Publications

the case for compulsory pasteurisation.		1985	3926226
pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in britain.	infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in great britain in recent years. less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in england due to streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital. the implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in scotland compared with prev ...	1985	3926238
[heparin or heparins?].		1985	3982682
evidence of udder excretion of campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne campylobacter outbreak.	we describe a community outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of untreated milk, apparently contaminated by two cows with campylobacter mastitis. the outbreak occurred in two phases. strains of campylobacter jejuni of the penner serogroup complex 4, 13, 16, 50 and preston biotype code 6100 were isolated from patients in both episodes and from the faeces of the cattle, milk filters, bulk milk and retail milk. milk samples from two of 40 milking cows were found to con ...	1985	3989284
is salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice?	salmonella infections of food animals are of concern to both the food industry and to the public health authorities. salmonellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases and its impact on veterinary practice may be judged by a number of criteria. some of these are examined to determine the extent of the problem.	1985	4013036
an epidemiological study of salmonella montevideo by biotyping.	among 622 cultures of salmonella montevideo, 27 biotypes belonging to two biogroups were recognized. one biogroup (10di) was predominant in all animals in scotland but only in sheep in england and wales. the other (biogroup 2d) was responsible for almost all human, cattle and poultry infection in england and wales, but only 24% of human infection in scotland.	1985	4020111
uterine tube abnormalities as a cause of bovine infertility.	a total of 2000 bovine reproductive tracts (1000 parous and 1000 nulliparous) from freshly slaughtered animals were examined for uterine tube abnormalities and lesions. tubal lesions were recorded in 180 tracts (9.0 per cent). more parous tracts (6.4 per cent) had tubal lesions than nulliparous tracts (2.6 per cent). the most frequently identified lesion was ovarobursal adhesions which comprised 80 per cent of all abnormalities and were identified in 6.85 per cent of all the genital tracts exami ...	1985	4049700
aspects of the reproductive biology of some cattle-visiting muscidae (diptera) in north-east england.	during studies of flies that visit farm animals in north-east england, samples of muscidae were obtained on a regular basis from grazing animals (mainly cattle) and from manitoba traps. female flies were examined to determine their wing length, degree of wing damage, whether or not they had mated, whether their crop or gut contained blood, the stage they had reached in ovarian development and the number of eggs present. this information was used to assess the timing of mating, the stage at which ...	1985	4082443
increased sensitivity of test for antibiotic residues in milk.		1985	4090219
relationship between date of spring turnout and lungworm infection in calves.		1985	3156444
outbreak of bovine herpes mammillitis in cumbria.		1986	3006319
patterns of infection with buxtonella sulcata in british cattle.	buxtonella sulcata cysts were recovered from the faeces of adult cows on nine commercial dairy farms. overall, 44.6 per cent of 496 animals sampled exhibited patent infections during the course of the study. seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of infection and cyst excretion rate were related to changes in diet and opportunities for transmission. an increase in prevalence of infection with lactation number was also demonstrated.	1986	3094109
the nature of mycobacterial disease in south east england, 1977-84.	the nature and incidence of bacteriologically confirmed mycobacterial disease in south east england over the eight year period 1977-84 has been determined by a study of cultures received by the phls regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology at dulwich. the number of cases of tuberculosis in the ethnic european population has shown a decline, more so among males than females, but there has not been a significant decline in cases among ethnic asians. most tuberculosis is due to the classical h ...	1986	3655621
the epidemiology of milk-borne scarlet fever: the case of edwardian brighton.		1986	3515978
incidence of clinical mastitis in a cohort of british dairy herds.	a three-year survey to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis and the associated bacteria in dairy herds in england and wales is described. escherichia coli was the predominant organism in each year. streptococcus uberis and staphylococcus aureus were important for part for each year. the annual incidence of mastitis declined from 54.6 cases per 100 cows in 1980 to 41.2 in 1982. the incidence increased with age and declined with increasing herd size. the culling rate due solely to mastitis ...	1986	3521059
