Publications

hiv in injecting drug users in edinburgh: prevalence and correlates.	a citywide sample of injecting drug users (idus) who had injected in the previous 6 months was recruited in edinburgh. interviewers administered a questionnaire enquiring about drug use, sharing of injecting equipment, sexual behavior, and imprisonment. a specimen of saliva was assayed for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) igg. hiv antibody prevalence in 346 idus recruited between june 1992 and october 1993 was 19.7% (95% confidence limits, 15.5 and 23.9%). univariate analyses indicated that in ...	1995	7882106
gonococcal serovar patterns in glasgow: 1990-1992.	using monoclonal antibodies directed against protein 1 (major outer membrane protein) in the cell wall of neisseria gonorrhoeae it is possible to serotype the gonococcus into different sub-groups. this study was designed to analyse the distribution of such serovars in glasgow, scotland, and report associations between serovars and clinical features of infection. n. gonorrhoeae isolated from all patients with a diagnosis of gonorrhoea attending genitourinary medicine clinics in glasgow were serot ...	1995	8520255
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1994 to june 1995.	this report summarises the information obtained by surveillance of influenza in england and wales from october 1994 to june 1995 (weeks 40/94 to 25/95). influenza b viruses were responsible for most infections, with moderate activity occurring throughout the winter, peaking in february. influenza a became more active towards the end of the winter, and laboratory reports reached a peak in may (week 21/95). influenza activity was seen first in wales, then england, followed by scotland. an increase ...	1995	8556105
mitochondrial mutation associated with nonsyndromic deafness.	the first mutation associated with nonsyndromic deafness has recently been identified in pedigrees with susceptibility to aminoglycoside ototoxicity and in a large arab-israeli pedigree. the mutation is maternally transmitted, and is a nucleotide substitution in the mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna gene. a different sequence change, in the mitochondrial trna(ser)(ucn)/coi gene, has been proposed as a candidate mutation in a scottish nonsyndromic deafness pedigree. we have now identified a family ...	1995	8572257
a possible association between salmonella livingstone strains from man and poultry in scotland.		1995	8592817
peter lowe: founder of the faculty, man of mystery.		1995	9468811
cystic fibrosis mutation analysis: report from 22 u.k. regional genetics laboratories.	we have collated the results of cystic fibrosis (cf) mutation analysis conducted in 22 laboratories in the united kingdom. a total of 9,807 cf chromosomes have been analysed, demonstrating 56 different mutations so far observed and accounting for 86% of cf genes in the native caucasian population of the united kingdom. delta f508 is the most common at 75.3% of cf mutations (range 56.5-83.7%), followed by g551d (3.08%; range 0.71-7.60%), g542x (1.68%; range 0.85-3.66%), 621 + 1 (g > t) (0.93%; ra ...	1995	8680406
phylogenetic analysis of short enteroviral sequences from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.	this study used phylogenetic analysis based on a region of the 5' non-translated region (5'ntr) of a variety of enteroviral sequences to compare sequences associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) and those from enteroviruses causing acute infections. direct sequencing of pcr products was used to obtain the nucleic acid sequences from cfs patients. the inferred phylogenetic tree identified three groupings, one correlating with the diagnosis of cfs. the analysis identified a close relationsh ...	1995	9049375
is lead in tap water still a public health problem? an observational study in glasgow.	to assess the relation between tap water lead and maternal blood lead concentrations and assess the exposure of infants to lead in tap water in a water supply area subjected to maximal water treatment to reduce plumbosolvency.	1996	8892418
microsatellite instability and the role of hmsh2 in sporadic colorectalcancer.	microsatellite instability (msi) occurs in most tumours from patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (hnpcc) and in around 17% of sporadic colorectal cancers. germline defects in mismatch repair (mmr) genes are responsible for the majority of large hnpcc families, with hmsh2 accounting for at least 50%. mmr gene defects also occur in a small proportion of sporadic colorectal tumours with msi. here we report a systematic analysis of mismatch repair deficiency in 215 scottish pati ...	1996	8700523
respiratory viruses in a hospitalized paediatric population in edinburgh 1985-1994.	we describe the incidence of respiratory viruses identified in children admitted to an edinburgh hospital between october 1985 and july 1994. respiratory syncytial (rs) virus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses showed seasonal activity whereas adenoviruses and rhinoviruses did not. parainfluenza viruses were the most changeable in their epidemiological behaviour and rs virus the least.	1996	8945711
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and prenatal screening results: current experience from a regional screening programme.	from around 91,000 women having routine prenatal screening for down's syndrome and neural tube defects between july 1992 and october 1995, 261 women were identified as having insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (iddm). alpha-fetoprotein (afp) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) levels were reduced in these women, with median levels of 0.89 and 0.91 multiples of the median (mom), respectively. the iddm patients had a median weight which was 6 kg heavier than that of non-iddm women. after corr ...	1996	8953638
