Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| influence of age, sex, and diet on asymptomatic colonization of infants with clostridium difficile. | a total of 40% of 107 stool samples from infants 1 to 52 weeks of age were found to contain clostridium difficile antigens, detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. within the group tested, there was no detectable variation by age or sex. infants fed formula were nearly four times more likely to carry c. difficile than were those exclusively breast fed (62 versus 16%), whereas breast-fed infants also receiving formula or solids had an intermediate rate of colonization (35%). the distributions w ... | 1983 | 6863502 |
| [antibiotics and diarrhea, "clostridium difficile"]. | 1983 | 6867526 | |
| transferable resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline in clostridium difficile. | resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and streptogramins in clostridium difficile could be transferred to a susceptible strain by mixed culture at low frequencies (1 x 10(-8) to 4 - 10(-8) per donor cell). transfer of tetracycline resistance occurred at frequencies of 3 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-7). no plasmid dna involved in these transfers could be detected. | 1983 | 6870225 |
| active and passive immunization to protect against antibiotic associated caecitis in hamsters. | the administration of clindamycin to hamsters induces a lethal enterocolitis as a consequence of toxins produced in the alimentary tract by clostridium difficile. the lethal and cytopathic effects of c. difficile toxins are neutralized in vitro by c. sordellii antitoxin and hamsters may be protected against clindamycin induction of caecitis by passive immunization using c. sordellii antitoxin. to examine active immunization using c. difficile and c. sordellii toxoids, groups of male and female s ... | 1983 | 6873474 |
| bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing scheme for clostridium difficile. | the study of the epidemiology of infection with clostridium difficile would be aided by a way to type individual bacterial isolates. we therefore sought bacteriophages for use in typing. with mitomycin c exposure (3 micrograms/ml), filtrates from 10 strains of c. difficile had plaque-forming lytic activity on other c. difficile strains. individual phage were passaged and made into high-titer stock preparations for typing. electron microscopy revealed tailed phage particles from one such preparat ... | 1983 | 6874905 |
| usefulness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detecting toxin of clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6881095 | |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | 1983 | 6885673 | |
| isolation rate and toxigenic potential of clostridium difficile isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. | 1983 | 6886480 | |
| serum antibody response to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was developed. serum samples from 340 patients were tested for determination of the age-related prevalence of antitoxin. antibody to toxin a was present in 64% of patients more than two years old and antibody to toxin b in 66% of patients more than six months old. a strongly positive elisa value correlated with the presence of cytotoxicity-neutralizing antibody (p less than 0.0 ... | 1983 | 6886489 |
| failure to detect clostridium difficile in foods. | 1983 | 6886496 | |
| a selective broth for clostridium difficile. | a selective broth for the isolation of clostridium difficile from stool specimens is described. the broth contains gentamicin, cycloserine and cefoxitin (gcc broth) and gives rapid presumptive evidence of the presence of c. difficile using gas-liquid chromatography. the broth may also be used for the detection of cytotoxin. final recovery of c. difficile was significantly improved with an increase in isolation rate of 20% in patients in whom fecal cytotoxin could be detected and 125% in patients ... | 1983 | 6888964 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal secretion in rabbit ileum in vitro. | in rabbit ileum in vitro clostridium difficile toxin (200 microliter crude extract) almost abolished net na absorption, by decreasing mucosa to serosa flux, and induced net cl secretion by increasing the serosa to mucosa flux. these flux changes were induced when there was no visible histological damage to the mucosa. the toxin did not influence adenylate or guanylate cyclase activity in a plasma membrane fraction of isolated rabbit enterocytes nor did it affect camp concentrations in intact rab ... | 1983 | 6303915 |
| the polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. | to determine the microbial cause and the clinical and pathologic correlates of anorectal and intestinal symptoms in homosexually active men, we performed comprehensive microbiologic studies, anoscopy, sigmoid-oscopy, and rectal biopsy in men examined in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. enteric pathogens were found in 95 of 119 consecutive homosexual men with anorectal or intestinal symptoms and in 29 of 75 randomly selected homosexual men without such symptoms (p less than 0.001). the ... | 1983 | 6308444 |
| gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection in a homosexual man with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | a 44-yr-old white homosexual man with a history of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed watery diarrhea and fever. flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed yellow plaques in the sigmoid colon suggestive of pseudomembranous colitis. stool examination for ova and parasites, clostridium difficile toxin, and cultures for pathogens, including clostridium difficile, were negative. infection with multiple organisms, including mycobacterium avium intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex, and cytomeg ... | 1983 | 6313468 |
