Publications

greater hemocyte bactericidal activity in oysters (crassostrea virginica) from a relatively contaminated site in pensacola bay, florida.	bivalve mollusks such as crassostrea virginica inhabiting polluted estuaries and coastal areas may bioaccumulate high concentrations of contaminants without apparent ill effects. however, changes in putative internal defense activities have been associated with contaminant accumulation in both experimental and long-term field exposures. in an effort to elucidate these relationships, 40 oysters were collected from bayou chico (bc) and east bay (eb) in pensacola bay, fl, two estuaries known to dif ...	2003	12878408
genetic linkage map of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica gmelin.	amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflps), along with some microsatellite and type i markers, were used for linkage analysis in crassostrea virginica gmelin, the eastern oyster. seventeen aflp primer combinations were selected for linkage analysis with two parents and their 81 progeny. the 17 primer combinations produced 396 polymorphic markers, and 282 of them were segregating in the two parents. chi-square analysis indicated that 259 (91.8%) markers segregated in mendelian ratio, while t ...	2003	12807709
di- and tribromoindoles in the common oyster (crassostrea virginica).	the sources/origins, fate and impacts of naturally occurring organobromine compounds in the marine environment are largely unknown. soft tissue composites of the common oyster (crassostrea virginica) collected from coastal georgia (usa) were analyzed for organobromines by gas chromatography. three simple bromoindoles (bis)--two dibromo- and one tribromo congener--were detected and their molecular formulas elucidated by electron and negative chemical ionization gc-ms. semi-quantitative estimates ...	2003	12738263
pearl, a novel family of putative transposable elements in bivalve mollusks.	while genome sequencing projects have discovered numerous types of transposable elements in diverse eukaryotes, there are many taxa of ecological and evolutionary significance that have received little attention, such as the molluscan class bivalvia. examination of a 0.7-mb genomic sequence database from the cupped oyster crassostrea virginica revealed the presence of a common interspersed element, cva. cva possesses subterminal inverted repeats, a tandemly repeated core element, a tetranucleoti ...	2003	12612834
ovacystis-like condition in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica from the northeastern gulf of mexico.	histological examination of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica from a study in pensacola bay, florida, revealed 2 cases of abnormally large, basophilic ova that resembled cells characteristic of ovacystis disease previously reported in oysters from maine and long island. the hypertrophied gametes measured up to 250 pm in diameter, had scant cytoplasm and contained granular nuclear-masses of feulgen-positive material. electron microscopy of reclaimed tissue revealed these masses to consist ...	2003	12608573
the bioconcentration and metabolism of chlorpyrifos by the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.	eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) were exposed to [14c]chlorpyrifos (o,o-diethyl-o-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothioate) at an average measured seawater concentration of 0.6 microg/l under flow-through conditions for 28 d. the compound o,o-diethyl-o-(3,5-dichloro-6-methylthio-2-pyridyl)phosphorothioate (dmp) was extracted and identified as the single metabolite observed, and this metabolite constituted the majority of the total [14c] activity in the oyster at all sampling times. on ...	2003	12558158
detection of oxidative dna damage in isolated marine bivalve hemocytes using the comet assay and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (fpg).	organisms in polluted areas can be exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals; however, exposure to genotoxic contaminants can be particularly devastating. dna damage can lead to necrosis, apoptosis, or heritable mutations, and therefore has the potential to impact populations as well as individuals. single cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay) is a simple and sensitive technique used to examine dna damage in single cells. the lesion-specific dna repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycoslyase ...	2003	14644349
systematic evaluation of factors controlling perkinsus marinus transmission dynamics in lower chesapeake bay.	the transmission of perkinsus marinus in eastern oysters crassostrea virginica in relation to water temperature, host oyster mortality, and water-column abundance of anti-p. marinus antibody-labeled cells was systematically examined for 20 mo at a site in the lower york river, virginia, usa. uninfected sentinel oysters were naturally exposed to the parasite at 2 wk intervals throughout the course of the study to determine the periodicity and rates of parasite transmission. the timing and magnitu ...	2003	14524504
electron and light microscopic study of various glands and the secretions released into the environment by the turbellarian urastoma cyprinae.	the turbellarian urastoma cyprinae (graff) occurs on the gills of various bivalve species including the mussel mytilus galloprovinciallis, where it is known to cause serious damage. more recently, it has been shown that the worms are strongly attracted to the gill of the american oyster (crassostrea virginica) and are capable of inducing changes to the composition of proteolytic enzymes of the host mucus. such changes may be attributable to secretory products released by the worms. mucous glands ...	2003	14584032
apoptosis in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica.	apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has been reported as being pivotal in infectious diseases of different organisms. the effects of apoptosis on the progression and transmission of the protistan parasites perkinsus marinus and haplosporidium nelsoni in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica were studied. oysters were diagnosed for their respective infections by standard methods, and apoptosis was detected using in situ hybridization to detect dna fragments by end labeling on paraffin section ...	2003	14598992
protease activity in the plasma of american oysters, crassostrea virginica, experimentally infected with the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus.	perkinsus marinus is responsible for disease and mortality of the american oyster, crassostrea virginica. to investigate the interactions between p. marinus and oyster hemocytes, protease activity was measured in plasma of oysters collected 4 hr, 24 hr, 4 days, and 2 mo after experimental infection with p. marinus. a significant increase in protease activity was observed in oyster plasma 4 hr after injection with p. marinus, followed by a sharp decrease within 24 hr. gelatin-impregnated gel elec ...	2003	14627141
use of diacetyl to reduce the load of vibrio vulnificus in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.	vibrio vulnificus is a highly virulent human pathogen that occurs naturally among the microflora of oysters. this organism has two portals of entry into humans, one of which is ingestion. oysters containing v. vulnificus consumed in a raw or undercooked state often serve as a vehicle for the transmission of this organism. previous studies conducted in our laboratory have examined various generally recognized as safe compounds and have determined that diacetyl, a component of butter, is among the ...	2003	12540179