living history--a biography of arthur b. chapman.		1986	3521282
observations on the incidence of clinical bovine mastitis in non-lactating cows in england and wales.	epidemiological features of clinical mastitis in dry cows from a three year prospective study are described. two hundred and seventy-three herds in england and wales participated in the first year (1980) and 209 and 159 of them continued in the study in the subsequent two years. clinical mastitis was recorded in 1.5 per cent of cows during the dry period in each of the three years. these cases represented between 3.6 and 4.2 per cent of samples from all clinical cases examined. the incidence of ...	1986	3523959
tuberculosis in east sussex. ii. aspects of badger ecology and surveillance for tuberculosis in badger populations (1976-1984).	following the disclosure of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers in east sussex in 1976, badgers have been examined from and around farms on which cattle have become infected, but with no other attributable source of infection. these farms are confined to the downland of the south-west of the county and m. bovis has been confirmed in badger populations utilising their land. the available evidence indicates that m. bovis infection in badgers is also confined to this area. a detailed study in ...	1986	3525670
tuberculosis in east sussex. iii. comparison of post-mortem and clinical methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers.	following epidemiological and ecological studies of a defined badger population in an area of east sussex, removal of all badgers by cage trapping was attempted. trapping was incomplete due to the activities of protesters. forty-seven badgers were caught from the eight social groups. all badgers were examined clinically and samples of faeces, urine and tracheal aspirate were taken, together with swabs from any bite wounds, for bacteriological examinations. forty-five animals were skin tested usi ...	1986	3525672
tuberculosis in east sussex. iv. a systematic examination of wild mammals other than badgers for tuberculosis.	a detailed investigation of the possible role of wild mammals, other than badgers, in the maintenance of mycobacterium bovis in an area on the south downs of east sussex was carried out over 3 years. estimates of population sizes were made where possible and minimum sample sizes were selected to be 95% certain of including at least one infected animal if the prevalence was at least 5%. samples of wild mammals were taken from populations which had the highest potential direct or indirect contact ...	1986	3525673
bovine variants of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in liverpool during the period 1969 to 1983: an epidemiological survey.	between 1969 and 1983 inclusive, the bovine variants of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. bovis and m. africanum) were isolated from 75 patients with tuberculosis. this represented 2.9 per cent of all significant mycobacteria identified at the liverpool public health laboratory during this period. the clinical and radiological features of infection did not differ from those found with m. tuberculosis. there was an association between m. bovis infection, extrapulmonary disease and lifelong united ki ...	1986	3529160
the historical riddle of milk-borne scarlet fever.		1986	3530356
pulmonary tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis.	during 1969-84 mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 20 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. this represented less than 1% of the total cases of respiratory tuberculosis confirmed bacteriologically at the liverpool public health laboratory during this period. all 20 patients were considered to have reactivated disease and all presented with the typical features of respiratory tuberculosis. during the same period four cases of pulmonary infection by mycobacterium africanum were recognised. this ...	1986	3538491
speciation, serotyping, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of proteeae from the environment of calf-rearing units in south west england.	a survey was undertaken of the occurrence, serotype, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of members of the tribe proteeae in the environment of two calf-rearing units in the county of avon in south west england. examples of the following species were found: proteus mirabilis, prot. vulgaris, prot. vulgaris biogroup 2, morganella morganii, providencia stuartii, prov. alcalifaciens and prov. rettgeri. a wide range of serotypes was found, many having been previously reported from nosocomi ...	1986	3540110
