Publications

genetic homogeneity of human serotype g1 rotaviruses isolated during a single epidemic season: implications for vaccine strategies.	the extent of genetic variation of rotavirus isolates representing the common serotype g1 circulating in australian urban centres during 1996 was investigated. the sequences of the major outer capsid glycoprotein, vp7, of three isolates from brisbane, sydney and melbourne were determined and found to be highly conserved (> 99% nucleotide identity, > 98.3% amino acid identity and > 99% amino acid similarity). in particular, the sequences of the neutralisation epitope regions were absolutely conse ...	1999	10672345
[rotavirus: clinical features and prevention]	objectives: this report was prepared with the main objective of making an extensive review of both clinical features and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. in addition, it provides an evaluation about the potential for introduction of the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (rrv-tv) in the developing countries. methods: the main source of information was the most relevant articles published in both national and international journals, as well as selected official reports ...	1999	14685487
rotaviruses: basic facts.	rotaviruses (rvs) are the chief etiologic agent of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children, and in the young of a large variety of animal species. since the discovery of rvs in man 25 yr ago, much has been learned about their genome and protein composition; their three-dimensional structure; their replication, pathogenesis and clinical pattern; the host's immune response; and the epidemiology. measures of individual treatment have recently been complemented by the licensure in the un ...	2000	21318852
pathogenesis and animal models.	because of the limitations in studying human rotavirus (hrv) pathogenesis and mucosal immunity in the natural host (infants and children), various animal models have been utilized to investigate rotavirus (rv) disease pathogenesis and immunity. mice and rabbits serve as useful models to evaluate and dissect immune responses to rv (see chapter 9 ). however, because older mice (>14 d) and rabbits are not susceptible to diarrhea after inoculation with either homologous (murine or lapine, respective ...	2000	21318857
future rotavirus research.	since the discovery of animal rotaviruses (rvs) in the 1960s (1,2), and of human rotaviruses (hrvs) 25 yr ago (3,4), much has been learned about virus structure, classification, evolution, replication, pathogenesis, and specific immune responses, and their correlation with protection and epidemiology. as pathogens that infect the gastrointestinal tract, these viruses continue to serve as useful models to understand mucosal virus-cell interactions. recently, a rv vaccine to prevent disease in chi ...	2000	21318863
emergence of serotype g9 human rotaviruses in australia.		2000	10699049
interactions mediating bacterial translocation in the immature intestine.	systemic disease caused by transmucosal passage of enterovirulent bacteria and toxins from the gut lumen into the mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) is reviewed, with particular concern for bacterial interactions in the developing gut of premature newborns. anaerobic bacteria are rarely observed to translocate to the mln. bifidobacterial strains have been tested for their abilities to adhere to enterocyte-like caco-2 cells in culture. we have investigated the inhibitory effect of adherent human bifido ...	2000	10721921
rotavirus-induced structural and functional alterations in tight junctions of polarized intestinal caco-2 cell monolayers.	we provide here new insights into rotavirus (rrv) pathogenicity by showing that rrv infection promotes structural and functional injuries localized at the tight junctions (tj) in the cell-cell junctional complex of cultured polarized human intestinal caco-2 cells forming monolayers. rrv infection resulted in a progressive increase in the paracellular permeability to [(3)h]mannitol as a function of the time postinfection. we observed a disorganization of the tj-associated protein occludin as a fu ...	2000	10775600
human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community.	episodes of acute gastroenteritis in prospectively followed children between 2 months and 2 years of age were examined for rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, and human caliciviruses, including both norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like viruses (slvs), using pcr and reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. a virus was identified in 60% (502/832) of all episodes and in 85% of the moderately severe or severe episodes. human caliciviruses were as common as rotaviruses, both being ...	2000	10804140
amplification of various genes of human group b rotavirus from stool specimens by rt-pcr.	the detection of the human group b rotavirus (hugbr) cal strain from india has given us an opportunity to design suitable primers for the detection of hugbr since cal is the second hugbr detected until now, the chinese adult diarrhoea rotavirus (adrv) being the first reported human pathogen belonging to this group of viruses. the primers described here may thus be used for the detection of human group b rotaviruses by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) in a diagnostic laboratory.	2000	10996114
symptomatic human rotavirus subgroups, serotypes & electropherotypes in hyderabad, india.	a total of 352 stool specimens obtained from children under 2 yr of age with acute diarrhoea, between january 1998 and march 1999, were screened for the presence of rotavirus by rna-page. symptomatic human rotaviruses were detected in 57 of 352 (16.19%) specimens by rna-page. these 57 samples were tested for rotavirus double stranded rna pattern and among these, 46 samples were tested for subgroup and serotype specificities. among the 46 strains tested, 29 strains were found to be subgroup ii an ...	2000	11006653
vp4 and vp7 genotyping by reverse transcription-pcr of human rotavirus in mexican children with acute diarrhea.	dual typing (vp4 and vp7) of rotavirus obtained from 257 mexican children during three epidemiological seasons was performed by reverse transcription-pcr. the p1g1 genotype was the most prevalent (40%), followed by p1g3 (19%) and p2g2 (16%). thirty-one specimens (12%) presented mixed infections, while some genotypes were not found. this is the first dual typing of isolates from diarrhea cases in mexico.	2000	11015426
mutations selected in rotavirus enterotoxin nsp4 depend on the context of its expression.	the rotavirus nsp4 protein is cytotoxic when transiently expressed in cells and is capable of inducing secretory diarrhea in neonatal mice. nsp4 consists of 175 amino acids, and sequences important for its toxic effects have been mapped to the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. in this report, we compared nsp4-encoding nucleotide sequences recovered from cell lines engineered to express nsp4 from human rotavirus strain wa with nsp4 sequences recovered from cells persistently infected with eit ...	2000	11017794
