Publications

sacy, a transcriptional antiterminator from bacillus subtilis, is regulated by phosphorylation in vivo.	sacy antiterminates transcription of the sacb gene in bacillus subtilis in response to the presence of sucrose in the growth medium. we have found that it can substitute for bglg, a homologous protein, in antiterminating transcription of the bgl operon in escherichia coli. we therefore sought to determine whether, similarly to bglg, sacy is regulated by reversible phosphorylation in response to the availability of the inducing sugar. we show here that two forms of sacy, phosphorylated and nonpho ...	1998	9457872
the secb chaperone is involved in the secretion of the serratia marcescens hasa protein through an abc transporter.	the secretion pathways of the heme-binding protein hasa from serratia marcescens and of the metalloproteases a, b, c and g from erwinia chrysanthemi have been reconstituted in escherichia coli. they are secreted in a single step from the cytoplasm across both membranes of the gram-negative envelope, after recognition of their specific c-terminal secretion signal by their cognate abc transporter. we report strong evidence that both hasa and the metalloproteases bind the secb chaperone involved in ...	1998	9463372
expression and regulation of the arsenic resistance operon of acidiphilium multivorum aiu 301 plasmid pkw301 in escherichia coli.	the arsenic resistance (ars) operon from plasmid pkw301 of acidiphilium multivorum aiu 301 was cloned and sequenced. this dna sequence contains five genes in the following order: arsr, arsd, arsa, arsb, arsc. the predicted amino acid sequences of all of the gene products are homologous to the amino acid sequences of the ars gene products of escherichia coli plasmid r773 and incn plasmid r46. the ars operon cloned from a. multivorum conferred resistance to arsenate and arsenite on e. coli. expres ...	1998	9464374
biochemical and genetic characterization of an extracellular protease from pseudomonas fluorescens cy091.	pseudomonas fluorescens cy091 cultures produce an extracellular protease with an estimated molecular mass of 50 kda. production of this enzyme (designated aprx) was observed in media containing cacl2 or srcl2 but not in media containing zncl2, mgcl2, or mncl2. the requirement of ca2+ (or sr2+) for enzyme production was concentration dependent, and the optimal concentration for production was determined to be 0.35 mm. following ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography, the a ...	1998	9501431
when an atpase is not an atpase: at low temperatures the c-terminal domain of the abc transporter cvab is a gtpase.	the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters belong to a large superfamily of proteins which share a common function and a common nucleotide-binding domain. the cvab protein from escherichia coli is a member of the bacterial abc exporter subfamily and is essential for the export of the peptide antibiotic colicin v. here we report that, surprisingly, the cvab carboxyl-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (bctd) can be preferentially cross-linked to gtp but not to atp at low temperatures. the cross-l ...	1998	9515899
external loops at the c terminus of erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase c are required for species-specific secretion through the out type ii pathway.	the type ii secretion system (main terminal branch of the general secretion pathway) is used by diverse gram-negative bacteria to secrete extracellular proteins. proteins secreted by this pathway are synthesized with an n-terminal signal peptide which is removed upon translocation across the inner membrane, but the signals which target the mature proteins for secretion across the outer membrane are unknown. the plant pathogens erwinia chrysanthemi and erwinia carotovora secrete several isozymes ...	1998	9515910
pcau, a transcriptional activator of genes for protocatechuate utilization in acinetobacter.	the acinetobacter pcaijfbdkchg operon encodes the six enzymes that convert protocatechuate to citric acid cycle intermediates. directly downstream from the operon are qui and pob genes encoding sets of enzymes that convert quinate and p-hydroxybenzoate, respectively, to protocatechuate. prior to this investigation, the only known regulatory gene in the pca-qui-pob cluster was pobr, which encodes a transcriptional activator that responds to p-hydroxybenzoate and activates transcription of poba. t ...	1998	9515921
the leu-3 residue of serratia marcescens metalloprotease inhibitor is important in inhibitory activity and binding with serratia marcescens metalloprotease.	serratia marcescens metalloprotease inhibitor (smapi) is a proteinase inhibitor toward serratia marcescens metalloprotease (smp). in sequential deletion analysis of the n-terminal region of the smapi, smapis starting at ser-2 and leu-3 residues, respectively, had nearly a full inhibitory activity toward smp. however, smapi starting at ala-4 residue showed severely decreased inhibitory activity. furthermore, kinetic analysis demonstrated that smapi starting at the ala-4 residue had an inhibition ...	1998	9521810
the exut gene of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16: nucleotide sequence, expression, localization, and relevance of the gene product.	galacturonic acid (galua) is a major component of pectin and polygalacturonic acid in the plant cell wall. in the phytopathogen erwinia chrysanthemi, the uptake of molecules derived from degradation of these polymers is an important early step in the events preceding induction of pectinases, ultimately leading to plant tissue maceration. uptake systems for galua and dimers of galua have been described and shown to be inducible in e. chrysanthemi. the galua uptake gene (exut) was cloned and seque ...	1998	9530868
characterization of rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide glycanases that are secreted via a type i exporter and have a novel heptapeptide repeat motif.	the prsde genes encode a type i protein secretion system required for the secretion of the nodulation protein nodo and at least three other proteins from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. at least one of these proteins was predicted to be a glycanase involved in processing of bacterial exopolysaccharide (eps). two strongly homologous genes (plya and plyb) were identified as encoding secreted proteins with polysaccharide degradation activity. both plya and plyb degrade eps and carboxymethyl cel ...	1998	9537364
cloning and characterization of the pseudomonas aeruginosa zwf gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme important in resistance to methyl viologen (paraquat).	in this study, we cloned the pseudomonas aeruginosa zwf gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pdh), an enzyme that catalyzes the nad+- or nadp+-dependent conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. the predicted zwf gene product is 490 residues, which could form a tetramer with a molecular mass of approximately 220 kda. g6pdh activity and zwf transcription were maximal in early logarithmic phase when inducing substrates such as glycerol, glucose, or gluconate were abun ...	1998	9537370
targeted mutants of cochliobolus carbonum lacking the two major extracellular polygalacturonases.	the filamentous fungus cochliobolus carbonum produces endo-alpha 1,4-polygalacturonase (endopg), exo-alpha 1,4-polygalacturonase (exopg), and pectin methylesterase when grown in culture on pectin. residual activity in a pgn1 mutant (lacking endopg) was due to exopg activity, and the responsible protein has now been purified. after chemical deglycosylation, the molecular mass of the purified protein decreased from greater than 60 to 45 kda. the gene that encodes exopg, pgx1, was isolated with pcr ...	1998	9546185
