of a flavin-binding storage protein from the hemolymph of galleria mellonella.	the 85k storage protein that accumulates in the hemolymph of galleria mellonella during the final larval instar was isolated and purified from newly molted pupae. the separation of fresh hemolymph proteins from larvae or pupae by different chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures indicated the native protein had a m(r) of 170,000 and consisted of two identical 85k subunits. crosslinking experiments using fresh hemolymph followed by western blotting also indicated a dimeric structure for th ...	1994	8292819
chemical composition of north american bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (lepidoptera: pyralidae).	bee propolis is a sticky amalgamation of plant resins collected by honeybees (apis mellifera l.) and used in the hive for filling cracks and repairing combs. propolis contains a diversity of compounds of plant origin, and is reported to have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic properties. we examined the physical and chemical composition of north american samples of bee propolis from several sites in north america and tested for bioactivity against larvae of the greater wax mo ...	1994	24242670
effects of temperature and dietary lipids on phospholipid fatty acids and membrane fluidity in steinernema carpocapsae.	the phospholipid composition of steinernema carpocapsae was studied in relation to diet and culture temperature. when reared at 18 and 27.5 c on galleria mellonella or on an artificial diet supplemented with lard, linseed oil, or fish oil as lipid sources, nematode phospholipids contained an abundance of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids, with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n - 3)) predominant, regardless of the fatty acid composition of the diet. because the level of linolenic acid (18:3(n - 3 ...	1994	19279893
light-chain fibroin of galleria mellonella l.	the posterior section of galleria mellonella silk glands contains two abundant mrnas that are identical except for the non-coding tail, which includes either two (1.1 kb mrna) or three (1.2 kb mrna) consensus sequences for polyadenylation sites. the transcripts are 40% homologous in the coding as well as non-coding regions with the mrna encoding light-chain fibroin (l-fibroin) in bombyx mori; the deduced translation product shows 43% identity with the bombyx l-fibroin peptide, with all three cys ...	1995	7715595
the effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of heterorhabditids.	the effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of five heterorhabditis isolates was examined in galleria mellonella larvae. infectivity was examined at six temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees c). the proportion of galleria infected remained relatively constant, only dropping at extremes of the temperature range tested. however, the mean number of nematodes per host produced a different trend, with each isolate displaying optimal infectivity at 25 degrees c. the t ...	1995	8583129
extraction and characterization of the insecticidal toxin hirsutellin a produced by hirsutella thompsonii var. thompsonii.	hirsutellin a (hta) produced by hirsutella thompsonii var. thompsonii (strain jab-04) was extracted and purified using a combination of ion-exchange, gel-permeation, and immunoaffinity chromatography. the identity of the purified hta was confirmed by amino acid analysis and n-terminal sequencing. monoclonal antibodies prepared against hta were capable of detecting 25-50 ng of hta by direct sandwich elisa. in addition, utilizing western blot methods, the antibodies were shown to be specific to ht ...	1995	8574903
density-dependent effects on steinernema glaseri (nematoda: steinernematidae) within an insect host.	increasing densities of steinernema glaseri infective juveniles (ijs) in soil affected penetration efficiency and reproduction of the nematodes in larvae of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. the penetration efficiency and the proportion of penetrated ijs developing to adults decreased significantly with increasing numbers of ijs present in the soil and entering the hosts, respectively. the number of progeny produced/host cadaver initially increased, with the highest production being betw ...	1995	7472882
separation of oviposition-stimulating peptides and myotropic factors from head extracts of galleria mellonella l.: comparative effects of myotropic and non-myotropic factors on egg laying.	methanolic extracts from heads of the wax moth, galleria mellonella l. contain several factors that stimulate oviposition of virgin females in vivo and spontaneous contractions of the oviduct in vitro of the cricket, gryllus bimaculatus. the myotropic and egg-laying activities behaved distinctly during all steps of purification, including fractionation on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. a novel neuropeptide was isolated from galleria mellonella. the peptide does not increas ...	1995	7622672
fatty acid profiles of invertebrate iridescent viruses.	eight invertebrate iridescent viruses (ivs) from diverse host taxa were grown in a common lepidopteran host, galleria mellonella. the lipid composition of purified virus was assessed by fatty acid methyl esterase (fame) analysis using a gas-liquid chromatograph. iv fatty acid profiles were markedly different from those of the host tissues. the interrelationships among the ivs did not follow previous serological and genetic findings. we conclude that fame analysis is not a useful technique for re ...	1995	7605209
analysis of ecdysteroid action in malacosoma disstria cells: cloning selected regions of e75- and mhr3-like genes.	ipri-md-66 (md-66) cells respond to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e, 4 x 10(-6) m) in the medium by producing cytoplasmic extensions, clumping and attaching themselves to the substrate. these morphological changes are at a maximum by 6 days post treatment. degenerate oligonucleotides, designed on the basis of conserved amino acid sequences in the dna and ligand binding regions of the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, were used in rna-pcr to isolate two cdna fragments, malacosoma disst ...	1995	7627201