radio-iodine in thyroid glands of swans, farm animals and humans, also in algae and river water from the thames valley, england.	a highly sensitive counting system has been used to measure radio-iodine in environmental samples from the thames valley. iodine-125 and occasionally iodine-131 have been found in the thyroid glands of most of the swans that have died on the river thames, the river wey and the grand union canal, and in algae and water samples from the thames and many of its tributaries. the presence of this activity is ascribed to the waste discarded into the drainage system by hospitals and research laboratorie ...	1986	3945795
intramammary antibiotic preparations and their withholding times.	the test for antibiotic residues in milk carried out by the milk marketing board (mmb) of england and wales was increased in sensitivity from 0.02 iu/ml penicillin or equivalent to 0.01 iu/ml on january 1, 1986. the veterinary products committee (vpc) has just completed a review of those intra-mammary antibiotic preparations which had licences of right. when assessing data for product licences the vpc decided that the concentration of antibiotic residues in milk should not exceed the concentrati ...	1986	3946067
effect of wet weather on lameness in dairy cattle.	the incidence of lameness in cows recorded by five veterinary practices over one year and one practice over four years was plotted with rainfall and potential soil moisture deficit. correlation coefficients calculated between lameness, rainfall and potential soil moisture deficit over two-week periods showed the incidence of lameness in summer to be significantly related to the potential soil moisture deficit in the same two-week period and rainfall in the previous two-week period. differences i ...	1986	3962098
variability between muscidae populations of dairy heifers on two different types of pasture in southern england.		1986	3708309
mycoplasma mastitis outbreak.		1986	3716113
less pasteurellosis in sheep.		1986	3716159
communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales: 1983-1984.	during the period 1983-1984 32 outbreaks of disease (ii in 1983 and 21 in 1984) associated with consumption of milk and dairy products and affecting at least 714 people were reported from england and wales. twenty-seven of the outbreaks were attributed to raw milk, two to contaminated pasteurised milk and one each to cheese, cream and ice-cream. twenty-two were due to salmonellas, seven to campylobacters and one each to staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus zooepidemic ...	1986	3722841
border disease in a flock of sheep: epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical findings.	a flock of sheep in which border disease (bd) was enzootic was studied through a breeding season. at the beginning of the study (august 1981), 125 (82%) of 152 ewes were seropositive to the cross-reacting bovine viral diarrhea virus. within 7 months, 3 (18%) of 17 seropositive ewes retested had reverted to seronegative. of the remaining 21 ewes identified as seronegative, 7 (33%) converted to seropositive by the end of the study. triplet lambs were born, 2 of which exhibited clinical signs of bd ...	1986	3733503
tuberculosis in east sussex. i. outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964-1984).	the history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in east sussex are described. since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. the epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. there was no evidence of endemic mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in east sussex in recent years, but ...	1986	3734437
microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern britain.	faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens. rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by elisa in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent). cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli bearing the k99 adhesin (k99+ e coli) in nine of 3 ...	1986	3750767
religious slaughter.		1986	3750794
the persistence of public health problems: sf, std, and aids.		1986	3754392
threat of calf salmonellosis.		1986	3765318
measurements of ionic fluoride in milk.	procedures used for measuring ionic fluoride in both human and cow's milk have been investigated. a number of factors were found to affect fluoride ion measurements in milk samples including time, stirring and the method of cleaning the fluoride electrode. following these investigations a procedure was developed for estimating ionic fluoride in milk. human milk collected from a fluoridated area (newcastle-upon-tyne) was found to contain significantly more ionic fluoride (0.065 ppm) than human mi ...	1986	3777836
an assessment of the economic benefits of a mastitis control scheme.	over a six-year period from 1979 to 1985 the incidence of mastitis among dairy herds being recorded in a veterinary practice in gloucestershire decreased from 26.5 per cent to 19.6 per cent of cows affected each year and from 51.0 to 31.7 cases per 100 cows per year. over the same period the rolling mean herd milk cell count fell from 346,000/ml to 243,000/ml and the usage of intramammary antibiotic tubes fell from 2.6 to 2.1 per lactating cow per year. the proportion of cases needing repeat tre ...	1986	3798703