the incidence and level of listeria monocytogenes contamination of food sources at primary production and initial processing.	listeria monocytogenes was isolated in low numbers from a variety of environmental samples associated with the primary production of food, including vegetation, faeces and meat. the organism was rarely detected on growing grass and vegetables prior to processing. the excretion of l. monocytogenes by farm animals was linked to their diet, with animals fed entirely on hay or manufactured diets not excreting detectable levels of listeria (i.e. absence in 25 g). however, animals fed on silage, which ...	1996	8972091
the highlands and islands medical service: precursor of a state funded medical care system?	the highlands and islands of scotland cover a large area of the country and are sparsely populated. a series of man-made and natural disasters ensured that, early in the nineteenth century, they were also poverty stricken. it was gradually recognised that the degree of social deprivation was too severe for self-help and could only be alleviated from outside the area. this paper traces the use of state funds to support a medical service, from the first payments under the new poor law until the ou ...	1996	11618765
observations on barclay's elephant.	this account attempts to trace the fate of the skeleton of an elephant that was gifted by george ballingall to dr john barclay, one of the most important teachers of anatomy in edinburgh during the early 19th century. in his will, barclay gifted his human and comparative anatomy collections, including the elephant, to the royal college of surgeons of edinburgh on two conditions, that a hall should be built to house the collection, and that it should be associated with his name in perpetuity. in ...	1996	8632393
infectious mononucleosis and hodgkin's disease--a similar seasonality.	the presentation of hodgkin's disease and acute infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) due to epstein-barr virus, have similar seasonal features with the peak incidence around march. the extent of seasonal variation is also similar. seasonality of hodgkin's disease is most obvious and also significant in adult age groups below the age of 40. amongst those over 40 years, seasonality was no longer present in the 40-59 but returned over age 60. seasonal similarity does not prove a relationship. ...	1996	9031113
the utilisation of hepatitis a vaccine 1992-1994.	to assess the utilisation of hepatitis a vaccine in scotland since it was licensed and also any impact this had on the utilisation of immunoglobulin prophylaxis.	1996	8655301
dry bones: a paleopathological study of skeletal remains from a medieval graveyard in dundee.	we report a study on human skeletal remains excavated from a medieval city centre graveyard. the remains of approximately 75 individuals were examined and radiographs were made of selected specimens. many bones were normal and apparently from strong, young adults. the most frequent abnormality was osteoarthritis but we also noted osteoporosis, periostitis and an example of probable paget's disease. from measurements of long bones and using appropriate formulae, we estimated stature. the average ...	1996	8735505
the effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection and drug use on birth characteristics.	to explore the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and drug use on birth weight, length, and gestational duration at delivery.	1996	8752232
an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in two herds in south west scotland--veterinary and human public health response.	although the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in uk cattle has declined markedly, outbreaks still occur. there is often confusion as to how veterinary and human public health agencies should interact in such circumstances. we report an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which occurred in south west scotland in 1992.	1996	8785076
linkage of a medium sized scottish autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa family to chromosome 7q.	retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinopathies which is both clinically and genetically heterogeneous. autosomal dominant (adrp), autosomal recessive (arrp), and x linked recessive (xlrp), as well as digenic forms of inheritance have been reported. adrp has been linked to 3q, 6p, 7p, 7q, 8cen, 17p, 17q, and 19q. three unrelated adrp families have been reported to show linkage to 7q. we tested a scottish adrp family with microsatellite markers mapping within the 7q31-q35 region, and ...	1996	8863169
human cataract risk factors: significance of abstention from, and high consumption of, ethanol (u-curve) and non-significance of smoking.	current ethanol consumption and cigarette smoking were quantified by questionnaire in edinburgh and suburbs, scotland, uk. stringently matched cataract-control pairs (n = 990 and 858, respectively) were included. for ethanol, 'light and infrequent' consumption and 'light and frequent' were associated with a significantly lower risk of cataract than were total abstention and 'occasional' consumption; the prevalence of cataract rose with further increases in consumption, suggesting a u-shaped curv ...	1996	8878187
man walks free in scottish euthanasia case.		1996	8892409
infection with hepatitis g virus among recipients of plasma products.	hepatitis g virus (hgv or gbv-c) is a newly discovered human flavivirus distantly related to hepatitis c virus (hcv). little information is available on its natural history or routes of transmission, although it can be transmitted parenterally. we investigated the prevalence of persistent infection of hgv and hcv in patients exposed to non-virus-inactivated pooled blood products associated with transmission of hcv.	1996	8918279