persistence of hepatitis a virus in oysters.	we investigated the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) to persist for up to 6 weeks in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica). viral rna was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction 6 weeks after 16 h of exposure to 90,000 pfu (180 pfu/ml of seawater) of hav. assaying for infectious virus in oysters that received a daily feeding of phytoplankton recovered 3,800, 650, and 500 pfu of hav 1, 2, and 3 weeks after contamination with 90,000 pfu of hav, respectively. however, no inf ...	2003	12597498
passage of a coccidial parasite (eimeria acervulina) through the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	human illness resulting from the consumption of raw oysters is well documented for bacterial and viral pathogens but not for coccidial parasites. this study explores the passage of coccidial parasites through and the viability of these parasites in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. because both cryptosporidium and toxoplasma are human parasites and are not safe to handle, we chose to work with a close relative, eimeria acervulina, as a surrogate. this parasite was analyzed in chickens. ...	2003	12696696
host oyster tissue extracts modulate in vitro protease expression and cellular differentiation in the protozoan parasite, perkinsus marinus.	perkinsus marinus is responsible for a chronic disease (dermo) of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. in order to simulate the in vivo environment more closely, a chemically defined medium (jl-odrp-3) was supplemented with tissue homogenate extracts or plasma from oysters possessing varying degrees of susceptibility to p. marinus infection. in media supplemented with extracts from highly susceptible oysters (c. virginica), p. marinus cells secreted elevated amounts of a set of low molecul ...	2003	12741508
superoxide dismutases from the oyster parasite perkinsus marinus: purification, biochemical characterization, and development of a plate microassay for activity.	we have isolated and biochemically characterized superoxide dismutase (sod) activity in cell extracts of clonally cultured perkinsus marinus, a facultative intracellular parasite of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. in order to assess the sod activity throughout the purification, we developed and optimized a 96-well-plate microassay based on the inhibition of pyrogallol oxidation. the assay was also adapted to identify sod activity type (cu/zn-, mn-, or fesod), even in mixtures of more ...	2003	12782041
[gonadic cycle of the american oyster crassostrea virginica (lamellibranchia: ostreidae) in mecoacán, tabasco, méxico].	the american oyster crassostrea virginica is exploited along gulf of mexico. this resource represents a job source and incomes for fishermen. in mexico the production is supported by tabasco state, the first producer. however, the mexican landings of this bivalve had been dropped about 40% last ten years. by 1999, tabasco presents a unique ban season fishery of oysters. this season was based in evaluation of gonadal development by visual observations of color and texture, larvae and seeds abunda ...	2003	15264561
perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica): effects of temperature on the uptake and metabolism of fluorescent lipid analogs and lipase activities.	the effects of temperature on the uptake and metabolism of fluorescent labeled palmitic acid (flc16) and phosphatidylcholine (flpc) and lipase activities in the oyster protozoan parasite, perkinsus marinus, meront stage were tested at 10, 18, and 28 degrees c. temperature significantly affected not only the uptake, assimilation, and metabolism of both flc16 and flpc in p. marinus, but also its triacylglycerol (tag) lipase activities. the incorporation of both flc16 and flpc increased with temper ...	2003	14969689
bivalve immunity: comparisons between the marine mussel (mytilus edulis), the edible cockle (cerastoderma edule) and the razor-shell (ensis siliqua).	much of the current knowledge concerning bivalve immunology and immunotoxicology has come from studies on the mussel genus, mytilus, or from the american oyster, crassostrea virginica. following a major oil spill, it was observed that the marine mussel, mytilus edulis, underwent significant immunosuppression but no oil-induced mortalities, while in contrast, mass mortalities were noted in the edible cockle, cerastoderma edule, and the razor-shell, ensis siliqua. a study comparing immune cells an ...	2003	12892742
induced adhesion in crassostrea virginica larvae.	normal motile veliger larvae of the oyster, crassostrea virginica, were observed swimming in pairs or trios. adhesion between animals is firm and has a specific orientation. this adhesion can be induced in low frequencies by culturing larvae at high densities, and in much higher frequencies by inclusion of an antibiotic mix in the seawater culture medium.	2003	166435
evaluation of a florida coastal golf complex as a local and watershed source of bioavailable contaminants.	contaminant fate in coastal areas impacted by golf course runoff is not well understood. this report summarizes trace metal, pesticide and pcb residues for colonized periphyton, ruppia maritima (widgeon grass), callinectes sapidus rathbun (blue crabs) and crassostrea virginica gemlin (eastern oyster) collected from areas adjacent to a florida golf course complex which receive runoff containing reclaimed municipal wastewater. concentrations of 19 chlorinated pesticides and 18 pcb congeners were u ...	2004	14972577
flow cytometry as a tool to quantify oyster defence mechanisms.	the fast growing oyster aquaculture industry is greatly hindered by perkinsus marinus and haplosporidium nelsoni which can kill up to 80% of the production. the relationship between parasites and oyster defence mechanisms is unclear. two defence mechanisms of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) were quantified at the single cell level utilising flow cytometry. phagocytosis was measured using fluorescent beads. respiratory burst activity was quantified as the h2o2-specific increase in dich ...	2004	15123295
application of a multiplex pcr for the detection of protozoan pathogens of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica in field samples.	populations of eastern oysters crassostrea virginica along the east coast of north america have repeatedly experienced epizootic mass mortality due to infections by protozoan parasites, and molecular diagnostic methodologies are fast becoming more widely available for the diagnosis of protozoan diseases of oysters. in this study we applied a modified version of an existing multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of the eastern oyster parasites haplosporidium nelsoni, h. costale a ...	2004	15212297
discovery of genes expressed in response to perkinsus marinus challenge in eastern (crassostrea virginica) and pacific (c. gigas) oysters.	the protozoan pathogen perkinsus marinus is the causative agent of dermo, a lethal disease of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, but not the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. to understand the response of these two oysters to parasite exposure, a suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) method was employed to characterize genes up-regulated during parasite challenge in both hemocytes and gills. the number of differentially expressed gene sequences obtained was 107 for c. virginica and ...	2004	15302413
fishing down the coast: historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins.	estuarine ecosystems have changed dramatically from centuries of fishing, habitat disturbance, sedimentation, and nutrient loading. degradation of oyster reefs by destructive fishing practices in particular has had a profound effect on estuarine ecology, yet the timing and magnitude of oyster-reef degradation in estuaries is poorly quantified. here, i evaluate the expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries in 28 estuaries along three continental margins through the analysis of historical proxies ...	2004	15326294