an investigation of bovine serum copper levels in lincolnshire and south humberside.	analysis of more than 2000 bovine serum samples showed a large monthly variation in copper levels. there was also a difference in levels between beef and dairy cows although all showed the same monthly pattern. this monthly variation was correlated with rainfall; the higher the rainfall the lower the copper level. the interpretation of single herd blood copper values must be considered carefully in view of this variation.	1986	3811175
the milk option. an aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in england 1898-1908.		1987	3543563
tuberculosis infection in cattle and badgers in an area of staffordshire.	the recent history of tuberculosis infection in cattle in staffordshire is described, showing how a problem area in the north of the county was identified. the subsequent culture of mycobacterium bovis from badger faeces and a badger carcase is reported together with the operations to remove badgers from the area.	1987	3554718
environmental impact of particles emitted from windscale piles, 1954-7.	during 1954-7 particles of irradiated uranium oxide were emitted from the windscale piles. the particles were large compared with most ambient aerosols, 85% by weight being between 10 and 100 micron diameter, and they mostly fell within a few kilometers of the works. from measurements of activity in soil in 1958 onwards, it is estimated that about 12 kg of uranium, 20 ci of 137cs, 18 ci of 90sr and 0.3 ci of 239+240pu were emitted. to estimate the concentrations of 90sr and 137cs in milk during ...	1987	3589652
radionuclide monitoring in northern ireland of the chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.	northern ireland received higher radiation doses due to the radionuclide contamination from the chernobyl nuclear reactor accident than did the south of england. levels of radioactive iodine ((131)i) and caesium ((137)cs) in cows' milk in northern ireland increased to 166 and 120 bq/l respectively in may 1986, but had decreased by factors of one million, and of twenty-five, respectively, by 1 september 1986. the resultant radiation doses represent less than one per cent of those received by a no ...	1987	3590387
observations on the pattern of nematode larval availability on pasture grazed annually by cattle, 1959 to 1985.		1987	3604010
observations on the incidence of herds with non-visible lesioned tuberculin test reactors in south-west england.	the herd incidence of confirmed mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in the south-west of england has been approximately ten times that of the remainder of england and wales; this greater incidence has been attributed to infection from badgers. the incidence of herds with only non-visible lesioned tuberculin test reactors, from which m. bovis was not isolated, has also remained higher in the south-west region. the incidences of these latter unconfirmed incidents were compared in parishes in t ...	1987	3609171
identification of factor xi deficiency in holstein-friesian cattle in britain.	blood coagulation tests were performed on dairy cattle in a herd with haemorrhagic problems on a farm in gloucestershire. the characteristic pattern of prolonged partial thromboplastin time with normal prothrombin time and thrombin time was shown to be associated with a partial factor xi deficiency, a congenital defect previously identified in cattle in north america.	1987	3629878
group l beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection in meat handlers: another streptococcal zoonosis?	group l, beta-haemolytic streptococci can cause infection in dogs, pigs, cattle and sheep but there have been very few reports in man. in studies of skin infection in meat handlers we cultured group l streptococci from clinically infected wounds, impetigo and paronychia of 15 patients involved in the slaughter and processing of chickens and pigs. staphylococcus aureus was also present in eight (53%) of the lesions. at least five other infections with group l streptococci in meat and animal handl ...	1987	3678390
a mathematical model of the population biology of ostertagia ostertagi in calves and yearlings.	a mathematical model of the population biology of ostertagia ostertagi is described. the model assumes that the natural control and regulation of parasite numbers is mediated by four processes: the effect of climate on the development and survival of the free-living stages; changes in the rate of establishment of the infective larvae, and density-dependent variations in parasite survival and fecundity. the model is used to compare the course of the infection in two groups of calves. one group is ...	1987	3696772
the epidemiology of summer mastitis: a survey of clinical cases.		1987	3427388
