Publications

quantification of fusarium graminearum in infected wheat by species specific real-time pcr applying a taqman probe.	a new real-time pcr based method was developed for the species-specific detection, identification and quantification of fusarium graminearum in planta. it utilizes a taqman hybridisation probe targeting the beta-tubulin gene and a plasmid standard. the assay is highly specific giving no product with dna of closely related species. it is very sensitive, detecting down to five gene copies per reaction, and is able to produce reliable quantitative data over a range of six orders of magnitude.	2004	15325762
resistance in wheat to fusarium infection and trichothecene formation.	the state of the art in fusarium head blight resistance research is reviewed with reference to breeding for genetic resistance to fusarium in wheat in practice. fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). don has phytotoxic properties and is an important aggressiveness factor in head blight. head blight resistance in wheat is not specific for either f. graminearum or f. culmorum. resistance components include resistance to penetration, resistanc ...	2004	15342079
functional analysis of the homoserine o-acetyltransferase gene and its identification as a selectable marker in gibberella zeae.	we used restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) to identify a methionine auxotrophic mutant of gibberella zeae, an important cereal pathogen. in addition to its methionine requirement, the g. zeae remi mutant designated z43r3912 showed pleiotropic phenotypes, including reduced virulence on host plants and lack of sexual development. outcrossing of z43r3912 with a mat1-1 deletion strain confirmed that the mutation of z43r3912 was tagged with the hygromycin b resistance marker. the vector i ...	2004	15378266
the sirodesmin biosynthetic gene cluster of the plant pathogenic fungus leptosphaeria maculans.	sirodesmin pl is a phytotoxin produced by the fungus leptosphaeria maculans, which causes blackleg disease of canola (brassica napus). this phytotoxin belongs to the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (etp) class of toxins produced by fungi including mammalian and plant pathogens. we report the cloning of a cluster of genes with predicted roles in the biosynthesis of sirodesmin pl and show via gene disruption that one of these genes (encoding a two-module non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) is essential f ...	2004	15387811
patterns of trichothecene production, genetic variability, and virulence to wheat of fusarium graminearum from smallholder farms in nepal.	fusarium graminearum causes wheat head blight and contaminates grain with the trichothecenes 4-deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. sequence analysis of trichothecene genes indicates that nivalenol production is the ancestral trait; however, deoxynivalenol producers occur worldwide and predominate in north and south america and in europe. analysis of a large field population (>500 strains) from nepal identified three groups that were both genetically distinct and polymorphic for trichothecene productio ...	2004	15453711
role of chitin synthase genes in fusarium oxysporum.	three structural chitin synthase genes, chs1, chs2 and chs3, were identified in the genome of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a soilborne pathogen causing vascular wilt disease in tomato plants. based on amino acid identities with related fungal species, chs1, chs2 and chs3 encode structural chitin synthases (css) of class i, class ii and class iii, respectively. a gene (chs7) encoding a chaperone-like protein was identified by comparison of the deduced protein with chs7p from saccharomyc ...	2004	15470098
a comparative study of mid-infrared diffuse reflection (dr) and attenuated total reflection (atr) spectroscopy for the detection of fungal infection on rwa2-corn.	an investigation into the rapid detection of mycotoxin-producing fungi on corn by two mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques was undertaken. corn samples from a single genotype (rwa2, blanks, and contaminated with fusarium graminearum) were ground, sieved and, after appropriate sample preparation, subjected to mid-infrared spectroscopy using two different accessories (diffuse reflection and attenuated total reflection). the measured spectra were evaluated with principal component analysis (pca) a ...	2004	14551669
rain splash dispersal of gibberella zeae within wheat canopies in ohio.	abstract rain splash dispersal of gibberella zeae, causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat, was investigated in field studies in ohio between 2001 and 2003. samplers placed at 0, 30, and 100 cm above the soil surface were used to collect rain splash in wheat fields with maize residue on the surface and fields with g. zeae-infested maize kernels. rain splash was collected during separate rain episodes throughout the wheat-growing seasons. aliquots of splashed rain were transferred to petri ...	2004	18943705
barrage zone formation between vegetatively incompatible fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae) isolates.	abstract vegetative compatibility has been used to assess the population biology of many fungal plant pathogens. however, for many species, including fusarium graminearum, this has meant making auxotrophic mutants to force heterokaryon formation. a method was developed to observe barrage zones of thick, raised mycelium at the junctions of vegetatively incompatible f. graminearum isolates. the appearance of the barrage zones was influenced by the growth medium and the light. barrage zones on v8 a ...	2004	18943760
genetic mapping of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of gibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum) toward wheat.	abstract gibberella zeae is the major fungal pathogen of fusarium head blight of wheat and produces several mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. we identified loci associated with pathogenicity and aggressiveness on an amplified fragment length polymorphism based genetic map of g. zeae in a cross between a lineage 6 nivalenol producer from japan and a lineage 7 deoxynivalenol producer from kansas. ninety-nine progeny and the parents were tested in the greenhouse for 2 ...	2004	18943772
barley traits associated with resistance to fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation.	abstract fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab is a destructive disease of barley in many countries. a better understanding of the interrelationships between plant traits and fhb resistance should help in the development of effective and efficient breeding strategies for fhb-resistant cultivars. recent mapping studies indicate that many of the quantitative trait loci (qtl) for fhb resistance coincide with the qtl for plant height, heading date, and spike characteristics. therefore, a study was cond ...	2004	18943804
host genetic effect on deoxynivalenol accumulation in fusarium head blight of barley.	abstract one of the major concerns with fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley is the potential health risks to livestock and humans through the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in infected grain. to define the role of the host in don accumulation during the early stages of disease development, we conducted a series of greenhouse experiments. we inoculated single spikelets of greenhouse-grown plants with fusarium graminearum, moved the plants to a dew chamber, and harvested the i ...	2004	18943910