multicellular-vesicle-promoting polypeptide from trichoplusia ni: tissue distribution and n-terminal sequence.	an n-terminal amino acid sequence of a 16.9 kda hemolymph polypeptide, "vesicle promoting factor" (vpf) from trichoplusia ni, revealed a high sequence homology (70%) with manduca sexta apolipophorin-iii. a polyclonal antibody developed against vpf, however, was not immunoreactive with either purified m. sexta or t. ni apolipophorin-iii. immunoblots of tissue homogenates of t. ni indicated that vpf was present in imaginal wing discs, central nervous system (cns), silk glands, midgut and hemocytes ...	1995	7655058
hirsutellin a, a toxic protein produced in vitro by hirsutella thompsonii.	a toxic protein, hirsutellin a, has been purified from the mite fungal pathogen, hirsutella thompsonii, using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration on bio-gel p-10. the protein has been characterized as a monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kda and an isoelectric point of 10.5. the amino acid composition and the n-terminal sequence of hirsutellin a (34 amino acids) have been determined. from these results, the toxin appears to be distinct from other know ...	1995	7670635
expression cloning and characterization of a pupal cuticle protein cdna of galleria mellonella l.	epidermal mrna of freshly ecdysed pupae of galleria mellonella was used to establish a cdna library in phage lambda gt11. a cdna clone was isolated by means of a pupal cuticle protein (pcp) specific antibody. nucleic acid sequence data show an insert of 1212 bp with an open reading frame of 1062 bp. the presence of start, stop, and polyadenylation sites suggests, that this insert represents a full length transcript. conceptual translation resulted in a protein of 353 amino acids including a sign ...	1995	7773255
biochemical characterization and agglutinating properties of xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 fimbriae.	xenorhabdus spp., entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family steinernematidae, occur spontaneously in two phases. only the phase i variants of xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 expressed fimbriae when the bacteria were grown on a solid medium (nutrient agar; 24 and 48 h of growth). these appendages were purified and characterized. they were rigid, with a diameter of 6.4 (plusmn) 0.3 nm, and were composed of 16-kda pilin subunits. the latter were synthesized and ass ...	1995	16535079
the prophenoloxidase from the wax moth galleria mellonella: purification and characterization of the proenzyme.	a prophenoloxidase (ppo) was purified from the hemolymph of the larvae of galleria mellonella. a 135-fold purification of the proenzyme with 25% yield was achieved by a combination of different chromatographic methods. an alternative micropreparation of pure ppo by a novel method for native electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel is also described. the molecular mass of the native ppo was estimated to be 300 kda by the pore-limit gradient electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. in the presence of s ...	1995	8580908
purification and characterization of lysozyme from hemolymph of heliothis virescens larvae.	lysozyme is an important antibacterial protein in the insect defense system. lysozyme was isolated from hemolymph of heliothis virescens larvae using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. heliothis lysozyme had a molecular mass of 16,000 daltons by sds-page. using acid gel electrophoresis, heliothis lysozyme migrated faster than egg white lysozyme. the pi of heliothis lysozyme was estimated as greater than 9.5. heliothis lysozyme had specific bactericidal activity against three gram-po ...	1996	8607795
ecology of anti-microbials produced by bacterial associates of steinernema carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora.	based on the ability of bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes to produce antibiotic compounds on artificial media, it has been commonly accepted that xenorhabdus sp. and photorhabdus sp. inhibit a wide range of invading microorganisms in insects infected with steinernema spp. or heterorhabditis spp. therefore, the question of whether antibiotic compounds produced by the primary form of bacterial symbionts associated mutualistically with s. carpocapsae and h. bacteriophora explain wh ...	1996	8684829
rapid changes in thermal sensitivity of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to selection at temperature extremes	entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae, steinernematidae) are lethal insect parasites that have a symbiotic association with bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae. we evaluated the changes in thermal sensitivity of two nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernema anomali. the nematodes were genetically selected, together with their respective symbiotic bacteria, at nematodes' reproductive thermal niche breadth extremes, 15° and 30°c, by repeated passage ...	1996	8812571
peptide rgds inhibits the fibronectin-enhanced phagocytosis of yeast cells by galleria mellonella hemocytes in vitro.		1996	8858912
evidence for glycosylation of the juvenile-hormone-binding protein from galleria mellonella hemolymph.	the juvenile-hormone-binding protein (jhbp) from galleria mellonella hemolymph, which is a member of the high-affinity/low-molecular-mass group of jhbp proteins, was found to be glycosylated. glycosylation was confirmed by the following evidence. carbohydrate gas-liquid chromatography analysis of the purified jhbp preparations showed the presence of a low amount of sugars (man and glcnac were the major components). the jhbp electrophoretic band blotted onto nitrocellulose was stained with glycot ...	1996	9022705