transformation of acinetobacter sp. strain bd413 by transgenic sugar beet dna.	the ability of acinetobacter sp. strain bd413(pfg4 delta nptii) to take up and integrate transgenic plant dna based on homologous recombination was studied under optimized laboratory conditions. restoration of nptii, resulting in kanamycin-resistant transformants, was observed with plasmid dna, plant dna, and homogenates carrying the gene nptii. molecular analysis showed that some transformants not only restored the 317-bp deletion but also obtained additional dna.	1998	9546192
enterocins l50a and l50b, two novel bacteriocins from enterococcus faecium l50, are related to staphylococcal hemolysins.	enterocin l50 (entl50), initially referred to as pediocin l50 (l. m. cintas, j. m. rodríguez, m. f. fernández, k. sletten, i. f. nes, p. e. hernández, and h. holo, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:2643-2648, 1995), is a plasmid-encoded broad-spectrum bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecium l50. it has previously been purified from the culture supernatant and partly sequenced by edman degradation. in the present work, the nucleotide sequence of the entl50 locus was determined, and several putati ...	1998	9555877
endogenous cellulases in animals: isolation of beta-1, 4-endoglucanase genes from two species of plant-parasitic cyst nematodes.	beta-1,4-endoglucanases (egases, ec 3.2.1.4) degrade polysaccharides possessing beta-1,4-glucan backbones such as cellulose and xyloglucan and have been found among extremely variegated taxonomic groups. although many animal species depend on cellulose as their main energy source, most omnivores and herbivores are unable to produce egases endogenously. so far, all previously identified egase genes involved in the digestive system of animals originate from symbiotic microorganisms. here we report ...	1998	9560201
regulation of the carnitine pathway in escherichia coli: investigation of the cai-fix divergent promoter region.	the divergent structural operons caitabcde and fixabcx of escherichia coli are required for anaerobic carnitine metabolism. transcriptional monocopy lacz fusion studies showed that both operons are coexpressed during anaerobic growth in the presence of carnitine, respond to common environmental stimuli (like glucose and nitrate), and are modulated positively by the same general regulators, crp and fnr, and negatively by h-ns. overproduction of the caif specific regulatory protein mediating the c ...	1998	9573142
isolation of an escherichia coli k-12 mutant strain able to form biofilms on inert surfaces: involvement of a new ompr allele that increases curli expression.	classical laboratory strains of escherichia coli do not spontaneously colonize inert surfaces. however, when maintained in continuous culture for evolution studies or industrial processes, these strains usually generate adherent mutants which form a thick biofilm, visible with the naked eye, on the wall of the culture apparatus. such a mutant was isolated to identify the genes and morphological structures involved in biofilm formation in the very well characterized e. coli k-12 context. this mut ...	1998	9573197
the three-dimensional structure of shikimate kinase.	the three-dimensional structure of shikimate kinase from erwinia chrysanthemi has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement. two models are presented: a high resolution 1.9 a model and a 2.6 a model which contains bound mg-adp. the enzyme is an alpha/beta protein consisting of a central sheet of five parallel beta-strands flanked by alpha-helices with overall topology similar to adenylate kinase. evidence is presented that shikimate kinase undergoes major conformational changes on liga ...	1998	9600856
biochemical characterization of the pectate lyase pelz of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	to degrade the plant pectin, the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi produces a set of at least seven endo-pectate lyases (pels). five major (pela, pelb, pelc, peld and pele) and two minor isoenzymes (pell and pelz) have been identified. pelz is an extracellular enzyme secreted by the out system. according to its amino acid sequence, the pelz protein belongs to a new family. the pelz protein was overproduced in e. coli and purified to compare its enzymatic properties to that of the ot ...	1998	9602123
the hrpc and hrpn operons of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 are flanked by plca and homologs of hemolysin/adhesin genes and accompanying activator/transporter genes.	the hrpc operon of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 encodes five genes conserved in erwinia amylovora and pseudomonas syringae. mutagenesis indicated that hrcc is required for elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves. the unexpected presence of plca and homologs of hemolysin/activator genes in the regions flanking the hrcc and hrpn operons is reported.	1998	9612954
acylation of escherichia coli hemolysin: a unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function.	the pore-forming hemolysin (hlya) of escherichia coli represents a unique class of bacterial toxins that require a posttranslational modification for activity. the inactive protoxin pro-hlya is activated intracellularly by amide linkage of fatty acids to two internal lysine residues 126 amino acids apart, directed by the cosynthesized hlyc protein with acyl carrier protein as the fatty acid donor. this action distinguishes hlyc from all bacterial acyltransferases such as the lipid a, lux-specifi ...	1998	9618444
type iii protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants.	various gram-negative animal and plant pathogens use a novel, sec-independent protein secretion system as a basic virulence mechanism. it is becoming increasingly clear that these so-called type iii secretion systems inject (translocate) proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the translocated proteins facilitate bacterial pathogenesis by specifically interfering with host cell signal transduction and other cellular processes. accordingly, some type iii secretion systems are activat ...	1998	9618447
the caulobacter crescentus paracrystalline s-layer protein is secreted by an abc transporter (type i) secretion apparatus.	caulobacter crescentus is a gram-negative bacterium that produces a two-dimensional crystalline array on its surface composed of a single 98-kda protein, rsaa. secretion of rsaa to the cell surface relies on an uncleaved c-terminal secretion signal. in this report, we identify two genes encoding components of the rsaa secretion apparatus. these components are part of a type i secretion system involving an abc transporter protein. these genes, lying immediately 3' of rsaa, were found by screening ...	1998	9620954
inactivation of the sapa to sapf locus of erwinia chrysanthemi reveals common features in plant and animal bacterial pathogenesis.	we investigated the role in pathogenesis of bacterial resistance to plant antimicrobial peptides. the sapa to sapf (for sensitive to antimicrobial peptides) operon from the pathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi has been characterized. it has five open reading frames that are closely related (71% overall amino acid identity) and are in the same order as those of the sapa to sapf operon from salmonella typhimurium. an e. chrysanthemi sap mutant strain was constructed by marker exchange. this m ...	1998	9634580
complementation analysis of the dichelobacter nodosus fimn, fimo, and fimp genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa and transcriptional analysis of the fimnop gene region.	the causative agent of ovine footrot, the gram-negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus, produces polar type iv fimbriae, which are the major protective antigens. the d. nodosus genes fimn, fimo, and fimp are homologs of the pseudomonas aeruginosa fimbrial assembly genes, pilb, pilc, and pild, respectively. both the pild and fimp genes encode prepilin peptidases that are responsible for cleavage of the leader sequence from the immature fimbrial subunit. to investigate the functional similarity of ...	1998	9423871