purification and characterization of lysozyme from plasma of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	lysozyme was purified from the plasma of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) using a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. the molecular mass of purified lysozyme was estimated at 18.4 kda by sds-page, and its isoelectric point was greater than 10. mass spectrometric analysis of the purified enzyme revealed a high-sequence homology with i-type lysozymes. no similarity was found however between the n-terminal sequence of oyster plasma lysozyme and n-terminal sequenc ...	2004	15364284
brevetoxin metabolism and elimination in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) after controlled exposures to karenia brevis.	the metabolism and elimination of brevetoxins were examined in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) following controlled exposures to karenia brevis cultures in the laboratory. after a 2-day exposure period ( approximately 62 million cells/oyster), elimination of brevetoxins and their metabolites was monitored by using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (lc/ms). composite toxin in oyster extracts was measured by in vitro assay (i.e. cytotoxicity, receptor binding, and elisa). of the p ...	2004	15501294
real-time pcr for detection and quantification of the protistan parasite perkinsus marinus in environmental waters.	the protistan parasite perkinsus marinus is a severe pathogen of the oyster crassostrea virginica along the east coast of the united states. very few data have been collected, however, on the abundance of the parasite in environmental waters, limiting our understanding of p. marinus transmission dynamics. real-time pcr assays with sybrgreen i as a label for detection were developed in this study for quantification of p. marinus in environmental waters with p. marinus species-specific primers and ...	2004	15528525
gene organization and expression of the divalent cation transporter nramp in the protistan parasite perkinsus marinus.	trophozoites of the protistan parasite perkinsus marinus reside and proliferate inside phagosomelike structures of hemocytes from the host, the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. in a murine model, it has been proposed that the outcome of intracellular parasite-host interactions is determined, at least in part, by the activity of the host's divalent cation transporter natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (nramp1). although nucleotide sequences from members of the nramp family in ...	2004	15562599
survival of toxoplasma gondii oocysts in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica).	toxoplasma gondii has recently been recognized to be widely prevalent in the marine environment. it has previously been determined that eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) can remove sporulated t. gondii oocysts from seawater and that oocysts retain their infectivity for mice. this study examined the long-term survival of t. gondii oocysts in oysters and examined how efficient oysters were at removing oocysts from seawater. oysters in 76-l aquaria (15 oysters per aquarium) were exposed to 1 ...	2004	15562605
supplementation of perkinsus marinus cultures with host plasma or tissue homogenate enhances their infectivity.	the protozoan oyster parasite perkinsus marinus can be cultured in vitro in a variety of media; however, this has been associated with a rapid attenuation of infectivity. supplementation of defined media with products of p. marinus-susceptible (crassostrea virginica) and -tolerant (crassostrea gigas, crassostrea ariakensis) oysters alters proliferation and protease expression profiles and induces differentiation into morphological forms typically seen in vivo. it was not known if attenuation cou ...	2004	14711671
uptake and depuration of toxic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons by the american oyster (crassostrea virginica): a field study.	uptake and depuration of toxic chlorinated compounds such as planar polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs 77, 126, 169), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (tcdf) were monitored during a 50-day field study where american oysters (crassostrea virginica) were transplanted back and forth between a heavily polluted area (houston ship channel, sc) and a relatively unimpacted area (hanna's reef, hr) within galveston bay, tx. in general, low molecular weight, less ...	2004	14559258
cadmium effects on mitochondrial function are enhanced by elevated temperatures in a marine poikilotherm, crassostrea virginica gmelin (bivalvia: ostreidae).	marine intertidal mollusks, such as oysters, are exposed to multiple stressors in estuaries, including varying environmental temperature and levels of trace metals, which may interactively affect their physiology. in order to understand the combined effects of cadmium and elevated temperature on mitochondrial bioenergetics of marine mollusks, respiration rates and mitochondrial volume changes were studied in response to different cadmium levels (0-1000 micromol l(-1)) and temperatures (15, 25 an ...	2004	15201296
effect of multiple atrazine exposure profiles on hemocyte dna integrity in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).		2004	15386059
destabilized lysosomes and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica).	contaminated oysters from near the galveston bay ship channel ([gbsc], tx, usa) were transplanted into clean aquariums in order to investigate the recovery of their lysosomal health. destabilized lysosomes in the oyster hemocytes recovered from 81% to 34% after 23 d of elimination. chemical analyses showed that transplanted oysters eliminated organic chemicals they had accumulated in their tissue. enhanced lysosomal health (i.e., decreased lysosomal destabilization) was correlated positively wit ...	2004	15352489
the effects of the contemporary-use insecticide (fipronil) in an estuarine mesocosm.	to examine the effects of environmentally realistic fipronil concentrations on estuarine ecosystems, replicated mesocosms containing intact marsh plots and seawater were exposed to three treatments of fipronil (150, 355, and 5000 ng/l) and a control. juvenile fish (cyprinidon variegatus), juvenile clams (mercenaria mercenaria), oysters (crassostrea virginica), and grass shrimp (palaemonetes pugio) were added prior to fipronil in an effort to quantify survival, growth, and the persistence of toxi ...	2004	15261399
diversity of metallothioneins in the american oyster, crassostrea virginica, revealed by transcriptomic and proteomic approaches.	metallothioneins are typically low relative molecular mass (6000-7000), sulfhydryl-rich metal-binding proteins with characteristic repeating cysteine motifs (cys-x-cys or cys-x(n)-cys) and a prolate ellipsoid shape containing single alpha- and beta-domains. while functionally diverse, they play important roles in the homeostasis, detoxification and stress response of metals. the originally reported metallothionein of the american oyster, crassostrea virginica showed the canonical molluscan alpha ...	2004	15096209
lc/ms analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	brevetoxin (pbtx) metabolism was examined in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) following exposure to a karenia brevis red tide, by using lc/ms(/ms) and cytotoxicity assay. metabolites observed in field-exposed oysters were confirmed in oysters exposed to k. brevis cultures in the laboratory. previously, we identified a cysteine conjugate and its sulfoxide (mh(+): m/z 1018 and 1034) as metabolites of the brevetoxin congener pbtx-2. in the present study, we found a cysteine conjugate and ...	2004	15051410