expression of ecdysteroid-regulated transcripts in the silk gland of the wax moth, galleria mellonella.	expression of six different transcripts encoding members of the nuclear receptor superfamily was studied in whole silk glands of the wax moth, galleria mellonella, during development and in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) and juvenile hormone (jh ii) in vitro. nucleic acid probes specific to galleria homologs of the drosophila e75 early gene and the delayed early gene dhr3 were used to follow mrnas encoding isoforms a and b of the e75 protein and ghr3 protein, respectively. among these mrna ...	1996	24173588
effects of two carbamates on infective juveniles of stemernema carpocapsae all strain and steinernema feltiae umeå strain.	laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of two carbamates, carbofuran (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) and fenoxycarb (a juvenile hormone analog), on survival and infectivity of the infective juveniles (ij) of steinernema feltiae umeå strain and steinernema carpocapsae all strain. both insecticides caused mortality of ij in a dose-related fashion. the two nematode species were equally sensitive to fenoxycarb (ld ca. 0.03mg/ml). whereas ij of s. feltiae were several orders ...	1996	19277148
isolation, characterization and complete nucleotide sequence of a galleria mellonella cdna coding for the follicle cell-specific yolk protein, yp4.	an ovariole-specific yolk polypeptide cdna from galleria mellonella was isolated from a cdna library constructed using vitellogenic ovariole poly (a)+ rna, by differential screening with the ovariole and day-0 male pupal poly (a)+ rna. the ov11 cdna hybridized to a 1.1 kb message from the ovariole but not from male pharate adults, ovariectomized pharate adults or day-5 last instar larvae. developmental northern analysis showed that this message is expressed only during vitellogenic stages. in si ...	1996	8969466
allatotropin released by the brain controls larval molting in galleria mellonella by affecting juvenile hormone synthesis.	monoclonal antibodies were raised against a protein fraction which was purified from larval brains of galleria mellonella and which was shown to stimulate the corpora allata to synthesize juvenile hormone in vivo as well as in vitro. immunoblot analysis revealed that one polypeptide band of 20 kda was specifically recognized. two pairs of median neurosecretory cells of the brain and the cells of the corpus cardiacum were demonstrated to be immunoreactive to the antibodies. our results sustain th ...	1996	8735930
influence of low temperature on the synthesis of some galleria mellonella proteins.	in developing galleria mellonella larvae (reared at 30 degrees c) three proteins of 74, 76 and 81/82 kda were identified. they represent a group of storage proteins (lhp proteins). in galleria larvae, the development of which is arrested by low temperature (18 degrees c), accumulation of the 74, 76 and 81/82 kda proteins was detected in the hemolymph. the synthesis of 74 kda and 76 kda proteins started after 24 h, and that of about 80 kda after 96 h following the transfer of larvae from 30 degre ...	1996	9104500
immunoaffinity purification of juvenile hormone-binding protein from galleria mellonella hemolymph.	previously described methods of purification of hemolymph juvenile hormone-binding protein (hjhbp) from lepidoptera were tedious and required multiple steps. these methods resulted in low protein yield (kramer et al., 1976; goodman et al., 1978; peterson et al., 1982; park et al., 1993; ozyhar & kochman, 1987). in this report a simple method of purification of hjhbp from galleria mellonella (l.) larvae is described. monoclonal antibodies against hjhbp were obtained and crosslinked to cnbr-activa ...	1996	9104496
host recognition behaviour predicts host suitability in the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae (rhabditida:steinernematidae).	steinernema carpocapsae (rhabditida: steinernematidae) host recognition behaviour was assessed and compared with 2 measures of host suitability. previous research showed that s. carpocapsae infective juveniles respond to host cues in a hierarchical order, with attraction to galleria mellonella volatiles being stimulated by contact with g. mellonella cuticle. we measured host recognition behaviour by calculating the percentage response of s. carpocapsae infective juveniles to volatiles produced b ...	1996	8939054
comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematode species for control of colorado potato beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	we compared the efficacy of 2 endemic strains of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from hermiston, or, with that of 3 exotic nematode species for control of colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata (say). in laboratory experiments, the exotic heterorhabditis species were more pathogenic to colorado potato beetle than were the endemic heterorhabditis strains. exotic steinernema species were less pathogenic to colorado potato beetle than the exotic heterorhabditis species. no colorado p ...	1997	9461847
destruxin analogs: variations of the alpha-hydroxy acid side chain.	this work describes the synthesis of three destruxin e cyclodepsipeptidic analogs. these compounds have an identical amino acid sequence but differ by the nature of the hydroxy acid residue with is 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic (hpp), 2-hydroxy-5-trimethylsilyl-4-pentynoic (hpy-tms) and 2-hydroxy-4-pentynoic (hpy) acid, respectively. the insecticidal properties on the galleria mellonella larvae (paralysis and lethal effect) of these analogs are presented in comparison with the natural destruxin e. ...	1997	9273893
presence of sialic acid in prothoracic glands of galleria mellonella (lepidoptera).	the presence of sialic acid (sa) in prothoracic glands (pgs) of galleria mellonella was determined by the methods of electron microscopy (em), histochemistry, spectrophotometry (sp) and electronic ionization (ei)-mass spectroscopy. histochemical observations were carried out by the cationic dye ruthenium red (rr), staining with and without neuraminidase digestion in the larval stage. neuraminidase-sensitive sa was demonstrated by the decrease in the amount of rr-binding following neuraminidase d ...	1997	18627822
