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enhanced replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human cells.the effects of dna-damaging agents on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) were assessed in vitro. monolayers of human lung fibroblast cell lines were exposed to dna-damaging agents (methyl methanesulfonate [mms], methyl methanethiosulfonate [mmts], ultraviolet light [uv], or gamma radiation [gr]) at specific intervals, before or after inoculation with low levels of hsv-1. the ability of cell monolayers to support hsv-1 replication was measured by direct plaque assay and was co ...19911846885
synthesis and antiviral activity of 9-alkoxypurines. 2. 9-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-, 9-(3,4-dihydroxybutoxy)-, and 9-(1,4-dihydroxybut-2-oxy)purines.reaction of alkenoxyamines (3,5) or (r,s)-, (r)-, and (s)-hydroxy-protected derivatives of hydroxyalkoxyamines (20a,b, 37a-c) with 4,6-dichloro-2,5-diformamidopyrimidine (4) and cyclization of the resultant 6-[(alkenoxy)amino]-and 6-(alkoxyamino)pyrimidines (6,7,21a,b, 38a,b,c) by heating with diethoxymethyl acetate afforded 9-alkenoxy- and 9-alkoxy-6-chloropurines (9,10,22a,b, 39a-c, 40a). these were subsequently converted to 9-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy), 9-(3,4-dihydroxybutoxy), and 9-(1,4-dihydro ...19911846922
herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript is a stable intron.the latency-associated transcript (lat) is the major viral transcript detected by in situ hybridization of mouse and human sensory ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. the last 750 bases of lat are complementary to infected-cell polypeptide 0, a herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early gene that encodes a transactivating protein that may facilitate re-activation of the virus from the latent state. several laboratories have shown that lat accumulates in the nucleus and i ...19911846963
latent herpes simplex virus reactivation in the guinea pig. an animal model for recurrent disease.the purpose of this investigation was to establish an animal model by which latent herpetic disease could be mechanically reactivated, yielding an adequate number of recurrent clinical lesions in the guinea pig. to determine strain virulence, hairless guinea pigs were inoculated with three different strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv) using a spring-loaded multiple puncture apparatus. hsv-1 strains sc-16 and mckrae produced an average of 21 and 8 lesions per infected area, respectively. the hs ...19911847124
the difference in sensitivity to cicloxolone sodium between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 maps to the locations of genes ul22 (gh) and ul44 (gc).cicloxolone sodium (ccx) is a broad spectrum antiviral agent which has a largely non-specific and complex mode of antiviral action. however, the experimental finding that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) (strain hg52) is consistently more sensitive to inhibition by ccx than hsv-1 (117 syn+) additionally implies the specific involvement of hsv genes. hsv-1/hsv-2 intertypic recombinants have been utilized to investigate this genetic difference by comparing their ccx ed50 concentrations. no shor ...19911847174
construction of herpes simplex viruses that are pseudodiploid for the glycoprotein b gene: a strategy for studying the function of an essential herpesvirus gene.the primary structure of glycoprotein b (gb) is conserved strongly among many members of the herpesviridae, including some that differ vastly in their natural properties. to determine whether the structural similarity between the gbs of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) was reflected in functional homology, we constructed pseudodiploid hsv-1 virions which, in addition to their own gene encoding gb, also contained a gene for encoding bhv-1 gb. two kinds of ...19911847175
the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gb gene of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: analysis and evolutionary relationship to the homologous gene from other herpesviruses.a 3698 bp region of the genome of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) was sequenced and found to contain the entire glycoprotein gb gene and the c-terminal region of a gene homologous to the icp 18.5 protein gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. the iltv gb gene encoded a protein with an mr of 100k possessing all the characteristics of a transmembrane glycoprotein. alignment of the iltv gb sequence with homologous sequences from six other herpesviruses revealed that 10 cysteine residues on ...19911847176
effect of ultraviolet light on dna structure in 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-substituted hsv-1 dna.herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) was grown in the presence of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idurd), and the virion-dna was isolated by isopycnic centrifugation in cscl. irradiation of idurd-containing hsv dna with either 302 nm or 254 nm ultraviolet (uv) light introduced strand breakage into the dna in a dose-dependent manner when analyzed by alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation. irradiation of unsubstituted hsv dna under similar conditions produced little strand breakage. these observat ...19911847286
glycoprotein c of herpes simplex virus type 1 plays a principal role in the adsorption of virus to cells and in infectivity.the purpose of this study was to identify the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein(s) that mediates the adsorption of virions to cells. because heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as the receptors for herpes simplex virus adsorption, we tested whether any of the viral glycoproteins could bind to heparin-sepharose in affinity chromatography experiments. two glycoproteins, gb and gc, bound to heparin-sepharose and could be eluted with soluble heparin. in order to determine wh ...19911847438
the conserved dna-binding domains encoded by the herpes simplex virus type 1 icp4, pseudorabies virus ie180, and varicella-zoster virus orf62 genes recognize similar sites in the corresponding promoters.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), pseudorabies virus (prv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), and equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) are all classified as alphaherpesvirinae. each of these five viruses encodes an essential immediate-early (ie) regulatory protein referred to as hsv-1 icp4, hsv-2 icp4, prv ie180, vzv orf62 protein, and ehv-1 ie1, respectively. these five proteins share extensive homology with each other in domains referred to as regions 2 and 4. the hsv-1 icp4 region 2 d ...19911847444
identification of an immunodominant cytotoxic t-lymphocyte recognition site in glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus by using recombinant adenovirus vectors and synthetic peptides.cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses to herpes simplex virus (hsv) polypeptides play an important role in recovery from infection and in preventing latency. we have previously shown that glycoprotein b (gb) is a major target recognized by hsv-specific ctls in c57bl/6 (h-2b) and balb/c (h-2d) mice but not in cba/j (h-2k) mice (l. a. witmer, k. l. rosenthal, f. l. graham, h. m. friedman, a. yee, and d. c. johnson, j. gen. virol. 71:387-396, 1990). in this report, we utilize adenovirus vectors ex ...19911847447
association of a major transcriptional regulatory protein, icp4, of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the plasma membrane of virus-infected cells.a major transcriptional regulatory protein, icp4, of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is localized primarily within the nucleus soon after its synthesis. recent studies have shown that approximately 100 to 200 molecules of icp4 are located in the tegument region of purified virions (f. yao and r. j. courtney, j. virol. 63:3338-3344, 1989). as an extension to these studies, we present data suggesting that icp4 may also associate with the plasma membrane of hsv-1-infected cells. the experimenta ...19911847468
