Publications

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a shared interface mediates paramyxovirus interference with antiviral rna helicases mda5 and lgp2.diverse members of the paramyxovirus family of negative-strand rna viruses effectively suppress host innate immune responses through the actions of their v proteins. the v protein mediates interference with the interferon regulatory rna helicase mda5 to avoid cellular antiviral responses. analysis of the interaction interface revealed the mda5 helicase c domain as necessary and sufficient for association with v proteins from human parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 5, measles v ...200919403670
quantitative rt real time pcr and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are distributed worldwide and are involved mainly in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections. the development and optimization of three quantitative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reactions (rt real time qt-pcrs) and an indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) for the detection and quantitation of hpiv-1, -2 and -3 in clinical samples are described. efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, inter- and intra-assay variability and turnaround time ...200919445964
a quantitative method for analyzing establishing-efficiency of persistent viral infection.a quantitative method for analyzing establishing-efficiency of persistent infection was devised. the efficiency of hpiv2 ca and sv5 t1 strains was found to be high, that is, 0.1 approximately 0.3 (an efficiency of 1.0 indicates that 100% of the virus-infected cells became persistently infected). the efficiency of the sv5 wr strain was also high, approximately 0.1, though the virus had no ability to immediately establish a steady state of persistent infection in whole cell-culture systems. at abo ...200919457166
severe parainfluenza virus type 2 supraglottitis in an immunocompetent adult host: an unusual cause of a paramyxoviridae viral infection.parainfluenza virus is a major cause of respiratory illness in humans, manifesting from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in children. we report - to our knowledge - the first case of a nonimmunocompromised adult patient with human parainfluenza type 2 supraglottitis immediately after returning from china.200919019183
[an atomic force microscopy study on the images of para influenza virus under different treatment conditions].using atomic force microscope (afm), we investigated the images of pars influenza virus (piv) under different treatment conditions and observed the different appearances of the virus and its ultra-microstructure from the exterior to the interior. from the 2d images under transmission electron microscope (tem), we could see that the surfaces of piv particles exhibited spherical and band-shaped 'tufts'; from the 3d images under afm, we could further observe the whole spherical virus particles and ...201020337024
human parainfluenza virus type 2 v protein inhibits interferon production and signaling and is required for replication in non-human primates.in wild-type human parainfluenza virus type 2 (wt hpiv2), one gene (the p/v gene) encodes both the polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (p) and the accessory v protein. we generated a hpiv2 virus (rhpiv2-v(ko)) in which the p/v gene encodes only the p protein to examine the role of v in replication in vivo and as a potential live attenuated virus vaccine. preventing expression of v protein severely impaired virus recovery from cdna and growth in vitro, particularly in ifn-competent cells. rhpiv2 ...201019969320
growth restriction of an experimental live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine in human ciliated airway epithelium in vitro parallels attenuation in african green monkeys.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are common causes of severe pediatric respiratory viral disease. we characterized wild-type hpiv2 infection in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium (hae) and found that the virus replicates to high titer, sheds apically, targets ciliated cells, and induces minimal cytopathology. replication of an experimental, live attenuated hpiv2 vaccine strain, containing both temperature sensitive (ts) and non-ts attenuating mutations, was restricted >30-fold compa ...201020139039
usefulness of two new methods for diagnosing metapneumovirus infections in children.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is associated with acute respiratory tract infections, mainly in paediatric patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of two new commercial techniques available for the detection of hmpv in clinical samples from children: an enzyme immunoassay, hmpv eia (biotrin international ltd), and a molecular assay, real-time rt-pcr (pro hmpv real time assay kit; prodesse). a total of 184 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from 173 children aged less than 5 y ...201020156218
local production of inflammatory mediators during childhood parainfluenza virus infection.to describe the clinical manifestations of parainfluenza virus (piv) infection and to characterize biochemical markers of piv disease severity.201020182399
etiology of bronchiolitis in a hospitalized pediatric population: prospective multicenter study.in 2006, bronchiolitis due to adenovirus nosocomial infections resulted in the closure of a pediatric department in northern portugal.201020362492
a simple approach for preparing real-time pcr positive reaction controls for rare or emerging viruses.laboratories often have difficulties obtaining positive control material for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnosis of rare or emerging viruses. this is particularly problematic during outbreaks caused by emerging infectious diseases, when delays can impede the public health response.201020417151
a recombinant sialidase fusion protein effectively inhibits human parainfluenza viral infection in vitro and in vivo.the first step in infection by human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) is binding to the surface of respiratory epithelial cells via interaction between viral receptor-binding molecules and sialic acid-containing receptors. das181, a recombinant sialidase protein containing the catalytic domain of actinomyces viscosus sialidase, removes cell surface sialic acid, and we proposed that it would inhibit hpiv infection.201020533871
[bronchiolitis viruses].in normandy (france), human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) was detected in 64.1% of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized children, rhinovirus in 26.8%, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in 7.6%, and parainfluenza virus (piv) in 3.4%. the viruses causing acute bronchiolitis in the community were hrsv (42%), rhinovirus (19.5%), coronavirus (8%), piv (3.5%), and hmpv (2.5%). in 53.7% of the cases, hrsv infected infants (86.9%), 53.7% being less than 6 months of age. of the hrsv cases, 48.2% were dete ...201020558050
recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 with mutations in v that permit cellular interferon signaling are not attenuated in non-human primates.the hpiv2 v protein inhibits type i interferon (ifn) induction and signaling. to manipulate the v protein, whose coding sequence overlaps that of the polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (p), without altering the p protein, we generated an hpiv2 virus in which p and v are expressed from separate genes (rhpiv2-p+v). rhpiv2-p+v replicated like hpiv2-wt in vitro and in non-human primates. hpiv2-p+v was modified by introducing two separate mutations into the v protein to create rhpiv2-l101e/l102e an ...201020667570
coinfection with ebv/cmv and other respiratory agents in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis.numerous studies have shown that epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) can infect immunocompetent patients simultaneously with other agents. nonetheless, multiple infections with other agents in ebv/cmv-infected children have received little attention. we conducted a retrospective study of children with suspected infectious mononucleosis. peripheral blood samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence to detect ebv, cmv and other respiratory agents including respiratory syncyt ...201020858235
immunohistochemical assessment of respiratory viruses in necropsy samples from lethal non-pandemic seasonal respiratory infections.acute respiratory infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality throughout the world, and viruses have often been reported to be an aetiological agent. this study aimed to identify respiratory viruses in paraffin-embedded samples of paediatric lung necropsy specimens, using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray slides.201020876328
completion of the full-length genome sequence of human parainfluenza virus types 4a and 4b: sequence analysis of the large protein genes and gene start, intergenic and end sequences.we have already reported the nucleotide sequences of the np, p/v, m, f and hn genes of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and type 4b (hpiv-4b). here, we have determined the sequences of the l protein genes as well as the gene start, intergenic and end sequences, thereby completing the full-length genome sequence of hpiv-4a and 4b. hpiv-4a and 4b have 17,052 and 17,304 nucleotides, respectively. the end sequence of hpiv-4, especially 4b, was extraordinarily long. in a comparison with me ...201020963613
human parainfluenza virus type 2 l protein regions required for interaction with other viral proteins and mrna capping.the large rna polymerase (l) protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) binds the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, and v protein, as well as itself, and these interactions are essential for transcription and replication of the viral rna genome. although all of these interactions were found to be mediated through the domains within the n terminus of l, the c terminus of the l protein was also required for minigenome reporter gene expression. we have identified a highly conserved rubulavirus ...201021068245
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for identifying acute viral upper respiratory tract infections.diagnosis of respiratory viruses traditionally relies on culture or antigen detection. we aimed to demonstrate capacity of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) platform to identify clinical relevant respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) samples and compare the diagnostic performance characteristics relative to conventional culture- and antigen-based methods. an rt-pcr/esi-ms respiratory virus surveillance kit ...201121251562
identification of domains on the fusion (f) protein trimer that influence the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase specificity of the f protein in mediating cell-cell fusion.for most paramyxoviruses, virus type-specific interaction between fusion (f) protein and attachment protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [hn], hemagglutinin [h], or glycoprotein [g]) is a prerequisite for mediating virus-cell fusion and cell-cell fusion. our previous cell-cell fusion assay using the chimeric f proteins of human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpiv2) and simian virus 41 (sv41) suggested that the middle region of the hpiv2 f protein contains the site(s) that determines its specificity for ...201121270148
identification of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) v protein amino acid residues that reduce binding of v to mda5 and attenuate hpiv-2 replication in nonhuman primates.human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2), an important pediatric respiratory pathogen, encodes a v protein that inhibits type i interferon (ifn) induction and signaling. using reverse genetics, we attempted the recovery of a panel of v mutant viruses that individually contained one of six cysteine-to-serine (residues 193, 197, 209, 211, 214, and 218) substitutions, one of two paired charge-to-alanine (r175a/r176a and r205a/k206a) substitutions, or a histidine-to-phenylalanine (h174f) substituti ...201121289116
comparison of the luminex xtag respiratory viral panel with xtag respiratory viral panel fast for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections.nucleic acid tests are sensitive and specific and provide a rapid diagnosis, making them invaluable for patient and outbreak management. multiplex pcr assays have additional advantages in providing an economical and comprehensive panel for many common respiratory viruses. previous reports have shown the utility of the xtag respiratory viral panel (rvp) assay manufactured by luminex molecular diagnostics for this purpose. a newer generation of this kit, released in canada in early 2010, is design ...201121411570
human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: a comparison study.background: human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (artis). although hpiv-4 has been associated with mild artis for years, recent investigations have also associated hpiv-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of artis in children. objectives: to characterize the role of hpiv-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) in beijing, china. study design: nasopharyngeal ...201121636318
contribution of common and recently described respiratory viruses to annual hospitalizations in children in south africa.the contribution of viruses to lower respiratory tract disease in sub-saharan africa where human immunodeficiency virus may exacerbate respiratory infections is not well defined. no data exist on some of these viruses for southern africa. comprehensive molecular screening may define the role of these viruses as single and co-infections in a population with a high hiv-aids burden. to address this, children less than 5 years of age with respiratory infections from 3 public sector hospitals, pretor ...201121678450