detection of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus and rotavirus from sewage and water samples.	a modified adsorption-elution technique for concentration of enteric viruses from sewage and water samples was developed. the viruses in water were concentrated by negatively charged membrane filtration, eluted with 2.9% tryptose phosphate broth containing 6% glycine ph 9.0, and reconcentrated using centrifugation by a speedvac concentrator. the presence of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, and rotavirus antigen was determined by cell culture isolation, nested polymerase chain reaction (n ...	2000	11023063
a functional nsp4 enterotoxin peptide secreted from rotavirus-infected cells.	previous studies have shown that the nonstructural glycoprotein nsp4 plays a role in rotavirus pathogenesis by functioning as an enterotoxin. one prediction of the mechanism of action of this enterotoxin was that it is secreted from virus-infected cells. in this study, the media of cultured (i) insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus expressing nsp4, (ii) monkey kidney (ma104) cells infected with the simian (sa11) or porcine attenuated (osu-a) rotavirus, and (iii) human intestinal ( ...	2000	11090165
trends in intussusception-associated hospitalizations and deaths among us infants.	the newly licensed tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine has been withdrawn following reports of intussusception among vaccinated infants.	2000	11099597
efficacy of monovalent human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 in infants.		2000	11190055
vp6 subgroup and vp7 serotype of human rotavirus in zaria, northern nigeria.	a survey of rotavirus infection in infants and young children with acute diarrhoea was undertaken in zaria, northern nigeria during 1997 and 1998. in total, 375 faecal specimens were collected from children aged between 1 and 60 months and 122 specimens from age-matched control children without diarrhoea. fourteen specimens were collected from neonates in the university teaching hospital. rotavirus antigen was detected in 61 diarrhoeal and four control specimens; four neonates were shedding rota ...	2000	11191145
development of oral vaccines for human use.	in developed and developing countries, oral vaccine formulations that elicit protection at mucosal surfaces are attractive vaccine candidates. research has shown that vaccine delivery using either viral or non-viral vector delivery of heterologous proteins via the oral route is highly effective. improvements in non-viral vector uptake, specific targeting, antigen presentation and antigen release times will be required to overcome differences in the immune response following delivery. in contrast ...	2000	11249655
vp7 and vp4 genotyping of human group a rotavirus in buenos aires, argentina.	specific and sensitive tests for the detection and typing of group a rotavirus strains are needed for a more comprehensive knowledge of the epidemiology of rotaviral infection. in this study 500 stool specimens taken from 1996 to 1998 from children with acute diarrhea in buenos aires were examined. group a rotavirus was unequivocally demonstrated in 62% of the samples tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of vp6 antigen, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of double-st ...	2000	10618096
reassortment in vivo: driving force for diversity of human rotavirus strains isolated in the united kingdom between 1995 and 1999.	the g and p genotypes of 3,601 rotavirus strains collected in the united kingdom between 1995 and 1999 were determined (m. iturriza-gómara et al., j. clin. microbiol. 38:4394-4401, 2000). in 95.4% of the strains the most common g and p combinations, g1p[8], g2p[4], g3p[8], and g4p[8], were found. a small but significant number (2%) of isolates from the remaining strains were reassortants of the most common cocirculating strains, e.g., g1p[4] and g2p[8]. rotavirus g9p[6] and g9p[8] strains, which ...	2001	11264359
genotyping of group a rotavirus samples from brazilian children by probe hybridization.	the g genotyping of 74 group a rotavirus samples was done by rna-dna hybridization (dot-blot) using oligonucleotide probes for the vp7 gene region of the human rotavirus serotypes/genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4. thirty-one samples could be genotyped by dot-blot showing the following results: g1 = 16, g4 = 6, g3 = 5, and g2 = 4. the data show circulation of genotypes g1-g4 and the predominance of g1. the knowledge of genotypes provides important information concerning rotavirus circulation in central br ...	2001	11285457
direct evidence for genome segment reassortment between concurrently-circulating human rotavirus strains.	extensive heterogeneity in electropherotypes observed among group a human rotaviruses has been considered as a result of two major mechanisms; i.e., the accumulation of point mutations and genetic reassortment between concurrently-circulating strains. however, no evidence was reported thus far indicating that any one of field isolates of rotavirus was formed by direct reassortment of concurrently circulating two parental strains. comparison of the genome of human rotavirus specimens collected ov ...	2001	11338390
intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine.	intussusception is a form of intestinal obstruction in which a segment of the bowel prolapses into a more distal segment. our investigation began on may 27, 1999, after nine cases of infants who had intussusception after receiving the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (rrv-tv) were reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system.	2001	11207352
rotavirus strains bearing genotype g9 or p[9] recovered from brazilian children with diarrhea from 1997 to 1999.	human rotavirus strains belonging to genotype g9 or p[9] were detected in a collection of stool specimens from children with diarrhea in two cities of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil, between march 1997 and december 1999. g9 strains were first detected in april 1997 and remained prevalent until the end of the study, at a frequency of 15.9% (n = 157). a high percentage of vp7 nucleotide (99.0 to 99.5%) and deduced amino acid identity (98.6 to 99.1%) was found between three randomly selected b ...	2001	11230448
a rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe diarrhoea of infants and young children: development, utilization and withdrawal.	the importance of rotaviruses (rvs) as the single most important cause of severe diarrhoea of infants and young children is well recognized. at nih, we developed a quadrivalent (tetravalent [tv]) vaccine to protect against the four epidemiologically important rv serotypes. it is comprised of live attenuated rhesus rv (rrv), a vp7 serotype g3 strain (the 'jennerian' approach), and three reassortant rvs, each containing 10 rrv genes and one human rv gene that codes for the major outer protein, vp7 ...	2001	11444025
antibody-secreting cell responses to rotavirus proteins in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with attenuated or virulent human rotavirus.	because of their similarities to infants in mucosal immune responses and their susceptibility to human rotavirus (hrv) diarrhea, gnotobiotic pigs provide a useful model for rotaviral disease. in this study, we performed quantitative enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) assays to measure local and systemic isotype-specific antibody-secreting cell (asc) responses to individual structural (vp4, vp6, and vp7) and nonstructural (nsp3 and nsp4) proteins of wa hrv. the spodoptera frugiperda cells express ...	2001	11473996
direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens.	humans have very close interactions with working, food-producing, and companion animals. according to the american veterinary medical association, there are more than one hundred million cat and dog pets in the united states. furthermore, non-traditional pets like reptiles and exotic birds are not unusual companion animals in households. in addition to sharing with animals our living and/or working space and time, we also share, unfortunately, many disease causing microorganisms. in the past few ...	2001	11512628
non-lytic extraction and characterisation of receptors for multiple strains of rotavirus.	to characterise the cellular receptors for rotavirus, we used the detergent octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (octyl-glucoside/og) to extract the receptors for bovine, simian, porcine and human rotaviruses from ma104 and ht29 cells. an octyl-glucoside concentration of 0.2% dramatically reduced the susceptibility of treated cells to infection, while leaving them metabolically active, and as a result the depleted receptors were able to regenerate. periodate treatment of the ma104 and ht29 octyl-glucosi ...	2001	11556708
characterization of human rotavirus serotype g9 isolated in japan and thailand from 1995 to 1997.	serotyping of human rotavirus was conducted in 396 japanese and 100 thai rotavirus-positive fecal specimens collected from 1995 to 1997. serotype g9 was found to be the third most common serotype with frequency of 16.2% in thailand from 1996 to 1997. it was also detected in japan with a low frequency (0.7%) in this year. the genetic analyses of vp4 and nsp4 genes of these g9 strains showed that 1 strain from japan possessed p[8] genotype and nsp4 wa-group with long electropherotype (e-type). in ...	2001	11596102
emergence of g9 p[6] human rotaviruses in argentina: phylogenetic relationships among g9 strains.	because rotavirus diarrhea can be reduced through vaccination and because current vaccine candidates provide protection against only the most common g antigenic types (g1 to g4), detection of uncommon g types is one of the main goals of rotavirus surveillance. after a 2-year nationwide rotavirus surveillance study in argentina concluded, surveillance was continued and an increase of g9 prevalence in several argentine cities was detected. during this period g9 strains predominated in the south, a ...	2001	11682524
etiopathogenesis of biliary atresia.	biliary atresia, a progressive sclerosis of the extrahepatic biliary tree that occurs only within the first 3 months of life, is one of the most common causes of neonatal cholestasis and accounts for over half of children who undergo liver transplantation. in biliary atresia, a number of prenatal or perinatal insults to the biliary tree appear to culminate in complete obliteration of the lumen of the extrahepatic biliary tree and continued injury and sclerosis of intrahepatic bile ducts, even af ...	2001	11745039
[etiological study on human rotavirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis].	to understand the etiology of human rotavirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in china.	2001	12526305
electropherotypes of rotaviruses in children less than 5 years old in abidjan, cote d'ivoire in 1997.	rotaviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in human infants and the young of many species. in this study, we analysed the circulating strains of human rotavirus isolated from young children in abidjan by electrophoresis of the viral rna genome in agarose gels. rotavirus strains were identified in 33 children less than two years of age in the yopougon district of abidjan, cote d'lvoire. viral rna was extracted from the stools by phenol-chloroform treatment at 56 degrees c, followed by centri ...	2001	17650045
protective efficacy of a sulfated sialyl lipid (nmso3) against human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in a mouse model.	antiviral activity of sulfated sialyl lipid (nmso3) against human rotavirus (rv) was examined in vitro and in vivo. nmso3 inhibited the replication of four major serotypes (g1 to g4) of human rotavirus with a low 50% effective concentration of 1 to 5 microg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentration of 153 microg/ml when determined by plaque assays with ma104 cells. exposure of nmso3 to hcl (ph 2.0) for 30 min exhibited no loss of anti-rv activity. time-of-addition experiments revealed that nmso3 inhibi ...	2002	11796352
how a rotavirus hijacks the human protein synthesis machinery.		2002	11875511
sodium lauryl sulfate, a microbicide effective against enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.	the number of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (stds) is growing dramatically worldwide. globally, heterosexual transmission may account for as much as 85-90% of new cases of hiv infection. latex condoms represent an effective barrier against sexually transmitted pathogens, but unfortunately, their use is not generalized. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop safe and potent topical microbicides under t ...	2002	11899262
molecular diagnosis of human enteroviruses by phylogeny-based classification by use of the vp4 sequence.	human enteroviruses (evs) are the major cause of a variety of acute and chronic illnesses. virus isolation and neutralization tests are usually done to identify the causative virus, but these tests are labor intensive, time consuming, and sometimes require suckling mice from which certain viruses have been isolated. this study investigated a rapid and reliable method based on reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. the phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor- ...	2002	11920292