the man who understood mosquitoes.		1996	8942178
an outbreak of escherichia coli o157 and campylobacteriosis associated with contamination of a drinking water supply.	stream water into which treated sewage discharged contaminated the public water supply of a fife village with a population of about 1100. of 765 residents and workers who reported illness 711 had gastrointestinal symptoms and 633 were defined as cases. mains water analysis revealed high faecal coliform counts. an outbreak of campylobacter and e coli 0157 infection was bacteriologically confirmed in eight and six people respectively. two of the latter developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. all af ...	1996	8885663
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1995 to june 1996.	this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in england and wales from october 1995 to june 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. the first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. the subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bron ...	1996	8972979
confirmation of linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to chromosome 14q11.2-q13.	oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is a late-onset, autosomally dominant disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and extremity weakness. linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to 14q11.2-q13 has been reported in a series of french canadian families. haplotype analysis in these data shows a single segregating disease chromosome, suggesting a founder effect in this population. we ascertained and sampled for linkage studies 5 multigenerational american families with oculopha ...	1996	8957024
incidence and recall of influenza in a cohort of glasgow healthcare workers during the 1993-4 epidemic: results of serum testing and questionnaire.		1996	8939114
consent to medical treatment by older children in english & scottish law.		1996	8666731
differentiation between human and ovine isolates of bordetella parapertussis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	the genetic relatedness of 18 human and 29 ovine isolates of bordetella parapertussis was examined by macrorestriction digestion of dna with the rarely cutting enzyme xbai and resolution by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. there was clear separation of human and ovine isolates and variation within host types. the human isolates were separated into three types as were the 24 scottish ovine isolates. species-specific bands were observed with the human isolates at 114, 134, 166, 213, 346 and 372 k ...	1996	8598269
oral contraceptives and cervical cancer--further findings from the oxford family planning association contraceptive study.	in 1983, we reported results from the oxford family planning association contraceptive study regarding the association between oral contraceptives (ocs) and cervical neoplasia, after a 10 year follow-up of a cohort of 17,000 women. further findings from this study are reported here after an additional 12 years of follow-up. a nested case--control design was used in which cases were all women diagnosed under 45 years of age with invasive carcinoma (n = 33), carcinoma in situ (n = 121) or dysplasi ...	1996	8630295
evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against culicoides impunctatus (diptera:ceratopogonidae) in scotland.	a eucalyptus-based insect repellent (pmd) was evaluated against culicoides impunctatus in scotland in comparison with deet. in human landing catches, both repellents still afforded 98% protection from biting 8 h after application of 0.5 ml to the forearm. a second trial looking at protection between 8 and 10 h after repellent application showed 99.5% protection for pmd and 97% for deet as compared with controls.	1996	8827615
reduced expression of hla-b35 in schizophrenia.	the frequencies of hla class i (hla-a, b, c) and class ii (hla-dr, dq) antigens were measured in 107 unrelated schizophrenic subjects and the results compared with 264 controls from south-east scotland and a second control group of 133 individuals from north-east england. the expression of hla-b35 was significantly reduced in the schizophrenic population compared to both control populations and these differences remained significant after correction for multiple testing. linkage of schizophrenia ...	1996	8840390
bodies, rights and abortion.	the issue of abortion is discussed with reference to the claim that people have a right of control over their own bodies. do people "own" their own bodies? if so, what would be entailed? these questions are discussed in commonsense terms and also in relation to the jurisprudence of hohfeld, honore, munzer and waldron. it is argued that whether or not women are morally and/or should be legally entitled to have abortions, such entitlements cannot be derived from a general moral entitlement to do w ...	1997	9220332
socioeconomic status within social class and mortality: a prospective study in middle-aged british men.	it has been suggested that mortality differences between groups in society may be greater than are indicated by social class based on occupation. we have examined the relationship between social class and mortality using home and car ownership as additional indices of socioeconomic status within social class.	1997	9222778
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica typhimurium dt104 isolates and investigation of strains with transferable apramycin resistance.	an examination of salmonella isolates collected by the scottish agricultural college veterinary services division from april 1994 to may 1995 was conducted to determine the extent to which salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium phage type 104 (dt104) occurred and to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates. typhimurium dt104 was the predominant salmonella and was isolated from nine species of animal. all isolates of this phage type possessed resistance to at least one anti ...	1997	9129585