esterification of vertebrate-type steroids in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	characteristics of acyl-coenzyme a (acyl-coa):steroid acyltransferase from the digestive gland of the oyster crassostrea virginica were determined by using estradiol (e2) and dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) as substrates. the apparent km and vmax values for esterification of e2 with the six fatty acid acyl-coas tested (c20:4, c18:2, c18:1, c16:1, c18:0, and c16:0) were in the range of 9-17 microm e2 and 35-74 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. kinetic parameters for esterification of dhea (km: 45- ...	2004	15013691
growth and survival of the american oyster crassostrea virginica in jamaica bay, new york.	jamaica bay is a major inlet opening to the atlantic ocean. it was abundant with oysters until early 1900's. over-harvesting, pressure from predators, parasitic invasion and declining water quality often are cited as causes. despite actions to arrest and reverse the pollution, oysters are not reestablished. we are studying factors relating to the rehabitation of crassostrea virginica in jamaica bay to determine if the water quality and environmental conditions are suitable for their survival. oy ...	2005	26862590
tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters crassostrea virginica gmelin (bivalvia: ostreidae).	cadmium distribution was studied in different subcellular fractions of gill and hepatopancreas tissues of eastern oysters crassostrea virginica. oysters were exposed for up to 21 days to low sublethal cd concentrations (25 microg l(-1)). gill and hepatopancreas tissues were sampled and divided into organelle fractions and cytosol by differential centrifugation. organelle content of different fractions was verified by activities of marker enzymes, citrate synthase and acid phosphatase for mitocho ...	2005	15993495
sulfatase activity in the oyster crassostrea virginica: its potential interference with sulfotransferase determination.	two sulfatase isoforms, a soluble one with an optimum ph of 5.0, and a microsomal one with an optimum ph of 7.6, were observed in digestive gland, gonads, mantle and gills of the oyster c. virginica. the highest sulfatase activity was recorded in the digestive gland cytosol and is likely to interfere with the in vitro determination of sulfotransferase activity. indeed, the sulfatase inhibitor na(2)so(3) led to an increase of measured sulfotransferase activity (31+/-9%), suggesting that those sul ...	2005	15963577
cadmium exposure affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and gene expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica gmelin (bivalvia: ostreidae).	cadmium is a ubiquitous and extremely toxic metal, which strongly affects mitochondrial function of aquatic organisms in vitro; however, nothing is known about the in vivo effects of sublethal concentrations of this metal on mitochondrial bioenergetics. we have studied the effects of exposure to 0 (control) or 25 microg l-1 (cd-exposed) cd2+ on mitochondrial function and gene expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. cadmium exposure in vivo resulted i ...	2005	15935864
the development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model using the distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the tissues of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model (pbpk) was developed to describe the kinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). the estimated t(1/2) of elimination for a bolus dose of tcdd in c. virginica is approximately 14-24 days based on both the experimental data and the pbpk model. the highest dioxin concentration reached during 28-days was in the digestive gland followed by the mantle, gonad, hemolymph, gill, adductor muscle, and th ...	2005	15757746
characterization of eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica gmelin) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacteriophage p1 clones.	chromosome identification is an essential step in genomic research, which so far has not been possible in oysters. we tested bacteriophage p1 clones for chromosomal identification in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). p1 clones were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dutp using nick translation. hybridization was detected with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies and amplified with 2 layers of antibodies. nine of the 21 p ...	2005	15933900
vibrio vulnificus load reduction in oysters after combined exposure to vibrio vulnificus--specific bacteriophage and to an oyster extract component.	oysters infected with vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. we utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled vibrio vulnificus-specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti-vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericida ...	2005	15954705
herpes-like virus infection causing mortality of cultured abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta in taiwan.	a herpes-like virus is demonstrated for the first time to be associated with high mortality rates in maricultured abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta in taiwan. histopathology of moribund abalone indicated that the nerve system was the primary target tissue. the lesions were characterised by tissue necrosis accompanied with infiltration of haemocytes. electron microscopic examination demonstrated viral particles within the degenerated cerebral ganglion cells. the viruses were hexagonal, app ...	2005	16042040
a pcr-based diagnostic assay for the detection of roseovarius crassostreae in crassostrea virginica affected by juvenile oyster disease (jod).	we have developed a pcr-assay for the diagnosis of juvenile oyster disease (jod) based on the detection of roseovarius crassostreae directly from affected oysters. species-specific primers are used to amplify the 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) of r. crassostreae, and confirmation of product identity is accomplished by restriction enzyme analysis. no false positives were obtained with either closely related bacterial species or from other dnas present in oyster samples. the assay ...	2005	16385822
effects of triclosan on growth, viability and fatty acid synthesis of the oyster protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus.	perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, has severely impacted oyster populations from the mid-atlantic region to the gulf of mexico coast of north america for more than 30 yr. although a chemotherapeutic treatment to reduce or eliminate p. marinus from infected oysters would be useful for research and hatchery operations, an effective and practical drug treatment does not currently exist. in this study, the antimicrobial drug triclosan 5-chloro-2-(2,4 ...	2005	16408837
purification of a novel arthropod defensin from the american oyster, crassostrea virginica.	an antimicrobial peptide was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica), by preparative acid-urea--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. the 4265.0 da peptide had 38 amino acids, including 6 cysteines. it showed strongest activity against gram-positive bacteria (lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and staphylococcus aureus; minimum effective concentrations [mecs] 2.4 and 3.0 microg/ml ...	2005	16297885
the effects of e-beam irradiation and microwave energy on eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum.	shellfish have been identified as a potential source of cryptosporidium infection for humans. the inactivation of c. parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. the present study examined the efficacy of two alternative food-processing treatments, e-beam irradiation and microwave energy, on the viability of c. parvum oocysts in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica), which were artificially infected with the beltsvi ...	2005	16313439