effects of infected insects on secondary invasion of steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes.	factors affecting 'invasion efficiency' of steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes into hosts were elucidated. the phenomenon that only part (10-40%) of the nematode population invades the target host has been recorded in many studies. it has been mainly ascribed to differences in the ability of individual nematodes to infect. in the present study the effect of an infected host, the wax moth galleria mellonella, on subsequent infection of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema carpocapsae ...	1997	9172429
the effects of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors on prophenoloxidase activation, phagocytosis and cell spreading in galleria mellonella.	the invertebrate immune system produces melanotic nodules in response to bacterial infections and this has previously been shown to be mediated by eicosanoids. nodulation occurs in two phases: the first involves hemocyte degranulation and activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade; the second involves formation of a cellular capsule by attachment and spreading of hemocytes. we demonstrate that inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis affect both of these phases of nodulation in galleria mellonella. ...	1997	12769924
a new small rna virus persistently infecting an established cell line of galleria mellonella, induced by a heterologous infection.	a persistent infection in a galleria mellonella cell line was revealed when infected with a maize stem borer picorna-like virus isolated on sesamia cretica (msbv). the new virus, completely different from the msbv, is designated as g. mellonella cell line virus (gmclv), induces spectacular cytopathic effects, and is also considered efficient in vivo. the gmclv is a 29-nm-diameter isometric virus, with single-strand rna of 2.9 x 10(6) da molecular weight with a poly(a) tract. its capsid is consti ...	1997	9028922
mechanisms of specificity of association between the nematode steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacterium.	we suggest a new mechanism for the maintenance of specificity of the association between the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacteria. we evaluated the development and reproduction of infective and non-infective juvenile s. scapterisci in monoxenic combinations with its symbiotic bacteria, xenorhabdus sp. 's' and with the bacterial symbiont of steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema riobravis. although development of non-infective stages occurred on all xenorh ...	1997	9149419
pathogenicity of axenic steinernema feltiae, xenorhabdus bovienii, and the bacto-helminthic complex to larvae of tipula oleracea (diptera) and galleria mellonella (lepidoptera).	the pathogenicity of the nematode-bacterium complex steinernema feltiae-xenorhabdus bovienii to larvae of tipula oleracea and galleria mellonella was investigated by injection of dauer juvenile nematodes carrying their bacterial symbiont cells (monoxenic nematodes). axenic nematodes (free of bacteria) and the symbiotic bacteria themselves were tested. the lc50 of x. bovienii in t. oleracea was 15,700 colony forming units (cfu)/larva compared to < or = 8 cfu in g. mellonella. xenorhabdus bovienii ...	1997	9170346
assay for phenoloxidase activity in amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, and ixodes scapularis.	phenoloxidase activity in amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, and ixodes scapularis was assayed. no phenoloxidase activity was detected compared to high activity through time in larvae of the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella). we conclude that activated prophenoloxidase does not act as an opsonin in ixodid ticks tested to date.	1997	9194851
mechanical work as a determinant of prey-handling behavior in the tokay gecko (gekko gecko).	in this study an in vitro analysis of the force and mechanical work required to bite prey items of different size and physical character is combined with an in vivo analysis of prey-handling behavior in the tokay gecko (gekko gecko). the force required to bite and the work of biting increase with prey size, but the rate of increase is prey specific, with crickets (acheta domestica) requiring substantially more force and work per bite than larvae (galleria mellonella and manduca sexta) for all bu ...	1997	9231392
characterization of hemolytic and cytotoxic gallysins: a relationship with arylphorins.	gallysin-1, an inducible effector protein in the protective response of galleria mellonella larvae is a 75 kda component of hemolytically active material (ham) isolated from immune cell-free hemolymph. the sequence of the first 20 n-terminal amino acids of the antibacterial protein gallysin-1 is identical to the predicted sequence of the first 20 amino acids of the galleria arylphorin lhp76 (larval hemolymph protein 76). a murine monoclonal antibody to the 20 amino acid n-terminal peptide of gal ...	1997	9258607
isolation, inoculation to insect host, and molecular phylogeny of an entomogenous fungus paecilomyces tenuipes.	a parasitic fungus to moth larvae and pupae, paecilomyces tenuipes, was isolated and cultured on liquid and agar media. fruit bodies, or synnemata, with characteristics of p. tenuipes were successfully formed on the agar medium. when pupae of wax moth, galleria mellonella, were incubated with the conidia, all the pupae were infected and the synnemata were formed out of them. almost the entire length of 18s rdna of p. tenuipes was amplified by pcr and directly sequenced. molecular phylogenetic an ...	1997	9367727
haemolymph proteins of larvae of galleria mellonella detoxify endotoxins of the insect pathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophilus (enterobacteriaceae).	haemolymph of non-vaccinated galleria mellonella larvae contains two proteins, lbp-1 (17.2kda) and lbp-2 (26.0kda) that:bond to the surfaces of the insect pathogenic bacteria, xenorhabdus nematophilus;prevented lipid a-binding dye attaching to the lipid a of x. nematophilus endotoxin; andreduced endotoxin activity on the haemocytes.protein lbp-1 also blocked the inhibition of prophenoloxidase activation by the endotoxins. it is proposed that proteins lbp-1 and lbp-2 are part of the containment r ...	1997	12770474