a survey of abomasal ulceration in veal calves.	abomasal ulceration was found in 264 of 304 commercially reared veal calves at slaughter. the incidence and severity of lesions were greatest in loose housed calves with access to straw and fed milk substitute ad libitum. the majority of lesions were located in the distal pylorus. there was no evidence that the abomasal erosions and ulcers found in the majority of veal calves affected their growth rate or were deleterious to their welfare. it is suggested that pyloric ulceration may be related t ...	1987	3438993
q fever in the united kingdom and ireland.	in britain, q fever in man was first reported in 1949. two years later a serological survey of cattle revealed a prevalence of infection of 2.1%. in the 1970's prevalences of 4.5% and 3.1% were encountered respectively in cows that had aborted or calved normally in central england. in sheep, antibodies to c. burnetii have been detected in approximately 2.8% of sera examined for diagnostic purposes and 0.6% of sheep awaiting export. since 1975 fewer than 10 incidents of c. burnetii associated dis ...	1987	3324568
occurrence and properties of fy(att25)+ escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in calves.	escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen fy(att25) were isolated from 46 of 1341 (3.4 per cent) e coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent) farms in scotland and england. twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium and salmonella typhimurium. the f41 fimbrial adhesin was found on one of the fy(att25)+ e coli. this strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin. the remaining fy(att25 ...	1987	2889286
onchocerciasis in british cattle: a study of onchocerca gutturosa and o. lienalis in north wales.	onchocerca gutturosa and o. lienalis infections in british cattle were studied by examination of cattle post-mortem originating from north wales and cheshire (north west england). in 463 adult animals, the microfilarial (mf) prevalence was 28.5%. in 95.3% of the mf infected animals, gravid worms could not be found at either the ligamentum nuchae or the gastro-splenic omentum. dermal mf at the head were identified as o. gutturosa on the basis of their highly significant association with the prese ...	1987	2440940
[bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in england, (the netherlands?)].		1988	3341007
the influence of different agricultural practices on the transfer of radionuclides from pasture to milk after the chernobyl accident.	deposition of radionuclides from the chernobyl nuclear reactor in the ukraine occurred over much of the united kingdom. the magnitude of the deposition varied considerably, depending on the prevailing weather, but even in areas of low deposition, iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 were measurable on pasture and in cows' milk. the accident provided an opportunity to study the influence of differences in herd management and in climate upon transfer to cows' milk. in this paper, results from a ...	1988	3363315
urinary iodine excretion correlates with milk iodine content in seven british towns.	in february and may 1986, weekly samples of whole pasteurised milk were collected from the 24 dairies supplying seven british towns. a random sample of 96 women aged 25-64 was drawn from general practitioners' lists in each town, and catch specimens of early morning urine were collected by post from 194 subjects in february and from 186 subjects in may. median milk iodine concentration was significantly greater in february (235 micrograms/l) than in may (119 micrograms/l). the median urine iodin ...	1988	3418290
geochemistry and health: arsenic in cornwall.		1988	3148714
incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle bacilli in south-east england: 1977-1987.	a total of 201 new cases of tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle bacilli was confirmed in south-east england between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represents about 1% of all cases of tuberculosis in this region. most cases occurred amongst older individuals of indigenous white british origin, although some younger patients of southern european and indian subcontinent ethnic origin were also diagnosed. the lung was the most frequent site of disease, followed by the genito-urinary tract. in view of ...	1988	3053216
update on mastitis. i. control measures in england and wales. how have they influenced incidence and aetiology?		1988	3167547
iodine in milk and the incidence of thyrotoxicosis in england.	because iodine is added to cattle feed, milk and dairy products have become a major source of dietary iodine in britain. the mean iodine concentrations of milk supplied to seven towns in england were measured each month throughout 1 year. values were more than twice those recorded 20 years ago. there were large differences between the towns, with average annual concentrations ranging from 130 to 200 micrograms/l. within the towns there were up to four-fold variations between the peak values in f ...	1988	3168301