macromolecular assembly and secretion across the bacterial cell envelope: type ii protein secretion systems.	a decade ago, pugsley and colleagues reported the existence of a large region of klebsiella dna, distinct from the klebsiella gene encoding pullulanase, which was necessary for secretion of this enzyme to the cell surface in escherichia coli (d'enfert et al., 1987a,b). the pul genes it contained proved to be the tip of an iceberg. the sequences reported before 1992 (d'enfert et al., 1987a,b; d'enfert & pugsley, 1989; pugsley & reyss, 1990; reyss & pugsley, 1990) included only one gene (puld) tha ...	1998	9641973
the hexa gene of erwinia carotovora encodes a lysr homologue and regulates motility and the expression of multiple virulence determinants.	we have identified a gene important for the regulation of exoenzyme virulence factor synthesis in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (ecc) and virulence and motility in erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (eca). this gene, hexa (hyperproduction of exoenzymes), is a close relative of the erwinia chrysanthemi (echr) gene pect and encodes a member of the lysr family of transcriptional regulators. hexa mutants in both ecc and eca produce abnormally high levels of the exoenzyme vir ...	1998	9643539
construction and expression of a bifunctional single-chain antibody against bacillus cereus p6ores.	the variable-region genes of monoclonal antibody against bacillus cereus spores were cloned from mouse hybridoma cells by reverse transcription-pcr. the heavy- and light-chain variable-region genes were connected by a 45-base linker dna to allow folding of the fusion protein into a functional tertiary structure. for detection of protein expression, a 10-amino-acid strep tag (biotin-like peptide) was attached to the c terminus of recombinant antibody as the reporter peptide. the single-chain anti ...	1998	9647820
development of a streptavidin-conjugated single-chain antibody that binds bacillus cereus spores.	control of microorganisms such as bacillus cereus spores is critical to ensure the safety and a long shelf life of foods. a bifunctional single chain antibody has been developed for detection and binding of b. cereus t spores. the genes that encode b. cereus t spore single-chain antibody and streptavidin were connected for use in immunoassays and immobilization of the recombinant antibodies. a truncated streptavidin, which is smaller than but has biotin binding ability similar to that of strepta ...	1998	9647821
engineering, expression and biochemical characterization of the hemoglobin domain of a erwinia chrysanthemi flavohemoprotein.	an artificial hemoglobin-like domain has been constructed by engineering the gene coding for the multi-domain flavohemoprotein from the bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi. this domain was designed by molecular modelling, cloned and over-expressed in escherichia coli. the holo-protein was obtained in large quantities after extraction from inclusion bodies and refolding in presence of alkaline hemin. the purified 140-residue domain was studied and characterized to gain new insights into the biochemica ...	1998	9654075
rpos (sigma-s) controls expression of rsma, a global regulator of secondary metabolites, harpin, and extracellular proteins in erwinia carotovora.	rpos (sigma-s or sigma-38) controls a large array of genes that are expressed during stationary phase and under various stress conditions in escherichia coli and other bacteria. we document here that plant pathogenic and epiphytic erwinia species, such as e. amylovora; e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, betavasculorum, and carotovora; e. chrysanthemi; e. herbicola; e. rhapontici; and e. stewartii, possess rpos genes and produce the alternate sigma factor. we show that rpos transcription in e. car ...	1998	9658007
inactivation of dsba, but not dsbc and dsbd, affects the intracellular survival and virulence of shigella flexneri.	in this study, three mutants, dsba::kan, dsbc-kan, and dsbd-kan, of shigella flexneri serotype 5 were constructed and characterized to investigate the role of the periplasmic thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases in pathogenicity. in gentamicin protection assays and the serény test, the dsba mutant showed reduced virulence while the dsbc and dsbd mutants were similar to the wild type. that inactivation of dsba was responsible for the reduced virulence was verified by complementation with the cloned wi ...	1998	9673279
structural and biochemical analysis of the sheath of phormidium uncinatum.	the sheath of the filamentous, gliding cyanobacterium phormidium uncinatum was studied by using light and electron microscopy. in thin sections and freeze fractures the sheath was found to be composed of helically arranged carbohydrate fibrils, 4 to 7 nm in diameter, which showed a substantial degree of crystallinity. as in all other examined motile cyanobacteria, the arrangement of the sheath fibrils correlates with the motion of the filaments during gliding motility; i.e., the fibrils formed a ...	1998	9683490
a novel beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from streptomyces thermoviolaceus opc-520: gene cloning, expression, and assignment to family 3 of the glycosyl hydrolases.	a beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase gene (naga) of streptomyces thermoviolaceus opc-520 was cloned in streptomyces lividans 66. the nucleotide sequence of the gene, which encodes naga, revealed an open reading frame of 1,896 bp, encoding a protein with an mr of 66, 329. the deduced primary structure of naga was confirmed by comparison with the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the cloned beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase expressed by s. lividans. the enzyme shares no sequence similarity with the classical ...	1998	9687451
a cloned erwinia chrysanthemi hrp (type iii protein secretion) system functions in escherichia coli to deliver pseudomonas syringae avr signals to plant cells and to secrete avr proteins in culture.	the hrp (type iii protein secretion) system is essential for the plant parasitic ability of pseudomonas syringae and most gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens. avrb and avrpto are two p. syringae proteins that have biological activity when produced via heterologous gene expression inside plant cells or when produced by hrp+ bacteria. avr-like proteins, presumably injected by the hrp system on bacterial contact with plant cells, appear to underlie pathogenic interactions, but none has been obs ...	1998	9707625
pas, a novel protein required for protein secretion and attaching and effacing activities of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) exhibits a pattern of localized adherence to host cells, with the formation of microcolonies, and induces a specific histopathological phenotype collectively known as the attaching and effacing lesion. the genes encoding the products responsible for this phenotype are located on a 35-kb pathogenicity island designated the locus of enterocyte effacement, which is also shared by enteropathogenic e. coli. we have identified an open reading frame (orf) which ...	1998	9721271
characterization of the hrpc and hrprs operons of pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae, tomato, and glycinea and analysis of the ability of hrpf, hrpg, hrcc, hrpt, and hrpv mutants to elicit the hypersensitive response and disease in plants.	the species pseudomonas syringae encompasses plant pathogens with differing host specificities and corresponding pathovar designations. p. syringae requires the hrp (type iii protein secretion) system, encoded by a 25-kb cluster of hrp and hrc genes, in order to elicit the hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhosts or to be pathogenic in hosts. dna sequence analysis of the hrpc and hrprs operons of p. syringae pv. syringae 61 (brown spot of beans), p. syringae pv. glycinea u1 (bacterial blight of ...	1998	9721291