assessment of the cell viability of cultured perkinsus marinus (perkinsea), a parasitic protozoan of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, using sybrgreen-propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry.	a flow cytometry (fcm) assay using sybrgreen and propidium iodide double staining was tested to assess viability and morphological parameters of perkinsus marinus under different cold- and heat-shock treatments and at different growth phases. p. marinus meront cells, cultivated at 28 degrees c, were incubated in triplicate for 30 min at -80 degrees c, -20 degrees c, 5 degrees c, and 20 degrees c for cold-shock treatments and at 32 degrees c, 36 degrees c, 40 degrees c, 44 degrees c, 48 degrees c ...	2005	16313441
the effect of high-pressure processing on infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from experimentally exposed eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica).	shellfish have been identified as a potential source of cryptosporidium infection for humans. the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. the present study identified the efficacy of a non-thermal alternative food-processing treatment, high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp), on the viability of c. parvum oocysts in the eastern oysters crassostrea virginica. oysters were artific ...	2005	16313442
real-time pcr investigation of parasite ecology: in situ determination of oyster parasite perkinsus marinus transmission dynamics in lower chesapeake bay.	perkinsus marinus is a severe pathogen of the oyster crassostrea virginica on the east coast of the united states. transmission dynamics of this parasite were investigated in situ for 2 consecutive years (may through october) at 2 lower chesapeake bay sites. compared to previous studies where seasonal infection patterns in oysters were measured, this study also provided parasite water column abundance data measured using real-time pcr. as previously observed, salinity and temperature modulated p ...	2006	16476183
when r-selection may not predict introduced-species proliferation: predation of a nonnative oyster.	predicting outcomes of species introductions may be enhanced by integrating life-history theory with results of contained experiments that compare ecological responses of exotic and analogue native species to dominant features of the recipient environment. an asian oyster under consideration for introduction to the chesapeake bay, usa, the rapidly growing suminoe oyster (crassostrea ariakensis), may not be as successful an invader as its r-selected life history suggests if the trade-off for rapi ...	2006	16711058
regulation of metallothionein genes in the american oyster (crassostrea virginica): ontogeny and differential expression in response to different stressors.	metallothioneins (mts) are typically low molecular weight (6-7 kda), metal-binding proteins with characteristic repeating cysteine motifs (cys-x-cys or cys-xn-cys) and a prolate ellipsoid shape containing single alpha- and beta-domains. while functionally diverse, they play important roles in metals homeostasis, detoxification and the stress response. the present study, combined with previous observations (e.g., jenny et al., eur. j. biochem. 2005; 271:1702-1712) defines an unprecedented diversi ...	2006	16846698
viability, infectivity and fatty acid synthetic activity of perkinsus marinus meront cells incubated in estuarine and artificial seawater.	we investigated the viability and fatty acid synthetic activity of in vitro cultured perkinsus marinus (dermo) in lipid-free medium and estuarine water, and the infectivity of p. marinus maintained in artificial seawater (asw). viability and fatty acid synthetic activity in 7 d old p. marinus meronts maintained in lipid-free medium and estuarine water were tested. the infectivity of meronts incubated in asw was examined by first incubating p. marinus meronts in asw for 2, 3 or 7 d, and then inoc ...	2006	16956060
a genomic scan for divergent selection in a secondary contact zone between atlantic and gulf of mexico oysters, crassostrea virginica.	the degree of population structure within species often varies considerably among loci. this makes it difficult to determine whether observed variance reflects neutral-drift stochasticity or locus-specific selection at one or more loci. this uncertainty is exacerbated when evolutionary equilibrium cannot be assumed and/or admixture potentially inflates genomic variance. thus, the value of a 'genome scan', where locus-specific summary statistics are compared with a simulated neutral distribution ...	2006	17054515
structures of pmsod1 and pmsod2, two superoxide dismutases from the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus.	perkinsus marinus, a facultative intracellular parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, is responsible for mass mortalities of oyster populations. p. marinus trophozoites survive and proliferate within oyster hemocytes, invading most tissues and fluids, thus causing a systemic infection that eventually kills the host. the phagocytosis of p. marinus trophozoites lacks a respiratory burst, suggesting that the parasite has mechanisms that actively abrogate the host's oxidative defense ...	2006	17077482
field investigation on the toxicity of alaska north slope crude oil (ansc) and dispersed ansc crude to gulf killifish, eastern oyster and white shrimp.	a field investigation was conducted on a louisiana spartina alterniflora shoreline to evaluate the toxic effects of crude oil (alaska north slope crude oil, ansc) and dispersed oil (ansc + dispersant corexit 9,500) on three aquatic species indigenous to the gulf of mexico: fundulus grandis (gulf killifish), crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster), and litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp). results indicated that total hydrocarbons concentration value in oiled treatments decreased rapidly in 3h and ...	2006	16098561
effects of the pathogenic vibrio tapetis on defence factors of susceptible and non-susceptible bivalve species: ii. cellular and biochemical changes following in vivo challenge.	this work compared the effect of challenge with vibrio tapetis, the etiologic agent of brown ring disease (brd) in clams, and other bacterial strains on defence-related factors in four bivalve species: ruditapes philippinarum (highly susceptible to brd), r. decussatus (slightly susceptible to brd), mercenaria mercenaria and crassostrea virginica (both non-susceptible to brd). results show that bacterial challenge modulated defence-related factors, namely total and differential haemocyte counts, ...	2006	16005645
effects of the pathogenic vibrio tapetis on defence factors of susceptible and non-susceptible bivalve species: i. haemocyte changes following in vitro challenge.	in microbial infections, the interaction between microorganisms and phagocytic cells is a crucial determinant in the outcome of the disease process. we used flow cytometry to study the in vitro interactions between vibrio tapetis, the bacterium responsible for brown ring disease (brd) in the manila clam ruditapes philippinarum, and haemocytes from three bivalve species: the manila clam (susceptible to brd), the hard clam mercenaria mercenaria and the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica (both no ...	2006	16023865
a novel slow-tight binding serine protease inhibitor from eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) plasma inhibits perkinsin, the major extracellular protease of the oyster protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus.	a serine protease inhibitor was purified from plasma of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. the inhibitor is a 7609.6 da protein consisting of 71 amino acids with 12 cysteine residues that are postulated to form 6 intra-chain disulfide bridges. sequencing of the cloned cdna identified an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 90 amino acids, with the 19 n-terminal amino acids forming a signal peptide. no sequence similarity with known proteins was found in sequence databases. the pr ...	2006	16872855