toxin-dependent utilization of engineered ribosomal protein l3 limits trichothecene resistance in transgenic plants.	the contamination of agricultural products with fusarium mycotoxins is a problem of world-wide importance. fusarium graminearum and related species, which are important pathogens of small grain cereals and maize, produce an economically important and structurally diverse class of toxins designated trichothecenes. trichothecenes inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis. therefore, a proposed role for these fungal toxins in plant disease development is to block or delay the expression of defence-relat ...	2004	17134394
antimicrobial activity of flavonoids from pelargonium radula (cav.) l'hérit.	flavonoids from pelargonium radula (cav.) l'hérit were purified by column chromatography. two fractions were obtained: f1 (main flavonoid isoquercitrin) and f2 (main flavonoid rutin). in vitro antimicrobial activity of f1 and f2 were tested against eleven species of bacteria and eleven species of fungi. both fractions demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against staphylococcus aureus, proteus rettgeri, candida tropicalis and microsporum gypseum. staphylococcus sp. (coagulase-negative) and can ...	2005	16375833
morphogenesis in germinating fusarium graminearum macroconidia.	fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae) is a significant pathogen of wheat and corn. f. graminearum forms multicellular macroconidia that play an important role in dissemination of the disease. the spatial pattern of morphogenesis in germinating macroconidia is described. germ tubes preferentially emerge from the apical cells in a bipolar pattern that appears to be common to filamentous fungi. chitin deposition occurs at two locations: the spore apices and cortical regions of macroconi ...	2005	16457357
genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the f ilamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae.	fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. a majority of the funga ...	2005	16410762
the development and differentiation of gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) during colonization of wheat.	worldwide, one of the most devastating pathogens of small grains is the head blight fungus, gibberella zeae. ascospore-laden perithecia of this fungus develop on mature cereal crops and crop debris and provide the primary inoculum of the disease. we characterize the process of colonization of wheat tissue that leads to perithecium production. stems were colonized systemically and extensively following inoculation of the wheat head. haploid mycelia moved down the vascular system and pith and then ...	2005	16389974
identification of proteins induced or upregulated by fusarium head blight infection in the spikes of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum).	fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. it causes economic losses due to reduction in both yield and quality. although fhb resistance has been well documented and resistant cultivars have been developed to reduce incidence and severity of fhb, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in plant resistance against the infection and spread of f. graminearum. in the current study, 2-dimensional displays of pr ...	2005	16391683
random insertional mutagenesis identifies genes associated with virulence in the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum.	abstract fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of small grains and maize in many areas of the world. to better understand the molecular mechanisms of f. graminearum pathogenesis, we used the restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) approach to generate random insertional mutants. eleven pathogenicity mutants were identified by screening 6,500 hygromycin-resistant transformants. genetic analyses indicated that the defects in plant infection were tagged by the transforming vector in ...	2005	18943005
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and carbon loading of production media influence freeze-drying survival and biocontrol efficacy of cryptococcus nodaensis oh 182.9.	abstract fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae, is a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. cryptococcus nodaensis oh 182.9 is an effective biocontrol agent for this disease. development of a dried product of oh 182.9 would have potential advantages of ease of handling, favorable economics, and acceptance by end users. isolate oh 182.9 was grown for 48 and 72 h in semi-defined complete liquid (sdcl) medium with carbon-to-nitrogen (c/n) ratios of 6.5:1, 9:1, 11:1, 15:1, and 30:1, ...	2005	18943778
spatial patterns of viable spore deposition of gibberella zeae in wheat fields.	abstract an increased understanding of the epidemiology of gibberella zeae will contribute to a rational and informed approach to the management of fusarium head blight (fhb). an integral phase of the fhb cycle is the deposition of airborne spores, yet there is no information available on the spatial pattern of spore deposition of g. zeae above wheat canopies. we examined spatial patterns of viable spore deposition of g. zeae over rotational (lacking cereal debris) wheat fields in new york in 20 ...	2005	18943311
pathogenicity and in planta mycotoxin accumulation among members of the fusarium graminearum species complex on wheat and rice.	abstract fusarium head blight (fhb), or scab, is a destructive disease of small grains caused by members of the fusarium graminearum species complex, comprised of at least nine distinct, cryptic species. members of this complex are known to produce mycotoxins including the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) along with its acetylated derivatives and nivalenol (niv). in this study, 31 strains, belonging to eight species of this complex and originating from diverse hosts or substrates, were tested ...	2005	18943550
a functional screen identifies lateral transfer of beta-glucuronidase (gus) from bacteria to fungi.	lateral gene transfer (lgt) from prokaryotes to microbial eukaryotes is usually detected by chance through genome-sequencing projects. here, we explore a different, hypothesis-driven approach. we show that the fitness advantage associated with the transferred gene, typically invoked only in retrospect, can be used to design a functional screen capable of identifying postulated lgt cases. we hypothesized that beta-glucuronidase (gus) genes may be prone to lgt from bacteria to fungi (thought to la ...	2005	15483318
development of a highly efficient gene targeting system for fusarium graminearum using the disruption of a polyketide synthase gene as a visible marker.	we cloned a polyketide synthase gene (pks12) from fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of cereals. transformation-mediated gene disruption led to an easily detectable albino phenotype of the disruptants. we used the disruption of the pks12 gene as a visible marker for transformation-mediated homologous recombination and optimized the transformation procedure to achieve a high rate of homologous recombination. in combination with the published genomic sequence data and the generati ...	2005	15780665
activity in vitro and in vivo against plant pathogenic fungi of grifolin isolated from the basidiomycete albatrellus dispansus.	in the course of screening for novel naturally occurring fungicides from mushrooms in yunnan province, china, the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of albatrellus dispansus was found to show antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. the active compound was isolated from the fruiting bodies of a. dispansus by bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract and identified as grifolin by ir, 1h and 13c nmr and mass spectral analysis. its antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro aga ...	2005	15787244