negative regulation of hrp genes in pseudomonas syringae by hrpv.	mutations in the five hrp and hrc genes in the hrpc operon of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 have different effects on bacterial interactions with host and nonhost plants. the hrcc gene within the hrpc operon encodes an outer membrane component of the hrp secretion system that is conserved in all type iii protein secretion systems and is required for most pathogenic phenotypes and for secretion of the hrpz harpin to the bacterial milieu. the other four genes (in order), h ...	1998	9721292
analysis of the exochelin locus in mycobacterium smegmatis: biosynthesis genes have homology with genes of the peptide synthetase family.	mycobacteria secrete the siderophore exochelin when grown under iron-limiting conditions. in order to understand iron uptake mechanisms in mycobacteria, we have taken a genetic approach to identify those genes involved in exochelin biosynthesis and transport in mycobacterium smegmatis. of the 6,000 chemically mutagenized clones of m. smegmatis mc2155 screened on agar plates containing chrome azural s, 19 mutants that had lost the ability to produce or secrete exochelin were identified. thirteen ...	1998	9721311
nitric oxide dioxygenase: an enzymic function for flavohemoglobin.	nitric oxide (no) is a toxin, and various life forms appear to have evolved strategies for its detoxification. no-resistant mutants of escherichia coli were isolated that rapidly consumed no. an no-converting activity was reconstituted in extracts that required nadph, fad, and o2, was cyanide-sensitive, and produced no3-. this nitric oxide dioxygenase (nod) contained 19 of 20 n-terminal amino acids identical to those of the e. coli flavohemoglobin. furthermore, nod activity was produced by t ...	1998	9724711
linkage map of escherichia coli k-12, edition 10: the traditional map.	this map is an update of the edition 9 map by berlyn et al. (m. k. b. berlyn, k. b. low, and k. e. rudd, p. 1715-1902, in f. c. neidhardt et al., ed., escherichia coli and salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1996). it uses coordinates established by the completed sequence, expressed as 100 minutes for the entire circular map, and adds new genes discovered and established since 1996 and eliminates those shown to correspond to other known genes. the latter are included as ...	1998	9729611
escherichia coli tol-pal mutants form outer membrane vesicles.	mutations in the tol-pal genes induce pleiotropic effects such as release of periplasmic proteins into the extracellular medium and hypersensitivity to drugs and detergents. other outer membrane defective strains such as tolc, lpp, and rfa mutations are also altered in their outer membrane permeability. in this study, electron microscopy and western blot analyses were used to show that strains with mutations in each of the tol-pal genes formed outer membrane vesicles after growth in standard liq ...	1998	9733690
colicin import into escherichia coli cells.		1998	9748429
mutation analysis of pobr and pcau, closely related transcriptional activators in acinetobacter.	acinetobacter pobr and pcau are transcriptional activators that closely resemble each other in primary structure, dna-binding sites, metabolic modulators, and physiological function. pobr responds to the inducer-metabolite p-hydroxybenzoate and activates transcription of poba, the structural gene for the enzyme that converts p-hydroxybenzoate to protocatechuate. this compound, differing from p-hydroxybenzoate only in that it contains an additional oxygen atom, binds to pcau and thereby specifica ...	1998	9748437
hrpw of erwinia amylovora, a new harpin that contains a domain homologous to pectate lyases of a distinct class.	harpins, such as hrpn of erwinia amylovora, are extracellular glycine-rich proteins that elicit the hypersensitive reaction (hr). we identified hrpw of e. amylovora, which encodes a protein similar to known harpins in that it is acidic, rich in glycine and serine, and lacks cysteine. a putative hrpl-dependent promoter was identified upstream of hrpw, and western blot analysis of hrpl mutants indicated that the production of hrpw is regulated by hrpl. hrpw is secreted via the hrp (type iii) pathw ...	1998	9748455
the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hrpw protein has domains similar to harpins and pectate lyases and can elicit the plant hypersensitive response and bind to pectate.	the host-specific plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae elicits the hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhost plants and secretes the hrpz harpin in culture via the hrp (type iii) secretion system. previous genetic evidence suggested the existence of another harpin gene in the p. syringae genome. hrpw was found in a region adjacent to the hrp cluster in p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000. hrpw encodes a 42. 9-kda protein with domains resembling harpins and pectate lyases (pels), respectively. hrpw has ke ...	1998	9748456
pcr-based detection of the causal agent of watermark disease in willows (salix spp.)	the watermark disease, caused by brenneria salicis (formerly erwinia salicis), is of significant concern wherever tree-forming willows are grown or occur naturally. the movement of infected, asymptomatic cuttings is a major cause of pathogen dispersal. a reliable and sensitive diagnostic procedure is necessary for the safe movement of willow planting material. we derived primers from the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene of b. salicis for the development of a pcr to detect this pathogen. ...	1998	9758827
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a member of a new family of pectate lyases, peil from erwinia chrysanthemi.	peil, a pectate lyase (e.c. 4.2.2.9) from e. chrysanthemi 3937 that is not homologous to the lyases with known structures, has been purified and crystallized by the hanging-drop method using a variety of organic solvents as precipitant. elongated lathes grown from poly(ethylene glycol) plus isopropanol belong to the space group p212121 with cell dimensions a = 55.5, b = 58.2, c = 16.4 a with a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. although complete data sets have been collected to 2.3 a resolu ...	1998	9761915
use of l-asparaginase in childhood all.	owing to the high efficacy of l-asparaginase in the treatment of acute lymphatic leukaemia the enzyme was introduced into the chemotherapy schedules for remission induction of this disease shortly after results of large-scale clinical trials had become available. since asparaginase monotherapy was associated with a high response rate but short remission duration, the enzyme is currently employed within the framework of combination chemotherapy schedules which achieve treatment response in about ...	1998	9768345
characterization of the erwinia chrysanthemi expi-expr locus directing the synthesis of two n-acyl-homoserine lactone signal molecules.	the plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi produces three acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-hsls). one has been identified as n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (ohhl), and the two others were supposed to be n (hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (hhl) and n-(decanoyl)-homoserine lactone (dhl). the genes for a quorum-sensing signal generator (expi) and a response regulator (expr) were cloned. these genes are convergently transcribed and display high similarity to the expi-expr genes of erwinia carotovora. ...	1998	9781877