| recent advances in management of bacterial diarrhea. | the number of recognized infectious causes of diarrhea potentially treatable with specific antibiotics has markedly increased within the past ten years. laboratories are developing and expanding their abilities to deal with these new pathogens. neither prophylaxis nor specific treatment of diarrhea in travelers is simple, practical, and safe. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is the most important cause of diarrhea in u.s. travelers to tropical areas, campylobacter jejuni causes acute di ... | 1983 | 6405474 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxin in healthy neonates. | 1983 | 6412868 | |
| effect of erythromycin on microbial antagonisms: a study in gnotobiotic mice associated with a human fecal flora. | the effect of erythromycin base was studied on intestinal resistance to colonization of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with a human fecal flora and challenged with six microbial strains potentially pathogenic for immunocompromised patients. fecal concentrations of erythromycin were greater than 1,000 micrograms/g in the human donor and in mice. total intestinal bacterial counts were not significantly different in the human donor and in the recipient mice and were not affected by erythromycin treatm ... | 1983 | 6413596 |
| clostridium difficile toxin in faeces of infants. | 1983 | 6416381 | |
| beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine, a peptide of the fecal contents of axenic mice. | small quantities of low-molecular weight peptides have been characterized in the feces of axenic mice. in fecal material of axenic mice fed an autoclaved synthetic (sn) diet, we isolated a dipeptide and characterized its structure as beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine. this product was also present in the feces of gnotobiotic mice harbouring clostridium perenne. we could not detect the product in the fecal contents of holoxenic mice, clostridium difficile-contaminated mice or axenic mice fed the irrad ... | 1983 | 6612090 |
| antibodies to clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population. | 1983 | 6613933 | |
| infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation. | this prospective evaluation of patients presenting with mucoid bloody diarrhea and suspected idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated a 38% incidence of infectious colitides. the infectious agents detected were campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, amoeba, and clostridium difficile. an increased awareness and the utilization of selective culture media should allow the clinician to definitively diagnose patients who present with signs and symptoms suggestive of idiopathic inflammatory bo ... | 1983 | 6618115 |
| effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. | the effect of cefoperazone on the intestinal flora was investigated in 29 patients receiving the drug for 7 to 14 days. faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after therapy. the cefoperazone treatment was associated with major changes in the faecal flora. there was marked suppression of enterobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobic cocci, bacteroides, fusobacteria, bifidobacteria, eubacteria and lactobacilli. the number ... | 1983 | 6619054 |
| enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | an enzyme immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa]) to detect hamster antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was developed in which toxin preparations are used to coat the solid phase. the specificity of the assay was supported by blocking tests with the toxin preparations and proteins from a nontoxigenic strain. sera from immunized and control hamsters were tested by this technique, and results were compared with those from a cytotoxicity neutralization assay. antibod ... | 1983 | 6619280 |
| comparison of methods for recovery of clostridium difficile from an environmental surface. | survival of clostridium difficile in an aerobic environment is possible because of spore formation. when sodium taurocholate is substituted for the egg yolk of a selective medium, cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose-agar (ccfa), enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores is shown. this selective medium (tccfa) does not improve recovery of vegetative forms. in this study, dry and saline-moistened swabs, adhesive paddles, and rodac plates containing ccfa and tccfa were compared in their ability to recove ... | 1983 | 6619285 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with changes in an ileal conduit. | a case of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis following total cystectomy is reported, in which there was involvement of the ileal conduit. the small bowel remaining in situ was uninvolved. bacteriological studies revealed clostridium difficile and the toxin in both colon and ileal conduit. relevant publications concerning pathogenesis are discussed, in relation to the unusual site described in this case. epidemiological evidence is reviewed which suggests that isolation of patients wi ... | 1983 | 6619315 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a in infants. | c difficile produces two toxins, each of which is cytotoxic and lethal to animals [1]. whether one or both of the toxins is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans is unknown. c difficile is rarely found in the intestinal tracts of healthy adults, and then only in relatively low numbers. the same numbers of c difficile found in adults with pseudomembranous colitis may be present in infants with no obvious adverse effects [3]. the primary cytotoxin of c difficile, toxin b, may also be ... | 1983 | 6619580 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile in a kodiak bear. | clostridium difficile and its toxins usually are present in feces of laboratory animals and persons with antibiotic-associated colitis. we report antibiotic-associated colitis in a captive kodiak bear (alaskan brown bear, ursus arctos) in which c difficile and its cytotoxin were found in feces. this indicates that the colitis associated with c difficile and its toxins can occur in nonlaboratory large animals and that this organism may be the causative agent in certain cases of idiopathic colitis ... | 1983 | 6625306 |