identification of a gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of aurofusarin in the fusarium graminearum species complex.	the red pigmentation of fusarium graminearum and related species that cause stem and head blight of cereals is due to the deposition of aurofusarin in the cell walls. to determine the importance of this polyketide for fungal physiology and pathogenicity, aurofusarin deficient mutants were produced by random and targeted mutagenesis of f. pseudograminearum and f. graminearum. we show that a gene cluster, including the f. graminearum pks12 gene, is responsible for the biosynthesis of aurofusarin. ...	2005	15809006
putative polyketide synthase and laccase genes for biosynthesis of aurofusarin in gibberella zeae.	mycelia of gibberella zeae (anamorph, fusarium graminearum), an important pathogen of cereal crops, are yellow to tan with white to carmine red margins. we isolated genes encoding the following two proteins that are required for aurofusarin biosynthesis from g. zeae: a type i polyketide synthase (pks) and a putative laccase. screening of insertional mutants of g. zeae, which were generated by using a restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure, resulted in the isolation of mutant s4b3076, ...	2005	15811992
an oligonucleotide microarray for the identification and differentiation of trichothecene producing and non-producing fusarium species occurring on cereal grain.	cereal grain may be infected with a number of fusarium species some of which are producers of highly toxic compounds such as the trichothecenes. correct identification of these species is essential for risk assessment of cereal grain for human or animal consumption. most of the available methods for identification are either time consuming or aimed at only one or a few target species. microarray technology offers parallel analysis of a high number of dna targets. in this study 57 capture oligonu ...	2005	15823394
enhancement of the gibberella zeae growth inhibitory lipopeptides from a bacillus subtilis mutant by ion beam implantation.	bacillus subtilis ja antagonized the growth of gibberella zeae. in order to reduce growth of this fungi pathogen to a greater extent, low-energy ion beam implantation was applied in mutant breeding. we studied the effects of different energies and different doses of nitrogen ion implantation. the mutant strain designated as ja026 was obtained showing higher inhibition activity in the screening plate. its inhibition zone against indicator organism increased by 14.3% compared to the original strai ...	2005	15838674
a secreted lipase of fusarium graminearum is a virulence factor required for infection of cereals.	fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of the fusarium head blight (fhb) and a destructive pathogen of cereals accounting for high grain yield losses especially on wheat and maize. like other fungal pathogens, f. graminearum secretes various extracellular enzymes, which are hypothesized to be involved in host infection. extracellular lipolytic activity of f. graminearum was strongly induced in culture by wheat germ oil; this allowed us to isolate, clone, and characterize a gene (fgl1) encoding ...	2005	15842622
discovery of a novel superfamily of type iii polyketide synthases in aspergillus oryzae.	identification of genes encoding type iii polyketide synthase (pks) superfamily members in the industrially useful filamentous fungus, aspergillus oryzae, revealed that their distribution is not specific to plants or bacteria. among other aspergilli (aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus), a. oryzae was unique in possessing four chalcone synthase (chs)-like genes (csya, csyb, csyc, and csyd). expression of csya, csyb, and csyd genes was confirmed by rt-pcr. comparative genome analyses r ...	2005	15845386
ejection mechanics and trajectory of the ascospores of gibberella zeae (anamorph fuarium graminearum).	since wind speed drops to zero at a surface, forced ejection should facilitate spore dispersal. but for tiny spores, with low mass relative to surface area, high ejection speed yields only a short range trajectory, so pernicious is their drag. thus, achieving high speeds requires prodigious accelerations. in the ascomycete gibberella zeae, we determined the launch speed and kinetic energy of ascospores shot from perithecia, and the source and magnitude of the pressure driving the launch. we aske ...	2005	15878295
synthesis and antifungal activities of alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamates and s-alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamothioates.	a series of alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamates and s-alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamothioates with unsubstituted or monobrominated straight chain alkyl groups were synthesized and evaluated as fungistatic agents against gibberella zeae and alternaria kikuchiana. these compounds showed variable antifungal activities at concentrations of 5 and 50 microg/ml. the results showed that antifungal activities depended on the length of the alkyl chain with the optimal chain le ...	2005	15884810
fusarium graminearum, f. cortaderiae and f. pseudograminearum in new zealand: molecular phylogenetic analysis, mycotoxin chemotypes and co-existence of species.	fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum are important plant pathogens in new zealand and around the world. headblight and crown rot diseases of cereals caused by these species are responsible for large economic losses due to reduction in seed quality and contamination of grain with tricothecene mycotoxins. in the current study we have used two different molecular phylogenetic approaches, aflps and gene genealogies, to gain insight into the evolutionary relationships between f. graminearum, ...	2005	15912928
a wheat xylanase inhibitor gene, xip-i, but not taxi-i, is significantly induced by biotic and abiotic signals that trigger plant defense.	xip-i and taxi-i are wheat (triticum aestivum l) grain proteins that inhibit microbial xylanases used in food processing. although their biochemical properties and structural features were established recently, very little is known about their expression and their family members in wheat plants. to clarify the role of these xylanase inhibitor proteins in plant defense, we examined the expression of the xip-type genes in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic signals. although xip-i was not ...	2005	15914935
molecular mapping of fusarium head blight resistance in the winter wheat population dream/lynx.	fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, can significantly reduce the grain quality of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) due to mycotoxin contamination. the objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (qtls) for fhb resistance in a winter wheat population developed by crossing the resistant german cultivar dream with the susceptible british cultivar lynx. a total of 145 recombinant inbred lines (rils) were evaluated following spray inocula ...	2005	15947905
[cloning of alpha-tubulin gene from fusarium graminearum and analyzing its relationship with carbendazim-resistance].	the full-length nucleotide sequence of alpha-tubulin gene from each of 6 fusarium graminearum strains from china which had different carbendazim (mbc) sensitivity phenotypes were separated using pcr with 4 primer sets designed in accordance with nucleotide sequence of the gene from the reference isolate, nrrl 31084 (ph-1). the dna sequence comparison showed that there was no difference in the nucleotide sequence of alpha-tubulin gene amongst 3 sensitive and 3 resistant strains from china. this r ...	2005	15989278