fixation of oligosaccharides to a surface may increase the susceptibility to human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, or 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase.the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) both binds (h) and cleaves (n) oligosaccharides that contain n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac). h is thought to correspond to receptor binding and n to receptor-destroying activity. at present, n's role in infection remains unclear: does it destroy only receptors, or are there other targets? we previously demonstrated that hpiv1 and 3 hns bind to oligosaccharides containing the motif neu5acα2-3galβ1-4glcnac (m. am ...201121917945
progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines.in children under 5 years of age, human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) as a group are the second most common etiology of acute respiratory illness leading to hospitalization, surpassed only by respiratory syncytial virus but ahead of influenza viruses. using reverse genetics systems for hpiv serotypes 1, 2 and 3 (hpiv1, 2 and 3), several live-attenuated hpivs have been generated and evaluated as intranasal vaccines in adults and in children. two vaccines against hpiv3 were found to be well tolera ...201121859271
[Etiology survey on virus of acute respiratory infection in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009].To investigate the pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009.201122177307
[a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve human respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect twelve different respiratory viruses types/subtypes including influenza a virus, influenza b virus, influenza a virus sh1n1, parainfluenza virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus a, respiratory syncytial virus b and human bocavirus. twelve sets of specific primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of ...201122263264
a tryptophan-rich motif in the human parainfluenza virus type 2 v protein is critical for the blockade of toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7)- and tlr9-dependent signaling.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) do not produce alpha interferon (ifn-a) unless viruses cause a systemic infection or overcome the first-line defense provided by conventional dcs and macrophages. we show here that even paramyxoviruses, whose infections are restricted to the respiratory tract, have a v protein able to prevent toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7)- and tlr9-dependent ifn-a induction specific to pdcs. mutational analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 2 demonstrates that the second trp ...201121345944
seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity.viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), influenzavirus a and b (flua and flub), human parainfluenza virus 1, 2 and 3 (hpiv1, 2 and 3) and human rhinovirus (hrv). the purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected ...201224031808
epidemiology of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 infections based on virus isolation between 2002 and 2011 in yamagata, japan.to clarify the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory infections (aris), 305 human parainfluenza virus types 1 (hpiv1), 154 hpiv2 and 574 hpiv3 strains were isolated from 16,962 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained between 2002 and 2011 at pediatric clinics in yamagata, japan. the total isolation frequency for hpiv1-3 was 6.1%. unlike hpiv1 infections, hpiv3 showed clear seasonality with yearly outbreaks in the spring-summer season. hpiv2 tended to appear biannually in autumn-winter. although no relia ...201222946520
[evaluation of serum specific igm detection in diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in children].the present study was designed to explore the practical application of the rapid etiological diagnosis by detecting specific igm antibody against common respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory infections (alri).201222931942
legume lectins inhibit human parainfluenza virus type 2 infection by interfering with the entry.three lectins with different sugar binding specificities were investigated for anti-viral activity against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2). the lectins, concanavalin a (con a), lens culinaris agglutinin (lca) and peanut agglutinin (pna), inhibited cell fusion and hemadsorption induced by hpiv-2. virus nucleoprotein (np) gene synthesis was largely inhibited, but fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene syntheses were not. an indirect immunofluorescence study showed that con ...201222852043
pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a common cause of acute respiratory illness throughout life. infants, children, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to develop severe disease. hpiv1 and hpiv2 are best known to cause croup while hpiv3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. hpivs replicate productively in respiratory epithelial cells and do not spread systemically unless the host is severely immunocompromised. molecular studies have delineated how hpivs evade and block ...201222709516
human parainfluenza virus type 2 hemagglutinin-neuramindase gene: sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the saudi strain riyadh 105/2009.although human parainfluenza type 2 (hpiv-2) virus is an important respiratory pathogen, a little is known about strains circulating in saudi arabia.201223259739
viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections among egyptian children under five years of age.lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) are responsible for a considerable number of deaths among children, particularly in developing countries. in egypt and the middle east region, there is a lack of data regarding the viral causes of lrti. in this study, we aimed to identify the relative prevalence of various respiratory viruses that contribute to lrtis in young children. although, nucleic acid-based methods have gained importance as a sensitive tool to determine the viral infections, their ...201223237512
human parainfluenza virus serotypes differ in their kinetics of replication and cytokine secretion in human tracheobronchial airway epithelium.human parainfluenza viruses (pivs) cause acute respiratory illness in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. piv3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, whereas piv1 and 2 are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract illness and croup. to assess how piv1, 2, and 3 differ with regard to replication and induction of type i interferons, interleukin-6, and relevant chemokines, we infected primary human airway epithelium (hae) cultures from the same tissue donors and exam ...201222959894