[cultivation and serial propagation of a new rotavirus causing adult diarrhea in primary human embryo kidney cells].	to investigate the methodology of cultivation of the new rotavirus that causes adult diarrhea.	2002	11953119
incidence of norwalk-like viruses, rotavirus and adenovirus infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in jakarta, indonesia.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), rotavirus and adenovirus are reportedly responsible from 4 to 42% of non-bacterial acute sporadic gastroenteritis. the incidence of nlvs, adenovirus and rotavirus infections in indonesia is unclear. a total of 402 symptomatic cases from indonesian patients with acute gastroenteritis and 102 asymptomatic controls that tested negative for bacteria and parasites were screened for the presence of nlvs, rotavirus and adenovirus using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase c ...	2002	11985965
molecular characterization of vp6 genes of human rotavirus isolates: correlation of genogroups with subgroups and evidence of independent segregation.	a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was established to amplify a 379-bp cdna fragment (nucleotides 747 to 1126, coding for amino acids 241 to 367) of the vp6 gene of group a rotaviruses associated with subgroup (sg) specificity. thirty-eight human rotavirus strains characterized with sg-specific monoclonal antibodies were subjected to vp6-specific rt-pcr, and pcr amplicons were used for sequencing. nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the vp6 amplicons revealed two clusters, or ...	2002	12050372
detection and genotyping of human group a rotaviruses by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization.	a rapid and reliable method for the identification of five clinically relevant g genotypes (g1 to g4 and g9) of human rotaviruses based on oligonucleotide microarray hybridization has been developed. the genotype-specific oligonucleotides immobilized on the surface of glass slides were selected to bind to the multiple target regions within the vp7 gene that are highly conserved among individual rotavirus genotypes. rotavirus cdna was amplified in a pcr with primers common to all group a rotaviru ...	2002	12089254
distribution of rotavirus vp7 genotypes among children suffering from watery diarrhea in kolkata, india.	a combined reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt/pcr) was used to produce cdna of the vp7 gene of rotavirus present in the stool samples. a total of 150 rotavirus positive stool samples were used in this study. multiplex pcr, using the type specific primers, revealed the presence of g1 (49/150, 32.7%), g2 (27/150, 18%) and g4 (30/150, 20%) genotypes among the samples collected during 1999-2000 from children suffering from acute watery diarrhea. eighteen samples (12%) were of mixed ...	2002	12135787
identification of human astrovirus infections from stool samples with diarrhea in korea.	human astrovirus (hastv) infections were confirmed in 17 (1.5%) of 1153 children and adults with diarrhea, from different regions of korea, by testing their stool samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers targeted to partial orf 1a. genotypes of isolates were determined by sequencing the 289-bp pcr products. the predominant genotype was hastv type 1, with intragenotypic variation of 0.7%. unlike norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), rotavirus and enteric adenovirus, no data ...	2002	12209320
histologic and in situ viral findings in the myocardium in cases of sudden, unexpected death.	the purpose of this study was to do in situ viral detection in myocardial tissues of individuals who suffered sudden unexpected death and to correlate the results with the postmortem histopathologic findings. thirteen cases were identified and the heart tissues were analyzed for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, epstein barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1), influenza a, influenza b, parvovirus, rotavirus, picornavirus (including separate primers for enterov ...	2002	12218208
detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus and rotaviruses in sewage by means of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay.	an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr (imc-rt-pcr) assay was evaluated to recover and detect enteric viruses in sewage and to remove pcr inhibitors. the procedure was applied along with a simple sample processing consisting of an initial separation of solids followed by polyethylen glycol precipitation and solvent extraction. this procedure reduced sample volumes by about 65-fold without eliminating rt-pcr inhibitors. paramagnetic beads coupled to pooled human immunoglobulins were ...	2002	12398285
second-year follow-up evaluation of live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 in healthy infants.	rotavirus vaccine development is a high priority. the association between the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine and intussusception has increased the need to develop new vaccines. in a small efficacy trial, the human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 recently has been shown to be safe and effective; 184 of the 215 healthy infants initially enrolled in this trial were followed for a second year. vaccine efficacy during the second year was 59% (p=.047). for the 2 years of observation, v ...	2002	12404166
antiviral activity of spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2.	spirulina has been used in a variety of practical applications in biotechnology and medical sciences. this paper presents the antiviral activity found in a hot water extract (hwe) of a commercial preparation of spirulina maxima, studied by a microplate inhibition assay, using several viruses. the hwe inhibited the infection for: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), pseudorabies virus (prv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and hsv-1, and the 50% effective inhibition doses (ed(50)) were 0.069, 0.103 ...	2002	12406511
clinical utility of nested multiplex rt-pcr for group f adenovirus, rotavirus and norwalk-like viruses in acute viral gastroenteritis in children and adults.	the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis can be carried out by non-molecular techniques such as electron microscopy (em), enzyme-immunoassay and latex agglutination tests and various molecular techniques. normally molecular detection requires the use of three separate protocols to detect the three main causes of viral gastroenteritis, adenoviruses, rotaviruses and norwalk-like viruses (nlv) which have different types of nucleic acid. the development of a sensitive and specific assay which could de ...	2002	12423697