survival of the biocontrol agents brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116 on the spikes of barley in the field.	fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to wheat and barley. a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressing plasmid prp22-gfp was constructed for monitoring the colonization of two biocontrol agents, brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116, on the spikes of barley and their effect on suppression of fhb. survival and colonization of the brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116 strains ...	2005	16052710
evaluation of reduced toxicity of zearalenone by extrusion processing as measured by the mtt cell proliferation assay.	the objective of this study was to determine loss of toxicity of zearalenone in extruded cereal-based products by the mtt (tetrazolium salt) cell proliferation assay using a sensitive mcf-7 human breast cancer cell line and to compare the results to chemical (high-performance liquid chromatography, hplc) and biochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, elisa) methods of analysis. a split-split plot design was used for the extrusion process experiments at temperatures of 150, 175, and 200 degr ...	2005	16076149
chromosome complement of the fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum based on genetic and physical mapping and cytological observations.	a genetic map of the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) was constructed to both validate and augment the draft whole-genome sequence assembly of strain ph-1. a mapping population was created from a cross between mutants of the sequenced strain (ph-1, nrrl 31084, originally isolated from michigan) and a field strain from minnesota (00-676, nrrl 34097). a total of 111 ascospore progeny were analyzed for segregation at 235 loci. genetic markers consisted of sequen ...	2005	16079234
a symbiosis expressed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory.	while much is known about the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi their biological role is often less clear. the assumption is these pathways have adaptive value to the organism but often the evidence to support this role is lacking. we provide the first genetic evidence that the fungal produced secondary metabolite, peramine, protects a host plant from insect herbivory. peramine is a potent insect feeding deterrent synthesized by epichloë/neotyphodium mutualistic endophyt ...	2005	16091042
species-specific pcr-based assays for the detection of fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis.	species-specific pcr was used for the identification of nine fusarium species in pure mycelial culture. a pcr-based method was compared with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis for three toxin-producing fusarium species using 85 grain samples of wheat, barley, oat, corn and rye. a simple sds-based dna extraction system followed by potassium acetate precipitation resulted in consistent pcr amplification of dna fragments from cultures and grain samples. the species-specific ...	2005	16099312
pcr detection assays for the trichothecene-producing species fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, fusarium poae, fusarium equiseti and fusarium sporotrichioides.	contamination of small-grain cereals with the fungal species fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum, f. poae, f. sporotrichioides and f. equiseti is an important source of trichothecenes, zearalenone and other mycotoxins which cause serious diseases in human and animals. additionally, these species contribute to fusarium head blight, a disease which produces important losses in cereal yield. early detection and control of these fusarium species is crucial to prevent toxins entering the food chain and ...	2005	16104354
molecular mapping of qtls for resistance to gibberella ear rot, in corn, caused by fusarium graminearum.	gibberella ear rot, caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum schwabe, is a serious disease of corn (zea mays) grown in northern climates. infected corn is lower yielding and contains toxins that are dangerous to livestock and humans. resistance to ear rot in corn is quantitative, specific to the mode of fungal entry (silk channels or kernel wounds), and highly influenced by the environment. evaluations of ear rot resistance are complex and subjective; and they need to be repeated over several y ...	2005	16121248
screening of putative oxygenase genes in the fusarium graminearum genome sequence database for their role in trichothecene biosynthesis.	in the biosynthesis of type b trichothecenes, four oxygenation steps remain to have genes functionally assigned to them. on the basis of the complete genome sequence of fusarium graminearum, expression patterns of all oxygenase genes were investigated in fusarium asiaticum (f. graminearum lineage 6). as a result, we identified five cytochrome p450 monooxygenase (cyp) genes that are specifically expressed under trichothecene-producing conditions and are unique to the toxin-producing strains. the ...	2005	16125338
genotyping of madurella mycetomatis by selective amplification of restriction fragments (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and subtype correlation with geographical origin and lesion size.	one of the causative organisms of mycetoma is the fungus madurella mycetomatis. previously, extensive molecular typing studies identified sudanese isolates of this fungus as clonal, but polymorphic genetic markers have not yet been identified. here, we report on the selective amplification of restriction fragment (aflp) analysis of 37 sudanese clinical isolates of m. mycetomatis. of 93 aflp fragments generated, 25 were polymorphic, and 12 of these 25 polymorphic fragments were found in a large f ...	2005	16145076
circadian rhythms in neurospora crassa: clock gene homologues in fungi.	computer-based analysis of a total of 17 filamentous fungal and yeasts genomes has shown: (1) homologues of frq, wc-1, wc-2, and vvd, key gene components of the neurospora crassa clock, are present in magnaporthe grisea, gibberella zeae, and podospora anserina, suggesting an frq-based oscillator in these organisms; (2) some fungal species that are more distantly related to neurospora, such as rhizopus oryzae do not appear to have frq homologues; (3) many fungal species that do not appear to cont ...	2005	16154782
comparative pathogenicity of fusarium graminearum isolates from china revealed by wheat coleoptile and floret inoculations.	fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab caused by fusarium species is an economically important disease on small grain cereal crops worldwide. accurate assessments of the pathogenicity of fungal isolates is a key obstacle toward a better understanding of the fusarium-wheat scab system. in this study, a new laboratory method for inoculation of wheat coleoptiles was developed, which consists of cutting off the coleoptile apex, covering the cut apex with a piece of filter paper soaked in conidial suspen ...	2005	16160772
screening and identification of the levoglucosan kinase gene (lgk) from aspergillus niger by lc-esi-ms/ms and rt-pcr.	a protein of 75,000 daltons with levoglucosan kinase activity was purified from aspergillus niger. after in-gel digestion by trypsin, a 14-mer peptide was sequenced and analyzed by lc-esi-ms/ms. using a primer derived from the 14-mer peptide in combination with oligo-(dt)18, a cdna fragment was obtained by rt-pcr. a search of the genbank database indicated that the protein had not been identified before. a similar protein named hypothetical protein fg07802.1 (eaa77996.1) was found to exist in gi ...	2005	16165323
nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in the genome of fusarium graminearum, causative agent of wheat head blight.	fungal nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) are responsible for the biosynthesis of numerous metabolites which serve as virulence factors in several plant-pathogen interactions. the aim of our work was to investigate the diversity of these genes in a fusarium graminearum sequence database using bioinformatic techniques. our search identified 15 nrps sequences, among which two were found to be closely related to peptide synthetases of various fungi taking part in ferrichrome biosynthesis. ano ...	2005	16196211