analysis of influenza a h3n2 strains isolated in england during 1995-1996 using polymerase chain reaction restriction.	a polymerase chain reaction-restriction (pcr-restriction) endonuclease assay was developed to allow rapid analysis of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulating in england during 1995-1996. restriction endonuclease digestion with two enzymes of amplicons derived from pcr of the ha1 portion of the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was able to differentiate antigenically similar influenza strains into two groups. group i variants were similar genetically to the 1995/96 vaccine strain, a/johannesburg/33 ...	1997	9139090
hysterectomy: a historical perspective.	in the relatively long history of man, surgery has been a comparatively recent development; the abdomen was first deliberately opened to remove an ovarian cyst by ephraim mcdowell in kentucky in 1809. the first abdominal hysterectomy was performed by charles clay in manchester, england in 1843; unfortunately the diagnosis was wrong and the patient died in the immediate post-operative period. the following year, charles clay was almost the first to claim a surviving patient, however she died post ...	1997	9155933
edinburgh doctor struck off because of clinical-trial fraud.		1997	11655095
fatal accident inquiry: death during research.		1997	11657185
the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in six cities in britain and ireland.	we have sequenced the p17 coding regions of the gag gene from 211 patients infected either through injecting drug use (idu) or by sexual intercourse between men from six cities in scotland, n. england, n. ireland, and the republic of ireland. all sequences were of subtype b. phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in the sequences from homosexual men. in contrast, sequence from over 80% of idus formed a relatively tight cluster, distinct both from those of published isolates and ...	1997	9300048
human cloning requires a moratorium, not a ban.		1997	9052767
dopamine d3-receptor gene variant and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients.	schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness with a life-time risk of approximately one percent. many of the patients, but not all, benefit from treatment with anti-psychotic drugs known to block dopamine d2-like receptors. the use of conventional neuroleptics is, however, hampered by the risk of extrapyramidal side-effects. tardive dyskinesia (td) is usually regarded as the most serious of these drug-induced movement disorders due to its high prevalence and potentially irreversible nature. in ...	1997	9106238
phenotypic and genotypic discrimination of strains of salmonella serotype eimsbuettel from human and animal sources.	one hundred isolates of salmonella serotype eimsbuettel from various human, animal and environmental sources in six countries were typed and shown to belong to five ribotypes, five biotypes and eight different ribotype/biotype groups, one of which, ribotype 3/biotype 5, was represented among isolates from all six countries. most of the eimsbuettel isolates from scotland belonged to ribotype 1/biotype 3, which was the epidemic strain involved in a large outbreak centred in a glasgow maternity hos ...	1997	9236747
acute hepatitis b in edinburgh 1975-92: a retrospective study in a population where human immunodeficiency virus is highly prevalent.	a retrospective study of notified hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in edinburgh during 1975-92 identified 525 acute cases. for 343 where a probable transmission route could be determined, 215 were due to shared equipment by injection drug users (idus), 29 to homosexual intercourse, 25 to heterosexual or household contact with idus, 21 to heterosexual contact with infected non-idu partners and 53 to various other or multiple routes. cases were unevenly distributed geographically, particularly th ...	1997	9287948
a polymorphism in the presenilin 1 gene does not modify risk for alzheimer's disease in a cohort with sporadic early onset.	mutations in the presenilin 1 gene account for many cases of early onset familial alzheimer's disease. homozygosity for the 't' allele of a polymorphism in the presenilin 1 gene has previously been reported to double the risk for alzheimer's disease in a late onset caucasian sample. here we report that this polymorphism does not incur risk in a case control sample of early onset alzheimer's disease, possibly suggesting a different disease etiology between the early and late onset forms.	1997	9218645
sex ratios: are there natural variations within the human population?	to investigate on a population basis the suggestion that certain factors naturally alter the odds of having a boy or a girl, and that some women are predisposed towards having children of one particular gender.	1997	9307533
use of a quantitative trait to map a locus associated with severity of positive symptoms in familial schizophrenia to chromosome 6p.	a number of recent linkage studies have suggested the presence of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6p. we evaluated 28 genetic markers, spanning chromosome 6, for linkage to schizophrenia in 10 moderately large canadian families of celtic ancestry. parametric analyses of these families under autosomal dominant and recessive models, using broad and narrow definitions of schizophrenia, produced no significant evidence for linkage. a sib-pair analysis using categorical disease def ...	1997	9399881
socioeconomic deprivation and health in glasgow and the west of scotland--a study of cancer incidence among male residents of hostels for the single homeless.	to determine the incidence of cancer among homeless men in glasgow.	1997	9519130