integration of the quorum-sensing system in the regulatory networks controlling virulence factor synthesis in erwinia chrysanthemi.	the expi-expr locus drives a quorum-sensing system in the phytopathogenic bacterium, erwinia chrysanthemi. purified expr, an n-acyl homoserine lactone-responsive regulatory protein, binds to the promoter/operator region of the expi and expr genes. dnase i footprinting experiments showed that expr protects the regions between -66 and -40 from the p1 transcription initiation site of expl and between -54 and -18 from the expr transcription initiation site p1. the protected region overlaps the two e ...	1998	9781878
processing of the pectate lyase peli by extracellular proteases of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi causes soft rot on various plants. the maceration of plant tissues is mainly due to the action of endopectate lyases. the e. chrysanthemi strain 3937 produces eight endopectate lyases (pela, pelb, pelc, peld, pele, peli, pell and pelz) that are secreted by the out pathway. the necrotic response elicited by the wild-type e. chrysanthemi strain on tobacco leaves is due to an extracellular protein secreted by the out machinery. purification of the active factor revealed that it ...	1998	9781882
mechanism of osmotic activation of the quaternary ammonium compound transporter (qact) of lactobacillus plantarum.	the accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds in lactobacillus plantarum is mediated via a single transport system with a high affinity for glycine betaine (apparent km of 18 microm) and carnitine and a low affinity for proline (apparent km of 950 microm) and other analogues. mutants defective in the uptake of glycine betaine were generated by uv irradiation and selected on the basis of resistance to dehydroproline (dhp), a toxic proline analogue. three independent dhp-resistant mutants show ...	1998	9791101
endochitinase is transported to the extracellular milieu by the eps-encoded general secretory pathway of vibrio cholerae.	the chia gene of vibrio cholerae encodes a polypeptide which degrades chitin, a homopolymer of n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) found in cell walls of fungi and in the integuments of insects and crustaceans. chia has a coding capacity corresponding to a polypeptide of 846 amino acids having a predicted molecular mass of 88.7 kda. a 52-bp region with promoter activity was found immediately upstream of the chia open reading frame. insertional inactivation of the chromosomal copy of the gene confirmed ...	1998	9791107
gene cloning, dna sequencing, and expression of thermostable beta-mannanase from bacillus stearothermophilus.	a dna genomic library constructed from bacillus stearothermophilus, a gram-positive, facultative thermophilic aerobe that secretes a thermostable beta-mannanase, was screened for mannan hydrolytic activity. recombinant beta-mannanase activity was detected on the basis of the clearing of halos around escherichia coli colonies grown on a dye-labelled substrate, remazol brilliant blue-locust bean gum. the nucleotide sequence of the mannanase gene, manf, corresponded to an open reading frame of 2,08 ...	1998	9797302
detection of ralstonia solanacearum, which causes brown rot of potato, by fluorescent in situ hybridization with 23s rrna-targeted probes.	during the past few years, ralstonia (pseudomonas) solanacearum race 3, biovar 2, was repeatedly found in potatoes in western europe. to detect this bacterium in potato tissue samples, we developed a method based on fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish). the nearly complete genes encoding 23s rrna of five r. solanacearum strains and one ralstonia pickettii strain were pcr amplified, sequenced, and analyzed by sequence alignment. this resulted in the construction of an unrooted tree and suppor ...	1998	9797321
the pect repressor interacts with regulatory regions of pectate lyase genes in erwinia chrysanthemi.	erwinia chrysanthemi is a broad host range phytopathogenic enterobacterium responsible for soft-rot disease of many plant species. the pect gene encodes a repressor that negatively regulates the expression of virulence factors, such as pectinases, motility or exopolysaccharide synthesis. the cloned pect gene was overexpressed using a phage t7 system. the purification of pect involved the use of a tsk-heparin column and delivered the pect protein that was purified to near homogeneity. the purifie ...	1998	9804934
corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary carriers for compatible solutes: identification, sequencing, and characterization of the proline/ectoine uptake system, prop, and the ectoine/proline/glycine betaine carrier, ectp.	gram-positive soil bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum uses the compatible solutes glycine betaine, proline, and ectoine for protection against hyperosmotic shock. osmoregulated glycine betaine carrier betp and proline permease putp have been previously characterized; we have identified and characterized two additional osmoregulated secondary transporters for compatible solutes in c. glutamicum, namely, the proline/ectoine carrier, prop, and the ectoine/glycine betaine/proline carrier, ectp. a ...	1998	9811661
the pir gene of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 regulates hyperinduction of pectate lyase virulence genes in response to plant signals.	the plant pathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi secretes pectate lyase proteins that are important virulence factors attacking the cell walls of plant hosts. bacterial production of these enzymes is induced by the substrate polypectate-na (napp) and further stimulated by the presence of plant extracts. the bacterial regulator responsible for induction by plant extracts was identified and purified by using a dna-binding assay with the promoter region of pele that encodes a major pectate lyase ...	1998	9826648
the staphylococcus aureus alternative sigma factor sigmab controls the environmental stress response but not starvation survival or pathogenicity in a mouse abscess model.	the role of sigmab, an alternative sigma factor of staphylococcus aureus, has been characterized in response to environmental stress, starvation-survival and recovery, and pathogenicity. sigmab was mainly expressed during the stationary phase of growth and was repressed by 1 m sodium chloride. a sigb insertionally inactivated mutant was created. in stress resistance studies, sigmab was shown to be involved in recovery from heat shock at 54 degreesc and in acid and hydrogen peroxide resistance bu ...	1998	9829915
ralstonia solanacearum pectin methylesterase is required for growth on methylated pectin but not for bacterial wilt virulence	ralstonia (pseudomonas) solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, a serious disease of many crop plants. the pathogen produces several extracellular plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, including polygalacturonases (pgs) and pectin methylesterase (pme). pme removes methyl groups from pectin, thereby facilitating subsequent breakdown of this cell wall component by pgs, which are known bacterial wilt virulence factors. r. solanacearum pgs could not degrade 93% methylated pectin unless the substrate was fi ...	1998	9835583
the virulence plasmid of yersinia, an antihost genome.	the 70-kb virulence plasmid enables yersinia spp. (yersinia pestis, y. pseudotuberculosis, and y. enterocolitica) to survive and multiply in the lymphoid tissues of their host. it encodes the yop virulon, an integrated system allowing extracellular bacteria to disarm the cells involved in the immune response, to disrupt their communications, or even to induce their apoptosis by the injection of bacterial effector proteins. this system consists of the yop proteins and their dedicated type iii sec ...	1998	9841674