human parainfluenza virus-associated respiratory tract infection among children and genetic analysis of hpiv-3 strains in beijing, china.the relevance of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) to the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ari) in china is unclear. from may 2008 to september 2010, 443 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) from hospitalized pediatric patients (age from 1 to 93 months) in beijing were collected and screened for hpivs and other common respiratory viruses by real-time rt-pcr. sixty-two of 443 samples were positive for hpivs with 4 positive for hpiv-2 and 58 positive for hpiv-3, indicating that hpiv-3 wa ...201222937119
[simultaneous detection of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 by multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with lna probes].human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) types 1, 2 and 3 are major viral pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in this study, a real-time rt-pcr was developed using multiplex primers-probe (hpiv-1, 2, 3) for the simultaneous detection of both hpiv1, hpiv2 and hpiv3 genomes.201223547466
comparison of three multiplex pcr assays for the detection of respiratory viral infections: evaluation of xtag respiratory virus panel fast assay, respifinder 19 assay and respifinder smart 22 assay.a broad spectrum of pathogens is causative for respiratory tract infections, but symptoms are mostly similar. therefore, the identification of the causative viruses and bacteria is only feasible using multiplex pcr or several monoplex pcr tests in parallel.201222828244
evaluation of a multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens.in this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical potential of a one-step multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of 14 types of respiratory viruses using the advansure rv real-time pcr kit (lg life sciences, korea).201223130338
epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are important causes of upper respiratory tract illness (urti) and lower respiratory tract illness (lrti). to analyse epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the four types of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs), patients with acute respiratory tract illness (arti) were studied in guangzhou, southern china.201323343342
successful clearance of human parainfluenza virus type 2 viraemia with intravenous ribavirin and immunoglobulin in a patient with acute myocarditis.human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infection as an aetiology of acute viral myocarditis is rare, with only few cases reported in the literature to date. here we report a case of fulminant hpiv-2 myocarditis in a 47 year-old man with viraemia who was successfully treated with intravenous ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig). there are currently no recommendations on the treatment of hpiv myocarditis. we are, to our knowledge, the first to report a patient with a documented hpiv-2 viraemi ...201323137789
inhibition of primary clinical isolates of human parainfluenza virus by das181 in cell culture and in a cotton rat model.das181 is a novel drug in development for the treatment of influenza as well as human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs). previous studies demonstrated that das181 inhibited laboratory strains of hpiv, but no tests were conducted with primary clinical isolates of hpiv. to fill this gap, we studied six primary isolates including hpiv-2 and hpiv-3. first tests showed that the amplification of all viruses in vitro was reproducibly inhibited with das181 drug concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 1nm. an ...201324076357
human parainfluenza virus type 2 vector induces dendritic cell maturation without viral rna replication/transcription.the dendritic cell (dc), a most potent antigen-presenting cell, plays a key role in vaccine therapy against infectious diseases and malignant tumors. although advantages of viral vectors for vaccine therapy have been reported, potential risks for adverse effects prevent them from being licensed for clinical use. human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2), one of the members of the paramyxoviridae family, is a nonsegmented and negative-stranded rna virus. we have developed a reverse genetics system ...201323790317
characterization of a key residue for hyperfusogenic phenotype in human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) fusion glycoprotein.human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) are pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. we previously described clinical variant strains of hpiv-2 that display unusual large syncytial cytopathic effects. their molecular characterization revealed a recurrent conserved specific amino acid substitution: a96t in the f2 subunit of the fusion glycoprotein f. the objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of this a96t substitution to the specific hyperfusogenic p ...201323749102
human parainfluenza virus type 2 v protein inhibits traf6-mediated ubiquitination of irf7 to prevent tlr7- and tlr9-dependent interferon induction.paramyxovirus v proteins block toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7)- and tlr9-dependent signaling leading to alpha interferon production. our recent study has provided evidence that interaction of the v proteins with irf7 is important for the blockade. however, the detailed mechanisms still remain unclear. here we reexamined the interaction of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) v protein with signaling molecules involved in tlr7/9-dependent signaling. immunoprecipitation experiments in hek293t ...201323678181
hospitalization due to human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness in rural thailand.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are an important cause of acute respiratory illness in young children but little is known about their epidemiology in the tropics.201322716273
[etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections morbidity in novosibirsk and novosibirsk region in epidemic season 2011-2012].ari occupying the first place in the structure of total human morbidity. the aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of the viruses causing ar among residents of the novosibirsk region during epidemic season (october to april).201324340631