cloning technique 'reveals legal loophole'.		1997	9039895
evidence for a familial pregnancy-induced hypertension locus in the enos-gene region.	pregnancy-induced hypertension may be regarded as a manifestation of endothelial-cell dysfunction. the role of the enos gene in the development of a familial pregnancy-induced hypertension was evaluated by analysis of linkage among affected sisters and in multiplex families (n = 50). markers from a 4-cm region encoding the enos gene showed distortion from the expected allele sharing among affected sisters (p = .001-.05), and the statistic obtained from the multilocus application of the affected- ...	1997	9311740
biomonitoring of possible human exposure to environmental genotoxic chemicals: lessons from a study following the wreck of the oil tanker braer.	in january 1993 the oil tanker braer ran aground in the shetland islands, scotland. approximately 80,000 tons of crude oil were released. exceptionally high winds caused extensive pollution and exposure of the local population to crude oil. we describe the study which was immediately set in place to examine the exposed population for evidence of genotoxic exposure. blood samples were taken and primary dna damage was measured in the mononuclear cell fraction by the butanol modification of the 32p ...	1997	9329634
the incidence of dorsal sulci of the scapula in a modern human population from ensay, scotland.		1997	9361259
physical mapping of a glutamate receptor gene in relation to a balanced translocation associated with schizophrenia in a large scottish family.	the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5a (mglur5a) gene has been localised on the gene map of the human genome to chromosome 11q, approximately 1 cm from the genetic marker d11s931. d11s931 has been shown to lie close to a translocation breakpoint associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders in a large scottish family. because glutamate receptor genes are excellent candidates for psychiatric disorders, we have investigated the physical distance of this gene from the transl ...	1997	9460801
a simplified assay for the arylamine n-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism validated by phenotyping with isoniazid.	human arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) activity is determined by two distinct genes, nat1 and nat2, and the classical acetylation polymorphism in nat2 has been associated with a variety of disorders, including lupus erythematosus and arylamine induced cancers. over 50% of the white population exhibit a slow acetylator phenotype. the genetic basis of the defect has been identified and several dna based assays are available for genotyping studies. we present here a simplified, rapid pcr based a ...	1997	9321764
influenza vaccination of health care workers in long-term-care hospitals reduces the mortality of elderly patients.	vaccination of health care workers (hcws) is recommended as a strategy for preventing influenza in elderly patients in long-term care. however, there have been no controlled studies to show whether this approach is effective. during the winter of 1994-1995, 1059 patients in 12 geriatric medical long-term-care sites, randomized for vaccination of hcws, were studied. in hospitals where hcws were offered vaccination, 653 (61%) of 1078 were vaccinated. vaccination of hcws was associated with reducti ...	1997	8985189
molecular instability in the coii-trna(lys) intergenic region of the human mitochondrial genome: multiple origins of the 9-bp deletion and heteroplasmy for expanded repeats.	we have identified two individuals from glasgow in scotland who have a deletion of one of two copies of the intergenic 9-bp sequence motif ccccctcta, located between the cytochrome oxidase ii (coii) and lysine trna (trna(lys)) genes of the human mitochondrial genome. although this polymorphism is common in africa and asia, it has not been reported in northern europe. analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region sequences of these two individuals suggests that they belong to a lineage that or ...	1998	9684291
the effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility.	to determine whether the decline in selenium intake and selenium status in men in the west of scotland might be a contributory factor to male subfertility.	1998	9698665
effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness.	testosterone-dependent secondary sexual characteristics in males may signal immunological competence and are sexually selected for in several species. in humans, oestrogen-dependent characteristics of the female body correlate with health and reproductive fitness and are found attractive. enhancing the sexual dimorphism of human faces should raise attractiveness by enhancing sex-hormone-related cues to youth and fertility in females, and to dominance and immunocompetence in males. here we report ...	1998	9732869
support for the possible locus on chromosome 4p16 for bipolar affective disorder.	significant evidence for linkage between bipolar affective disorder and markers on chromosome 4p16 has been reported in scottish families. linkage analyses using 16 dna markers covering more than 50 cm from chromosome 4pter-4p12, including candidate genes encoding the dopamine d5 receptor and an adrenergic receptor (2c), were performed in two danish families with bipolar affective disorder. assuming homogeneity in the two families, the highest lod score found in the two-point linkage analyses wa ...	1998	9774780
factors affecting the lifespan of the human dentition in britain prior to the seventeenth century.	to confirm that compensatory eruption (supereruption) of teeth past a stable periodontium occurs in response to severe occlusal attrition.	1998	9581041