differential proteomic analysis of proteins in wheat spikes induced by fusarium graminearum.	scab, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious spike disease in wheat. to identify proteins in resistant wheat cultivar wangshuibai induced by f. graminearum infection, proteins extracted from spikes 6, 12 and 24 h after inoculation were separated by 2-de. thirty protein spots showing 3-fold change in abundance when compared with treatment without inoculation were characterized by maldi-tof ms and matched to proteins by querying the mass spectra in protein databases or the triticeae est tran ...	2005	16222720
influence of autoclaved fungal materials on spearmint (mentha spicata l.) growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism.	the influence of autoclaved fungal materials such as culture filtrate, freeze-dried mycelium (fdm), mycelium suspension, and spore suspension (ss) on the growth, morphogenesis, and carvone production of spearmint (mentha spicata l.) plants was studied. fungal materials were either applied as a drench or spray on the plants. spearmint plants (cv. "294099") drenched with ss (1 x 10(8) spores/ml) of trichoderma reesei showed no significant differences in leaf numbers, root numbers, or shoot numbers ...	2005	16222794
histopathological effects of dietary fusarium graminearum on rat duodenum.	microscopic pathology of duodenum in rats exposed to fusarium graminearum, a fungus infecting small-grain cereals, was investigated. intestinal haemorrhage was observed macroscopically in one of the rats. light microscopy demonstrated detachments between the surface epithelium and the lamina propria and severe interstitial oedema in the lamina propria in the test group. electron microscopy identified epithelial absorptive cells with highly expanded endoplasmic reticulum tubules, abundant cytopla ...	2005	16222885
cloning and characterization of two endoxylanases from the cereal phytopathogen fusarium graminearum and their inhibition profile against endoxylanase inhibitors from wheat.	two genes encoding family 11 endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (xyla, xylb) from fusarium graminearum were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the amount of active endoxylanase in the cytoplasmic soluble fraction was considerably improved by varying different expression parameters, including host strain and temperature during induction. both recombinant endoxylanases showed a temperature optimum around 35 degrees c and neutral ph optima (around ph 7 and 8 for xylb and xyla, respectively). for the fi ...	2005	15629130
development of a generic pcr detection of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of fusarium graminearum.	based on the intergenic sequences of tri5-tri6 genes involved in the mycotoxin pathways of fusarium species, a generic pcr assay was developed to detect a 300 bp fragment of deoxynivalenol (don)-chemotypes and a 360 bp sequence of nivalenol (niv)- chemotypes of fusarium graminearum. mycotoxin chemotypes identified by the pcr assays were confirmed by the chemical analyses of hplc or gc/ms. further analysis of 364 f. graminearum isolates from 12 provinces of china showed that 310 were don-chemotyp ...	2005	15686855
effect of relative humidity on germination of ascospores and macroconidia of gibberella zeae and deoxynivalenol production.	cereals are frequently infested by mycotoxin-producing fungi such as gibberella zeae. g. zeae produces sexual spores (ascospores, dispersed by wind) and asexual spores (macroconidia, dispersed by rain droplets) to infect host plants. the production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) and the germination of ascospores and macroconidia of g. zeae were studied at 20 degrees c in relation to relative humidity (rh). the don contents of wheat heads and autoclaved rice grain samples, artificially ino ...	2005	15698684
concordant evolution of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase and an rdna species phylogeny of trichothecene-producing and non-producing fusaria and other ascomycetous fungi.	the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum species complex (e.g. fusarium asiaticum, previously referred to as f. graminearum lineage 6) produces the mycotoxin trichothecene in infected grains. the fungus has a gene for self-defence, tri101, which is responsible for 3-o-acetylation of the trichothecene skeleton in the biosynthetic pathway. recently, trichothecene non-producers fusarium oxysporum and fusarium fujikuroi (teleomorph gibberella fujikuroi) were shown to have both functional (tri201) an ...	2005	15699200
a model transgenic cereal plant with detoxification activity for the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone.	zearalenone (zen) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the necrotrophic cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. this mycotoxin is detoxified by zhd101, a lactonohydrolase from clonostachys rosea, or egfp:zhd101, its fusion to the c-terminus of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. we previously showed that egfp:zhd101 is efficiently expressed in t(0) leaves of rice. in this study, we assessed the feasibility of in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin using progeny. when protein extract from ...	2005	16245162
contamination of malt barley and wheat by fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum from the crop years 2001-2003 in eastern croatia.	this study investigated infection levels with fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum in malt barley and wheat in eastern croatia. the contamination was surveyed over three consecutive crop years (2001-2003) on five locations for barley and three wheat cultivating locations. f. graminearum loads reached levels of potentially serious threat for the commercial production of malting raw materials in both cereals (up to 29.1%). on the other hand, the mean percentage of kernels infected with f. cu ...	2005	16255139
two different polyketide synthase genes are required for synthesis of zearalenone in gibberella zeae.	zearalenone (zea) is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by some species of gibberella/fusarium and causes hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals. zea occurs naturally in cereals infected by gibberella zeae in temperate regions and threatens animal health. in this study, we report on a set of genes that participate in the biosynthesis of zea in g. zeae. focusing on the non-reducing polyketide synthase (pks) genes of the g. zeae genome, we demonstrated that pks13 is required for zea production. subseque ...	2005	16262793
infection patterns in barley and wheat spikes inoculated with wild-type and trichodiene synthase gene disrupted fusarium graminearum.	fusarium head blight epidemics of wheat and barley cause heavy economic losses to farmers due to yield decreases and production of mycotoxin that renders the grain useless for flour and malt products. no highly resistant cultivars are available at present. hyphae of germinating fungal spores use different paths of infection: after germination at the extruded tip of an ovary, the hyphae travel along the epicarp in the space between the lemma and palea. infection of the developing kernel proceeds ...	2005	16263921