origin of unenveloped capsids in the cytoplasm of cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1.in cells infected with herpes simplex viruses the capsids acquire an envelope at the nuclear membrane and are usually found in the cytoplasm in structures bound by membranes. infected cells also accumulate unenveloped capsids alone or juxtaposed to cytoplasmic membranes. the juxtaposed capsids have been variously interpreted as either undergoing terminal deenvelopment resulting from fusion of the envelope with the membrane of the cytoplasmic vesicles or undergoing sequential envelopment and deen ...19911847476
mutations in a herpes simplex virus type 1 origin that inhibit interaction with origin-binding protein also inhibit dna replication.the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome contains three origins of replication: oril and a diploid oris. the origin-binding protein, the product of the ul9 gene, interacts with two sites within oris, box i and box ii. a third site, box iii, which is homologous to boxes i and ii, may also be a binding site for the origin-binding protein. mutations in these three sites significantly reduce oris-directed plasmid replication measured in transient replication assays. the reduction in replication effici ...19911847482
association of dna helicase and primase activities with a subassembly of the herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase composed of the ul5 and ul52 gene products.herpes simplex virus 1 encodes a helicase-primase that is composed of the products of the ul5, ul8, and ul52 genes. a stable subassembly consisting of only the ul5 and ul52 gene products has been purified to near homogeneity from insect cells doubly infected with baculovirus recombinant for these two genes. the purified subassembly has the dna-dependent atpase, dna-dependent gtpase, dna helicase, and dna primase activities that are characteristic of the three-subunit holoenzyme. the purified ul8 ...19911847509
herpes simplex virus-1 helicase-primase. physical and catalytic properties.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) encodes a helicase-primase that consists of the products of the ul5, ul8, and ul52 genes (crute, j. j., tsurumi, t., zhu, l., weller, s. k., olivo, p. d., challberg, m. d., mocarski, e. s. and lehman, i. r. (1989) proc. natl. acad. sci. u. s. a. 86, 2186-2189). further characterization of the three-subunit enzyme isolated from hsv-1-infected cv-1 cells shows it to be a heterotrimer, consisting of one polypeptide encoded by each of the ul5, ul8, and ul52 genes. ...19911847923
the region 0.7615-0.796 m.u. of the hsv-1 genome determines suppression of humoral antibody formation against herpes simplex virus.the influence of genetic properties of parts of the hsv-1 genome on suppression of humoral antibody formation was investigated by using intratypic recombinants. the deleted strain hfem (hsv-1) induces suppression. the mlui dna fragment (coordinates 0.7615-0.796 m.u.) derived from the antibody inducing strain f1 (hsv-1) was transfected into the deleted strain hfem to produce the recombinant virus r-m1ci and shown to restore antibody formation, as demonstrated by neutralization- and elisa-tests. t ...19911848063
liquid-crystalline, phage-like packing of encapsidated dna in herpes simplex virus.the organization of dna within the hsv-1 capsid has been determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction. purified c-capsids, which are fully packaged, were compared with a-capsids, which are empty. unlike a-capsids, c-capsids show fine striations and punctate arrays with a spacing of approximately 2.6 nm. the packaged dna forms a uniformly dense ball, extending radially as far as the inner surface of the icosahedral (t = 16) capsid shell, whose structure is essentially identical ...19911848156
hsv-1 corneal latency. 19911848213
fluorocarbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis and antiviral activity of 2'- and 6'-fluorocarbocyclic 2'-deoxy guanosines.a series of four isomeric 2'- and 6'-fluorocarbocyclic guanosine analogues have been prepared and evaluated as potential anti-herpes agents. the racemic 2' beta-fluoro isomer 2-amino-1,9-dihydro- 9-[(1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 beta, 4 alpha)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4- (hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl]-6h-purin-6-one (11a, c-afg) and its 2' alpha-fluoro epimer 11b plus the chiral 6' beta-fluoro isomer 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[[1s-(1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 alpha, 4 beta)]- 2-fluoro-4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl]- ...19911848298
altered pathogenesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection due to a syncytial mutation mapping to the carboxy terminus of glycoprotein b.a syncytial (syn) variant of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17 syn+ was selected by serial passage in heparin, a glycosaminoglycan which potently inhibits herpes simplex virus infectivity. this virus, 17 hep syn, is sixfold more heparin resistant than its parent. by using marker transfer techniques, its syn phenotype, but not heparin resistance, was mapped first to the bamhi g fragment (0.343 to 0.415 map units) and then to a 670-bp kpni-psti subclone (0.345 to 0.351 map units) encoding the ...19911848305
brefeldin a arrests the maturation and egress of herpes simplex virus particles during infection.herpes simplex virus (hsv) requires the host cell secretory apparatus for transport and processing of membrane glycoproteins during the course of virus assembly. brefeldin a (bfa) has been reported to induce retrograde movement of molecules from the golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum and to cause disassembly of the golgi complex. we examined the effects of bfa on propagation of hsv type 1. release of virions into the extracellular medium was blocked by as little as 0.3 microgram of bfa per ml wh ...19911848309
herpes simplex virus type 1 deletion variants 1714 and 1716 pinpoint neurovirulence-related sequences in glasgow strain 17+ between immediate early gene 1 and the 'a' sequence.dideoxynucleotide sequence analysis of a spontaneously isolated deletion variant (1714) of glasgow strain 17+ of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) demonstrates that the deletion is 759 bp in length and is located within each copy of the bamhi s fragment (0 to 0.02 and 0.81 to 0.83 map units) of the long repeat region of the genome. the deletion removes one complete copy of the 18 bp dr1 element of the 'a' sequence and terminates 1105 bp upstream of the 5' end of immediate early (ie) gene 1. th ...19911848598
investigation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gene expression and dna synthesis during the establishment of latent infection by an hsv-1 mutant, in1814, that does not replicate in mouse trigeminal ganglia.in previous studies, the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mutant, in1814, which lacks the trans-inducing function of vmw65, did not replicate in the trigeminal ganglia of mice following corneal inoculation but did establish a reactivatable latent infection in the ganglia 12 to 24 h after ocular infection. since in1814 did not replicate in vivo, the molecular events during the establishment phase of latent hsv-1 infection could be characterized without the complications of concurrent productiv ...19911848599
construction and characterization of herpes simplex type 1 viruses without introns in immediate early gene 1.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) encodes at least 70 distinct genes in a dna genome sequence of about 150 kb. in contrast to most cellular genes and those of several other dna viruses, the overwhelming majority of hsv-1 transcripts are not spliced. one exception is immediate early (ie) gene 1, which contains two introns in the vmw110 coding region. this study investigated the possibility that ie-1 intron sequences have a role during hsv-1 infection. ie-1 genes lacking the first, second or bot ...19911848600