cesium-137 and 131i in thyroids of cattle and sheep after nuclear accidents and weapons tests.		1988	3182285
iron status in the first year of life.	the iron status of babies of different race born at term to mothers in an inner city area was studied at birth and during the first year of life and related to maternal iron status. haemoglobin and ferritin were measured in the mother at term (n = 81) and in the baby in cord blood (n = 81), at 6 months (n = 55), and at 1 year (n = 51). no relationship was found between the iron status of mothers and their babies at birth. however, iron stores at birth did affect later iron status, cord ferritin ...	1988	3183875
q fever.		1988	3212909
progress in controlling mastitis in england and wales.	mastitis in england and wales has been controlled over the past 20 years while the average size of dairy herds has doubled to 65 cows. the incidence of clinical mastitis has been reduced from approximately 120 to 150 cases per 100 cows to less than 50 cases. the limited data on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis indicate that it has been reduced from over 50 per cent of cows infected to less than half this level. the application of the major mastitis control measures on the farm has doubled ...	1988	3289253
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections in sheffield: cattle as a possible source.	during 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (hc) or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) were examined for evidence of infection by verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec). during the 2-year period vtec infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with hc, and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with hus. vtec were found in only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody diarrhoea. all but one vt ...	1989	2661252
the virulence characteristics of strains of escherichia coli isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in england and wales.	of 470 gram-negative facultative anaerobes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in england and wales, 422 were identified as escherichia coli. the characteristics of 237 of these were investigated. guinea-pig red cell haemagglutinins were possessed by 86% of strains and 12% were resistant to d-mannose. none of the strains tested invaded vero cells. haemolysin, vero toxin and enterotoxin were produced by 5, 0.5 and 1% of strains, respectively. twenty-two percent were resistant to one or more an ...	1989	2669321
antibodies to mycobacteria in healthy and tuberculous badgers from two english counties.	sera obtained from 2 groups of badgers removed in bovine tuberculosis control operations have been examined for antibodies to 11 species of mycobacteria. from animals without post mortem evidence of tuberculosis, levels of antibodies to mycobacteria were found to increase with age, and different patterns of antibodies were found in animals coming from 2 different places. some animals (5 out of 60) without evidence of progressive infection had antibodies suggesting contact with tubercle bacilli. ...	1989	2697108
serological survey of the incidence of hypoderma bovis in cattle in 1988.	sera from 74,502 cattle from 3087 farms in england and wales were tested for the presence of antibodies against hypoderma bovis in the spring of 1988. twenty-nine positive sera were identified on 18 premises and these animals were treated; an examination of 6030 sera taken from 108 neighbouring herds identified another 17 seropositive animals on 10 farms in devon, cornwall, lancashire, shropshire and powys, indicating that these counties still harbour populations of warble fly.	1989	2711579
occurrence of 14 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a closed dairy herd.	fourteen cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) were diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination in a closed herd of british friesian cows during a 9-month period from october 1987 until june 1988. the diagnosis was confirmed on histopathological examination of brain tissue from five of the six samples submitted. the main presenting clinical signs were of altered behaviour: apprehension, anxiety and hyperaesthesia. one cow was euthanized after a short period of recumbency; the remain ...	1989	2713640
an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures.	as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ...	1989	2736377
interactions between cattle and badgers at pasture with reference to bovine tuberculosis transmission.	the normal behaviour of badgers, as described here, would not result in direct transmission of tuberculosis from badgers to cattle via air expired by badgers or via bodily contact. all activities of wild badgers in cattle fields at three different sites were observed at night for a total of 359 h. in addition, all activities of pairs of wild caught badgers were observed in a 0.5 ha enclosure with an artificial sett on 20 nights when cattle were present. badger foraging in cattle fields was infre ...	1989	2736380