characterization of the galu gene of streptococcus pneumoniae encoding a uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase: a gene essential for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis.	the galu gene of streptococcus pneumoniae has been cloned and sequenced. escherichia coli cells harboring the recombinant plasmid pmmg2 (galu) overproduced a protein that has been shown to correspond to a uridine 5'-triphosphate:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (uridine diphosphoglucose [udp-glc] pyrophosphorylase) responsible for the synthesis of udp-glc, a key compound in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides. a gene very similar to the s. pneumoniae galu has been found in a partial nucle ...	1998	9841918
functional characterization of the erwinia chrysanthemi outs protein, an element of a type ii secretion system.	secretion of pectate lyases and a cellulase occurs in erwinia chrysanthemi through a type ii secretion machinery, the out system. proper insertion of the secretin outd in the outer membrane requires the presence of outs. outs is an outer-membrane lipoprotein that interacts directly with outd. using ligand-blotting experiments, it has been shown that this interaction requires at least the 62 c-terminal amino acids of outd. when this domain was added to the c-terminal extremity of the secreted pec ...	1998	9846757
campylobacter fetus surface layer proteins are transported by a type i secretion system.	the virulence of campylobacter fetus, a bacterial pathogen of ungulates and humans, is mediated in part by the presence of a paracrystalline surface layer (s-layer) that confers serum resistance. the subunits of the s-layer are s-layer proteins (slps) that are secreted in the absence of an n-terminal signal sequence and attach to either type a or b c. fetus lipopolysaccharide in a serospecific manner. antigenic variation of multiple slps (encoded by sapa homologs) of type a strain 23d occurs by ...	1998	9851986
origin of a chloroplast protein importer.	during evolution, chloroplasts have relinquished the majority of their genes to the nucleus. the products of transferred genes are imported into the organelle with the help of an import machinery that is distributed across the inner and outer plastid membranes. the evolutionary origin of this machinery is puzzling because, in the putative predecessors, the cyanobacteria, the outer two membranes, the plasma membrane, and the lipopolysaccharide layer lack a functionally similar protein import syst ...	1998	9861056
the myxococcus xanthus pilq (sgla) gene encodes a secretin homolog required for type iv pilus biogenesis, social motility, and development.	the myxococcus xanthus sgla1 spontaneous mutation was originally isolated because it allowed dispersed cell growth in liquid yet retained the ability to form fruiting bodies. consequently, most of today's laboratory strains either contain the sgla1 mutation or were derived from strains that carry it. subsequent work showed that sgla was a gene for social gliding motility, a process which is mediated by type iv pili. here sgla is shown to map to the major pil cluster and to encode a 901-amino-aci ...	1999	9864308
cloning and expression of three new aazotobacter vinelandii genes closely related to a previously described gene family encoding mannuronan c-5-epimerases.	the cloning and expression of a family of five modular-type mannuronan c-5-epimerase genes from azotobacter vinelandii (alge1 to -5) has previously been reported. the corresponding proteins catalyze the ca2+-dependent polymer-level epimerization of beta-d-mannuronic acid to alpha-l-guluronic acid (g) in the commercially important polysaccharide alginate. here we report the identification of three additional structurally similar genes, designated alge6, alge7, and algy. all three genes were seque ...	1999	9864314
characterization of biosynthetic enzymes for ectoine as a compatible solute in a moderately halophilic eubacterium, halomonas elongata.	1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (ectoine) is an excellent osmoprotectant. the biosynthetic pathway of ectoine from aspartic beta-semialdehyde (asa), in halomonas elongata, was elucidated by purification and characterization of each enzyme involved. 2,4-diaminobutyrate (daba) aminotransferase catalyzed reversively the first step of the pathway, conversion of asa to daba by transamination with l-glutamate. this enzyme required pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and potassium ions for i ...	1999	9864317
molecular and biochemical characterization of the protein template controlling biosynthesis of the lipopeptide lichenysin.	lichenysins are surface-active lipopeptides with antibiotic properties produced nonribosomally by several strains of bacillus licheniformis. here, we report the cloning and sequencing of an entire 26.6-kb lichenysin biosynthesis operon from b. licheniformis atcc 10716. three large open reading frames coding for peptide synthetases, designated lica, licb (three modules each), and licc (one module), could be detected, followed by a gene, licte, coding for a thioesterase-like protein. the domain st ...	1999	9864322
assembly of xcpr in the cytoplasmic membrane is required for extracellular protein secretion in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	a broad range of extracellular proteins secreted by pseudomonas aeruginosa use the type ii or general secretory pathway (gsp) to reach the medium. this pathway requires the expression of at least 12 xcp gene products. xcpr, a putative nucleotide-binding protein, is essential for the secretion process across the outer membrane even though the protein contains no hydrophobic sequence that could target or anchor it to the bacterial envelope. for a better understanding of the relationship between xc ...	1999	9882649
regulation of hexuronate utilization in bacillus subtilis.	we have identified a locus essential for galacturonate utilization in bacillus subtilis. genes homologous to escherichia coli and erwinia chrysanthemi glucuronate and galacturonate metabolic genes were found in a cluster consisting of 10 open reading frames (orfs) in the b. subtilis chromosome. a mutant of b. subtilis containing a replacement of the second and third orfs was unable to grow with galacturonate as its primary carbon source. galacturonate induced expression from a sigmaa-dependent p ...	1999	9882655
the lysr homolog lrha promotes rpos degradation by modulating activity of the response regulator spre.	synthesis of the ompf porin of escherichia coli is regulated in response to environmental and growth phase signals. in order to identify constituents of the various regulatory pathways involved in modulating ompf transcriptional expression, transposon insertion mutagenesis was performed and mutations that increased ompf'-lacz activity were identified as previously described. mutations mapping to a previously identified gene of unknown function, lrha, were obtained. we found that lrha, a lysr hom ...	1999	9882671
the pect repressor coregulates synthesis of exopolysaccharides and virulence factors in erwinia chrysanthemi.	erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 synthesizes an exopolysaccharide (eps) composed of rhamnose, galactose, and galacturonic acid. fourteen transcriptional fusions in genes required for eps synthesis, named eps, were obtained by tn5-b21 mutagenesis. eleven of them are clustered on the chromosome and are repressed by pect, a regulator of pectate lyase synthesis. in addition, expression of these fusions is repressed by the catabolite regulatory protein, crp, and induced in low osmolarity medium. the three o ...	1999	9885192