identification and characterization of a novel non-infectious herpes simplex virus-related particle.during gradient purification of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) two bands of particles were observed: a sharp lower band and a more diffuse upper band. the lower band contained almost exclusively hsv-1 virions (h particles) whereas the upper band consisted of membrane-enclosed particles (l particles). these l particles resembled the virions in appearance, but lacked the viral nucleocapsid and were not infectious. many polypeptides of the viral envelope and the tegument were common to both ty ...19911848601
characterization of fusion from without induced by herpes simplex virus.the process of fusion from without (ffwo) induced by herpes simplex virus (hsv) was analyzed by using various inhibitors and compared to fusion from within (ffwi). the fate of certain elements of the cytoskeleton after ffwo was also investigated. our experiments demonstrate ffwo as a very suitable system for study of early virus-cell interactions. zn++ ions proved inhibitory for penetration whilst pretreatment of cells with ca++ ions before infection enhanced ffwo activity. dissociation of penet ...19911848750
induction of encephalitis in sjl mice by intranasal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1: a possible model of herpes simplex encephalitis in humans.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is characterized by focal lesions of hemorrhage and necrosis, primarily in the inferior temporal lobe. since immunosuppressed patients with hse lack the focal inflammatory changes and temporal lobe localization, it has been suggested that the immune system participates in the pathogenesis of hse. evaluation of this hypothesis has been impeded by the lack of an immunologically defined animal model that resembles the human disease. toward this end, 10 strains of i ...19911849158
nucleotides within both proximal and distal parts of the consensus sequence are important for specific dna recognition by the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein icp4.the herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein icp4 is a sequence specific dna binding protein which associates with a number of different sites, some of which include the consensus atcgtcnnnnycgrc. in order to investigate the involvement in dna binding of conserved bases within the consensus, we have synthesised a family of mutant oligonucleotides and tested their ability to form a complex with icp4. we have also compared the binding specificities of bacterially expressed fragments of icp4 ...19911849261
neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in relation to asymptomatic maternal infection at the time of labor.to define the risk factors associated with neonatal acquisition of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, we prospectively obtained hsv cultures from the cervix and external genitalia of 15,923 pregnant women in early labor who were without symptoms or signs of genital hsv infection. follow-up of the women with positive cultures for hsv and their hsv-exposed infants included serologic tests and serial cultures for hsv.19911849612
analysis of complex mutations induced in cells by herpes simplex virus type-1.the shuttle vector plasmid pz189 was used as a target for mutagenesis in cos-1 cells. complex mutations were analyzed in 5 plasmids that were recovered from noninfected cells and 15 plasmids that were recovered from cells that were infected with herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1). complex mutations in noninfected cells consisted of duplications and rearrangements of plasmid dna, while those from cells that were infected with hsv-1 included 8 that were enlarged due to insertion of other dna sequ ...19911849680
detection and characterization of latent hsv rna by in situ and northern blot hybridization in guinea pigs.following intravaginal infection of guinea pigs, herpes simplex virus establishes a latent infection in the sensory lumbosacral ganglia. using the techniques of in situ and northern blot hybridization, we have characterized this latent hsv-2 virus and compared it to latent hsv-1 at the same anatomical site. for hsv-2, a single 1.8-kb latency-associated transcript (lat) was detected. in contrast, as described for latent hsv-1 in the trigeminal ganglia of rabbits and mice, two hsv-1 lat species we ...19911849688
ocular herpes simplex virus reactivation in mice latently infected with latency-associated transcript mutants.a mouse model for ocular reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) was modified and used to study the effect of strain difference on the frequency of ocular hsv reactivation. outbred male nih white mice were immunized with 1.0 ml of anti-hsv serum with a neutralizing titer of 1:400 24 hr before infection and bilaterally infected at 10(5) plaque-forming units/eye with one of three hsv-1 strains: 17 syn+, lat+ (xc-20), or lat- (x10-13). latency-associated transcripts (lat) are produced b ...19911849874
investigation of herpes simplex virus type 1 genes encoding multiply inserted membrane proteins.the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome contains four open reading frames (orfs) which are predicted to encode hydrophobic proteins with the potential to cross a membrane several times. the products of these genes (genes ul10, ul20, ul43 and ul53) have not previously been identified. to investigate the role of these proteins in the virus life cycle, we attempted to inactivate the genes individually by inserting the lacz gene from escherichia coli within the orfs. using this approach we have isola ...19911849972
establishment of latency in vitro by the herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant in1814.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mutant in1814 possesses an insertion mutation that abolishes trans-activation of immediate early (ie) transcription by the virion protein vmw65. interactions between in1814 and the host cell were examined by use of an in vitro latency system which relies on infection of human foetal lung (hfl) cells at 42 degrees c to prevent lytic growth of virus. mutant in1814 was retained in hfl cells after infection at low m.o.i. and incubation at 42 degrees c, and was ...19911849973
glycoprotein c of herpes simplex virus type 1 is essential for the virus to evade antibody-independent complement-mediated virus inactivation and lysis of virus-infected cells.glycoprotein c (gc) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a receptor for the complement component c3b. we have previously isolated hsv-1 gc- strains (tn1, tn2 and tn3) from a patient with recurrent keratitis at three different times. these are very rare isolates because gc was thought to be essential for the virus in vivo. to determine whether gc modifies the interaction of complement with cell-free virus or virus-infected cells, we constructed gc+ recombinant viruses in which the intact gc ...19911849974
properties and evolutionary relationships of the marek's disease virus homologues of protein kinase, glycoprotein d and glycoprotein i of herpes simplex virus.the deduced amino acid sequences of the open reading frames (orfs) mapping in the short unique segment (us) of marek's disease virus (mdv) reported in the accompanying paper have been analysed using computer programs to determine their relationships to herpesvirus proteins. analysis of the catalytic domains of protein kinases showed that the mdv kinase (mdv pk) was closely related to the alphaherpesvirus protein kinase mapping in us. the results also showed that the mdv pk was more closely relat ...19911849976