effects of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae and its secondary metabolites on morphology and cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes isolated from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella.	the effects of metarhizium anisopliae infection and three different secondary metabolites released by the fungus, destruxin a and e and cytochalasin d, on the morphology and cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella were studied. plasmatocytes isolated from m. anisopliae infected larvae exhibited impairment of attachment, spreading and cytoskeleton formation accompanied with the occurrence of blebbing and pycnotic nuclei. plasmatocytes treated with destruxin in vi ...	1997	12770487
growth-mediated variations in fatty acids of xenorhabdus sp.	the bacterium xenorhabdus sp. is symbiotically associated with the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema riobravis. this nematode is produced in monoxenic culture with xenorhabdus sp. and is sold as a biological insecticide. acceptable yields in fermentors can only be achieved in the presence of vigorous growth of the bacterium. we investigated the fatty acid composition of xenorhabdus species when grown at 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees c on media containing one of two primary carbon sources: glucose ...	1997	12455899
isolated apolipophorin iii from galleria mellonella stimulates the immune reactions of this insect.	apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) was isolated from the haemolymph of last instar larvae of galleria mellonella. the ultraviolet (u.v.) spectrum and the n-terminal amino acid sequence reveal high similarities with the apolp-iii from manduca sexta. the protein is heat-stable. the molecular mass of apolp-iii was determined to be 18 077 da using mass spectrometry. the heat treatment (90 degrees c, 30 min) resulted in a pi shift from 6.6 for the non-heated to 6.1 for the heat-treated apolp-iii without c ...	1997	12769900
insect larvae contain substances toxic to adults: the discovery of paralysins.	acidic methanolic extracts of larvae of nine different insect species were found to contain substances that cause a lethal effect in the adult stage of the same species and of other species. these endogenous toxic substances, apparently being widely spread over the class of insects, were designated as paralysins, because of their immediate and observable paralytic effect upon injection. the developmental concentration curves of five different species of insects (galleria mellonella (lepidoptera) ...	1998	12770158
generation and properties of a luminescent insect pathogen xenorhabdus nematophilus (enterobacteriaceae).	studies on the interaction of the insect pathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophilus (enterobacteriaceae), with its nematode and insect hosts would be greatly assisted if a luminescent phenotype were generated that would allow the detection of viable bacteria in vivo without the necessity for disruption of the cellular interactions. the plasmid, pmgm221, containing the luminescence gene (luxcdabe) of vibrio harveyi was introduced into different strains (dd136 and 19061) and phases (one and tw ...	1998	12501420
the pnk/pnl gene (orf 86) of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus is a non-essential, immediate early gene.	autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) orf 86, located within the hindiii c fragment, potentially encodes a protein which shares sequence similarity with two t4 bacteriophage gene products, rna ligase and polynucleotide kinase. this acmnpv gene has been designated pnk/pnl but has yet to be assigned a function in virus replication. it has been classified as an immediate early virus gene, since the promoter was active in uninfected insect cells and mrna transcripts were detectable fr ...	1998	9519844
isolation and entomotoxic properties of the xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 lecithinase.	xenorhabdus spp. and photorhabdus spp., entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with nematodes of the families steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae, respectively, were shown to produce different lipases when they were grown on suitable nutrient agar. substrate specificity studies showed that photorhabdus spp. exhibited a broad lipase activity, while most of the xenorhabdus spp. secreted a specific lecithinase. xenorhabdus spp. occur spontaneously in two variants, phase i and phase i ...	1998	9647801
hemagglutinating properties of apolipophorin iii from the hemolymph of galleria mellonella larvae.	in search for factors that cause encapsulation of foreign bodies in insect hemolymph we discovered that larval hemolymph of galleria mellonella caused aggregation of mammalian erythrocytes. the hemagglutinating agent was identified as an 18-kda protein that did not react with lectins. the sequence of 81 amino acids in three protein fragments and the properties of the protein revealed that it was galleria homologue of apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii). apolp-iii was found in high amounts in the hemol ...	1998	9658557
in vitro and in vivo characterization of a small-colony variant of the primary form of photorhabdus luminescens md (enterobacteriaceae)	a small-colony variant (vsm) of the primary form (vp) of photorhabdus luminescens md from in vitro and in vivo cultures is described. unlike the primary form, vp, the vsm variant is not the preferred diet of its nematode symbiont, a heterorhabditis sp., does not support development and reproduction of the nematode, and is less pathogenic than vp to galleria mellonella larvae. vsm cells were carried by 25% of infective juveniles, but they comprised a very low percentage ( approximately 0.4%) of t ...	1998	9726862