evaluation of a human group a rotavirus assay for on-site detection of bovine rotavirus.	neonatal diarrhea induced by bovine group a rotavirus causes significant economic loss in the dairy and beef industry due to increased morbidity and mortality, treatment costs, and reduced growth rates. the objective of this study was to evaluate a human group a rotavirus assay (immunocardstat rotavirus [ics-rv]) as an on-site diagnostic test for bovine rotavirus. when used with a collection of bovine diarrhea samples submitted to the virology section of the diagnostic center for population and ...	2003	12517863
an update on aspects of viral gastrointestinal diseases of dogs and cats.	viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. for example, canine parvovirus (cpv) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. feline panleucopenia virus (fpv) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and h ...	2003	16032339
incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in wisconsin.	recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. the objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. ...	2003	12571044
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system.	in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ...	2003	12725505
first rotavirus, now astrovirus: the evolving benefits of rt-pcr.	we compared rt-pcr and a newly developed amplified eia for the detection of human astrovirus (hastv) in 48 stool samples taken from children of less than five years of age with gastroenteritis. the rt-pcr classified more samples as positive than the eia (18 versus 8). without sensitive diagnosis, infection control policies will be disadvantaged and the true economic burden of hastv underestimated.	2003	12736977
cross-reactivity between the major parietaria allergen and rotavirus vp4 protein.	the present study investigates immunological cross-reactivity between par o 1, the major pollen allergen of parietaria, and the vp4 protein of rotavirus, a microorganism that is world-wide the main etiological agent of gastroenteritis in children.	2003	12757452
gapdock: a genetic algorithm approach to protein docking in capri round 1.	as part of the first critical assessment of protein interactions, round 1, we predict the structure of two protein-protein complexes, by using a genetic algorithm, gapdock, in combination with surface complementarity, buried surface area, biochemical information, and human intervention. among the five models submitted for target 1, hpr phosphocarrier protein (b. subtilis) and the hexameric hpr kinase (l. lactis), the best correctly predicts 17 of 52 interprotein contacts, whereas for target 2, b ...	2003	12784360
characterization of serotype g9 rotavirus strains isolated in the united states and india from 1993 to 2001.	the emergence of rotavirus serotype g9 as a possible fifth globally common serotype in the last decade, together with its increasing detection in association with various genome constellations, raises questions about the origins and epidemiological importance of recent g9 isolates. we examined a collection of 40 g9 strains isolated in the united states from 1996 to 2001 and in india since 1993 to determine their vp7 gene sequences, p types, e types, subgroup specificities, and rna-rna hybridizat ...	2003	12843049
close relationship between g8-serotype bovine and human rotaviruses isolated in nigeria.	a bovine rotavirus, ngrbg8, isolated from the feces of a calf with diarrhea in nigeria was characterized by reverse transcription-pcr, nucleotide sequence analysis, and northern blot hybridization. the nucleotide sequence of the vp7 gene of the strain was most closely related to that of a nigerian human g8-serotype strain, hmg035 (99.9%). the nsp1 gene of strain ngrbg8 is highly related (99.4%) to that of a thai g8 bovine strain, a5-10. northern blot hybridization revealed a high overall genomic ...	2003	12904426
detection of the emerging rotavirus g9 serotype at high frequency in italy.	group a human rotavirus strains belonging to the unusual serotype g9 were detected at high frequency in stool specimens from infected children with acute diarrhea in bari, italy, during a 15-month survey from march 2001 to june 2002. this may signify a local reemergence of the g9 rotaviruses detected in italy in the early and mid-1990s or may be related to the global emergence of g9 rotaviruses in recent years.	2003	12904429
unexpected detection of animal vp7 genes among common rotavirus strains isolated from children in mexico.	in the course of characterizing 103 rotaviruses from children in mexico, we found that the majority of strains were globally common types (55.4% of total), while uncommon types represented 5.7%, mixed infections with common types represented 14.8%, and partially or fully nontypeable isolates represented about 24%. serotype g9 was detected for the first time in mexico. we sequenced a subset of strains that were g nontypeable by reverse transcriptase pcr and found surprisingly that two strains hav ...	2003	12958276
a system of protein target sequences for anti-rna-viral chemotherapy by a vitamin b6-derived zinc-chelating trioxa-adamantane-triol.	the synthesis of the structurally unusual heterotricyclic compound 1-[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinyl]-2,8,9-trioxaadamantane-3,5,7-triol (trivially named bananin, bn) from pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol and a theoretical prospect on possible biological activities of bn are presented in this report. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol is synthesized by knoevenagel condensation of the vitamin b6 aldehyde pyridoxal with phloroglucinol. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol rearranges to light-yello ...	2003	14527557
expression and purification of polyhistidine-tagged rotavirus nsp4 proteins in insect cells.	the rotavirus nonstructural nsp4 protein, a transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum-specific glycoprotein, has been described as the first viral enterotoxin. purified nsp4 or a peptide corresponding to nsp4 residues 114-135 induces diarrhea in young mice. nsp4 has a membrane-destabilizing activity and causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels and chloride secretion by a calcium-dependent signalling pathway in eucaryotic cells. in this study, four recombinant baculoviruses were generated exp ...	2003	14550638
sequence heterogeneity among human picobirnaviruses detected in a gastroenteritis outbreak.	human picobirnaviruses characterised in this study were serendipitously detected in a non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreak when specimens were examined for the presence of human rotaviruses using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. of ten stool samples sent for virological examination, two, three, and one specimens were positive for human caliciviruses, picobirnaviruses, and both viruses, respectively. partial sequences of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene were determined for three picobir ...	2003	14648286