do inhibitors of angiotensin-i-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer?	previous studies have reported an increased risk of cancer with calcium-channel blockers in man. other work in animals suggests that inhibitors of angiotensin-i-converting enzyme (ace) protect against cancer. we aimed to assess the risk of cancer in hypertensive patients receiving ace inhibitors or other antihypertensive drugs.	1998	9683206
genetics of psoriasis: paternal inheritance and a locus on chromosome 6p.	the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not fully understood, but population and twin studies suggest a large heritable component to the etiology. several large population studies have also suggested a parental sex effect. since 1994, three main genetic loci (on chromosomes 17q, 4q, and 6p) have been reported in genome scans. with a view to elucidating the genetic basis of psoriasis, we have carried out linkage analysis in a large number of families with well-characterized psoriasis. from a cohort of 1 ...	1998	9620305
do not confuse the bone loss of periodontitis with root exposure due to supereruption. factors affecting the lifespan of the human dentition in britain prior to the seventeenth century.		1998	9606077
human alpha-adducin gene, blood pressure, and sodium metabolism.	the adducin genes contribute significantly to population variation in rat blood pressure and cell membrane sodium transport. the 460trp mutation of the human alpha-adducin gene has been associated with hypertension, in particular hypertension sensitive to sodium restriction. we studied the relationship between the 460trp mutation and population variation in blood pressure and sodium metabolism. from 603 scottish families, we selected 151 offspring and 224 parents with blood pressures in either t ...	1998	9674650
gps, schoolgirls and sex. a cross cultural background comparison of general practitioner attitudes towards contraceptive service provision for young adolescent females in scotland.	no previous studies have examined the influences of cultural background on the provision of contraceptive services to females under 16 years of age. a research project was undertaken to investigate any differences between general practitioners trained in the united kingdom and those trained in the indian sub-continent in relation to contraceptive service provision to females under 16 years of age. a self-completion postal questionnaire survey was distributed to 230 unrestricted principal general ...	1998	9719710
lead poisoning and parasitism in a flock of mute swans (cygnus olor) in scotland.	increased mortality in a flock of non-breeding mute swans (cygnus olor) on a scottish loch was investigated. postmortem examinations were carried out on eight adult and six immature swans. the commonest cause of death, found in eight birds, was lead poisoning associated with the ingestion of large lead fishing weights. heavy parasitic burdens were found in five immature birds, involving combinations of the gizzard worm amidostomum species, the thornyheaded worms polymorphus minutus and profilico ...	1998	9460217
larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom.	to test the validity of benjamin franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."	1998	9857121
epidemiology of epstein-barr virus infection in pre-adolescent children: application of a new salivary method in edinburgh, scotland.	to describe the epidemiology of epstein-barr virus (ebv) among primary school children by testing saliva with a new ebv capsid antigen "g" antibody capture radioimmunoassay (gacria).	1998	9578856
the immunology of canine leishmaniosis: strong evidence for a developing disease spectrum from asymptomatic dogs.	asymptomatic mixed breed dogs (49) from a region of high incidence of visceral leishmaniosis in portugal were examined for the presence of leishmania-specific cellular immunity using a proliferation assay and humoral immunity using an indirect antibody fluorescent test (ifat) and an elisa. the results were compared directly with 25 mixed breed dogs permanently residing in a non-endemic region (scotland). unlike similar studies in humans from non-endemic areas, there was no evidence of any immuno ...	1998	9615951
balancing restriction and freedom in the care of people with intellectual disability.	the case of a 50-year-old man with severe intellectual disability is described. after 20 years of institutional care, the subject was moved to a newly opened community group home. his physical and mental health deteriorated at this location after unproven allegations of sexual abuse which had taken place whilst he had been living in the institution. although the subject's health continued to deteriorate, there was resistance to his readmission to the same hospital for assessment. he had always n ...	1998	9617703
sexual transmission of gb virus c/hepatitis g virus.	although it is established that infection with gb virus c (gbv-c) or hepatitis g virus (hgv) can be transmitted parenterally, the prevalence of gbv-c/hgv viremia in the general population (2-5%) is relatively high compared with other parenterally borne viruses such as hepatitis c virus. to investigate the possibility of sexual transmission of gbv-c/hgv, we determined the frequency of viremia by the polymerase chain reaction and serological reactivity to the e2 protein by elisa in samples collect ...	1998	9624607
salmonella typhimurium dt104 infection in people and animals in scotland: a collaborative epidemiological study 1993-96.	this paper describes a comparative analysis of human and farm animal salmonellosis in scotland between 1993 and 1996, with particular reference to salmonella typhimurium definitive type 104 (dt104). cattle were the main reservoir, accounting for 73.1 per cent of incidents involving all salmonellae and 69.5 per cent of those involving s typhimurium dt104. the annual rates of incidence in people and cattle were recorded in each health board area. dumfries and galloway had the highest rate of incid ...	1998	9800300