dna sequence and organization of genes in a 5.5 kbp ecori fragment mapping in the short unique segment of marek's disease virus (strain rb1b).the dna sequence of a 5.5 kbp ecori fragment located in the short unique region (us) of the 'highly oncogenic' strain rb1b of marek's disease virus (mdv) was determined. the sequence contained six open reading frames (orfs), four of which were homologous to proteins mapping in the us region of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). these include the homologues of hsv-1 protein kinase, glycoprotein d (gd), glycoprotein i (gi) and us2 which is of unknown function. the mdv orfs had a marked bias for ...19911849977
herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infection in human oral mucosa in culture.to examine the sensitivity of human oral mucosa to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) infection, human gingival mucosa explants were infected with either hsv-1 or hsv-2 in vitro and the expression of virus specific antigen was examined by the immunofluorescent antibody technique. hsv-2 antigen was found in the basement membrane, basal cell layer and lower prickle cell layer. this finding was consistent with the hsv-1 infection. electron microscopic study revealed the presence ...19911849992
relationship between polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts.rna from the region of the genome encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts (lats) expressed during lytic infection yields low abundances of both polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated forms. as has been previously shown for latent infection (a. t. dobson, f. sedarati, g. devi-rao, w. m. flanagan, m. j. farrell, j. g. stevens, e. k. wagner, and l. t. feldman. j. virol. 63:3844-3851, 1989), all lytic-phase expression of such transcripts requires promoter elements situated ...19911850005
antigenic and protein sequence homology between vp13/14, a herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein, and gp10, a glycoprotein of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4.monospecific polyclonal antisera raised against vp13/14, a major tegument protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 cross-reacted with structural equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 proteins of mr 120,000 and 123,000, respectively; these proteins are identical in molecular weight to the corresponding glycoprotein 10 (gp10) of each virus. using a combination of immune precipitation and western immunoblotting techniques, we confirmed that anti-vp13/14 and a monoclonal antibody to gp10 reacted with the same pr ...19911850013
regulation of the herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) delayed-early 110-kilodalton promoter by hvs immediate-early gene products and a homolog of the epstein-barr virus r trans activator.we have reported previously the detection of two stable immediate-early (ie) transcripts that accumulate in cycloheximide-treated cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri (hvs). these are the 1.6-kb mrna from the 52-kda gene (which is homologous to the bslf2-bmlf1 gene of epstein-barr virus) and the 1.3-kb mrna from the hindiii-g fragment of virus dna. in order to study the roles of the hvs ie gene products in the progression of a lytic infection, the promoter region of the delayed-early 110-kda ...19911850023
a subset of herpes simplex virus replication genes provides helper functions for productive adeno-associated virus replication.herpesviruses are helper viruses for productive adeno-associated virus (aav) replication. to analyze the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) functions mediating helper activity, we coinfected hela cells with aav type 2 (aav-2) and different hsv-1 mutants defective in individual hsv replication genes. aav replication was fully accomplished in the absence of hsv dna replication and thus did not require expression of late hsv genes. in addition, hsv mutants lacking either the origin-binding protein ...19911850024
elements in the transcriptional regulatory region flanking herpes simplex virus type 1 oris stimulate origin function.like other dna-containing viruses, the three origins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) dna replication are flanked by sequences containing transcriptional regulatory elements. in a transient plasmid replication assay, deletion of sequences comprising the transcriptional regulatory elements of icp4 and icp22/47, which flank oris, resulted in a greater than 80-fold decrease in origin function compared with a plasmid, pos-822, which retains these sequences. in an effort to identify specific ci ...19911850034
an antigen encoded by the latency-associated transcript in neuronal cell cultures latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1.during latent infection of neurons with herpes simplex virus type 1, viral transcription is restricted to the latency-associated transcripts (lats). these rnas contain open reading frames, but detection of a protein encoded by the lats has not been reported. we used immunocytochemical techniques to demonstrate that an antiserum directed against a bacterially expressed fusion protein containing part of a lat-encoded polypeptide recognized an antigen present in primary neurons latently infected in ...19911850045
herpes simplex virus type 1 long-term persistence, latency, and reactivation in infected burkitt lymphoma cells.the two herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) strains f and ak which differ in virus-cell interaction and in dna organization, were used to establish persistently productive infections in burkitt lymphoma-derived cell lines bjab and raji. four such lines could be maintained over a period of three years. like the uninfected parental lines, the persistently infected cells display a cyclic pattern of cell proliferation. the expression of hsv-1-specific antigens proved to be variable. as a consequence ...19911850231
the coincidence of hsv-1 ocular cultures with hsv-1 corneal epithelial defects in rabbits after experimental penetrating keratoplasty.penetrating keratoplasty (pkp) in conjunction with postoperative corticosteroids may reactivate latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) to cause persistent postoperative epithelial defects. the clinical diagnosis of hsv keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty is difficult because the postoperative appearance may be nondendritic and, therefore, not characteristic of hsv-1 infection. presently, the most reliable method to diagnose hsv-1 under these conditions is to culture eyes for the presenc ...19911850340
use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect herpes simplex virus dna in paraffin sections of human brain at necropsy.the feasibility of detecting herpesvirus dna in paraffin sections of routinely fixed and processed human necropsy brains by use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was assessed. a 110 bp segment of the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) could readily be amplified in sections from the brains of six patients with acute hsv1 encephalitis but not from those of six patients with other neurological diseases, including varicella-zoster encephalitis and herpes simplex virus t ...19911850452
the association of thymidine kinase activity and thymidine transport in escherichia coli.we have constructed a series of mutants within the putative nucleoside-binding site of the herpes simplex type-1 virus (hsv-1) thymidine kinase (tk)-encoding gene (tk), contained within an expression vector. while most mutations within this sequence produce an inactive protein, we find no absolute requirement for the wild-type ile166 and ala167. the uptake of thymidine (dt) into escherichia coli tdk-, lacking functional endogenous tk activity, is proportional to the amount of tk activity express ...19911850708
expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 glycoprotein g in insect cells by using a novel baculovirus expression vector.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) glycoprotein g (gg-1 and gg-2) were expressed in insect cells from recombinant baculoviruses (acdsmgg-1 and acdsmgg-2, respectively) constructed using a novel baculovirus transfer vector, pacdsm. this vector allows the coding region of a foreign gene to be precisely linked to the baculovirus polyhedrin gene at the translation initiation site and retains the native polyhedrin translation initiation environment. fourfold more gg-1, with a higher ...19911850903
identification of a major regulatory sequence in the latency associated transcript (lat) promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1).the latency associated transcript (lat) gene is the only viral genomic region that is abundantly transcribed during herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) neuronal latency. as such, it may play an important role in hsv-1 latency and/or reactivation. the regulation of the lat gene is complex and appears to include a combination of positive and negative functional elements in and near the lat promoter. in this study, transient cat assays were used to map the minimal promoter necessary for constitutiv ...19911850907
mutagenesis occurring following infection with herpes simplex virus does not require virus replication.infection of eukaryotic cells in culture with herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) or hsv-2 increased the mutation frequency of the supf gene carried on the shuttle vector pz189 by around sixfold. the increase was apparent 2 hr postinfection and reached a peak after 8 hr. to investigate this mutagenesis, plasmids pckrr1 and pckrr2 were constructed to express the large and small subunits, respectively, of hsv-2 ribonucleotide reductase (rr) under the control of the inducible mouse metallothionein ...19911850920
sequence and expression of the glycoprotein gh gene of pseudorabies virus.in the pseudorabies virus (prv) genome a gene equivalent to the glycoprotein gh gene of other herpesviruses was identified and sequenced. it is located immediately downstream from the gene encoding prv thymidine kinase within genomic bamhi fragments 11 and 16. nucleotide sequencing allowed deduction of the amino acid sequence of gh. the primary translation product is predicted to comprise 686 amino acids and to exhibit a molecular weight of 71.9 kda. it possess several characteristics typical fo ...19911850925
the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleotide reductase: expression in escherichia coli and purification.the open reading frame of the large subunit (r1) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) ribonucleotide reductase has been positioned downstream of the phage t7 gene 10 promoter in the expression vector, pet. transformation of this recombinant plasmid into escherichia coli bl21 de3 cells containing the t7 rna polymerase, under the control of the lac uv5 promoter, allows expression of the subunit on induction of the t7 rna polymerase by isopropyl thiodigalactoside. the expressed protein is soluble ...19911850930
natural killer-mediated lysis of some but not all hsv-1- or vsv-infected targets requires the participation of hla-dr-positive accessory cells.natural killer (nk)-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected fibroblasts (hsv-fs) has been previously shown to require the co-operation of cd16-positive nk cells and an hla-dr-positive accessory cell population. in contrast, lysis of k562 tumour cells requires the presence of only the leu-11-positive cells. in the current study, targets of different morphologies, both virally infected and non-infected, were tested in an attempt to dissect out which target characteristics determine ...19911851136
role of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase expression in viral pathogenesis and latency.herpes simplex virus (hsv) thymidine kinase (tk) expression and the hsv tk gene have been evaluated in studies of gene control, as well as in animal and human studies of viral pathogenesis, including hsv latency. in investigations of the biological role of hsv tk, enzyme expression was noted to be important for hsv infection of nonreplicating cells in culture; and, in experimental animal studies, hsv tk was shown to be important for in vivo latent infection of sensory ganglion neurons. latency i ...19911851146
application of polymerase chain reaction assays to studies of herpes simplex virus latency.we have amplified herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) dna sequences from individual latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays. this report presents two useful modifications in the pcr technique. the first involves the use of two sets of closely spaced, oppositely oriented oligonucleotide primers and two rounds of 20-40 pcr cycles, first with the more widely spaced outer primers and then with the internal nested primers. this method enhanced the sensitiv ...19911851147
cell-mediated immunologic responses and recurrent genital herpes in the guinea pig. effects of glycoprotein immunotherapy.the specific immune alterations associated with hsv recurrences are ill defined although it appears that alterations in cell-mediated immune mechanisms are more likely associated with recurrent disease than humoral immunity. immunization with hsv glycoproteins b and d (gbgd) after primary hsv infection has reportedly reduced the frequency of recurrences but the mechanisms remain unidentified. we therefore evaluated the effects of immunization with cloned gbgd on selected cell-mediated immune res ...19911851194
in vitro photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex virus with sapphyrins: 22 pi-electron porphyrin-like macrocycles.the photodynamic inactivation of hsv-1, a virus having a membranous envelope, with both a decaalkyl sapphyrin and its dicarboxy-substituted analog was studied. the decaalkyl sapphyrin was as efficient in the inactivation of hsv-1 on a per macrocycle basis as dhe, whereas the efficiency of the dicarboxy-substituted sapphyrin was approximately two orders of magnitude less. fluorescence studies of sapphyrin's binding to liposomes and vsv suggested that the decaalkylsapphyrin bound monomerically to ...19911851302
modulation by thiols of the merocyanine 540-sensitized photolysis of leukemia cells, red cells, and herpes simplex virus type 1.this paper reports on the role of endogenous and exogenous thiols in the merocyanine 540 (mc 540)-sensitized photoirradiation of l1210 leukemia cells, human erythrocytes, and human herpes simplex virus type 1. several measures taken to decrease the intracellular content of glutathione enhanced the cells' sensitivity to mc 540-sensitized photoirradiation while stimulation of glutathione biosynthesis or supplementation of the extracellular or extraviral thiol content decreased the photosensitivity ...19911851305
experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant.malignant gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumors and are almost always fatal. a thymidine kinase-negative mutant of herpes simplex virus-1 (dlsptk) that is attenuated for neurovirulence was tested as a possible treatment for gliomas. in cell culture, dlsptk killed two long-term human glioma lines and three short-term human glioma cell populations. in nude mice with implanted subcutaneous and subrenal u87 human gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of dlsptk caused growth inhibition. i ...19911851332
detection of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and latency-associated transcript gene sequences in human herpetic corneas by polymerase chain reaction amplification.herpes simplex virus (hsv) latency in sensory ganglion neurons is well documented, but the existence of extraneuronal corneal latency is less well defined. to investigate the possibility of extraneuronal latency during ocular hsv infection, corneal specimens from 18 patients with quiescent herpes simplex keratitis (hsk) were obtained at the time of keratoplasty. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification followed by southern blot hybridization with a radiolabeled oligonucleotide probe was don ...19911851732