perkinsus marinus in coastal georgia, usa, following a prolonged drought.	oysters crassostrea virginica are 'keystone' estuarine species in the southeastern usa, providing essential fish habitat, food for human consumption, filtration of water bodies, and protection against shoreline erosion. relatively few oyster pathology studies have been conducted in georgia. the parasitic protozoan perkinsus marinus was first observed here in the 1960s, but has not been investigated since the late 1990s, when increasing oyster infection levels were apparent. in the late 1990s and ...	2006	17260834
microsatellite marker development and analysis in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica): confirmation of null alleles and non-mendelian segregation ratios.	eighteen microsatellite markers were developed for the crassostrea virginica nuclear genome, including di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide microsatellite repeat regions that included perfect, imperfect, and compound repeat sequences. a reference panel with dna from the parents and four progeny of 10 full-sib families was used for a preliminary confirmation of polymorphism at these loci and indications of null alleles. null alleles were discovered at three loci; in two instances, primer redesign enabl ...	2006	15247315
three new satellite sequences and a mobile element found inside hsp70 introns of the mediterranean mussel (mytilus galloprovincialis).	we report the characterization of 3 new repetitive sequences from the bivalve mollusc mytilus galloprovincialis, designated mg1, mg2, and mg3, with monomer lengths of 169, 260, and 70 bp, respectively. the 3 repeats together constitute approximately 7.8% of the m. galloprovincialis genome and were found, together with apai-type 2 repeats, inside the introns of 2 genes of the hsp70 family, hsc70 and hsc71. both the monomer length and the genomic content of the repeats indicate satellite sequences ...	2006	17426760
seasonal variation in lysosomal destabilization in oysters, crassostrea virginica.	lysosomal destabilization assays have been used as valuable biomarkers of pollutant exposures in a variety of bivalve and fish species. the responses of oysters, crassostrea virginica, deployed at and native to various reference and degraded sites were evaluated for lysosomal destabilization during both summer and winter seasons. in both native and deployed oysters, lysosomal destabilization rates tended to be higher during the winter at both reference and polluted sites. there are at least two ...	2006	12408652
improved attachment and spreading in primary cell cultures of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.	at present, establishment of a cell line from bivalve molluscs has been unsuccessful, and in vitro work is limited to primary cell cultures. we sought to improve attachment and spreading of cells of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, to aid primary cultures and to assist development of a bivalve cell line. our objectives were to examine the effects of substrate on ventricle cell viability, attachment, and spreading by testing of collagen i, collagen iv, fibronectin, laminin, poly-d-lysin ...	2006	10614868
interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces.	the adhesion of six fouling organisms: the barnacle balanus eburneus, the gastropod mollusc crepidulafornicata, the bivalve molluscs crassostrea virginica and ostrea/dendrostrea spp., and the serpulid tubeworms hydroides dianthus and h. elegans, to 12 silicone fouling-release surfaces was examined. removal stress (adhesion strength) varied among the fouling species and among the surfaces. principal component analysis of the removal stress data revealed that the fouling species fell into two dist ...	2006	17290867
combined effects of temperature acclimation and cadmium exposure on mitochondrial function in eastern oysters crassostrea virginica gmelin (bivalvia: ostreidae).	cadmium and temperature have strong impacts on the metabolic physiology of aquatic organisms. to analyze the combined impact of these two stressors on aerobic capacity, effects of cd exposure (50 microg/l) on mitochondrial function were studied in oysters (crassostrea virginica) acclimated to 12 and 20 degrees c in winter and to 20 and 28 degrees c in fall. cadmium exposure had different effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics of oysters depending on the acclimation temperature. in oysters acclim ...	2006	16986802
new resources for marine genomics: bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for the eastern and pacific oysters (crassostrea virginica and c. gigas).	large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) libraries of two culturally and economically important oyster species, crassostrea virginica and c. gigas, have been developed as part of an international effort to develop tools and reagents that will advance our ability to conduct genetic and genomic research. a total of 73,728 c. gigas clones with an average insert size of 152 kb were picked and arrayed representing an 11.8-fold genome coverage. a total of 55,296 clones with an averag ...	2006	16896533
temperature-dependent stress response in oysters, crassostrea virginica: pollution reduces temperature tolerance in oysters.	combined effects of temperature and a toxic metal, cadmium (cd), on energy metabolism were studied in a model marine bivalve, the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, acclimated at 20, 24 and 28 degrees c and exposed to 50microgl(-1) of cd. both increasing temperature and cd exposure led to a rise in standard metabolic rates, and combined stressors appeared to override the capability for aerobic energy production resulting in impaired stress tolerance. oysters exposed to elevated temperature bu ...	2006	16887206
effects of the dinoflagellate karenia brevis on larval development in three species of bivalve mollusc from florida.	the effects of karenia brevis (wilson clone) on larval survival and development of the northern quahog, mercenaria mercenaria, eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica and bay scallop, argopecten irradians, were studied in the laboratory. larvae were exposed to cultures of whole and lysed cells, with mean total brevetoxin concentrations of 53.8 and 68.9 microgl(-1), respectively. survival of early (3-day-old) larvae was generally over 85% for all shellfish species at k. brevis densities of 100 cell ...	2006	16814341
assessment of gamete quality for the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) by use of fluorescent dyes.	evaluation of sperm motility is the single most widely used parameter to determine semen quality in mammals and aquatic species. while a good indicator for fresh sperm viability, post-thaw motility is not always effective at predicting fertilizing ability. techniques using fluorescent dyes can assess functionality of mammalian sperm, but have not been widely applied in aquatic organisms. the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica is an important mollusk in the united states, and cryopreservation p ...	2006	16777086
temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and whole-organism bioenergetics of oysters (crassostrea virginica).	intertidal mollusks are exposed to multiple stressors in estuaries, including temperature and trace metals such as cadmium, which may interactively affect their physiology. we have studied the combined effects of temperature and cadmium stress on metabolism of oysters at the whole animal and mitochondrial levels. in vivo exposure to 50 microg l(-1) cd led to a significant increase in basal metabolic rate (bmr) in 20 degrees c-acclimated but not in 28 degrees c-acclimated oysters. cadmium exposur ...	2006	16690114