active resistance of entomophagous rhabditid heterorhabditis bacteriophora to insect immunity.	a specific extracellular proteinase, degrading selectively the cecropin-based defence system of insects, is secreted into the larval body during parasitism of the greater wax moth by the heterorhabditis bacteriophora/photorhabdus luminescens complex and by phase 1 of p. luminescens. the proteolytic digestion of insect inducible cecropin-like immune molecules was demonstrated by the disappearance of the galleria mellonella cecropins and purified hyalophora cecropin b peptide page bands upon expos ...	1998	9774783
antimicrobial activity of exocrine glandular secretions, hemolymph, and larval regurgitate of the mustard leaf beetle phaedon cochleariae	larvae and adults of the mustard leaf beetle phaedon cochleariae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) possess exocrine glands with secretions which are used in defense against predators. this study addressed the question whether these defensive secretions also display antimicrobial activity. additionally, the effects of larval and adult hemolymph and larval regurgitate toward microorganisms were examined. the larval glandular secretion showed growth-inhibitory activity against the gram-negative bacterium ...	1998	9784354
the structure of an insect parvovirus (galleria mellonella densovirus) at 3.7 a resolution.	parvoviruses infect vertebrates, insects and crustaceans. many arthropod parvoviruses (densoviruses) are highly pathogenic and kill approximately 90% of the host larvae within days, making them potentially effective as selective pesticides. improved understanding of densoviral structure and function is therefore desirable. there are four different initiation sites for translation of the densovirus capsid protein mrna, giving rise to the viral proteins vp1 to vp4. sixty copies of the common, c-te ...	1998	9817847
use of almond mesocarp for production of the entomopathogenic fungus verticillium lecanii.	almond mesocarp (am) has been evaluated for production of verticillium lecanii. microbial flora of am has been studied. after ground am dilution plating, 5.3 x 10(5) +/- 2.6 x 10(4) fungal cfu.g-1 of dry am were found. common fungal saprophytes (rhizopus sp. and alternaria spp.) were found in more than 80% of the samples. aspergillus sp. and yeasts were found less commonly. rhizopus sp., alternaria spp., and aspergillus sp. inhibited growth of several v. lecanii; therefore, am was treated with s ...	1998	9851027
growth inhibitory effect of juvenile hormone analogues on epimastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi.	several compounds, structurally related to the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb, exhibited interesting inhibition action to control proliferation of trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for chagas' disease. some of these drugs were shown to be potent growth inhibitors of this parasite. all of these drugs had previously presented juvenoid activity on several non-related bug species such as tenebrio molitor, galleria mellonella, dysdercus cingulatos, and pyrrhocoris apterus.	1998	9873713
cloning and expression of apolipophorin-iii from the common cutworm, spodoptera litura.	we have cloned apolipophorin-iii (apolp-iii) cdna from adult fat body of spodoptera litura. the sequence encodes a 188 amino acid polypeptide including a 22 amino acid leader peptide. the circular dichroism spectrum from the purified apolp-iii indicated a considerable content of alpha-helix. sequence alignment showed that s. litura apolp-iii has a relatively high degree of sequence identity with the apolps-iii of lepidopteran, manduca sexta (72%), galleria mellonella (67%), bombyx mori (60%). th ...	1998	9880904
foliar sprays with steinernema carpocapsae against early-season apple pests.	persistence and field efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae a11 strain applied by foliar sprays were evaluated against the apple sawfly hoplocampa testudinea and the plum curculio conotrachelus nenuphar, two early-season pests in quebec apple orchards. from 1992 to 1995, bioassays with galleria mellonella larvae were conducted to assess the persistence of s. carpocapsae on leaves, flower clusters, and twigs up to 4 days after evening application. s. carpocapsae juveni ...	1998	19274253
interaction of calyx fluid and venom from microplitis croceipes (braconidae) on developmental disruption of the natural host, heliocoverpa zea, and two atypical hosts, galleria mellonella and spodoptera exigua.	polydnaviruses of many braconid and ichneumonid endoparasitoids play an important role in the successful parasitism of their hosts. the host's development is altered and its immune response is also suppressed. in this study, we compared the effects of calyx fluid and venom on the development of the natural host, helicoverpa zea, and two atypical hosts that the parasitoid does not normally attack in nature, galleria mellonella and spodoptera exigua. the levels of calyx fluid and\or venom injected ...	1998	12769867
primary structure of apolipophorin-iii from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella.	the complete amino acid sequence of apolipophorin-iii (apolp-iii), a lipid-binding hemolymph protein from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, was determined by protein sequencing. the mature protein consists of 163 amino acid residues forming a protein of 18,075.5 da. its sequence is similar to apolp-iii from other lepidopteran species, but remarkably different from the apolp-iiis of insects from other orders. as shown by mass spectrometric analysis, the protein carries no modifications. ...	1998	9853677
sex ratio and the infection process in entomopathogenic nematodes: are males the colonizing sex?	in laboratory assays, male infective juveniles of some species of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus steinernema differ from females in their tendency to disperse and in their responses to the volatile cues emitted by parasitized and nonparasitized insects. these differences suggest that male infective juveniles might locate and establish in insect hosts before females, and that infection by males might render hosts suitable for nematode development and more attractive to females: "the male ...	1998	9784353