| ultrastructural effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin b causes cells in culture to round was investigated. cultured human lung fibroblasts and rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with partially purified or purified toxin b and monitored by light and transmission electron microscopy (tem). both preparations caused progressive cell rounding which correlated with disorganization of actin-containing myofilament bundles. thin myofilaments became fragmented and finally disappeared (after 24 h) ... | 1983 | 6628564 |
| concomitance of cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | six patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and one patient with diarrhea unrelated to antibiotic use yielded both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic isolates of clostridium difficile from the same stool specimens. in addition, these isolates were shown to be pathogenic and nonpathogenic, respectively, in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. these data imply that more than one toxin type of c. difficile may be harbored simultaneously. if toxin testing is used to identify c. ... | 1983 | 6630455 |
| efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of clostridium difficile spore germination. | taurocholate, desoxycholate, and cholate stimulated germination of clostridium difficile spores in broth medium and enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores on a selective agar medium. desoxycholate and some crude taurocholate preparations also inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells. at a concentration of 1.2 x 10(-2) m, sodium cholate inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells, but at concentrations of 1.2 x 10(-3) to 2.4 x 10(-3) m, it stimulated germination without inhibiting cell mul ... | 1983 | 6630458 |
| use of gas-liquid chromatography as a screening test for toxigenic clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools. | in order to determine if gas-liquid chromatography (glc) on concentrated stool extracts could be substituted to cell culture assay for cytotoxicity, we prospectively studied 154 diarrhoeal stools submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. isocaproic-positive samples were cultured on egg yolk agar supplemented with cycloserine, cefoxitin and fructose for isolation of c difficile, and on egg yolk agar plus kanamycin for isolation of other clostridium species. of the 154 samples, 129 w ... | 1983 | 6630574 |
| cytotoxin production by clostridium sordellii strains. | a total of 55 strains of clostridium sordellii, 21 lethal toxin-positive and 34 lethal toxin-negative, were tested for cytotoxin production in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.2% na2hpo4 (m-bhi) and cooked-meat-glucose (cmg) medium using baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/wi-2) cells as indicator cells. the m-bhi medium was preferred to cmg medium and 24 hr of incubation was sufficient for cytotoxin production. nineteen of the 21 toxigenic strains were also cytotoxigenic, and the strengt ... | 1983 | 6633300 |
| lack of relationship of clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. | we studied prospectively the conversion rate to clostridium difficile-positive stool cultures in 31 children receiving oral antibiotics for common infections and looked for a possible association of c. difficile colonization with diarrhea. the incidence of pretreatment positive stool cultures was 35% with the majority of positive findings in infants less than 1 year of age. after treatment with oral antibiotics c. difficile was cultured from the stool of 42% of the children. eleven children deve ... | 1983 | 6634465 |
| rifampin and pseudomembranous colitis. | isolates of toxigenic clostridium difficile, the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are almost always highly susceptible to rifampin. however, resistant isolates exist and have been associated with colitis in both hamsters and humans given rifampin. rifampin is rarely implicated in the disease in humans; only six cases have been documented, all in elderly patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis. at least three of these patients had liver disease, and all ... | 1983 | 6635443 |
| intestinal colonization of infant hamsters with clostridium difficile. | infant hamsters of different ages were examined for their susceptibility to enteric clostridium difficile colonization. intragastric administration of c. difficile to infant hamsters resulted in multiplication of the organism in the intestinal tracts of animals 4 to 12 days old; hamsters younger or older were resistant to c. difficile intestinal colonization. toxicity to the colonized animals could not be demonstrated despite cytotoxin titers in some infant hamsters comparable to titers found in ... | 1983 | 6642638 |
| internalization of clostridium difficile cytotoxin into cultured human lung fibroblasts. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile cytotoxin, the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-related with a minimum of 45 min. at 37 degrees c, the toxin was accessible on all cells to inactivation with trypsin or neutralization with antitoxin during the first tenth of the latency. at 0 degrees c, the toxin was accessible considerably longer. the cytopathogenic effect was reversibly prevented by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and amm ... | 1983 | 6652117 |