effects of acclimation temperature and cadmium exposure on cellular energy budgets in the marine mollusk crassostrea virginica: linking cellular and mitochondrial responses.	in order to understand the role of metabolic regulation in environmental stress tolerance, a comprehensive analysis of demand-side effects (i.e. changes in energy demands for basal maintenance) and supply-side effects (i.e. metabolic capacity to provide atp to cover the energy demand) of environmental stressors is required. we have studied the effects of temperature (12, 20 and 28 degrees c) and exposure to a trace metal, cadmium (50 microg l(-1)), on the cellular energy budget of a model marine ...	2006	16547299
comparative effects of the toxic dinoflagellate karenia brevis on clearance rates in juveniles of four bivalve molluscs from florida, usa.	the effects of karenia brevis (gymnodiniales, gymnodiniaceae) on the feeding activity of juveniles of four species of bivalve mollusc were examined in the laboratory to assess the potential impacts on these important shellfish populations from florida. clearance rates were determined under short-term (one hour) static and long-term (two days) flow-through conditions using both whole and lysed cultures of k. brevis. under short-term conditions, the bay scallop, argopecten irradians, was the most ...	2007	17182073
acute toxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in grass shrimp (palaemonetes pugio) and oysters (crassostrea virginica) exposed to the organophosphate dichlorvos: laboratory and field studies.	the use of various organophosphates to control mosquito populations is a common practice across the globe. we review the literature (lc50s) on dichlorvos, the primary breakdown product of dibrom, and use laboratory and field experiments to determine the lethal and sublethal (bioassays) effects of dichlorvos on two widely distributed and ecologically important estuarine invertebrate species, the marsh grass shrimp, palaemonetes pugio and the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. laboratory resul ...	2007	17171303
temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides on mitochondrial aconitase from a marine ectotherm, crassostrea virginica: a role of temperature in oxidative stress and allosteric enzyme regulation.	temperature and heavy metals such as cadmium (cd) are important environmental stressors that can strongly affect mitochondrial function of marine poikilotherms. in this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (20 degrees c and 30 degrees c) and cd stress on production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and oxidative stress in a marine poikilotherm crassostrea virginica (the eastern oyster) using mitochondrial aconitase as a sensitive biomarker of oxidative damage. we also assess ...	2007	17170147
a new lysozyme from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) indicates adaptive evolution of i-type lysozymes.	a new lysozyme (cv-lysozyme 2) with a maldi molecular mass of 12 984.6 da was purified from crystalline styles and digestive glands of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and its cdna sequenced. quantitative real time rt-pcr detected cv-lysozyme 2 gene expression primarily in digestive gland tissues, and in situ hybridization located cv-lysozyme 2 gene expression in basophil cells of digestive tubules. cv-lysozyme 2 showed high amino acid sequence similarity to other bivalve mollusk lysozyme ...	2007	17160350
the development of an aquatic bivalve model: evaluating the toxic effects on gametogenesis following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tcdd) exposure in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	the objective of this study is to develop a gametogenesis protocol to serve as a model for evaluating the toxic effects of chemicals on oogenesis and spermatogenesis in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). the compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tcdd) was selected as a "proof of principle" toxicant to examine developmental toxicity in this invertebrate system. the studies were designed to: (1) test the model using 2,3,7,8-tcdd and (2) to use histopathological evaluations ...	2007	17156862
temperature adaptation in two bivalve species from different thermal habitats: energetics and remodelling of membrane lipids.	we compared lipid dynamics and the physiological responses of blue mussels mytilus edulis, a cold-adapted species, and oysters crassostrea virginica, a warmer-water species, during simulated overwintering and passage to spring conditions. to simulate overwintering, animals were held at 0 degrees c, 4 degrees c and 9 degrees c for 3 months and then gradually brought to and maintained at 20 degrees c for 5 weeks to simulate spring-summer conditions. changes in lipid class and fatty acid compositio ...	2007	17704075
effect of cadmium, chromium, lead and metal mixtures on survival and growth of juveniles of the scallop argopecten ventricosus (sowerby ii, 1842).	the effects of cd, cr, pb and their mixtures on the growth and sensitivity of the scallop argopecten ventricosus were analyzed in this study. cadmium showed to be more toxic metal to juveniles (96 hour median lethal concentration (lc(50)) = 0.396 mg cd/l), followed by lead (lc(50) = 0.830 mg pb/l) and chromium (lc(50) = 3.430 mg cr/l). cadmium toxicity was 8 times higher than chromium and 2 times than lead. the most toxic combination was cd + cr + pb. (lc(50) = 0.302 mg/l). based on toxic units ...	2007	17680483
tem immunocytochemistry of a 48 kda mw organic matrix phosphoprotein produced in the mantle epithelial cells of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	immunohistochemical tem of eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) mantle epithelial cells using a polyclonal antibody to a gel purified 48 kda mw oyster shell phosphoprotein revealed that it is phosphorylated in the golgi, packaged into secretory vesicles and subsequently exocytosed across the apical membrane of specialized cells. these phosphoprotein producing cells are concentrated along the mantle side facing the shell, in the region of the outer mantle lobe. a layer of calcium enriched immun ...	2007	17675199
the nervous system control of lateral ciliary activity of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, crassostrea virginica.	lateral cilia of the gill of mytilus edulis are controlled by a reciprocal serotonergic-dopaminergic innervation from their ganglia. other bivalves have been studied to lesser degrees and lateral cilia of most respond to serotonin and dopamine when applied directly to the gill indicating a possible neuro or endocrine mechanism. lateral cilia in crassostrea virginica are affected by serotonin and dopamine, but little work has been done regarding ganglionic control of their cilia. we examined the ...	2007	17616414
development and characterization of est-ssr markers in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica.	simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers were developed from expressed sequence tags (ests) in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). ests of the eastern oyster were downloaded from genbank and screened for ssrs with at least eight units of dinucleotide or five units of tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide repeats. the screening of 9101 ests identified 127 (1.4%) ssr-containing sequences. primers were designed for 88 ssr-containing ests with good and sufficient flanking sequences. polymera ...	2007	17558533
change in lipid composition in eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica gmelin) exposed to constant or fluctuating temperature regimes.	a temperature decrease usually induces an ordering effect in membrane phospholipids that can lead to membrane dysfunction. ectotherms typically counteract this temperature effect by remodeling membrane lipids as stipulated in the homeoviscous adaptation theory (hva). previous studies mostly focused on the remodeling of membrane lipids during long-term acclimatization or acclimation at constant temperature regimes, whereas in nature, many organisms experience variations in temperature on a daily ...	2007	17468027