(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl)cytosine in the therapy of thymidine kinase-positive and -deficient herpes simplex virus experimental keratitis.the phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivative, (s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl methoxypropyl)cytosine (hpmpc), was evaluated for its efficacy in the topical treatment of experimental keratitis caused by thymidine kinase-positive (tk+) or thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) strains. the hpmpc 0.2% eyedrops were as effective as the reference compound, (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, (bvdu) 0.2% eyedrops in stimulating the healing of epithelial disease caused by the hsv ...19911851733
affinity purification of active subunit 1 of herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleotide reductase exhibiting a protein kinase activity.herpes simplex virus (hsv) ribonucleotide reductase is formed by the association of two distinct dimeric subunits, r1 and r2. attempts to purify either the hsv holoenzyme or its r1 subunit in their active form have been unsuccessful until now. the c terminus of the r2 protein being involved in the association with r1, the synthetic nonapeptide corresponding to this terminus, impedes the formation of the holoenzyme by competing with r2 for a critical site on r1. based upon these observations, we ...19911851753
activation of gene expression by human herpesvirus 6 is reporter gene-dependent.infection with human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) was found to up-regulate expression of human immunodeficiency virus and human t cell leukaemia virus type i (htlv-i) long terminal repeat sequence (ltr), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gd chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) constructs transfected into the t cell line, j. jhan. activation by hhv-6 was due to one or more viral proteins produced early in infection and, in the case of the htlv-i ltr, was synergistic to induction mediated by the ...19911851812
binding of herpes simplex virus to cellular heparan sulphate, an initial step in the adsorption process.it has been suggested that heparan sulphate has a receptor function in the initial phase of the attachment of herpes simplex virus (hsv) to cells. we have studied the influence of glycosaminoglycans on cell adsorption of, and plaque formation by, hsv-1 and hsv-2, with regard to the role of saccharide structure, chain length and charge density. heparin and highly-sulphated heparan sulphate (1.5 sulphate groups/disaccharide unit), but neither chondroitin sulphate nor dermatan sulphate, were found ...19911851813
inverted repeat regions of marek's disease virus dna possess a structure similar to that of the a sequence of herpes simplex virus dna and contain host cell telomere sequences.the genomic structure of marek's disease virus (mdv) is similar to those of the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2. sequence analysis of the junction region between the long component (l) and the short component (s) revealed the existence of an a-like sequence, similar in structure to the a sequence of hsv-1. further study revealed that the mdv genome contains five copies of the a-like sequence within the long terminal repeat region as well as in the short terminal repea ...19911851854
a 269-amino-acid segment with a pseudo-leucine zipper and a helix-turn-helix motif codes for the sequence-specific dna-binding domain of herpes simplex virus type 1 origin-binding protein.the ul9 gene of herpes simplex virus (hsv) codes for a dna-binding protein (obp) that interacts sequence specifically with the origin of replication. this protein is essential for hsv dna replication in cultured cells. the ul9 gene was cloned into a plasmid vector downstream of the sp6 rna polymerase promoter. by using in vitro transcription and translation systems, a full-length obp was synthesized. this synthetic protein is recognized by an antiserum generated against the c-terminal decapeptid ...19911851856
expression of the herpes simplex virus 1 alpha transinducing factor (vp16) does not induce reactivation of latent virus or prevent the establishment of latency in mice.a feature of the cascade regulation of herpes simplex virus 1 gene expression in productive infection is that the first genes to be expressed, the alpha genes, are transactivated by a structural component of the virion designated as the alpha transinducing factor (alpha tif). in this study, we have tested the hypothesis that latent infection of sensory neurons results from the failure of alpha tif, a tegument protein, to be transported from the nerve endings to the nucleus of the sensory neuron. ...19911851865
herpes simplex virus type 1 origin-specific binding protein: oris-binding properties and effects of cellular proteins.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) origin of replication, oris, contains three highly homologous sequences, sites i, ii, and iii. the hsv-1 origin-binding protein (obp), the product of the ul9 gene, has been shown to bind specifically to sites i and ii. in this study, gel shift analysis was used to characterize interactions between site i dna and proteins in infected and uninfected cell extracts. the formation of two protein-dna complexes, bands a and b, was demonstrated with infected cell ...19911851874
the effect of hsv multiplication rate on antiviral drug efficacy in vitro.hsv-1 multiplication rates have been shown to vary in different tissues and the rate of multiplication may correlate with susceptibility to antiviral chemotherapy. herpetic stromal keratitis is a necrotizing condition refractive to antiviral therapy and this lack of antiviral efficacy in stromal disease may be the result of very low rates of viral replication in the corneal stromal keratocytes. in this study, we investigated the efficacy of antiviral drugs in an in vitro system in which the viru ...19911852150
differential suppression of host cell protein synthesis and mrna levels in herpes simplex virus-infected endothelial cells.earlier studies from this laboratory have shown that infection of vascular cells with herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) results in the differential suppression of extracellular matrix proteins including fibronectin (fn), type iv collagen, thrombospondin (tsp) and factor viii von willebrand protein. the present study was designed to determine whether a correlation exists between suppression of synthesis of specific proteins and their mrna levels. we have measured the steady-state levels ...19911891960
conserved domains of glycoprotein b (gb) of the monkey virus, simian agent 8, identified by comparison with herpesvirus gbs.the herpesvirus simian agent 8 (sa8) gene which corresponds to the herpes simplex virus (hsv) gene encoding glycoprotein b (gb) was localized, cloned and sequenced. comparison of its deduced amino acid sequence with those of its counterparts in 12 other distinct herpesvirus was used to evaluate their homology and phylogenetic relationship. the results emphasized that sa8 gb is more closely related to those of hsv-1 and -2, and bovine herpesvirus 2 than to the homologous proteins of other herpesv ...19911895066
selective activity and cellular pharmacology of (1r-1 alpha,2 beta,3 alpha)-9-[2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]guanine in herpesvirus-infected cells.the cycloburtane nucleoside analog (1r-1 alpha,2 beta,3 alpha)-9-[2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]guanine [(r)-bhcg or sq 34,514] was recently synthesized and shown to be the active enantiomer of (+/-)-bhcg (sq 33,054), a potent inhibitor of several strains of herpesviruses [j. med. chem 34:1415-1421 (1991); antiviral res. 13:41-52 (1990)]. in plaque reduction assays, (r)-bhcg was about 1000 times more active than its s-enantiomer on herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1) and over 200 times more a ...19911896029