a three-year study of salmonella dublin infection in a closed dairy herd.	over a period of three years, salmonella dublin was isolated occasionally from the faeces of nine adult cattle in a closed dairy herd. the organism was also isolated from 12 of the samples collected after parturition; isolations were made from newborn calves on 11 occasions, from a vaginal swab once and from a milk sample once. nine of the isolations from the calves were made from swabs obtained within 24 hours of birth. throughout the investigation isolations were made from heifers, steers and ...	1989	2750045
lung cancer in the meat industry.	routine statistics of occupational mortality and incidence of cancer have consistently shown high rates of lung cancer in butchers. possible explanations include infection by carcinogenic papilloma viruses, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrites in the preservation of meat, or a confounding effect of tobacco. to explore these possibilities, we have examined the mortality of 1610 men employed at three british companies processing pork, beef, lamb, bacon, and other meat products ...	1989	2930728
bse in perspective.		1990	1971325
mad cows and englishmen: bovine spongiform encephalopathy.		1990	2096311
plasmid profile typing can be used to subdivide phage-type 49 of salmonella typhimurium in outbreak investigations.	plasmid profile typing has been used to subdivide phage-type 49 of salmonella typhimurium, the most common phage type in humans in england and wales since 1985. twenty profile patterns have been identified in 350 strains examined. four profile patterns have been identified in 143 isolates from patients infected in 33 epidemiologically unrelated incidents and two patterns have predominated, st49:62 and st49:62, 1. these patterns were also common amongst s. typhimurium phage-type 49 isolated from ...	1990	2182328
the epidemiology of salmonella infection of calves: the role of dealers.	salmonellas were detected in the environment of 10 of the 12 calf dealers' premises studied. the cleaning and disinfection routines were often ineffective and salmonellas were isolated from 7.6% and 5.3% of the wall and floor samples before disinfection and 6.8% and 7.6% afterwards. eight different salmonella serotypes were detected, of which the commonest were salmonella typhimurium, predominantly phage type dt204c, and s. dublin. plasmid profiles were used to fingerprint s. typhimurium dt204c ...	1990	2209734
a questionnaire survey of the prevalence of scrapie in sheep in britain.	an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire has been used in two independent surveys to try to determine the prevalence of scrapie in the national sheep flock. the disease was recorded in 35 counties in england and wales. about a third (26.5 and 37.3 percent) of respondents owning 100 or more sheep indicated that they had seen sheep with scrapie in their flocks. the incidences of clinical cases recorded in affected flocks in the two surveys were 0.5 and 1.1 cases/100 ewes/year. at present ther ...	1990	2260251
[bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a renewed appeal].		1990	2305392
guidance for veterinary surgeons handling bse cases.		1990	2316163
the serological incidence of hypoderma bovis in cattle in england and wales in spring 1989.	sera from 152,434 cattle held on 6175 farms in england and wales were tested for the presence of antibodies to hypoderma bovis during the 10 weeks starting on february 6, 1989. thirty-nine positive animals (25.6 animals/100,000 tested) were identified on 21 of the farms (0.34 per cent). in comparison, the survey in 1988 examined 74,502 cattle on 3087 farms and found 29 positive animals (38.9/100,000 tested) on 18 farms (0.58 per cent).	1990	2339488
a probable waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area.	there was a marked peak in human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area in may and june 1986. extensive epidemiological investigations failed to find a common source of food or a consistent history of animal contact, but did suggest that a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis may have occurred. cryptosporidium oocysts were found in untreated water and in fish from a reservoir complex implicated by epidemiological analysis. laboratory investigations confirmed that cattle on a farm a ...	1990	2391708
perinatal calf mortality.		1991	1659759
dual infection from cooked meats?		1991	1669791
epidemiological surveillance of creutzfeldt-jakob disease in the united kingdom.	systematic epidemiological surveillance of creutzfeldt-jakob disease was carried out in england and wales covering the years 1970-1984. the results of this work provide a basis from which to assess any change in the pattern of creutzfeldt-jakob disease following the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the methodology, early results and problems of the current systematic national survey of cjd, initiated in may 1990, are discussed.	1991	1761103