respiratory virus multiplex rt-pcr assay sensitivities and influence factors in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections.multiplex rt-pcr assays have been widely used tools for detection and differentiation of a panel of respiratory viral pathogens. in this study, we evaluated the qiagen resplex ii v2.0 kit and explored factors influencing its sensitivity. nasopharyngeal swab (nps) specimens were prospectively collected from pediatric inpatients with lower respiratory tract infections at the time of admission in the shenzhen children's hospital from may 2009 to april 2010. total nucleic acids were extracted using ...201323575731
epidemiology of respiratory viral infection using multiplex rt-pcr in cheonan, korea (2006-2010).multiplex rt-pcr was used to detect respiratory viruses in 5,318 clinical samples referred to the laboratory of a tertiary teaching hospital from december 2006 to november 2010. the acquired data were analyzed with respect to types, ratio, and co-infection trends of infected respiratory viruses. trends in respiratory viral infection according to sex, age, and period of infection were also analyzed. of the 5,318 submitted clinical samples, 3,350 (63.0%) specimens were positive for at least one re ...201323412071
viruses detected among sporadic cases of parotitis, united states, 2009-2011.sporadic cases of parotitis are generally assumed to be mumps, which often requires a resource-intensive public health response. this project surveyed the frequency of viruses detected among such cases.201323935203
the neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by parainfluenza virus infection of african green monkeys is dependent on complement.the african green monkey (agm) model was used to analyze the role of complement in neutralization of parainfluenza virus. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 were effectively neutralized in vitro by naïve agm sera, but neutralizing capacity was lost by heat-inactivation. the mechanism of neutralization involved formation of massive aggregates, with no evidence of virion lysis. following inoculation of the respiratory tract with a piv5 vector expressing hiv gp160, ag ...201425010267
comparison of three commercial rt-pcr systems for the detection of respiratory viruses.due to the insensitivity of rapid tests for respiratory viruses, nucleic acid amplification tests are quickly becoming the standard of care.201425183359
[detection of respiratory viruses in influenza-like illness in shijiazhuang, china in 2011].this study aimed to investigate viral infections and the prevalence of influenza-like illness (ili) in shijiazhuang, china, in 2011 and to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and control of respiratory tract infections. throat swab specimens were collected from 483 cases of ili who were outpatients in the influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in shijiazhuang between january and december 2011. all specimens were examined by multiplex rt-pcr for the following 15 respiratory tract viru ...201425272592
epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are among the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. little is known about the epidemiology and clinical presentation of hpiv type 4.201424133181
genetic analysis of human parainfluenza viruses circulating in korea, 2006.human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. to characterize the molecular epidemiology of an hpiv outbreak occurring in korea during 2006, genetic analysis of 269 cell culture isolates from hpiv-infected children, was conducted using nested reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). hpiv-1 was detected in 70.3% of tested samples (189/269). the detection rate of hpiv-2 and hpiv-3 was 1.5% (4/269) and 9.3% (25/269), respectively. mixed hpiv-1 ...201424464425
human parainfluenza virus infection in thai children with lower respiratory tract infection from 2010 to 2013.human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory illness in infants and young children. in order to classify the hpiv isolates circulating in the central part of thailand, 650 samples obtained from the lower respiratory tract of patients from two hospital pediatric wards during 2010 to 2013, were analyzed for the presence and types of hpivs by multiplex semi-nested pcr of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene. the results showed that 4.8% of the samples were posi ...201424974645
[epidemiological study of respiratory viruses detected in patients under two years old who required admission because of lower respiratory disease].the etiologic role of recently identified respiratory viruses for lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) remains unclear in japan. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in young children with lrtd. we prospectively examined 721 children who were under two years old and admitted to a single medical center in japan with lrtd between april 2007 and march 2012. viral nucleotic acids were taken from their nasal swabs. each sample was examined with (rt-) pc ...201425199375
ribavirin inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication in vitro.the antiviral activities of eight nucleoside analog antiviral drugs (ribavirin, acyclovir, lamivudine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, penciclovir and ganciclovir) against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) were investigated. only ribavirin (rbv) inhibited both cell fusion and hemadsorption induced by hpiv-2. rbv considerably reduced the number of viruses released from the cells. virus genome synthesis was inhibited by rbv, as determined by real time pcr. an indirect ...201425154465
immunohistochemistry analysis of pulmonary infiltrates in necropsy samples of children with non-pandemic lethal respiratory infections (rsv; adv; piv1; piv2; piv3; flu a; flu b).acute viral respiratory infections represent a globally important cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. an individual's cellular response appears to play a critical role in recovery from infections, given that individuals with impaired cellular immunity, congenital or acquired, have more severe diseases and secrete the virus for longer periods.201425052332
vero/bc-f: an efficient packaging cell line stably expressing f protein to generate single round-infectious human parainfluenza virus type 2 vector.a stable packaging cell line (vero/bc-f) constitutively expressing fusion (f) protein of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) was established for production of the f-defective and single round-infectious hpiv2 vector in a strategy for recombinant vaccine development. the f gene expression has not evoked cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on the vero/bc-f cells and the f protein was physiologically active to induce syncytial formation with giant polykaryocytes when transfected with a plasmid ...201424942630