delivery of ultraviolet-inactivated 35s-herpesvirus across an osmotically modified blood-brain barrier.the present studies were undertaken to determine if viral particles can be delivered across the rat blood-brain barrier (bbb). osmotic bbb modification with intracarotid mannitol (25%) was immediately followed by bolus intracarotid administration of 0.5 ml purified, ultraviolet-inactivated, herpes simplex virus type 1 endogenously labeled with 35s-labeled methionine (2.0 x 10(6) cpm, approximately 5 x 10(8) plaque-forming units/ml). after 60 minutes, intravascular virus was cleared by saline per ...19911899695
transforming potential is detectable in arteriosclerotic plaques of young animals.the carcinogen-treated cockerel is a model for studying the early stages of arteriosclerotic plaque development. carcinogen administration accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development in cockerels, and transforming elements are present in dna from advanced human plaques. in this study, we asked whether transforming elements could also be detected at early stages of plaque development in cockerels. nih3t3 cells were transfected with dna from plaques isolated from carcinogen-treated cockerels a ...19911905951
alterations in oral microflora and pathogenesis of acute oral infections during remission-induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.to investigate changes in the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic oral microflora during remission-induction chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, 10 consecutive patients were studied during a period of 28 days. during antineoplastic treatment, the concentration of microorganisms in saliva doubled from day 0 to day 2, presumably as a result of a concurrent 64% decrease in the salivary flow rate. no changes in the relative proportion of individual microorganisms or acquisition of ...19911909053
viruses and oral cancer.oral cancer is a disease with a complex etiology. there is evidence for important roles of smoking, drinking, and genetic susceptibility, as well as strong indications that dna viruses could be involved. the herpes simplex virus type 1 has been associated with oral cancer by serological studies, and animal models and in vitro systems have demonstrated that it is capable of inducing oral cancer. papillomaviruses are found in many oral cancers and are also capable of transforming cells to a malign ...19911912147
[an experimental study on the primary cell culture of human trigeminal ganglion].a primary cell culture of human fetal trigeminal ganglion in vitro was first established. the growth features and morphology of the three types of cells in the trigeminal ganglion were described. the neurons in the culture were identified with the immunoperoxidase technique. a new model for studying the latent infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human is provided.19911914711
anti-glycoprotein d monoclonal antibody protects against herpes simplex virus type 1-induced diseases in mice functionally depleted of selected t-cell subsets or asialo gm1+ cells.passive transfer of a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for glycoprotein d (gd) is highly effective in preventing the development of herpes simplex virus type 1-induced stromal keratitis. in the present study, we investigated whether animals which had been functionally depleted of t-cell subsets or asialo gm1+ cells would continue to be responsive to mab therapy. balb/c mice were depleted of cd4+, cd8+, or asialo gm1+ cells by treatment with anti-l3t4, anti-lyt 2.2, or anti-asialo gm1 antibodie ...19911920624
binding of general transcription factor tfiib to an acidic activating region.a central issue in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is the mechanism by which promoter-specific transcription factors (activators) stimulate transcription. two lines of evidence indicate that the general transcription factor tfiib is a pivotal component in the mechanism by which an acidic activator functions. first, during assembly of the preinitiation complex tfiib binding is a rate-limiting step enhanced by an acidic activator. second, the tfiib activity in a hela cell nuclear extract is ...19911922364
[plants as a source of research in antiviral activity. example of the haemanthus albiflos bulb].the antiviral potency of an hydroalcoholic extract from haemanthus albiflos (amaryllidaceae) bulb was investigated. experimentations were conducted on continuous cell lines (bgm, ma 104, hep 2) seeded in microplates. three viruses from the rna group (poliovirus type i, vesicular stomatitis virus type 11 and simian rotavirus sa 11) and two from the dna group (adenovirus type 5, herpes simplex virus type 1) were tested. important reduction in yield of viral infectivity was observed with the rna gr ...19911933468
mhc ii-restricted, cd4+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes specific for herpes simplex virus-1: implications for the development of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice.herpetic stromal keratitis (hsk) appears to represent an immunopathological reaction in which cd4+ t cells play a prominent role. however, the exact immunopathological mechanism(s) utilized by cd4+ t cells during hsk remains to be elucidated. in this study, the presence of cytotoxic cd4+ t lymphocytes in the cervical and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of balb/c mice experiencing hsk was investigated. after in vitro depletion of cd4+ or cd8+ t cells with specific monoclonal antibodies and complement ...19911934628
simian agent 8--a herpes simplex-like monkey virus.this review summarizes the most recent information on simian agent 8, a herpes simplex-like monkey virus. the agent has a broad host range and--besides the classical morphogenesis (budding at the internal nuclear membrane)--the virus gets enveloped at all cytoplasmic membranes including the plasma membrane; strikingly it carries a rather prominent tegument. regarding its sequence arrangement sa8 can be grouped to the e-type genomes. it has a g + c-content of 69% and a total dna-homology with hsv ...19911934999
structurally homologous ligand binding of integrin mac-1 and viral glycoprotein c receptors.three spatially distant surface loops were found to mediate the interaction of the coagulation protein factor x with the leukocyte integrin mac-1. this interacting region, which by computational modeling defines a three-dimensional macromotif in the catalytic domain, was also recognized by glycoprotein c (gc), a factor x receptor expressed on herpes simplex virus (hsv)-infected endothelial cells. peptidyl mimicry of each loop inhibited factor x binding to mac-1 and gc, blocked monocyte generatio ...19911957171
management of genital herpes simplex infection.herpes simplex infection of the genitals is a common condition, more often due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 than to type 1 virus. there is a severe first attack followed by mild recurrences which are more common and more frequent after hsv-2 than after hsv-1 genital infection. clinical features with prodrome, vesicles and erosions may be characteristic allowing rapid clinical diagnosis. when possible laboratory confirmation should be attempted. general management includes simple hygiene, ...19911958714
s-7 inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infectivity and replication in cultured cells.the effect of ethyl 2-methylthio-4-methyl-5-pyrimidine, carboxylate (s-7) on the infectivity and replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in vero cells was studied. s-7, at the highest concentration lacking toxic effect on cells (40 microg/ml), produced, at various inocula, a 40% inhibition of hsv-1 infectivity with respect to the plaque formation detected in control infected cultures. this inhibitory activity was substantiated by studies on progeny production. we cannot conclude that the inhi ...199112041795