the evolutionary origin of the protein-translocating channel of chloroplastic envelope membranes: identification of a cyanobacterial homolog.	the known envelope membrane proteins of the chloroplastic protein import apparatus lack sequence similarity to proteins of other eukaryotic or prokaryotic protein transport systems. however, we detected a putative homolog of the gene encoding toc75, the protein-translocating channel from the outer envelope membrane of pea chloroplasts, in the genome of the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803. we investigated whether the low sequence identity of 21% reflects a structural and functional rela ...	1999	9892711
thermoregulated expression and characterization of an nad(p)h-dependent 2-cyclohexen-1-one reductase in the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.	the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180.n9 causes bacterial blight of soybeans and preferably infects its host plant during periods of cold, humid weather conditions. to identify proteins differentially expressed at low temperatures, total cellular protein fractions derived from pg4180.n9 grown at 18 and 28 degreesc were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. of several proteins which appeared to be preferentially present at 18 degreesc, a 40-kda protein ...	1999	9922244
high-affinity transport of choline-o-sulfate and its use as a compatible solute in bacillus subtilis.	we report here that the naturally occurring choline ester choline-o-sulfate serves as an effective compatible solute for bacillus subtilis, and we have identified a high-affinity atp-binding cassette (abc) transport system responsible for its uptake. the osmoprotective effect of this trimethylammonium compound closely matches that of the potent and widely employed osmoprotectant glycine betaine. growth experiments with a set of b. subtilis strains carrying defined mutations in the glycine betain ...	1999	9925583
iron regulation and pathogenicity in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937: role of the fur repressor protein.	low iron availability is a triggering signal for coordinated expression of the genes encoding pectate lyases pelb, pelc, peld, and pele, and chrysobactin iron transport functions, which are two main determinants of phytopathogenicity of the erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937. the possible implication of the ferric uptake regulation (fur) protein in this process was investigated. the e. chrysanthemi fur gene was cloned by functional complementation of an escherichia coli fur mutant and sequenced. t ...	1999	9926414
the minimal gene set member msra, encoding peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, is a virulence determinant of the plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi.	peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (msra), which repairs oxidized proteins, is present in most living organisms, and the cognate structural gene belongs to the so-called minimum gene set [mushegian, a. r. & koonin, e. v., (1996) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93, 10268-10273]. in this work, we report that msra is required for full virulence of the plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi. the following differences were observed between the wild-type and a msra- mutant: (i) the msra- mutant was more s ...	1999	9927663
genetic and transcriptional analyses of the vibrio cholerae mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin type 4 pilus gene locus.	the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) of the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype is a member of the family of type 4 pili. type 4 pili are found on the surface of a variety of gram-negative bacteria and have demonstrated importance as host colonization factors, bacteriophage receptors, and mediators of dna transfer. the gene locus required for the assembly and secretion of the msha pilus has been localized to a 16.7-kb region of the v. cholerae chromosome. sixteen genes required for hemagglut ...	1999	9973335
the structural and functional organization of h-ns-like proteins is evolutionarily conserved in gram-negative bacteria.	the structural gene of the h-ns protein, a global regulator of bacterial metabolism, has been identified in the group of enterobacteria as well as in closely related bacteria, such as erwinia chrysanthemi and haemophilus influenzae. isolated outside these groups, the bph3 protein of bordetella pertussis exhibits a low amino acid conservation with h-ns, particularly in the n-terminal domain. to obtain information on the structure, function and/or evolution of h-ns, we searched for other h-ns-rela ...	1999	9987132
prognostic significance of early response to a single dose of asparaginase in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a single dose of asparaginase in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo antileukemic response and long-term outcome were prospectively evaluated.	1999	10029805
the thioredoxin superfamily: redundancy, specificity, and gray-area genomics.		1999	10049365
identification and characterization of sira, an iron-regulated protein from staphylococcus aureus.	the acquisition of iron by pathogenic bacteria is often a crucial step in establishing infection. to accomplish this, many bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, produce low-molecular-weight iron-chelating siderophores. however, the secretion and transport of these molecules in gram-positive organisms are poorly understood. the sequence, organization, and regulation of genes involved in siderophore transport are conserved among gram-negative bacteria. we used this information to identify a p ...	1999	10049373
roles of pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of twitching motility.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an important human pathogen. the production of several virulence factors by p. aeruginosa is controlled through two quorum-sensing systems, las and rhl. we have obtained evidence that both the las and rhl quorum-sensing systems are also required for type 4 pilus-dependent twitching motility and infection by the pilus-specific phage d3112cts. mutants which lack the ability to synthesize pai-1, pai-2, or both autoinducers were sign ...	1999	10049396
molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of a novel multidomain mannanase gene from thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum.	the mana gene of thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum was cloned in escherichia coli. the open reading frame of mana is composed of 3,291 bases and codes for a preprotein of 1,097 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 119,627 da. the start codon is preceded by a strong putative ribosome binding site (taaggcggtg) and a putative -35 (ttcgc) and -10 (taaaat) promoter sequence. the mana of t. polysaccharolyticum is a modular protein. sequence comparison and biochemical analyses demons ...	1999	10049399
characterization of the exopolygalacturonate lyase pelx of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 secretes several pectinolytic enzymes, among which eight isoenzymes of pectate lyases with an endo-cleaving mode (pela, pelb, pelc, peld, pele, peli, pell, and pelz) have been identified. two exo-cleaving enzymes, the exopolygalacturonate lyase, pelx, and an exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase, pehx, have been previously identified in other e. chrysanthemi strains. using a genomic bank of a 3937 mutant with the major pel genes deleted, we cloned a pectinase gene identifi ...	1999	10049400
secretion, localization, and antibacterial activity of tasa, a bacillus subtilis spore-associated protein.	the synthesis and subcellular localization of the proteins that comprise the bacillus subtilis spore are under a variety of complex controls. to better understand these controls, we have identified and characterized a 31-kda sporulation protein, called tasa, which is secreted into the culture medium early in sporulation and is also incorporated into the spore. tasa synthesis begins approximately 30 min after the onset of sporulation and requires the sporulation transcription factor genes spo0h a ...	1999	10049401