| false-positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests for clostridium difficile: the role of clostridium bifermentans and clostridium sordellii. | 1983 | 6655298 | |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxins and mouse hepatic microsomes. | intraperitoneal administration of toxins of clostridium difficile to mice resulted in loss of hepatic cytochrome p450 and peroxidation of microsomal lipids. pretreatment with the microsomal enzyme inducer beta-naphthoflavone partially alleviated these effects and increased survival time of intoxicated animals. | 1983 | 6658814 |
| detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin in hep-2 and cho cell lines. | the detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin was compared in two established cell lines; chinese hamster ovary (cho) and a human epithelial line, hep-2. all specimens with positive toxin assays were detected with the cho cell line, whereas only one-half of positive specimens were detected with the hep-2 cells. | 1983 | 6667607 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1983 | 6670306 | |
| [clostridium difficile and its toxin in a series of cases of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis]. | 1983 | 6670447 | |
| improved immunologic detection of clostridium difficile antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | an improved counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) procedure for detection of clostridium difficile antigen is described. commercially available antiserum to c. difficile toxin was absorbed with whole cells of c. difficile. cie (absorbed) was 100% sensitive and 77.5% specific when compared to the tissue culture toxin assay. instances are noted in which the cie (absorbed) and/or bacterial culture was positive and the tissue culture assay was negative. | 1983 | 6671366 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile: production, purification and effect in mouse intestine. | clostridium difficile produces one diarrhoeogenic toxin designed a, and one cytopathogenic toxin designed b. toxin a was purified in a four-step-fractionation procedure. in the last purification step the toxin was separated by elution with galactose from an agarose gel. the purified toxin a induced a clear and watery hypersecretion in intestinal loops of mouse, while mixtures of toxin a and b induced a haemorrhagic secretion. at an ed50 value for the purified toxin a of 0.5 microgram there was a ... | 1983 | 6673499 |
| [anaerobic effect of tinidazol compared with metronidazol, ornidazol, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6676177 |
| [efficacy of tinidazole against anaerobes in comparison with metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6681175 |
| loss of surface fibronectin from human lung fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile cytotoxin caused an irreversible dose- and time-dependent loss of fibronectin from the surfaces of human lung fibroblasts, paralleling the appearance of the cytopathic effect. fibronectin was not required for the intoxication process. the results lend further support to a transmembrane connective link between fibronectin and the microfilaments. | 1983 | 6682405 |
| massive mural edema in severe pseudomembranous colitis. | three patients had severe acute pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile toxin and required surgical resection. in addition to the characteristic mucosal lesions, the colonic specimens showed a marked degree of diffuse mural edema that extended into the muscularis propia and involved areas of the colon with and without pseudomembranes. to our knowledge, such extreme edema has not been previously noted in pathologic descriptions of this disorder; it may possibly result from a toxic e ... | 1983 | 6687545 |
| stimulation of enterotoxin production of clostridium difficile ny antibiotics. | 1983 | 6131337 | |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | 1983 | 6134163 | |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | stools from 109 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (13.4%) contained clostridium difficile or its toxin, an incidence similar to the stools of 99 control patients with diarrhoea (11.9%), but significantly higher than the stools of 77 control patients with a normal bowel habit (1.4%). sixty-six per cent of the diarrhoea controls, but only 11% of the inflammatory bowel disease patients, reported recent antibiotic use: however, 67% of inflammatory bowel disease patients were taking sulphasala ... | 1983 | 6135648 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. | 1983 | 6137662 | |
| prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. | 101 patients with clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea or colitis were prospectively randomised to 10-day oral courses of metronidazole, 250 mg four times a day, or vancomycin, 500 mg four times a day. 7 did not complete the protocol and were dropped from analysis. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) was diagnosed after endoscopy in 33 patients. of the remaining patients without pmc, 38 had both c difficile culture and cytotoxin and 23 had only culture evidence of c difficile. 52 evaluable pati ... | 1983 | 6138597 |
| metronidazole or vancomycin for clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | 1983 | 6140511 | |
| 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin e2 inhibits toxin release from clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6221643 | |