fusarium graminearum tri14 is required for high virulence and don production on wheat but not for don synthesis in vitro.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, is a major concern worldwide. fhb grain is reduced in yield, may fail to germinate, and is often contaminated with deoxynivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin linked to a variety of animal diseases and feed refusals. annual losses in the tens of millions of dollars due to fhb underscore the need to develop improved methods of disease control and prevention. previous research has identified deoxyn ...	2005	16277434
functional analysis of the polyketide synthase genes in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum).	polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that exhibit a vast diversity of form and function. in fungi, these compounds are produced by large, multidomain enzymes classified as type i polyketide synthases (pkss). in this study we identified and functionally disrupted 15 pks genes from the genome of the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae. five of these genes are responsible for producing the mycotoxins zearalenone, aurofusarin, and fusarin c and the black perithecial pigment. a comprehensi ...	2005	16278459
diversity of the exoproteome of fusarium graminearum grown on plant cell wall.	the exoproteome of the fungus fusarium graminearum grown on glucose and on hop (humulus lupulus, l.) cell wall has been investigated. the culture medium was found to contain a higher quantity of proteins and the proteins are more diverse when the fungus is grown on cell wall. using both 1d and 2d electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis and protein identification based on similarity searches, 84 unique proteins were identified in the cell wall-grown fungal exoproteome. many are put ...	2005	16283313
purification and characterization of aldoxime dehydratase of the head blight fungus, fusarium graminearum.	fungal aldoxime dehydratase (oxd) of fusarium graminearum maff305135 was purified and characterized for the first time from its overexpressing escherichia coli transformant. the enzyme showed about 20% identity with known oxds, and had similar enzymatic properties with nitrilase-linked oxd from the bacillus strain. it belongs to a group of phenylacetaldoxime dehydratases (ec 4.99.1.7), based on its substrate specificity and kinetic analysis.	2005	16306715
the maize an2 gene is induced by fusarium attack and encodes an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase.	using the technique of differential display, a maize transcript was identified whose silk tissue expression is induced in the presence of the ear rot pathogen fusarium graminearum. the 3445 nt transcript includes a 727 nt 5' untranslated leader with the potential for extensive secondary structure and represents the maize gene an2. an2 encodes a copalyl diphosphate synthase (cps)-like protein with 60% amino acid sequence identity with the maize an1 gene product involved in gibberellin (ga) biosyn ...	2005	16307364
a secreted lipase encoded by lip1 is necessary for efficient use of saturated triglyceride lipids in fusarium graminearum.	a triglyceride lipase gene lip1 was identified in the genome of fusarium graminearum strain ph-1. the predicted protein encoded by lip1 contains 591 amino acid residues with a putative n-terminal signal peptide and shows 57 and 40-44 % identity to a botrytis cinerea lipase and five candida rugosa lipases, respectively. yeast cells overexpressing lip1 showed lipolytic activity against a broad range of triglyceride substrates. northern blot analyses revealed that expression of lip1 was activated i ...	2005	16339936
metal ions modulate gene expression and accumulation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin and zearalenone.	to determine the modulating action of some metal ions (zn+2, fe+2, cu+2) on gene expression of enzymes related to fungal growth and accumulation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin and zearalenone.	2005	15715862
induction of wheat defense and stress-related genes in response to fusarium graminearum.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by species of the fungus fusarium, is a worldwide disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the chinese t. aestivum 'ning7840' is one of few wheat cultivars with resistance to fhb. to identify differentially expressed genes corresponding to fhb resistance, a cdna library was constructed using pooled mrna isolated from glumes of 'ning7840' harvested at 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 96 h after inoculation (hai) with a conidia spore suspension of fusarium graminearum. ...	2005	15729394
mapping of genes expressed in fusarium graminearum-infected heads of wheat cultivar 'frontana'.	the isolation, physical, and genetic mapping of a group of wheat genes expressed in infected heads of triticum aestivum 'frontana' resistant to fusarium head blight is reported. a cdna library was built from heads of 'frontana' through suppressive subtractive hybridization, to enrich for sequences induced by the pathogen fusarium graminearum during infection. a group of 1794 clones was screened by dot blot hybridization for differential gene expression following infection. twenty of these clones ...	2005	15729400
cloning and expression of a novel cdna encoding a mannose-binding lectin from dendrobium officinale.	using rna extracted from dendrobium officinale young leaves and primers designed according to the conservative regions of orchidaceae lectins, the full-length cdna of dendrobium officinale agglutinin2 (doa2) was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full-length cdna of doa2 was 777 bp and contained a 513 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a lectin precursor of 170 amino acids. through comparative analysis of doa2 gene and its deduced amino acid sequence with those of other orc ...	2005	15733576
dna markers associated with low fusarium head blight incidence and narrow flower opening in wheat.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is an important fungal disease in many wheat-growing areas of the world. the objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between width and duration of flower opening and incidence of fhb in wheat, and to identify dna markers associated with narrow flower opening and low fhb incidence. it was hypothesized that wheat lines whose flowers open briefly and narrowly have a reduced risk of infection. to test the hypoth ...	2005	15750825
comparison of environmental profiles for growth and deoxynivalenol production by fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum on wheat grain.	comparisons were made of the effect of water activity (a(w) 0.99-0.85), temperature (15 and 25 degrees c) and time (40 days) on growth/production of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) by fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum on wheat grain.	2005	15752221
synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas.	a series of 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas (2) have been synthesized in a six-step, three-pot reaction sequence from readily available cyclododecanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexanone. their structures were confirmed by ir, 1h nmr, and elemental analysis. the bioassay indicated that some of them possess certain fungicidal activity against gibberella zeae petch. in general, compounds containing a 12-membered ring (2a) are more active than those containing a 6- or 7-membered ring (2b, 2c). in the ...	2005	15769157
the gpmk1 map kinase of fusarium graminearum regulates the induction of specific secreted enzymes.	recently, we described gpmk1 map kinase-disruption mutants of fusarium graminearum that were fully viable in vitro, but had completely lost their ability to infect wheat. as cell wall-degrading enzymes are postulated to participate in the infection process of f. graminearum, these map kinase-disruption mutants were analysed for their ability to produce cell wall-degrading enzymes in vitro and compared with the wild-type strain. the gpmk1 disruption had no effect on the production of pectinolytic ...	2005	15549317