association of meteorological factors with childhood viral acute respiratory infections in subtropical china: an analysis over 11 years.the objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the effects of meteorological factors on the prevalence and seasonality of common respiratory viruses in china, which has a subtropical climate. a retrospective study was conducted by identifying children admitted to a hospital with acute respiratory infections due to seven common viruses between january 2001 and december 2011. a total of 42,104 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza ...201424114148
hospitalization incidence, mortality, and seasonality of common respiratory viruses over a period of 15 years in a developed subtropical city.information on respiratory viruses in subtropical region is limited.incidence, mortality, and seasonality of influenza (flu) a/b, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus (adv), and parainfluenza viruses (piv) 1/2/3 in hospitalized patients were assessed over a 15-year period (1998-2012) in hong kong.male predominance and laterally transversed j-shaped distribution in age-specific incidence was observed. incidence of flu a, rsv, and piv decreased sharply from infants to toddlers; whereas fl ...201526579810
identification of two essential aspartates for polymerase activity in parainfluenza virus l protein by a minireplicon system expressing secretory luciferase.gene expression of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses (nsnsvs) such as parainfluenza viruses requires the rna synthesis activity of their polymerase l protein; however, the detailed mechanism of this process is poorly understood. in this study, a parainfluenza minireplicon assay expressing secretory gaussia luciferase (gluc) was established to analyze large protein (l) activity. measurement of gluc expression in the culture medium of cells transfected with the minigenome and viral polymera ...201526446904
the fusion protein specificity of the parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein is not solely defined by the primary structure of its stalk domain.virus-specific interaction between the attachment protein (hn) and the fusion protein (f) is prerequisite for the induction of membrane fusion by parainfluenza viruses. this hn-f interaction presumably is mediated by particular amino acids in the hn stalk domain and those in the f head domain. we found in the present study, however, that a simian virus 41 (sv41) f-specific chimeric hpiv2 hn protein, sca, whose cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stalk domains were derived from the sv41 hn protein, c ...201526423949
prevalence of human parainfluenza virus in patients with acute respiratory tract infections in beijing, 2011-2014.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are one of the most frequent pathogens that circulate worldwide([1]) . four types of hpivs were identified, including hpiv-1, hpiv-2, hpiv-3 and hpiv-4. hpivs can lead to acute respiratory infection in young([2]) , the immunocompromised([3]) and the elderly patients([4]) . the epidemiological character of parainfluenza virus in beijing has not been previously reported. in a consecutive 4-year surveillance of acute respiratory infections (aris) between january ...201526230490
etiological role of ortho- and paramyxoviruses in acute respiratory tract infections among children aged < 4 years in bulgaria.influenza viruses (family orthomyxoviridae); respiratory-syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) type 1, 2 and 3 (family paramyxoviridae) are among the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in infants and young children. the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of these viruses in cases of arti requiring medical attention among children aged < 4 years during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 winter seasons in bulgaria.201525974986
viral etiology of mumps-like illnesses in suspected mumps cases reported in catalonia, spain.we investigated the etiology of reported sporadic suspected mumps cases with a negative rt-pcr result for the mumps virus in the barcelona-south region in 2007-2011. samples from mumps virus-negative patients presenting unilateral or bilateral parotitis or other salivary gland swelling were tested for epstein-barr virus (ebv) by real-time pcr and for respiratory viruses by two multiplex-pcr-based assays to detect parainfluenza virus (piv) 1-4, influenza virus (inv) a, b and c, respiratory syncyt ...201525483547
analytical sensitivity comparison between singleplex real-time pcr and a multiplex pcr platform for detecting respiratory viruses.multiplex pcr methods are attractive to clinical laboratories wanting to broaden their detection of respiratory viral pathogens in clinical specimens. however, multiplexed assays must be well optimized to retain or improve upon the analytic sensitivity of their singleplex counterparts. in this experiment, the lower limit of detection (lod) of singleplex real-time pcr assays targeting respiratory viruses is compared to an equivalent panel on a multiplex pcr platform, the genmark esensor rvp. lods ...201526569120
[association between parainfluenza virus infection and climatic factors in children].to study the association between acute respiratory human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infection and climatic factors in children.201526695668
parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 in pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in beijing during 2004 to 2012.although human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) has been determined as an important viral cause of acute respiratory infections (aris) in infants and young children, data on long-term investigation are still lacking to disclose the infection pattern of hpiv in china.201526481737
incidence of respiratory viruses in peruvian children with acute respiratory infections.acute respiratory infections are responsible for high morbi-mortality in peruvian children. however, the etiological agents are poorly identified. this study, conducted during the pandemic outbreak of h1n1 influenza in 2009, aims to determine the main etiological agents responsible for acute respiratory infections in children from lima, peru. nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 717 children with acute respiratory infections between january 2009 and december 2010 were analyzed by multiplex rt-pcr ...201525784285
[inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv-2, hpiv-4), entroviruses (ca16, ev71) and adenoviruses (hadv-2, hadv-5) in vitro].there are no specific antivirals designed for many viral infections. inosine pranobex (pi) is a purine nucleoside that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. the mechanism of action in human body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. we evaluated in vitro effect of inosine pranobex (pi) on replication of human viruses: parainfluenza viruses (hpiv-2, hpiv-4), entroviruses a ( ...201526591662