genetic variability of human rotavirus strains isolated from eastern and northern india.	an epidemiological study was conducted in eastern and northern india to determine the genomic diversity of rotaviruses in these parts of the country. in 2001, a total of 126 group a rotavirus positive samples were detected from children below 4 years of age with diarrhoea from kolkata, dibrugarh and bhubaneswar in eastern india, and chandigarh, a city in northern india. all the samples were genotyped for vp7 (g-type) and vp4 (p-type) gene by reverse transcription (rt) and multiplex pcr using dif ...	2004	14635025
etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with hiv-1 infection: a case-control study in lima, peru.	objective we sought to determine the etiologies, manifestations, and risk factors for persistent (> or =7 days) diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected persons in peru.	2004	15592997
extensive primary cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in an infant following acute rotavirus gastroenteritis.		2004	15717179
stool viruses among paediatric patients from a nairobi clinic, kenya.	to document the clinical presentation and prevalence of stool viruses among children presenting with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis (age) at gertrude's garden children's hospital, nairobi, kenya.	2004	15868964
role of the histidine triad-like motif in nucleotide hydrolysis by the rotavirus rna-packaging protein nsp2.	octamers formed by the nonstructural protein nsp2 of rotavirus are proposed to function as molecular motors in the packaging of the segmented double-stranded rna genome. the octamers have rna binding, helix unwinding, and mg(2+)-dependent ntpase activities and play a crucial role in assembly of viral replication factories (viroplasms). comparison of x-ray structures has revealed significant structural homology between nsp2 and the histidine triad (hit) family of nucleotidyl hydrolases, which in ...	2004	14699117
infant immune response to human rotavirus serotype g1 vaccine candidate reassortant wi79-9: different dose response patterns to virus surface proteins vp7 and vp4.	rotavirus is the leading cause of morbidity from gastroenteritis in the developed world and the leading cause of mortality from viral gastroenteritis (estimated 600000 deaths) worldwide. g1 is the most prevalent human serotype. reassortant rotavirus between simian rotavirus rrv or bovine rotavirus wc3 and human strain rotaviruses have been extensively tested as candidate vaccines. rotavirus (rv) reassortant strain wi79-9 consists of a human (strain wi79) g1 serotype vp7 surface protein on a bovi ...	2004	15014293
roxan, a novel cellular protein containing tpr, ld, and zinc finger motifs, forms a ternary complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 4g and rotavirus nsp3.	rotavirus mrnas are capped but not polyadenylated, and viral proteins are translated by the cellular translation machinery. this is accomplished through the action of the viral nonstructural protein nsp3, which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mrnas and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4g i. to further our understanding of the role of nsp3 in rotavirus replication, we looked for other cellular proteins capable of interacting with this viral prot ...	2004	15047801
gastrointestinal reactions and rotavirus vaccination based upon analysis of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (vaers) database for 1999. a model for the calculation of the incidence rates and statistical significance of adverse events following immunization.	the purpose of this study was to extend previous publications and examine the vaccine adverse events reporting system (vaers) database for the incidence of gastrointestinal reactions reported following tetra-valent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (rrv-tv).	2004	15086184
rotavirus-specific t-cell responses in young prospectively followed-up children.	rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in young children. antibodies seem to protect against rotavirus infection but cell-mediated immune responses are probably also important for protection. we evaluated the development of t-cell responses to rotavirus in follow-up samples from 20 healthy children with an increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. blood samples from 16 healthy adults were also available for the study. t-cell proliferation was analysed at 3-6 month intervals from the age ...	2004	15196259
a cyclic amp protein kinase a-dependent mechanism by which rotavirus impairs the expression and enzyme activity of brush border-associated sucrase-isomaltase in differentiated intestinal caco-2 cells.	we undertook a study of the mechanism by which rhesus monkey rotavirus (rrv) impairs the expression and enzyme activity of brush border-associated sucrase isomaltase (si) in cultured, human, fully differentiated, intestinal caco-2 cells. we provide evidence that the rrv-induced defects in the expression and enzyme activity of si are not related to the previously observed, rrv-induced, ca2+ -dependent, disassembly of the f-actin cytoskeleton. this conclusion is based on the facts that: (i) the in ...	2004	15236639
rotavirus virus-like particles as surrogates in environmental persistence and inactivation studies.	virus-like particles (vlps) with the full-length vp2 and vp6 rotavirus capsid proteins, produced in the baculovirus expression system, have been evaluated as surrogates of human rotavirus in different environmental scenarios. green fluorescent protein-labeled vlps (gfp-vlps) and particles enclosing a heterologous rna (pseudoviruses), whose stability may be monitored by flow cytometry and antigen capture reverse transcription-pcr, respectively, were used. after 1 month in seawater at 20 degrees c ...	2004	15240262
molecular epidemiology of human p[8],g9 rotaviruses in hungary between 1998 and 2001.	increasing numbers of studies have documented the widespread distribution of human g9 rotaviruses and demonstrated that these strains may represent a fifth epidemiologically important g serotype. serotype g9 strains were identified in hungary for the first time in the 1997-1998 rotavirus season. contrary to numerous surveys that reported several unexpected p-g combinations among recent g9 isolates (e.g. genotypes p[4], p[6] and p[19]), all hungarian strains characterized to date possess the glob ...	2004	15272068
seroepidemiology of group c rotavirus infection in england and wales.	a total of 3199 serum samples collected in 1993--1994 from two population cohorts from england and wales were tested for the prevalence of igg antibodies specifically directed against group c rotavirus vp6. seroprevalence was 39% (95% confidence intervals: 37.0-40.4%). seroprevalence was highest (46.0%) in the oldest age group (61-70 years of age). infection with group c rotaviruses occurred at an earlier age and with higher incidence in rural than in urban populations. these results may suggest ...	2004	15330133
inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity reduces rotavirus infection at a postbinding step.	elevated levels of prostaglandins (pgs), products of cyclooxygenases (coxs), are found in the plasma and stool of rotavirus-infected children. we sought to determine the role of coxs, pgs, and the signal transduction pathways involved in rotavirus infection to elucidate possible new targets for antiviral therapy. human intestinal caco-2 cells were infected with human rotavirus wa or simian rotavirus sa-11. cox-2 mrna expression and secreted pge2 levels were determined at different time points po ...	2004	15331705
[expression of main neutralization antigen vp7 of human rotavirus serotype g2 and g3 by recombinant adenoviruses].	to express main neutralization antigen vp7 of human rotavirus serotype g2 and g3 by recombinant adenoviruses on the basis of previous investigation of the prevalence of rotavirus in china.	2004	15340517
suspension of rotavirus vaccine after reports of intussusception--united states, 1999.	on july 16, 1999, cdc recommended that health-care providers suspend use of the licensed rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant-tetravalent vaccine (rrv-tv) (rotashield, wyeth laboratories, inc., marietta, pennsylvania) in response to 15 cases of intussusception (i.e., a bowel obstruction in which one segment of bowel becomes enfolded within another segment) among infants who received rrv-tv. the vaccine adverse event reporting system (vaers) monitored for adverse events following licensure of rrv-t ...	2004	15343145
surveillance study (2000 to 2001) of g- and p-type human rotaviruses circulating in south korea.	human rotavirus vp4 and vp7 gene sequences were amplified by reverse transcription-pcr from 53% (322 of 607) of fecal specimens collected from children with severe diarrhea who visited hospitals in six urban areas of south korea in 2000 and 2001. g2 was the most frequently found g type (constituted 50.6%), followed by g1 (30.1%) and g4 (13.0%). although the p types of high incidence were p[4] (53.1%) and p[8] (21.4%), a significant incidence of p[6] (20.2%) was also noticeable. the commonest g- ...	2004	15365026
detection of human enteric viruses in stream water with rt-pcr and cell culture.	a multiplex rt-pcr method was used to measure virus occurrence at five stream water sites that span a range of hydroclimatic, water-quality, and land-use characteristics. the performance of the molecular method was evaluated in comparison with traditional cell culture and escherichia coli membrane filtration assays. the study incorporated multiple quality controls and included a control for virus recovery during the sampling procedure as well as controls to detect potentially false-negative and ...	2004	15384728
lactoferrin inhibits human papillomavirus binding and uptake in vitro.	lactoferrin (lf), a member of the transferrin family, is a bi-globular protein secreted in milk, saliva, tears, seminal fluid, endocervix and vaginal secretions. lf is an important player in the defence against pathogenic microorganisms and has also been shown to have activity against several viruses including herpesvirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and poliovirus. the antiviral activity of lf is directed against the early steps of viral infection and the lf antiviral effect against herpesvirus is me ...	2004	15451180
rotavirus genotyping: keeping up with an evolving population of human rotaviruses.	the use of molecular methods for rotavirus characterisation provides not only increased sensitivity for typing, but also allows accurate and more complete characterisation of strains, and the identification of putative reassortant strains. however, due to the constant accumulation of point mutations through genetic drift, and to the emergence of novel genotypes, possibly zoonotic transmission and subsequent reassortment, the reagents and methods used require close monitoring and updating. method ...	2004	15494266
inhibitory effects of human and bovine milk constituents on rotavirus infections.	among etiologic agents, rotavirus is the major cause of severe dehydration diarrhea in infant mammals. in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that the human milk-fat globule protein lactadherin inhibits rotavirus binding and protects breast-fed children against symptomatic rotavirus infection. the present work was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactadherin, along with some other milk proteins and fractions, on rotavirus infections in ma104 and caco-2 cell lines. it is shown that human, ...	2004	15545370
molecular characterization of the major capsid protein vp6 of bovine group b rotavirus and its use in seroepidemiology.	the major inner capsid protein (vp6) gene of the bovine group b rotavirus (gbr) nemuro strain is 1269 nt in length and contains one open reading frame encoding 391 aa. nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of the nemuro vp6 gene compared with the published corresponding human and rodent gbr genes were respectively 66-67 and 70-72 %, which are notably lower than those between human and rodent viruses (72-73 and 83-84 %, respectively). overall identities of vp6 genes among gbrs were substa ...	2005	16099916
a critical time for rotavirus vaccines: a review.	universal introduction of rotavirus vaccines into childhood immunization programs is expected to substantially reduce the mortality from rotavirus gastroenteritis in developing countries (currently estimated at 702,000 annual deaths among children less than 5 years of age). in addition, it is expected to virtually eliminate hospitalizations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis in developed countries. two rotavirus vaccines, rotarix (glaxosmithkline biologicals, belgium) and rotateq (merck & co., usa ...	2005	16117709
detection and molecular characterisation of group a rotavirus from children in northern botswana.	to determine the presence of group a rotavirus in human stool samples in northern botswana and to characterise the circulating strains.	2005	16122089
year-round screening of noncommercial and commercial oysters for the presence of human pathogenic viruses.	consumption of virus-contaminated shellfish has caused numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. in the netherlands, oysters are cultured and imported both for consumption and export; therefore, the presence of noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, hepatitis a viruses, and enteroviruses was determined in 64 commercial and noncommercial oyster samples. oysters were collected monthly for 13 months from four different harvesting areas in the oosterschelde delta. oyster sample ...	2005	16161684