tuberculosis and badgers.		1991	1763465
epidemiology of salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: persistence of salmonellae on calf units.	salmonella typhimurium dt204c infection is the commonest cause of salmonellosis in calves. on five calf rearing farms a distinct strain, as indicated by plasmid profile analysis, was found to have persisted on the premises for periods ranging from four months to two years, the average being 14 months. the persistence of salmonellae in the environment appears to be an important factor in the epidemiology of calf salmonellosis and clearly indicates the inadequacy of many cleaning and disinfection ...	1991	1763466
the occurrence of listeria species in milk and dairy products: a national survey in england and wales.	a total of 4172 samples of milk, cheese and other dairy products were examined over a 1-year period for the presence of listeria species. strains of listeria were found most frequently in soft, ripened cows milk cheese; 63 out of 769 (8.2%) samples contained listeria monocytogenes, 25 samples contained species other than l. monocytogenes, and 18 samples contained both l. monocytogenes and other listeria spp. eleven samples of pasteurized cows milk (1.1%) from four dairies contained l. monocytoge ...	1991	1904761
radioactivity in environmental samples taken in the sellafield, ravenglass and morecambe bay areas of west cumbria.	seaborne sediments deposited in the estuaries of the esk, duddon, leven and kent have been analysed for fission products and actinides discharged in waste from the sellafield processing works in west cumbria, and the values compared with the generally expected values due to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. analyses of tissues from sheep grazing the marshes of these estuaries show that the internal radiation dose of the general public through eating mutton or liver from these anima ...	1991	1925520
studies on the incidence of clinical mastitis and blood levels of vitamin e and selenium in dairy herds in england.	in a trial conducted in the south of england in january to february 1989, blood samples were obtained from nine dairy herds with more than 30 cases of clinical mastitis/100 cows and from nine herds with less than 30 cases/100 cows during the previous 12 months. whole blood glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity and plasma vitamin e concentration were determined for 12 cows in each herd. the mean (+/-sd) values for the herds with the lower incidence of mastitis were 7.57 +/- 1.86 micrograms/ml p ...	1991	1926724
a survey of dairy farmers' decisions concerning the control of leptospirosis.		1991	1926731
treatment and control of an outbreak of fat cow syndrome in a large dairy herd.	an outbreak of fat cow syndrome occurred in a herd of 300 friesian and friesian/holstein dairy cows calving predominantly between january and may. the herd came in off grass in good condition despite a long and hot summer. the dry cows received a diet of grass silage, brewing waste and minerals until the end of december, but the grass silage was butyric and was partially replaced by maize silage. by january 23, 16 of 70 calving cows (23 per cent) had appeared to suffer milk fever. subsequent blo ...	1991	1949517
facial swelling in cattle, probably due to adder bites.		1991	2024418
congenital malformations in twins in england and wales.	the aim was to compare congenital malformation rates in twin births with those in singleton births.	1991	2045744
the cost of summer mastitis.	the incidence of summer mastitis on 95 dairy farms in southern england was monitored in the summer of 1987. data on the type of animal infected, the fate of the animals immediately and over the succeeding lactation, and the procedures used in treating the infections were collected for 144 cases. twenty-five per cent of cases were attended by veterinary surgeons. most of the animals received parenteral antibiotics and on average each received five tubes of intramammary antibiotic. the incidence o ...	1992	1441135
update on the incidence of summer mastitis in england and wales.		1992	1462493
some aspects of the epidemiology and control of salmonella typhimurium infection in outwintered suckler cows.	two outbreaks of salmonella typhimurium infections affected outwintered, spring-calving suckler cows in late pregnancy. the infections spread rapidly both within and between groups of stock on the affected farms, with morbidity in the infected groups varying from 14.5 per cent to over 60 per cent, and mortality in adult cattle varying from 0 to 14.3 per cent. prophylactic measures included the use of antibiotics and killed vaccines against escherichia coli, salmonella dublin, s typhimurium, and ...	1992	1475896
outbreak of lameness in cattle.		1992	1496762