viral and atypical bacterial aetiologies of infection in hospitalised patients admitted with clinical suspicion of influenza in thailand, vietnam and indonesia.influenza constitutes a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. there is limited information about the etiology of infection presenting clinically as influenza in hospitalized adults and children in southeast asia. such data are important for future management of respiratory infections.201525980749
[etiology of fatal pneumonia caused by influenza a(h1n1)pdm2009 virus during the pandemic in russia].the results of the study of the autopsy materials from 61 patients with the diagnosis of pneumonia received by virological and genetic methods are reviewed. the materials were studied at the influenza etiology and epidemiology center of the ivanovsky institute of virology, ministry of health and social development of the russian federation, during epidemic seasons 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. the data were analyzed with respect to age, sex, comorbidity diseases and identified on the groups of the ri ...201624006627
human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in china.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis). hpiv-4, a newly identified virus, has been associated with severe alrtis recently. a total of 771 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from hospitalized children between march 2010 and february 2011. hpivs were detected by nest-pcr, and other known respiratory viruses were detected by rt-pcr and pcr. all amplification products were sequenced. hpivs were detected in 151 (19.5 ...201627197630
incidence and clinical course of respiratory viral coinfections in children aged 0-59 months.clinical data available on coinfections are contradictory concerning both the number of viruses involved and the severity of the condition. a total of 114 patients aged 0-59 months with symptoms of respiratory tract infection were enrolled into the study. nasal and pharyngeal swabs were tested using the pcr method for the following 12 viruses: influenza a, influenza b, respiratory syncytial virus a (rsv a), respiratory syncytial virus b (rsv b), adenovirus, metapneumovirus, coronavirus 229e/nl63 ...201626801151
human ifit1 inhibits mrna translation of rubulaviruses but not other members of the paramyxoviridae family.we have previously shown that ifit1 is primarily responsible for the antiviral action of interferon (ifn) alpha/beta against parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), selectively inhibiting the translation of piv5 mrnas. here we report that while piv2, piv5, and mumps virus (muv) are sensitive to ifit1, nonrubulavirus members of the paramyxoviridae such as piv3, sendai virus (sev), and canine distemper virus (cdv) are resistant. the ifit1 sensitivity of piv5 was not rescued by coinfection with an ifit1 ...201627512068
spatial and temporal spread of acute viral respiratory infections in young children living in high-altitude rural communities: a prospective household-based study.few studies have described patterns of transmission of viral acute respiratory infections (ari) in children in developing countries. we examined the spatial and temporal spread of viral ari among young children in rural peruvian highland communities. previous studies have described intense social interactions in those communities, which could influence the transmission of viral infections.201627404599
an investigation into respiratory tract viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection or wheezing.this study aimed to determine the frequencies of respiratory tract viruses in patient (acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) or wheezing) and control (history of asthma without symptoms) groups.201627854115
use of laboratory and administrative data to understand the potential impact of human parainfluenza virus 4 on cases of bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia in alberta, canada.human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) causes severe respiratory illness in infants and adults. our study describes the association of hpiv1-4 with bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia using retrospective laboratory, administrative and public health data. due to issues including the historic lack of hpiv4 in some commercial respiratory virus panels, the description of the impact of hpiv4 on croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia at population levels has often been limited. this study will use routine clin ...201627514690
parainfluenza virus chimeric mini-replicons indicate a novel regulatory element in the leader promoter.gene expression of paramyxoviruses is regulated by genome-encoded cis-acting elements; however, whether all the required elements for viral growth have been identified is not clear. using a mini-replicon system, it has been shown that human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) polymerase can recognize the promoter elements of parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), but reporter activity is lower in this case. we constructed a series of luciferase-encoding chimeric piv2/5 mini-genomes that are basically ...201627072881
genetic diversity among human parainfluenza virus type 2 isolated in croatia between 2011 and 2014.the dynamics and evolution of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) in croatia, and also globally, are largely unknown. most hpiv2 infections are treated symptomatically outside the hospital setting. thus, the diagnosis is missing making it difficult to follow the genetic variation and evolution of the hpiv2. this study explores hospitalized hpiv2 cases in croatia during 4-year period (2011-2014). most cases in this period were reported in october or november (68.75%) and most of patients ...201627004845
estimates of parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations and cost among children aged less than 5 years in the united states, 1998-2010.parainfluenza virus (piv) is the second leading cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in young children in the united states. infection can result in a full range of respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia. the recognized human subtypes of piv are numbered 1-4. this study calculates estimates of piv-associated hospitalizations among u.s. children younger than 5 years using the latest available data.201626908486
synthesis of human parainfluenza virus 2 nucleocapsid protein in yeast as nucleocapsid-like particles and investigation of its antigenic structure.the aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system for the production of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) nucleocapsid (n) protein in the form of nucleocapsid-like particles (nlps) and to characterize its antigenic structure. the gene encoding hpiv2 n amino acid (aa) sequence refseq np_598401.1 was cloned into the galactose-inducible s. cerevisiae expression vector and its high-level expression was achieved. however, this recombin ...201626821928