[molecular epidemiology of human caliciviruses diarrhea among infants and young children in lanzhou from december 2001 to june 2004].	to investigate the characteristics of human caliciviruses (hucv) diarrhea among infants and young children with acute diarrhea in lanzhou, gansu province, china by using molecular epidemiologic techniques.	2005	16191296
detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in blantyre, malawi.	the human caliciviruses (hucvs), including norovirus and sapovirus, are recognized causes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. a 1-year study was undertaken in blantyre, malawi, to examine the prevalence, and genetic diversity, of human caliciviruses (hucvs) amongst children under 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), combined with nucleotide sequencing of the rt-pcr products, hucvs were detected in ...	2005	16254959
in vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in brazil against diarrhea.	acute diarrhea, especially in children, is a very common disease with worldwide distribution and with a significant public health impact. rotaviruses have been recognized as the major agents of diarrhea in infants and young children in developed as well as developing countries. in brazil, diarrhea is one of the principal causes of death, mainly in the infant population. to fight diarrhea, traditional brazilian medicine uses a great variety of plants. in this work, 12 medicinal plant species were ...	2005	15876501
porcine rotavirus strain gottfried-based human rotavirus candidate vaccines: construction and characterization.	rotavirus gastroenteritis remains the leading cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants and young children worldwide, and thus, a safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is urgently needed in both developing and developed countries. various candidate rotavirus vaccines that were developed by us and others have been or are being evaluated in different populations in various parts of the world. we have recently confirmed that a porcine rotavirus gottfried strain bears a p (vp4) serotype (p2b[6]) c ...	2005	15893616
financial requirements of immunisation programmes in developing countries: a 2004-2014 perspective.	vaccines are a key contributor to public health, especially in developing countries. despite numerous demonstrations of the cost-effectiveness of immunisation, vaccines spending accounted for only 1.7% of the total pharmaceutical market in 2002, when unicef estimated that 34 million children were not reached by routine immunisation, most of them in developing countries. several international organizations or initiatives, like the global alliance for vaccines and immunisation (gavi), have defined ...	2005	15979769
serotype diversity and reassortment between human and animal rotavirus strains: implications for rotavirus vaccine programs.	the development of rotavirus vaccines that are based on heterotypic or serotype-specific immunity has prompted many countries to establish programs to assess the disease burden associated with rotavirus infection and the distribution of rotavirus strains. strain surveillance helps to determine whether the most prevalent local strains are likely to be covered by the serotype antigens found in current vaccines. after introduction of a vaccine, this surveillance could detect which strains might not ...	2005	16088798
development of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against prevalent serotypes of rotavirus gastroenteritis.	the strategy of decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis through vaccination is supported by studies demonstrating that wild-type rotavirus infection protects against subsequent rotavirus disease. primary infection with wild-type rotavirus typically induces homotypic immunity. vaccination of infants with a multivalent vaccine directed against prevalent rotavirus serotypes is the strategy most likely to provide the broadest degree of protection against rota ...	2005	16088800
the cytokine osteopontin modulates the severity of rotavirus diarrhea.	osteopontin (opn) is a sialated phosphoprotein found in tissues and secreted into body fluids. it is an integrin ligand with pleiotropic functions as an extracellular matrix protein in mineralized tissues and a cytokine that is active in cell signaling (a. b. tuck, c. hota, s. m. wilson, and a. f. chambers, oncogene 22:1198-1205, 2003). to determine whether opn may be important in mucosal defense against viral pathogens, we evaluated the opn response to rotavirus infection and the extent of diar ...	2005	15731245
do microbes have a causal role in type 1 diabetes?	type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) results from environmental factors acting on genetically susceptible individuals. microbial infections and their immunological consequences are suspected to take part in the pathogenesis of t1dm. congenital rubella infection has been strongly associated with increased disease susceptibility. in addition, infections with different strains of enteroviruses, human cytomegalovirus, and rotavirus have been suggested to be diabetogenic in susceptible individuals. a newl ...	2005	15735577
presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in the netherlands.	since virus concentrations in drinking waters are generally below the detection limit, the infectious risk from drinking water consumption requires assessment from the virus concentrations in source waters and removal efficiency of treatment processes. in this study, we estimated from reverse transcription-pcr on 10-fold serially diluted rna that noroviruses, the most prevalent waterborne gastroenteritis agents, were present at 4 (0.2 to 38) to 4,900 (303 to 4.6 x 10(4)) pcr-detectable units (pd ...	2005	15746348
viremia and nasal and rectal shedding of rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with wa human rotavirus.	respiratory symptoms with rotavirus shedding in nasopharyngeal secretions have been reported in children with and without gastrointestinal symptoms (zheng et al., 1991, j. med. virol. 34:29-37). to investigate if attenuated and virulent human rotavirus (hrv) strains cause upper respiratory tract infections or viremia in gnotobiotic pigs, we inoculated them with attenuated or virulent hrv intranasally, intravenously, or orally or via feeding tube (gavage) and assayed virus shedding. after oral or ...	2005	15827157
memory t-cell response to rotavirus detected with a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay.	measurements of serum-neutralizing antibody and anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin a (iga) are the current standard for assessing immune responses following rotavirus vaccination. however, there is ongoing debate as to whether antibody titers correlate with protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis. children recovering from rotavirus gastroenteritis have increased gamma interferon release from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs), suggesting that cell-mediated immunity (cmi) may pla ...	2005	15827183