osmosensing by bacteria: signals and membrane-based sensors.	bacteria can survive dramatic osmotic shifts. osmoregulatory responses mitigate the passive adjustments in cell structure and the growth inhibition that may ensue. the levels of certain cytoplasmic solutes rise and fall in response to increases and decreases, respectively, in extracellular osmolality. certain organic compounds are favored over ions as osmoregulatory solutes, although k+ fluxes are intrinsic to the osmoregulatory response for at least some organisms. osmosensors must undergo tran ...	1999	10066837
characterization of the dimerization domain in bglg, an rna-binding transcriptional antiterminator from escherichia coli.	the escherichia coli transcriptional antiterminator protein bglg inhibits transcription termination of the bgl operon in response to the presence of beta-glucosides in the growth medium. bglg is an rna-binding protein that recognizes a specific sequence partially overlapping the two terminators within the bgl transcript. the activity of bglg is determined by its dimeric state which is modulated by reversible phosphorylation. thus, only the nonphosphorylated dimer binds to the rna target site and ...	1999	10074067
identification of the tlidef abc transporter specific for lipase in pseudomonas fluorescens sik w1.	pseudomonas fluorescens, a gram-negative psychrotrophic bacterium, secretes a thermostable lipase into the extracellular medium. in our previous study, the lipase of p. fluorescens sik w1 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, but it accumulated as inactive inclusion bodies. amino acid sequence analysis of the lipase revealed a potential c-terminal targeting sequence recognized by the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter. the genetic loci around the lipase gene were searched, and a secr ...	1999	10074078
the mxi-spa type iii secretory pathway of shigella flexneri requires an outer membrane lipoprotein, mxim, for invasin translocation.	invasion of epithelial cells by shigella flexneri is mediated by a set of translocated bacterial invasins, the ipa proteins, and its dedicated type iii secretion system, called mxi-spa. we show here that mxim, part of the mxi-spa locus in the s. flexneri virulence plasmid, encodes an indispensable type iii secretion apparatus component, required for both ipa translocation and tissue culture cell invasion. we demonstrated that mature mxim, first identified as a putative lipoprotein, is lipidated ...	1999	10085046
badr, a new marr family member, regulates anaerobic benzoate degradation by rhodopseudomonas palustris in concert with aadr, an fnr family member.	a cluster of genes for the anaerobic degradation of benzoate has been described for the phototrophic bacterium rhodopseudomonas palustris. here we provide an initial analysis of the regulation of anaerobic benzoate degradation by examining the contributions of two regulators: a new regulator, badr, encoded by the benzoate degradation gene cluster, and a previously described regulator, aadr, whose gene lies outside the cluster. strains with single mutations in either badr or aadr grew slowly on b ...	1999	10094687
cellular locations of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae hrcc and hrcj proteins, required for harpin secretion via the type iii pathway.	the complete hrp-hrc-hrma cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 encodes 28 polypeptides. a saprophytic bacterium carrying this cluster is capable of secreting hrpz-a harpin encoded by hrpz-in an hrp-dependent manner, which suggests that this cluster contains sufficient components to assemble functional type iii secretion machinery. sequence data show that hrcj and hrcc are putative outer membrane proteins, and nonpolar mutagenesis demonstrates they are all required for hrpz secretion. ...	1999	10094714
cloning of the escherichia coli endo-1,4-d-glucanase gene and identification of its product.	a plasmid (pyp17) containing a genomic dna insert from escherichia coli k-12 that confers the ability to hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) was isolated from a genomic library constructed in the cosmid vector plafr3 in e. coli dh5alpha. a small 1.65-kb fragment, designated bcsc (pyp300), was sequenced and found to contain an orf of 1,104 bp encoding a protein of 368 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 41,700 da. bcsc carries a typical prokaryotic signal peptide of 21 a ...	1999	10102357
disaccharides as a new class of nonaccumulated osmoprotectants for sinorhizobium meliloti.	sucrose and ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid) are very unusual osmoprotectants for sinorhizobium meliloti because these compounds, unlike other bacterial osmoprotectants, do not accumulate as cytosolic osmolytes in salt-stressed s. meliloti cells. here, we show that, in fact, sucrose and ectoine belong to a new family of nonaccumulated sinorhizobial osmoprotectants which also comprises the following six disaccharides: trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, ...	1999	10103242
kdgrecc negatively regulates genes for pectinases, cellulase, protease, harpinecc, and a global rna regulator in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.	erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora produces extracellular pectate lyase (pel), polygalacturonase (peh), cellulase (cel), and protease (prt). the concerted actions of these enzymes largely determine the virulence of this plant-pathogenic bacterium. e. carotovora subsp. carotovora also produces harpinecc, the elicitor of the hypersensitive reaction. we document here that kdgrecc (kdg, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate; kdgr, general repressor of genes involved in pectin and galacturonate catabolism), a ho ...	1999	10198003
azospirillum irakense produces a novel type of pectate lyase.	the pela gene from the n2-fixing plant-associated bacterium azospirillum irakense, encoding a pectate lyase, was isolated by heterologous expression in escherichia coli. nucleotide sequence analysis of the region containing pela indicated an open reading frame of 1,296 bp, coding for a preprotein of 432 amino acids with a typical amino-terminal signal peptide of 24 amino acids. n-terminal amino acid sequencing confirmed the processing of the protein in e. coli at the signal peptidase cleavage si ...	1999	10198006
cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of the pseudomonas aeruginosa 142 ohb genes coding for oxygenolytic ortho dehalogenation of halobenzoates.	we have cloned and characterized novel oxygenolytic ortho-dehalogenation (ohb) genes from 2-chlorobenzoate (2-cba)- and 2,4-dichlorobenzoate (2,4-dcba)-degrading pseudomonas aeruginosa 142. among 3,700 escherichia coli recombinants, two clones, dh5alphaf'(pod22) and dh5alphaf'(pod33), converted 2-cba to catechol and 2,4-dcba and 2,5-dcba to 4-chlorocatechol. a subclone of pod33, plasmid pe43, containing the 3,687-bp minimized ohb dna region conferred to p. putida pb2440 the ability to grow on 2- ...	1999	10224014
atypical genetic locus associated with constitutive production of enterocin b by enterococcus faecium bfe 900.	a purified bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecium bfe 900 isolated from black olives was shown by edman degradation and mass spectrometric analyses to be identical to enterocin b produced by e. faecium t136 from meat (p. casaus, t. nilsen, l. m. cintas, i. f. nes, p. e. hernández, and h. holo, microbiology 143:2287-2294, 1997). the structural gene was located on a 2.2-kb hindiii fragment and a 12.0-kb ecori chromosomal fragment. the genetic characteristics and production of entb by e. faec ...	1999	10224016