[detection of respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection: an analysis of 5,150 children].to investigate the distribution of respiratory viruses on throat swabs in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti).201626781413
human parainfluenza virus type 2 v protein inhibits and antagonizes tetherin.tetherin (bst-2/cd317/hm1.24) is an antiviral membrane protein that prevents the release of enveloped viruses from the cell surface. we found that the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2), but not that of v protein-deficient recombinant hpiv-2, was inhibited by tetherin. v protein immunoprecipitates with tetherin, and this interaction requires its c-terminal trp residues. the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol attachment signal of tetherin, but not its cytoplasmic tail, was necessary f ...201626675672
enhanced growth of influenza a virus by coinfection with human parainfluenza virus type 2.it has been reported that dual or multiple viruses can coinfect epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. however, little has been reported on in vitro interactions of coinfected viruses. to explore how coinfection of different viruses affects their biological property, we examined growth of influenza a virus (iav) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) during coinfection of vero cells. we found that iav growth was enhanced by coinfection with hpiv2. the enhanced growth of iav was not rep ...201626582554
graf1 controls the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 through inactivation of rhoa signaling.rho gtpases are involved in a variety of cellular activities and are regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and gtpase-activating proteins (gaps). we found that the activation of rho gtpases by lysophosphatidic acid promotes the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2). furthermore, hpiv-2 infection causes activation of rhoa, a rho gtpase. we hypothesized that graf1 (also known as arhgap26), a gap, regulates hpiv-2 growth by controlling rhoa signaling. immunofluorescence ana ...201627512058
evidence that receptor destruction by the sendai virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein is responsible for homologous interference.receptor destruction has been considered one of the mechanisms of homologous sendai virus (sev) interference. however, direct evidence of receptor destruction upon virus infection and its relevance to interference is missing. to investigate a precise mechanism of homologous interference, we established sev persistently infected cells. the persistently infected cells inhibited superinfection by homologous sev but supported replication of human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpiv2) and influenza a virus ( ...201627279623
allergy vaccines using a mycobacterium-secreted antigen, ag85b, and an il-4 antagonist.in recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, airway hypersensitivity, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis, has been increasing in the industrialized world, and effective treatments probably require manipulating the inflammatory response to pathogenic allergens. t helper (th) 2 cells are thought to play a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and persistence of allergic responses in association with production of interleukin (il)-4, il-5, and il-13. ther ...201627076163
a point mutation in the rna-binding domain of human parainfluenza virus type 2 nucleoprotein elicits an abnormally enhanced polymerase activity.the genome rna of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) that acts as template for the polymerase complex is entirely encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (np). recently, the crystal structure of np of piv5, a virus closely related to hpiv2, was resolved in association with rna. ten amino acids that contact the bound rna-binding were identified, and are strictly conserved between piv5 and hpiv2 np. mutation of hpiv2 np q202 (that contacts a base rather than the rna backbone) to some amino acids r ...201728179533
synthesis of human parainfluenza virus 4 nucleocapsid-like particles in yeast and their use for detection of virus-specific antibodies in human serum.the aim of this study was to produce human parainfluenza virus type 4 (hpiv4) nucleocapsid (n) protein in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system, to explore its structural and antigenic properties and to evaluate its applicability in serology. the use of an optimized gene encoding hpiv4 n protein amino acid (aa) sequence genbank agu90031.1 allowed high yield of recombinant n protein forming nucleocapsid-like particles (nlps) in yeast. a substitution l332d disrupted self-assembly of nlp ...201728102432
epidemiology of parainfluenza infection in england and wales, 1998-2013: any evidence of change?human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infections are one of the commonest causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in order to determine if there have been any recent changes in hpiv epidemiology in england and wales, laboratory surveillance data between 1998 and 2013 were analysed. the uk national laboratory surveillance database, labbase, and the newly established laboratory-based virological surveillance system, the respiratory datamart system (rdms), were used. descriptive analysis ...201728095926
serology enhances molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections other than influenza in children and adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.both molecular and serological assays have been used previously to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, the extent to which these methods are correlated and the added diagnostic value of serology for respiratory viruses other than influenza virus have not been fully evaluated. using data from patients enrolled in the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) etiology of pneumonia in the community (epic) study, we compared real-time reverse transcription-p ...201727795341
etiology, seasonality, and clinical characteristics of respiratory viruses in children with respiratory tract infections in eastern india (bhubaneswar, odisha).acute respiratory tract infections (artis) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in low and middle income countries. to analyse the overall burden of respiratory viruses responsible for artis in paediatrics population in eastern india, this study was performed. clinical information, demographic information and nasal/oral swabs were collected from 332 paediatric patients (aged from 1 month to 12 years old) with the symptoms of arti, enrolled from the outpatient departme ...201727509268
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