survey of simple sequence repeats in completed fungal genomes.	the use of simple sequence repeats or microsatellites as genetic markers has become very popular because of their abundance and length variation between different individuals. ssrs are tandem repeat units of 1 to 6 base pairs that are found abundantly in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. this is the first study examining and comparing ssrs in completely sequenced fungal genomes. we analyzed and compared the occurrences, relative abundance, relative density, most common, and longest ssrs i ...	2005	15563717
characterization of fusarium spp. isolates by pcr-rflp analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the rrna gene (rdna).	in the present study, 44 fusarium spp. isolates (5 fusarium culmorum, 7 fusarium graminearum, 1 fusarium cerealis, 1 fusarium poae, 26 fusarium oxysporum, and 4 gibberella fujikuroi species complex) were characterized morphologically, physiologically and genetically. all except one (dutch collection: cbs 620.72) were isolated from different hosts grown in various spanish localizations. morphological characterization was made according to macroscopic and microscopic aspects. physiological charact ...	2006	16246443
a model wheat cultivar for transformation to improve resistance to fusarium head blight.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem in wheat (triticum aestivum). genetic engineering holds significant potential to enhance fhb resistance in wheat. due to the requirement of screening for fhb resistance on flowers at anthesis, the number of screens carried out in a year is limited. our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using the rapid-maturing dwarf wheat cultivar apogee as an alternative genotype for transgenic fhb resist ...	2006	16252090
temperature and water activity effects on growth and temporal deoxynivalenol production by two argentinean strains of fusarium graminearum on irradiated wheat grain.	the objective of this study was to determine the effects of water activity (a(w); 0.900-0.995), temperature (5, 15, 25 and 30 degrees c), time of incubation (7-49 days) and their interactions on mycelial growth and deoxynivalenol (don) production on irradiated wheat grain by two strains of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat ears in argentina. optimal a(w) levels for growth were in the range 0.950-0.995 with a temperature optima of 25 degrees c. maximum growth rates were obtained at the hig ...	2006	16236377
distribution of mycelial colonies and lesions in field-grown barley inoculated with fusarium graminearum.	abstract external surfaces of barley florets have thick-walled epidermal cells resistant to direct penetration by the head blight pathogen, fusarium graminearum. surfaces within the floral cavity have thin-walled, susceptible cells. how the fungus gains access to the floral cavity, causing head blight, has not been determined. to investigate pathways of entry, field-grown plants were sprayed with macroconidial inoculum after heads emerged from the flag leaf sheath and then were mist irrigated da ...	2006	18943174
gibberella zeae ascospore production and collection for microarray experiments.	fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain quality. f. graminearum also causes stalk and ear rots of maize and is a producer of mycotoxins such as the trichothecenes that contaminate grain and are harmful to humans and livestock (goswami and kistler, 2004). the fungus produces two types of spores. ascospores, the propagules resulting from sexual reproduction, are the main source of prima ...	2006	18704186
genetic structure of atmospheric populations of gibberella zeae.	abstract gibberella zeae, causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and barley and gibberella ear rot (ger) of corn, may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. epidemics of fhb and ger may be initiated by regional atmospheric sources of inoculum of g. zeae; however, little is known about the origin of inoculum for these epidemics. we tested the hypothesis that atmospheric populations of g. zeae are genetically diverse by determining the genetic structure of new york atmo ...	2006	18944058
stereoselective synthesis and antifungal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring.	thirteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of the methyl (e)-methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring, were stereoselectively synthesized. it was found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively (e:z ca. 14:1) the key intermediate material (e)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolyl acetate (2). an x-ray crystallographic structure determination was carried out in a r ...	2006	19127737
the presence of gc-ag introns in neurospora crassa and other euascomycetes determined from analyses of complete genomes: implications for automated gene prediction.	a combination of experimental and computational approaches was employed to identify introns with noncanonical gc-ag splice sites (gc-ag introns) within euascomycete genomes. evaluation of 2335 cdna-confirmed introns from neurospora crassa revealed 27 such introns (1.2%). a similar frequency (1.0%) of gc-ag introns was identified in fusarium graminearum, in which 3 of 292 cdna-confirmed introns contained gc-ag splice sites. computational analyses of the n. crassa genome using a gc-ag intron conse ...	2006	16406724
fusarium tri4 encodes a multifunctional oxygenase required for trichothecene biosynthesis.	fusarium graminearum and fusarium sporotrichioides produce the trichothecene mycotoxins 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and t-2 toxin, respectively. in both species, disruption of the p450 monooxygenase-encoding gene, tri4, blocks production of the mycotoxins and leads to the accumulation of the trichothecene precursor trichodiene. to further characterize its function, the f. graminearum tri4 (fgtri4) was heterologously expressed in the trichothecene-nonproducing species fusarium verticillioides. transg ...	2006	16917519
a microsatellite based method for quantification of fungi in decomposing plant material elucidates the role of fusarium graminearum don production in the saprophytic competition with trichoderma atroviride in maize tissue microcosms.	common pcr assays for quantification of fungi in living plants cannot be used to study saprophytic colonization of fungi because plant decomposition releases pcr-inhibiting substances and saprophytes degrade the plant dna which could serve as internal standard. the microsatellite pcr assays presented here overcome these problems by spiking samples prior to dna extraction with mycelium of a reference strain. pcr with fluorescent primers co-amplifies microsatellite fragments of different length fr ...	2006	16420629
a simple method with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of the six trichothecene mycotoxins in rice medium.	a selective and speedy lc-ms/ms method was developed to determine six trichothecene mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon x, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and t-2 toxin) in rice medium where fusarium graminearum were cultivated for in vitro tests. the analytes were extracted from the rice medium with acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v), and diluted with acetonitrile/water (5/95, v/v) in order to minimize the effects of matrices. diluted solutions were analyzed by lc-ms/ ...	2006	16428841