bioaccumulation and tissue distribution of arsenic, cadmium, copper and zinc in crassostrea virginica grown at two different depths in jamaica bay, new york.	historically, jamaica bay was a site of extensive oyster beds and shellfish culture leases that supported a significant oyster fishery in the new york area. the industrial and urban expansion of the early 1900's led to over-harvesting and a deterioration in water and bay sediment quality that coincided with shellfish decline and the ultimate disappearance of oysters from the bay. over the past 50 years, efforts to arrest and reverse the pollution problems of jamaica bay have been undertaken but ...	2007	21841973
effects of ammonia on cellular biomarker responses in oysters (crassostrea virginica).		2007	17333422
role of nitric oxide in the defenses of crassostrea virginica to experimental infection with the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus.	we investigated the role of nitric oxide (no) in the responses of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, to the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus, causative agent of dermo disease. p. marinus induced a slight but significant increase in no production by oyster hemocytes in vitro, comparable to the increase induced by the immune stimulants phorbol myristrate acetate (pma) and lipopolysaccharide (lps). p. marinus also activated the no response in oysters in vivo, as shown by induction of a ...	2007	17368535
an evaluation of the use of remotely sensed parameters for prediction of incidence and risk associated with vibrio parahaemolyticus in gulf coast oysters (crassostrea virginica).	the u.s. food and drug administration recently published a vibrio parahaemolyticus risk assessment for consumption of raw oysters that predicts v. parahaemolyticus densities at harvest based on water temperature. we retrospectively compared archived remotely sensed measurements (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and turbidity) with previously published data from an environmental study of v. parahaemolyticus in alabama oysters to assess the utility of the former data for predicting v. parahae ...	2007	17477256
role of type iv pilins in persistence of vibrio vulnificus in crassostrea virginica oysters.	vibrio vulnificus is part of the natural estuarine microflora and accumulates in shellfish through filter feeding. it is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated fatalities in the united states mainly through consumption of raw oysters. previously we have shown that a v. vulnificus mutant unable to express pild, the type iv prepilin peptidase, does not express pili on the surface of the bacterium and is defective in adherence to human epithelial cells (r. n. paranjpye, j. c. lara, j. c ...	2007	17557854
the effect of a taste-enhancement process for cold-stored raw shell-stock oysters (crassostrea virginica) on the spillage of human enteropathogens.	a taste-enhancement process for cold-stored, raw shell-stock crassostrea virginica oysters (i.e., application of table salt to shells) when externally contaminated with human enteropathogens intensified spillage of these enteropathogens to oyster' storage containers (77% compared to 27% for controls) but did not, however, cause contamination of edible oyster tissue.	2007	17674050
cdna cloning and tissue expression of plasma lysozyme in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.	the cdna sequence of a 17,861 da lysozyme first purified from plasma of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) was identified and its complete amino acid sequence deduced. the amino acid sequence of the plasma lysozyme, designated cv-lysozyme 1, contained both a unique and a conserved region when compared to the amino acid sequences of other bivalve lysozymes. in situ hybridisation located cv-lysozyme 1 gene expression in mantle and gill cells in standard histological sections. quantitative rea ...	2007	17703954
a galectin of unique domain organization from hemocytes of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) is a receptor for the protistan parasite perkinsus marinus.	invertebrates display effective innate immune responses for defense against microbial infection. however, the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus causes dermo disease in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica and is responsible for catastrophic damage to shellfisheries and the estuarine environment in north america. the infection mechanisms remain unclear, but it is likely that, while filter feeding, the healthy oysters ingest p. marinus trophozoites released to the water column by the infect ...	2007	17709523
experimental cross-infections by perkinsus marinus and p. chesapeaki in three sympatric species of chesapeake bay oysters and clams.	in controlled laboratory transmission experiments, uniform doses of axenic in vitro isolate cultures of perkinsus marinus from a crassostrea virginica oyster, and of independent p. chesapeaki isolates from chesapeake bay mya arenaria and macoma balthica clams, were used to reciprocally challenge perkinsus sp.-free c. virginica, m. arenaria, and m. balthica experimental hosts. following mantle cavity inoculations, all 3 experimental hosts acquired high incidences (30 to 100%) of infections by eac ...	2007	17718167
use of the 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer of roseovarius crassostreae for epizootiological studies of juvenile oyster disease (jod).	juvenile oyster disease (jod) in crassostrea virginica is caused by the marine bacterium roseovarius crassostreae. although the 16s rrna genes of the bacterial isolates exhibit little variation, 2 genetic signatures (gsi and gsii) may be discerned by ava i digestion of the 16s-23s internal transcribed spacer (its). in this study we analyzed isolates from jod epizootics throughout the northeastern usa (including affected adults for the first time) to better understand how oyster populations encou ...	2007	17760388
heat shock protein (hsp70) expression and thermal tolerance in sublethally heat-shocked eastern oysters crassostrea virginica infected with the parasite perkinsus marinus.	to investigate whether sublethal heat shock protects perkinsus marinus (dermo)-infected oysters crassostrea virginica from lethal heat stress, and the effects of p. marinus infection on sublethal heat shock response, oysters were first experimentally challenged with p. marinus. then, when infections in oysters progressed to moderate levels (parasite burden = 10(4) to 10(5) cells g(-1) wet tissue weight), oysters were treated with a sublethal heat shock at 40 degrees c for 1 h (heat shock + dermo ...	2007	17803111
pathogens in crassostrea ariakensis and other asian oyster species: implications for non-native oyster introduction to chesapeake bay.	with the drastic decline of eastern oyster crassostrea virginica populations in the chesapeake bay due to over-fishing, diseases and habitat destruction, there is interest in maryland and virginia in utilizing the non-native oyster species crassostrea ariakensis for aquaculture, fishery resource enhancement, and ecological restoration. the international council for the exploration of the sea (ices) recommends that non-native species be examined for ecological, genetic and disease relationships i ...	2007	18062472
prevalence of perkinsus marinus (dermo), haplosporidium nelsoni (msx), and qpx in bivalves of delaware's inland bays and quantitative, high-throughput diagnosis of dermo by qpcr.	restoration of oyster reef habitat in the inland bays of delaware was accompanied by an effort to detect and determine relative abundance of the bivalve pathogens perkinsus marinus, haplosporidium nelsoni, and qpx. both the oyster crassostrea virginica and the clam mercenaria mercenaria were sampled from the bays. in addition, oysters were deployed at eight sites around the bays as sentinels for the three parasites. perkinsus marinus prevalence was measured with a real-time, quantitative polymer ...	2007	18070329