a long-range restriction map across 3 mb of the chromosome 11 breakpoint region of a translocation linked to schizophrenia: localization of the breakpoint and the search for neighbouring genes.	a balanced t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation segregates with schizophrenia and related mental illness in a single large scottish pedigree. we have constructed a long-range restriction map covering at least 3 mb of the chromosome 11 breakpoint region and conducted searches for genes whose expression could be altered by the translocation, resulting in schizophrenia. novel transcribed sequences of unknown function clustered around putative cpg islands, located approximately 500 kb and 700 kb above ...	1998	9800219
injector-inmates and anal sex with another man in prison.		1998	9874133
an examination of next-day hangover effects after a 100 mg/100 ml dose of alcohol in heavy social drinkers.	carry-over effects or the hangover hypothesis postulates that alcohol continues to impair performance the morning after drinking, even after low or moderate doses. performance deficits have been attributed to the residual effects of recent drinking. the present study examined evidence for residual alcohol consumption on human performance when blood alcohol level has declined to zero.	1998	9926571
ttv a common virus, but pathogenic?		1998	9683201
human but not ovine isolates of bordetella parapertussis are highly clonal as determined by pcr-based rapd fingerprinting.	the dna fingerprints of 170 human isolates and ten ovine isolates of bordetella parapertussis were examined by arbitrarily-primed pcr/rapd with 29 primers. based on this technique, all the human isolates appear highly genetically homogeneous. the ovine isolates could be distinguished from human isolates and they showed diversity among themselves. therefore, human isolates of b. parapertussis are a highly clonal group adapted to infect humans and they are distinct from polymorphic ovine isolates.	1998	9795782
prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of hepatitis g virus/gb virus c infection in scottish blood donors.	the prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and natural history of hepatitis g virus (hgv) or gb virus c (gbv-c) were investigated in a non-remunerated blood donor population to determine its clinical significance and its impact on blood safety. of 1020 regular blood donors, 23 (2.25%) were positive for plasma hgv/gbv-c rna. alanine aminotransferase levels were lower than in uninfected donors (median, 20 iu/ml; 32 iu/ml in controls; p=.015). clinical examination produced no other evidence for ...	1998	9815233
modelling human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases in scotland: data sources, prior information and bayesian estimation.	"the paper describes the methodology developed to carry out predictions of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic in scotland. information on the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic comes from formal case reports of aids cases and hiv positive tests, reports from surveillance schemes and from special studies. these sources of information, up to the end of 1994, are reviewed.... a simple model of the hiv epidemic in scotland is proposed and the information is summarized ...	1998	12348726
a tribute to the late hans w. kosterlitz: ploughing the lone furrow.	hans kosterlitz was a quiet, rather modest man, who was greatly respected, both as a scientist and as a person of real courage, honour, judgement, polite manners, and inflexible integrity of conduct and consistency of principle. his deep sense of social responsibility and his concern about making a worthwhile contribution for the benefit of mankind were reflected in his choice of research topics, in a career spanning more than 65 years. his major research interests were also exceptionally wide r ...	1998	9673787
influenza activity in england, wales, and scotland.		1998	9476419
childhood energy intake and adult mortality from cancer: the boyd orr cohort study.	to examine the relation between energy intake in childhood and adult mortality from cancer.	1998	9501710
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete dna in british ticks (argasidae and ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by pcr.	the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme borreliosis agent, was surveyed in british ticks in the collection of the natural history museum, london. alcohol-preserved specimens of eight species of ticks known to attack humans were studied: ixodes ricinus, i. hexagonus, i. uriae, i. trianguliceps, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas vespertilionis. the sample comprised all life stages and originated from a wide range of host speci ...	1998	9513944
association between variants at the gabaabeta2, gabaaalpha6 and gabaagamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence in a scottish population.	a role for the gaba/benzodiazepine receptor complex in alcohol dependence syndrome has been suggested by several lines of evidence. to elucidate the role of gabaa subunits in human alcohol dependence syndrome, we identified polymorphisms in the gabaabeta2 and gabaaalpha6 receptor subunit genes on 5q33 and assessed their potential contribution in an association study, together with a ncii rflp at the gabaagamma2 receptor subunit gene. one hundred and eight alcohol-dependent subjects and 54 unrela ...	1999	10578235
robert liston: surgeon extraordinary.	robert liston was probably the best surgeon in his day, being noted for his skill and his speed as an operator. his life as surgeon, teacher and writer have been reviewed. examples of some of his cases are given to illustrate the outstanding ability of this man in the pre-anaesthetic era.	1999	10613288