| ceftazidime in severe infections: a swiss multicentre study. | a total of 105 patients (mean age 57, range 15 to 90) with serious infections were treated with intravenous ceftazidime, usually 2 g 8-hourly. most patients had complicating factors such as major surgery, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, catheters or anatomical abnormalities. eighty-seven infectious episodes in 77 patients could be assessed for efficacy. bacteraemia was diagnosed in 26% of these episodes. seventy-five per cent of infections were due to gram-negative bacteria, pseudomona ... | 1983 | 6225761 |
| ceftazidime in patients with pseudomonas infections. | ceftazidime was administered to 41 patients with serious infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 cases) and other bacteria (17 cases). the clinical response rate of pseudomonas infections (88%) was similar to that of other bacteria (94%) with microbiological eradication of 83% of initial pseudomonas isolates compared to 82% of non-pseudomonas strains. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in 3 cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and p ... | 1983 | 6225762 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile toxin a and mammalian cells. | 1983 | 6228124 | |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in inflammatory bowel disease. | the occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces has been studied in 53 inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) at 57 admissions. before faecal sampling of the patients had had sulphasalazine therapy--17 for more than 1 year--and 16 patients had taken antibiotics on 20 occasions within the last year. the toxin was found in 3 out of 57 samples (5%). in all cases it could be detected only in undiluted stool filtrate. none of the patients was treated for the c. difficile infection; ... | 1983 | 6144171 |
| prospective study of gram-stained stool smears in diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | gram stains of stools from patients with diarrhea and control patients with no diarrhea were examined for a predominance of gram-positive rods and the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. results were compared with those from lower gastrointestinal endoscopy for pseudomembranes. clostridium difficile culturing, and c. difficile toxin assay. the gram stain was moderately difficult to interpret and was not useful in diagnosing diarrheal disease associated with c. difficile. | 1983 | 6190839 |
| a prospective randomized trial to compare mezlocillin and metronidazole with cefuroxime and metronidazole as prophylaxis in elective colorectal operations. | a prospective randomized trial has compared a broad spectrum ureidopenicillin with a broad spectrum cephalosporin for prophylaxis against the aerobic organisms encountered during elective colonic surgery. even though only two doses of antibiotics were administered the incidence of severe sepsis was low. severe wound infection occurred in three of the patients receiving mezlocillin and metronidazole (6 per cent) compared with six in the group receiving cefuroxime and metronidazole (13 per cent). ... | 1983 | 6198367 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of norfloxacin (mk-0366, am-715) and other agents against gastrointestinal tract pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activities of norfloxacin and of nine other orally administered antibacterial agents against 180 clinical isolates representing the bacterial species most frequently implicated in infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations showed norfloxacin to be 4, 15, 4, 17, 17, 17, and 33 times more active than the next best compound tested against campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shi ... | 1983 | 6219622 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clostridium difficile toxin a. | antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a were purified by affinity chromatography from antiserum prepared against crude c. difficile toxin preparations. the affinity-purified antibody preparation was free of detectable amounts of antibodies to other c. difficile antigens, as demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and specifically neutralized the cytotoxicity of toxin a. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was subsequently developed using the antibody preparation ... | 1983 | 6338036 |
| ceftazidime therapy of serious bacterial infections. | ceftazidime, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was administered to 30 patients with serious bacterial infections in a randomized dosing trial with daily doses of 1.5 or 3 g. both regimens were equally efficacious, with satisfactory clinical responses in 28 instances (93%) and microbiological eradication of 79% of initial bacterial isolates. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in three cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and pseudomonas ae ... | 1983 | 6340601 |
| the "clostridial effect" of selective decontamination of the human gut with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole in neutropenic patients. | during 59 periods of hospitalisation, 39 patients with either acute myeloid leukemia (22), acute lymphatic leukemia (9), acute undifferentiated leukemia (1), blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (6) or high-grade malignant non-hodgkin lymphoma (1) were subjected to aggressive polychemotherapy after selective decontamination of the gut. the patients were given an amphotericin b suspension in a dosage of 1.2 g/day for two days, after which one tablet of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (tmp/sm ... | 1983 | 6352509 |