expression of a functional foreign gene in adult mammalian brain following in vivo transfer via a herpes simplex virus type 1 defective viral vector.we report here the first use of a herpes simplex virus defective viral vector for the transfer and expression of a foreign gene in the adult rat brain in vivo. defective vectors offer unique advantages over other systems. our vector genome consists of multiple copies of a plasmid-based amplicon, with a human cytomegalovirus promoter and lacz gene as a reporter. helper functions were provided by an hsv1 mutant incapable of replication at physiological temperatures. the resulting defective viral v ...199119912815
herpes simplex virus type 1 dna sequences are present in aged normal and alzheimer's disease brain but absent in lymphocytes.the etiology of alzheimer's disease (ad) is unknown. viruses have been suggested as a possible factor but the issue is still unresolved. we have detected herpes simplex virus type 1 dna sequences in ad and normal brain, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and have now searched for the dna in lymphocytes from ad patients and age-matched normal individuals; pcr shows that the virus is absent in the lymphocytes.199218647689
herpes simplex virus life cycle and the design of viral vectors.herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are doublestranded dna viruses with a genome size of 152 kbp. the genome consists of two unique regions, u(l) (long) and u(s) (short), flanked by repeated sequences (fig. 1; for review, see ref. 1). the two viruses are closely related, and both infect humans, producing mucocutaneous sores that are predominantly facial in the case of hsv-1 and genital in the case of hsv-2.199221390711
promoter-independent activation of heterologous virus gene expression by the herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein icp27.the herpes simplex virus (hsv) immediate-early protein icp27 has been postulated to play an auxillary role in hsv. gene expression, augmenting or inhibiting the activation of different viral promoters by the other immediate-early proteins icpo and icp4. here we show that icp27 alone can up-regulate gene expression of a retroviral vector containing moloney murine leukemia virus (momulv) regulatory sequences. this is the first report of an effect of icp27 on gene expression driven by heterologous ...19921733102
assembly of conformation-dependent neutralizing domains on glycoprotein b of human cytomegalovirus.we analysed the antigenic properties of human cytomegalovirus (cmv) glycoprotein b (gb) by constructing a set of deletion derivatives lacking different portions of the carboxy terminus and reacting them with a panel of monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity. we found that two novel antigenic domains that bind neutralizing antibodies were assembled on truncated forms of gb, one in the amino-terminal half and one that spans the midregion of the molecule. assembly of the conformation-depe ...19921279102
cyclic amp-mediated inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex virus replication in mouse macrophage-like cells.in this study, we have analysed the effects of camp inducers on the multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) in mouse macrophage-like cells. the addition of dibutyryl camp (db-camp) or cholera toxin to resting peritoneal macrophages aged in vitro or p388d1 cells resulted in a 10- to 100-fold reduction of vsv yield compared to control cultures. in contrast, no camp-dependent inhibition was found in vsv-infected l929 cells. in macrophage-like cells ...19921279103
distinct monoclonal antibodies separately label the hexons or the pentons of herpes simplex virus capsid.the surface shell of the capsid of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is 15 nm thick and 125 nm in outer diameter and has the form of an icosahedral (t = 16) surface lattice, composed of 150 hexons and 12 pentons. hexons are traversed by axial channels and have six-fold symmetric external protrusions, separated by triangular nodules ("triplexes"). pentons resemble hexons morphologically, apart from their different order of symmetry. to localize vp5, the major capsid protein, in the shell struct ...19921280828
[the isolation and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies to different proteins of the herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2].the authors prepared 156 mouse hybridomas producing monoclonal (mca) antibodies to type- and group-specific antigenic determinants of hsv-1 and hsv-2. seven of them were studied at length by western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation methods. the cell lines 1h97 and 2h141 were shown to produce immunoglobulins of g2 beta and m class, respectively, and were directed against group-specific antigenic determinants of the major nucleocapsid protein p150. the cell lines 1h38 and 1h110 produced immunoglo ...19921281945
sequence determination and genetic content of an 8.9-kb restriction fragment in the short unique region and the internal inverted repeat of marek's disease virus type 1 dna.the dna sequence (8.9 kb) covering about 70% of the short unique region (us) and part of the short inverted repeat of the marek's disease virus type 1 ga strain was determined. computer analysis of the sequence showed the presence of nine potential open reading frames (orfs), consisting of more than 300 nucleotides in the us region. of these orfs, four were found to be homologous to us10 (minor virion protein), us3 (protein kinase), us2, and us6 (gd) in the us region of alpha-herpesvirus herpes ...19921282282
[the inhibitory effects of catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and dna polymerases].catechin derivatives including (-)-epicatechin gallate (ecg), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), (-)-epigallocatechin (egc) and green tea extract (gte) were found to inhibit the activities of cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt), duck hepatitis b virus replication complexes reverse transcriptase (dhbv rcs rt), herpes simplex virus 1 dna polymerase (hsv-1 dnap) and cow thymus dna polymerase alpha (ct dnap alpha). egcg and ecg were shown to be very potent i ...19921284389
detection of herpesvirus dna in the large intestine of patients with ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease using the nested polymerase chain reaction.the prevalence of herpesvirus dna was examined in inflammatory bowel disease tissue. dna was extracted from resection and biopsy specimens of the large intestine from patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 21), patients with crohn's disease (n = 29), and patients with noninflammatory bowel disease (controls) (n = 21). the nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect viral dna using primer pairs specific for either cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1), human herpesvirus 6 (h ...19921287131
[herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy: epidemiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic data. an unusual case of hsv-1 in monozygotic twins].the authors report a case of two pre-term monocorial twins affected by hsv-1 infection (herpes simplex virus type 1), with generalized sepsis and involvement of the central nervous system (cns), born by mother with primary infection who presented a typical vesicular eruption a week before delivery. as the hsv-1 was a disseminated type and the cns was involved in both the twins, the diagnosis was based on clinical and laboratory findings (specific igm and igg) and on the use of delpech-lichtblau ...19921287430
susceptibility of +/+, +/nu and nu/nu balb/c mice to ocular herpes simplex virus infection.athymic (nude) mice have played an important role in defining the function of the immune system and its role in infectious diseases. in the majority of these studies, heterozygous +/nu mice have been used as normal controls for the nu/nu mice, and it has been assumed that +/nu mice have essentially normal immune systems. we have compared the response of +/+, +/nu and nu/nu balb/c mice following ocular infection with hsv-1 and have found that +/nu mice develop significantly more severe blephariti ...19921287512
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