guidelines for researchers: patient information sheet and consent form.		1999	11657984
hume's influence on john gregory and the history of medical ethics.	the concept of medicine as a profession in the english-language literature of medical ethics is of recent vintage, invented by the scottish physician and medical ethicist, john gregory (1724-1773). gregory wrote the first secular, philosophical, clinical, and feminine medical ethics and bioethics in the english language and did so on the basis of hume's principle of sympathy. this paper provides a brief account of gregory's invention and the role that humean sympathy plays in that invention, wit ...	1999	10517300
scots will protect the mentally incapacitated: excerpts from the scottish executive white paper, making the right moves: rights and protection for adults with incapacity, 1999.		1999	11657990
familial pseudohyperkalemia maps to the same locus as dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (hereditary xerocytosis).	familial pseudohyperkalemia is a "leaky red blood cell" condition in which the cells show a temperature-dependent loss of potassium (k) from red blood cells when stored at room temperature, manifesting as apparent hyperkalemia. the red blood cells show a reduced lifespan in vivo but there is no frank hemolysis. studies of cation content and transport show a marginal increase in permeability at 37 degrees c and a degree of cellular dehydration, qualitatively similar to the changes seen in dehydra ...	1999	10216110
the "sins" of the fathers: self-healing squamous epithelioma in scotland.	a review is presented of the recent progress made in mapping of the hereditary skin disease "ferguson-smith multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma."	1999	10366398
observations on some of the plates used to illustrate the lymphatics section of andrew fyfe's compendium of the anatomy of the human body, published in 1800.	an engraving displaying a general view of the absorbent system was used as one of many plates illustrating the lymphatics section of andrew fyfe's compendium of the anatomy of the human body published in 1800. it is a scaled-down version of a life-size engraving displayed in the museum of the department of anatomy at the university of edinburgh, and is based on a cadaver specially dissected and injected with mercury in 1788 by alexander monro secundus, probably with the assistance of fyfe, who w ...	1999	9890727
intestinal protozoa in homosexual men in edinburgh.	our objective was to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in homosexual men attending a sexually transmitted diseases (std) clinic, to compare it with the prevalence in a previous study from the same clinic, and to examine the relationship, if any, between the presence of protozoa and sexual practices. men who consecutively attended the clinic and who gave a history of having had recent sexual contact with another male were invited to provide a stool sample for protozoological examina ...	1999	10639057
estimation of injecting drug users in the city of edinburgh, scotland, and number infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	to estimate (1) the number of current and former injecting drug users (idu) infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) alive in edinburgh, and (2) the total number of current injectors in the city.	1999	10195675
molecular evidence for heterogeneity of the multiple-drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis population in scotland (1990 to 1997).	multiple-drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (mdr-mtb) has been well studied in hospitals or health care institutions and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected populations. however, the characteristics of mdr-mtb in the community have not been well investigated. an understanding of its prevalence and circulation within the community will help to estimate the problem and optimize the strategies for control and prevention of its development and transmission. in this study, mdr-mtb isolate ...	1999	10074516
first outbreak of influenza in the united kingdom this season hits orkney.		1999	10520566
association study of the cacn1a4 (sca6) triplet repeat and schizophrenia.	the p/q type ca2+ channel alpha 1-subunit (cacn1a4) gene on chromosome 19p13 is a promising candidate susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. point mutations in cacn1a4 cause familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia. expansion in a coding 3' cag repeat causes spino-cerebellar ataxia type 6 (sca6). the mouse mutant phenotype totterer has a form of petit-mal epilepsy. these are neurological conditions, all of which exhibit features in common with schizophrenia. the 19p13 area is also paral ...	1999	10412193
a six year study of the antenatal detection of fetal abnormality in six scottish health boards.	to assess the sensitivity of prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound and biochemical methods, to evaluate the reasons for non-detection and to make appropriate recommendations.	1999	10426638
clinical follow-up of high mid-trimester maternal serum intact human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations in singleton pregnancies.	mid-trimester biochemical screening of 38 143 pregnancies in south-east scotland revealed 127 cases (0.34 per cent) in which the maternal serum (ms) intact human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) concentration was > or = 4 multiples of the median in singleton pregnancies (mom). three were lost to follow-up but in 72 (58 per cent) complications developed or there were associated fetal abnormalities. this percentage was greatest at very high hcg concentrations, 92 per cent with hcg > or = 10 mom (n = ...	1999	10210119