penetration of the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis spp. into host insects at 9 and 20 degreesc	biological control of black vine weevil, otiorhynchus sulcatus, by means of the entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis spp., is difficult to obtain at low temperatures. the influence of temperature on nematode penetration ability was investigated to identify whether this process is a bottleneck for biocontrol. variation in penetration ability among and within heterorhabditis was assessed. a negative exponential model was used to characterize penetration in time. the two parameters in this mo ...	1998	9784341
purification and characterization of an inducible metalloprotease inhibitor from the hemolymph of greater wax moth larvae, galleria mellonella.	in this paper, we report the detection, purification and characterization of the first metalloprotease inhibitor (impi) from invertebrates. impi was purified from the hemolymph of last-instar larvae of galleria mellonella by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and heat followed by affinity chromatography on a thermolysin-sepharose column and gel filtration or reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. for the detection of inhibitor activity, a new azocoll assay was established. im ...	1998	9738891
influence of culture method on steinernema glaseri lipids.	entomopathogenic nematodes can be mass produced in artificial media for use as biological insecticides. nematode in vitro media have been primarily developed on the basis of yield without fully considering nematode nutritional requirements. we investigated the quality and quantity of lipids in the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema glaseri when grown in vivo in popillia japonica (a natural host), galleria mellonella (a factitious host), and in solid and liquid media. nematode yield (infective ...	1998	9576490
purification and characterization of a male-specific protein in the hemolymph of the wax moth, galleria mellonella l.	a male-specific protein (msp) present only in males was identified from the hemolymph of the wax moth, galleria mellonella l., by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. msp has a native molecular mass of 55 kda and consists of two 27-kda subunits. an isoelectric point of msp was measured to be approximately 5.8. msp is a glycoprotein that contains 1.7% carbohydrate. the compositional analysis of carbohydrate component indicated a predominance of ...	1998	9543709
the p25 component of galleria silk.	the water-insoluble core of lepidopteran silk is composed of four major proteins, but only three genes have been identified. this study demonstrates that the 29- and 30-kda components of galleria mellonella silk are derived from a single gene designated p25. the gene is expressed exclusively in the posterior section of the silk glands as a 2-kb mrna, which accumulates in the feeding larvae and declines at molting. the mrna encodes a peptide of 24,864 da that exhibits 51% identity with the putati ...	1998	9520260
uv-difference and cd spectroscopy studies on juvenile hormone binding to its carrier protein.	juvenile hormone binding protein (jhbp) from hemolymph of galleria mellonella is a single-chain glycoprotein of molecular mass near 25,880 containing no trp residues. the fourth derivative of the protein absorption spectrum shows the characteristic vibrational components of the phenylalanine spectrum within the range 240-270 nm. at longer wavelengths two main bands 0-0 and 0+800 cm(-1) appear, caused by vibrational levels of electronic transition, pi-->pi*, in the tyrosine residues, with maxima ...	1998	9516043
5' coding region of the follicular epithelium yolk polypeptide 2 cdna in the moth, plodia interpunctella, contains an extended coding region.	the 5' region of yp2 cdna, a follicular epithelium yolk protein subunit in the moth, plodia interpunctella, shows that the polypeptide contains an extended internal coding region. partial cdna clones for yp2 were isolated from a pharate adult female ovarian cdna expression library in lambda zap ii by screening with antigen selected yp2 antiserum. the 5' sequence of the yp2 transcript was determined by 5' race pcr of ovarian mrna using yp2 sequence-specific nested primers. the combined cdna and 5 ...	1998	9880901
identification of a novel type of silk protein and regulation of its expression.	the silk of lepidopteran insects has been studied extensively as proteins of two categories: the fibroins, which are produced in the posterior section of silk glands, and the sericins, which are secreted in the middle section. we now describe a third category that is named seroins to accentuate the fact that both the sericin- and the fibroin-producing cells participate in seroin secretion. using a probe derived from the n-terminal sequences of a 23-kda components of galleria mellonella silk, we ...	1998	9624126
characterization of the p25 silk gene and associated insertion elements in galleria mellonella.	insect silk genes attract attention by their precise territorial and developmental regulations and extremely high expression rates. our present investigations demonstrated that the p25 silk gene of galleria mellonella is down-regulated by ecdysteroid hormones. the gene was identified within 5217 nucleotides (nt) of two genomic clones. in contrast to other silk genes, galleria p25 lacks the canonical tata box. transcription is initiated within a region of three nucleotides that lie at the end of ...	1998	9583947
the presence of n-acetylneuraminic acid in malpighian tubules of larvae of the cicada philaenus spumarius.	sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates are generally considered to be unique to the deuterostomes, a lineage of the animal kingdom which includes animals from the echinoderms up to the vertebrates. there are, however, two isolated reports of sialic acid occurring in the insect species drosophila melanogaster and galleria mellonella. since insects are classified as protostomes, these findings call previous assumption on the phylogenetic distribution and thus on the evolution of sialic acids into ...	1999	11003558