| evaluation of mezlocillin in elective gastrointestinal surgery. | we report the interim results of two trials to evaluate the place of mezlocillin in elective intestinal operations. sixty-four operations for gastro-oesophageal disease have been performed where patients were randomly allocated to mezlocillin or cefuroxime. wound sepsis occurred in 19% of the mezlocillin patients compared with 3% of those receiving cefuroxime. seventy-three operations have been performed for colorectal cancer in whom three doses of antibiotic were used for prophylaxis. patients ... | 1983 | 6352606 |
| clinical usefulness of vancomycin. | the antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of vancomycin are reviewed. vancomycin interferes with peptidoglycan biosynthesis in multiplying organisms and is bactericidal. it is supplied as the hydrochloride salt and is available in 500-mg ampuls. vancomycin is usually administered intravenously or orally. i.v. vancomycin should be administered slowly (over 30--60 min) and in an adequate volume (100--250 ml) of 5% dextrose injection. usual adult dose is 500 mg every six hours ... | 1983 | 6354567 |
| [clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated colitis in risk patients: 2-month epidemiologic study in an intensive care unit]. | a toxin produced by clostridium difficile has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis. it is not known how often the microorganism is encountered in germany particularly in high risk patients. therefore, following a lethal case of colitis, stool samples of 90 patients and 30 staff members of an intensive care unit were screened routinely for c. difficile over 2 months. the organism was found in 6 of 41 patients treated with antibiotics (14.6%); four of them apparentl ... | 1983 | 6358656 |
| the roles of lactose and clostridium difficile in the pathogenesis of enteral feeding associated diarrhoea. | this study investigated the influence of the disaccharide lactose on the incidence of clinically significant enteral feeding associated diarrhoea. in this double blind study both groups each of 25 patients were randomised to receive either a lactose containing diet clinifeed 400 in 25 patients or a lactose free diet ensure in 25 patients. diarrhoea occurred with equal frequency in both treatment groups, even in those patients with symptomatic and biochemical evidence of impaired lactose handling ... | 1983 | 16829389 |
| diarrhea. | the four major mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic forces, secretory forces, exudation from a disrupted intestinal mucosa, and disturbed intestinal motility. in many illnesses, more than one mechanism produces diarrhea. the rotaviruses and the norwalk viruses have recently been recognized as common causes of viral gastroenteritis. also, the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is now known to be an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. campylobacter has also been identified as a common cau ... | 1983 | 21283398 |
| sealed adult mice: new model for enterotoxin evaluation. | outbred, inbred, and congenic strains of conventional mice which were ano-rectally occluded with cyanoacrylate ester glue and converted to sealed adult mice (sam) were given, per os, crude cholera enterotoxin (ct) in 10% nahco3. at 6 h when the response was maximal, mice were killed, the small intestines were removed, and gut weight/body weight ratios were calculated. experimental mice gave a linear response after receiving 1.5 to 60 micrograms of ct. purified heat-stable enterotoxin from escher ... | 1984 | 6363287 |
| improved enzyme immunoassays for the detection of antigens in fecal specimens. investigation and correction of interfering factors. | solid phase enzyme immunoassays (eia) are widely used for the detection of infectious agents in body fluids such as stool specimens. however, we found that stool specimens contained substances which desorb from 50% to 68% of the immunoreactant from solid phase surfaces. this desorbing activity decreased the sensitivity of eia systems for toxin a of c. difficile, rotavirus and adenovirus. the desorbing activity in stool specimens was partially heat labile at 56 degrees c for 30 min, was present i ... | 1984 | 6366064 |
| a selective enrichment broth for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6368602 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile has become one of the commonest pathogens of the lower intestinal tract. this organism appears unique in that infection almost always occurs during or after antibiotic therapy, suggesting that some component of the normal microflora prevents colonization by c. difficile. once it has overgrown in the colon, c. difficile releases several toxins which cause tissue damage and diarrhea. infection can range from a simple self-limited diarrheal illness to fulminant colitis with pe ... | 1984 | 6369936 |
| clostridium difficile. colonization and toxin production in a cohort of patients with malignant hematologic disorders. | we examined 45 (80%) of 56 consecutive adult patients with malignant hematologic disorders who were hospitalized during a 15-week period at emory university hospital, atlanta. stool samples for clostridium difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were obtained on admission and then weekly during each patient's hospitalization. on admission, four patients had detectable c difficile in their stool samples, which was associated with prior antimicrobial use but not with prior cancer chemotherapy. one o ... | 1984 | 6370168 |
| adsorption of clostridium difficile antiserum for rapid detection of toxin. | 1984 | 6370572 | |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of mucous membranes and outnumber aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. anaerobes can be isolated from pediatric patients with various infections when appropriate techniques for transportation and cultivation of samples are employed. frequently anaerobes are isolated in combination with other facultative or aerobic bacteria. the genera or groups of anaerobes most frequently isolated from pyogenic infections in children are ... | 1984 | 6372028 |