stereoselective synthesis and fungicidal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.	fifteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of (e)-methyl methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring were stereoselectively synthesized. it was first found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively the key intermediate (e) and (z)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolylacetate 2 with a ratio of 14:1. the preliminary bioassays indicated that all the compounds 1 showed potent fung ...	2006	16455246
multiplex pcr assay for the identification of nivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes in fusarium.	the ability to rapidly distinguish trichothecene chemotypes in a given species/population of the genus fusarium is important due to significant differences in the toxicity of these secondary metabolites. a multiplex pcr assay, based on primer pairs derived from the tri3, tri5 and tri7 genes of the trichothecene gene cluster was established for the identification of the different chemotypes among fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum and f. cerealis. using the selected primers, specific amplification ...	2006	16684095
the dawn of fungal pathogen genomics.	recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced fungal genomes. several important plant pathogenic fungi are among those that have been sequenced or are being sequenced. additional fungal pathogens are likely to be sequenced in the near future. analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information about genes that may be important for plant infection and colonization. genome features, such as repetitive sequences, telomeres, con ...	2006	16704358
fusarium graminearum on plant cell wall: no fewer than 30 xylanase genes transcribed.	the transcription of a set of 32 putative xylanase genes from fusarium graminearum was examined by quantitative pcr after growth on different carbon sources (hop cell wall, xylan, xylose, or carboxymethylcellulose). growing on plant cell wall medium, this fungus displays a great diversity of expression of xylan-related genes, with 30 being induced. a second level of diversity exists because expression patterns can be very different for loci encoding enzymes with the same activity (the same ec nu ...	2006	16707104
genomic analysis of host-pathogen interaction between fusarium graminearum and wheat during early stages of disease development.	fusarium graminearum strains responsible for causing the plant disease fusarium head blight vary greatly in their ability to cause disease and produce mycotoxins on wheat. with the goal of understanding fungal gene expression related to pathogenicity, three cdna libraries were created by suppression subtractive hybridization using wheat heads inoculated with a highly aggressive strain and either water or a less aggressive strain of this pathogen. eighty-four fungal genes expressed during initial ...	2006	16735750
impact of transgenic bt maize residues on the mycotoxigenic plant pathogen fusarium graminearum and the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride.	transformation of maize with genes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) could have an impact on the saprophytic survival of plant pathogens and their antagonists on crop residues. we assessed potential effects on the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don)-producing wheat and maize pathogen fusarium graminearum and on the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride. purified cry1ab protein caused no growth inhibition of these fungi on agar plates. cry1ab concentra ...	2006	16738384
microarray analysis of transcript accumulation during perithecium development in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum).	gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum) is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and barley in the united states. ascospores forcibly discharged from mature fruiting bodies, the perithecia, serve as the primary inoculum for fhb epidemics. to identify genes important for perithecium development and function, a cdna microarray that covered 11% of the g. zeae genome was constructed. the microarray was used to measure changes in transcription levels of genes expressed durin ...	2006	16741730
cellular iron utilization is regulated by putative siderophore transporter fgsit1 not by free iron transporter in fusarium graminearum.	this report investigated fgsit1, which encodes a putative ferrichrome transporter of fusarium graminearum. the identity of the deduced amino acid sequence of fgsit1 with the amino acid sequence of scarn1p, an fc-fe(3+) transporter of saccharomyces cerevisiae, was 51%; both the growth defect related to the deltafet3deltaarn1-4 strain of s. cerevisiae in an iron-depleted condition and the fc-fe(3+) uptake activity were recovered upon the introduction of fgsit1 into the deltafet3deltaarn1-4 strain. ...	2006	16750173
the pks4 gene of fusarium graminearum is essential for zearalenone production.	zearalenones are produced by several fusarium species and can cause reproductive problems in animals. some aurofusarin mutants of fusarium pseudograminearum produce elevated levels of zearalenone (zon), one of the estrogenic mycotoxins comprising the zearalenones. an analysis of transcripts from polyketide synthase genes identified in the fusarium graminearum database was carried out for these mutants. pks4 was the only gene with an enoyl reductase domain that had a higher level of transcription ...	2006	16751498
identification of bifunctional delta12/omega3 fatty acid desaturases for improving the ratio of omega3 to omega6 fatty acids in microbes and plants.	we report the identification of bifunctional delta12/omega3 desaturases from fusarium moniliforme, fusarium graminearum, and magnaporthe grisea. the bifunctional activity of these desaturases distinguishes them from all known delta12 or omega3 fatty acid desaturases. the omega3 desaturase activity of these enzymes also shows a broad omega6 fatty acid substrate specificity by their ability to convert linoleic acid (la), gamma-linolenic acid, di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid to t ...	2006	16763049
[fusariosis of seeds of winter triticale].	the results of studying the mycoflora of winter triticale grains and seedlings after artificial and natural inoculation are presented. the species of fusarium, alternaria, helminthosporium, septoria, cladosporium, penicillium, rhizopus were identified. fusarium spp., prevailed over other fungi as to the number of its isolates. its isolates (n = 142) were distinguished, 5 species were identified. it is significant, that most isolates of fusarium graminearum caused a disease of grains. the species ...	2006	16786634
effects of zearalenone on in utero development in rats.	zearalenone (ze), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum or f. roseum, is one of the most common contaminants of cereal grains world-wide. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of ze on in utero development of rats. pregnant female charles river sprague-dawley rats were gavaged once daily with ze (in corn oil) at doses of 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg body weight on gestation days (gd) 6-19. all females survived to cesarean section on gd 20. at cesarean section, rep ...	2006	16797818
identification of differentially regulated proteins in response to a compatible interaction between the pathogen fusarium graminearum and its host, triticum aestivum.	using proteomic analyses, a study was carried out aimed at understanding the molecular mechanism of interaction between fusarium graminearum and triticum aestivum. wheat spikelets were inoculated with h2o and conidia spores of f. graminearum. proteins were extracted from spikelets harvested at three time points: 1, 2 and 3 days post inoculation. about 1380 protein spots were displayed on 2-d gels stained with sypro ruby. in total, 41 proteins were detected to be differentially regulated due to f ...	2006	16858732