effects of crop residue on the persistence of steinernema carpocapsae.	we determined the effects of crop residue on the persistence of an entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema carpocapsae. during 2 consecutive years, nematodes were applied at rates of 2.5 x 10 and 1.0 x 10 infective juveniles/m(2) to small field plots planted with corn. nematode persistence was monitored by exposing galleria mellonella larvae to soil samples from plots with and without crop residue (approximately 75% coverage of soybean stubble). persistence of s. carpocapsae was significantly gre ...	1999	19270924
epr detection of reactive oxygen species in hemolymph of galleria mellonella and dendrolimus superans sibiricus (lepidoptera) larvae.	the formation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in hemolymph and hemocytes of galleria mellonella and dendrolimus superans sibiricus larvae was studied by esr spectroscopy using spin-trap 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine (cp-h). the background level of ros formation was detected in the intact hemolymph. the addition of dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) into free cells of the hemolymph increased cp-h oxidation about two times for g. mellonella and about four times for d. superans sibiricus. this increa ...	1999	10527867
development of the one-on-one quality assessment assay for entomopathogenic nematodes.	the one-on-one bioassay was developed using steinernema carpocapsae (all) nematodes against the wax moth larva, galleria mellonella. the assay was used to develop and compare virulence profiles of both in vitro- and in vivo-produced nematodes and to provide a quality assessment 'standard' for in vitro-produced nematodes. the bioassay was subsequently used to develop virulence profiles for steinernema carpocapsae (uk), s. feltiae (uk), s. feltiae (r1.5), s. feltiae (sn), s. glaseri (nj-43), and s ...	1999	10486226
presence of il-1- and tnf-like molecules in galleria mellonella (lepidoptera) haemocytes and in an insect cell line fromestigmene acraea (lepidoptera).	in this study the authors give immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of interleukin (il)-1alpha- and tumour necrosis factor (tnf) alpha-like molecules in the haemocytes of last instar larvae from the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. similar results are demonstrated in a continuous haemocyte line (bti-ea-1174-a) from the salt marsh caterpillar estigmene acraea. in galleria mellonella larvae granular cells show a strong positive reaction with both primary antibodies, whereas plasmatocy ...	1999	10479399
infectivity, distribution, and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae all strain (rhabditida: steinernematidae) applied by sprinklers or boom sprayer to dry-pick cranberries.	we evaluated infectivity, distribution, and persistence of commercially produced steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) all strain applied through solid set sprinkler irrigation or boom sprayer to 2 dry-pick cranberry farms on peat soil in british columbia in 1993. most infectivity assays used galleria mellonella (l.) larvae. when possible, larvae of the target pest, otiorynchus sulcatas (f.) were used as assay organisms. nematodes in almost all samples of nematode suspensions diluted from shipping co ...	1999	10407620
factors influencing the infectivity of a canadian isolate of steinernema kraussei (nematoda: steinernematidae) at low temperature.	the effectiveness of canadian isolate 76 of steinernema kraussei, at 10 degrees c, in penetrating galleria mellonella larvae (percentage parasitism and number of ijs developed to adult nematodes) was measured at different host densities (differing number of larvae and size of experimental arena) and for different durations of exposure. the greater the size of the inoculum of infective juvenile nematodes per unit area and the longer the duration of exposure, the greater the number of larvae that ...	1999	10222176
nuclear rdna phylogeny in the fungal genus verticillium and its relationship to insect and plant virulence, extracellular proteases and carbohydrases.	phylogenetic relationships among 18 isolates in the genus verticillium, representing 13 species of diverse econutritional groups (pathogens of insects, plants, mushrooms, nematodes and spiders, and saprobes), were examined by using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (its) and small nuclear (ns) rrna regions. the isolates were also assessed for their abilities to infect insect larvae (galleria mellonella) and to cause necrosis in alfalfa (medicago sativa), and for their proteolytic, c ...	1999	10220175
effects of beauverolide l and cyclosporin a on humoral and cellular immune response of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella.	the effects of beauverolide l and cyclosporin a, cyclic peptidic metabolites, produced by several genera of entomopathogenic fungi on immune responses of last instar larvae of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella have been examined. intrahemocoelic injection of either metabolite-coated silica particles or dissolved metabolites in a concentrations ranging between 10 and 30 micrograms per larvae caused no mortality but activated humoral responses in g. mellonella larvae. the challenge induced ...	1999	10190031
aggregation of entomopathogenic nematodes, heterorhabditis spp. and steinernema spp., among host insects at 9 and 20 degrees c and effects on efficacy	the negative binomial distribution (nbd) with density-dependent k was used to test and describe the distribution of nematodes in otiorhynchus sulcatus, galleria mellonella, and spodoptera exigua at 9 and 20 degrees c. aggregation was greater in o. sulcatus than in the other two hosts. in case of g. mellonella exposed to the heterorhabditid hf85, the distribution of nematodes in the insects was random. there was only a small effect of low temperature on aggregation; this effect was stronger for o ...	1999	10066401