| breast feeding and toxigenic intestinal infections: missing links in crib death? | infant botulism results when clostridium botulinum spores germinate, colonize the gut, and there produce botulinal toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid muscle paralysis. the observed variation in the severity of the disease was linked to the infant's milk source, in that all sudden death cases indistinguishable from typical crib death occurred in infants who had been formula-fed, whereas the more gradual onset, hospitalized cases occurred in infants who were predominantly breast-fed. sec ... | 1984 | 6372029 |
| antimicrobial agent-associated colitis and diarrhea: historical background and clinical aspects. | in the late 1970s it was found that clostridium difficile causes a lethal, clindamycin-induced ileocecitis in the syrian hamster; this animal model has been an invaluable aid to our understanding of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea in humans. c. difficile is involved in almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and in approximately one-fourth of cases of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in humans in which a pseudomembrane is not detected. the presenting signs and symptoms of c. dif ... | 1984 | 6372031 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease is an intriguing subject about which there are few answers but many remaining questions. although it is accepted that altered intestinal microecology (usually the result of antimicrobial therapy) is a major predisposition to disease, the details of microbial interactions are not yet known and clearly involve more than simple overgrowth of a resistant member of the resident flora. a variety of reservoirs of c. difficile are reco ... | 1984 | 6372032 |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by direct detection of volatile organic acids from primary isolation media. | 1984 | 6373841 | |
| [clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1984 | 6374792 | |
| selected aspects of nosocomial infections in the 1980s. | unusual or rare pathogens and syndromes may become significant problems in nosocomial infection. pathogens that usually produce community-onset disease, particularly respiratory viruses, legionella, and atypical mycobacteria, also cause nosocomial infection. conversely, nosocomial pathogens may also produce disease in the community, as has been seen with clostridium difficile. contamination of parenteral and antiseptic solutions continues to be a problem in hospitals. hospital-acquired viral inf ... | 1984 | 6380284 |
| evaluation of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for identification of clostridium difficile. | accurate identification of clostridium difficile is important when antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis is suspected. presumptive identification of c. difficile was made on the basis of microscopic features and colony characteristics on cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk agar medium. we studied the reliability of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for definitive identification of c. difficile. this system showed low dependability after the recommended 24 h of incu ... | 1984 | 6381531 |
| production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile. | the production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile during in-vitro culture was investigated. cell-associated toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis of bacterial extracts released by ultrasonication and by fluorescent antibody labelling of whole cells. extracellular toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; extracellular toxin b was detected by cytotoxin assay. both toxins a and b were produced and released during the decline ... | 1984 | 6389875 |
| treatment of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | pseudomembranous colitis is caused by release of toxins from clostridium difficile when it colonizes the large intestine. this clostridium is susceptible to concentrations of vancomycin which are readily attained in the colon after oral administration. when vancomycin is given orally to infected patients in a dose of 125 mg every 6 h, a rapid clinical cure can be expected. some patients may relapse after the vancomycin is stopped, but a further course of treatment will control symptoms. | 1984 | 6394575 |
| rapid differentiation of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that produce heat-stable and heat-labile toxins by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography analysis of diarrheal stool specimens. | thirty-three stool specimens from infants in the village of tamooh near cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). in 13 of the diarrheal cases, the suspected causative agent isolated was escherichia coli which produced heat-stable toxin (st), and in 10 other cases e. coli that produced heat-labile toxin (lt) were isolated. ten control stool samples, collected from infants from whom no pathogenic organisms were isolated, were analyzed at ... | 1984 | 6394617 |
| [bacterial agents of hospital infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6398796 |
| cefotaxime-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile. | a patient with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial pneumonitis, treated with prednisolone, developed mild colitis due to clostridium difficile in association with the use of cefotaxime (ctx). diarrhea was successfully treated with the discontinuation of ctx and initiation of oral vancomycin. | 1984 | 6088823 |
| micro-organisms in gastroenteritis. | we present bacteriological and virological findings together with salient clinical features from a prospective study of 447 children aged under 2 years admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. putative pathogenic micro-organisms were identified in the stools of 75% of these children. eight identifiably distinct groups of viruses, found on electron microscopy and tissue culture were present in 67% of patients--rotavirus was detected most frequently. pathogenic bacteria (salmonellas, ... | 1984 | 6091568 |
| quantitative assay for acute intestinal inflammation based on myeloperoxidase activity. assessment of inflammation in rat and hamster models. | an assay was devised to quantitate acute intestinal inflammation based on the assessment of myeloperoxidase activity. myeloperoxidase is an enzyme found in neutrophils and, in much smaller quantities, in monocytes and macrophages. myeloperoxidase was solubilized with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and myeloperoxidase activity was measured with a dianisidine-h2o2 assay. in neutrophil suspensions, myeloperoxidase activity was directly related to cell number down to as few as 500 cells. myelope ... | 1984 | 6092199 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in fecal specimens. | enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b were developed with use of a double-sandwich microtiter plate format. each assay was specific for its respective toxin and was sensitive to 0.1 ng of toxin. neither assay was reactive with 13 other species of clostridia. one hundred fifty fecal specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity assay were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). of the 79 tissue culture-positive specimens, 72 (91%) were pos ... | 1984 | 6101243 |
| diarrhoea and simultaneous excretion of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c perfringens enterotoxin. | 1984 | 6150266 | |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from anaerobic myonecrosis of the upper extremity]. | 1984 | 6238682 | |
| the influence of drugs on the response of a cell culture preparation to bacterial toxins. | the influence was studied of lanthanum chloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, indomethacin and sodium cromoglycate on the morphological changes induced in vero cells by the action of the cholera toxin, the thermolabile enterotoxin (lt) and the vero cell cytotoxin (vt) of escherichia coli, the enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens, and the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile. these drugs were able to inhibit the effects produced by c. difficile cytotoxin but not by the other toxins examined. | 1984 | 6142959 |
| typing scheme for clostridium difficile: its application in clinical and epidemiological studies. | epidemiological studies of clostridium difficile diarrhoeal disease have been hindered by the lack of a typing scheme for this organism. a typing method based on the incorporation of sulphur-35-labelled methionine into cellular proteins and their separation by sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed clear pattern differences between strains, and nine distinct groups within the c difficile species were established. 98% of 250 clinical strains derived from four hospitals w ... | 1984 | 6143871 |
| incidence and origin of clostridium difficile in neonates. | the stools of 65 of 92 (71%) infants in a special care nursery yielded clostridium difficile on culture. ninety percent of stools collected after 6 to 35 days in the unit were positive, and 36% of these also contained toxin. when tested in vitro, 94% of the isolates produced toxin. of 110 swabs collected from the environment of the unit, 9% were positive for c. difficile, but the stools of 12 nurses working on the unit were negative. thirty-five vaginal swabs collected from mothers just before d ... | 1984 | 6690469 |
| rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with clostridium difficile toxins a and b: physiologic and pathologic basis. | clostridium botulinum can colonize and produce botulinal toxin in the human infant intestine, which the toxin then permeates to cause generalized flaccid paralysis, and occasionally, sudden death. this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that toxins produced by other intestinal clostridia, e.g., c. difficile, might also cause systemic illness and sometimes death in infants (j pediatr 100:568, 1982). because this hypothesis could not be evaluated clinically until the systemic manifestatio ... | 1984 | 6690674 |
| detection of clostridium difficile in faeces by direct gas liquid chromatography. | stool specimens examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin were screened by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of volatile fatty acids and p-cresol. twenty seven of 110 (25%) stools yielded c difficile or cytotoxin; iso-valeric acid was detected in 63/110 (57%) and iso-caproic acid in 18/110 (16%) stools. para-cresol was found in 24/71 (34%) stools examined. iso-valeric acid was detected in 85% of stools positive for c difficile, whereas iso-caproic acid (41%) a ... | 1984 | 6693575 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile necrotizing enterocolitis. | 1984 | 6694887 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin with mccoy cell monolayers and cell suspensions and comparison with hela cell assay. | mccoy cell monolayers were compared with hela cell monolayers for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in 301 stool samples. tests were positive (greater than or equal to 1/100 dilution) in 83 and 81 specimens tested with mccoy and hela cell monolayers, respectively. mccoy cell suspensions were compared with hela cell monolayers in 532 stool filtrates. overall, 90 positive specimens were within one dilution and 432 filtrates were negative with either test, giving a correlation coefficien ... | 1984 | 6699153 |