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trichomonas vaginalis: underdiagnosis in urban australia could facilitate re-emergence.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has a low profile in urban sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinics in many developed countries. the objective of this study was to determine the true prevalence of tv in an australian urban sexual health setting using sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques.201019880969
axenization and optimization of in vitro growth of clonal cultures of tetratrichomonas gallinarum and trichomonas gallinae.a rapid and simple procedure was established to obtain clonal axenic cultures of tetratrichomonas gallinarum and trichomonas gallinae and to optimize their in vitro growth conditions. medium 199 was used for axenization of two genetically different clones of t. gallinarum and t. gallinae. six different media were used to optimize the growth behaviour of axenically grown parasites: medium 199, tym, tyi-s-33, hollander fluid (hf), trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and modified tv media. the highest cell ...201019766633
genomic organization and promoter analysis of the trichomonas vaginalis core histone gene families.core histone gene is a well-established model to study eukaryote gene transcription regulation mechanism. however, the protozoan core histone gene regulation mechanism remains largely unknown. in this study, we observed almost all protozoan trichomonas vaginalis core histone genes (60/74) organize as gene pairs in a head-to-head manner, thus facilitating the divergent transcription of both partners. additionally, the majority of both t. vaginalis core histone genes pairs (50/60) and solitary gen ...201019744576
male circumcision for the prevention of acquisition and transmission of sexually transmitted infections: the case for neonatal circumcision.the american academy of pediatrics (aap) male circumcision policy states that while there are potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision, the data are insufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. since 2005, however, 3 randomized trials have evaluated male circumcision for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. the trials found that circumcision decreases human immunodeficiency virus acquisition by 53% to 60%, herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition by 28% to 34% ...201020048246
correlates of cervical mycoplasma genitalium and risk of preterm birth among peruvian women.mycoplasma genitalium is associated with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in nonpregnant women. we investigated associations between cervical m genitalium, demographic and behavioral risk factors for sexually transmitted infection and preterm birth among low-income peruvian women.201020051932
identification of two novel trichomonas vaginalis eif-5a genes.the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eif-5a) is highly conserved and is the only protein that is known to contain the unique and essential amino acid residue hypusine. synthesis of hypusine is essential for the function of eif5a in eukaryotic cell proliferation and survival. in this study, we identified two novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eif-5a) genes in trichomonas vaginalis. the tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2 putative genes were localized in different contigs, both con ...201020060503
the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among pregnant zimbabwean women followed up nine months after childbirth.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide. the virus can be transmitted to neonates and there are scarce data regarding incidence of hsv-2 among women in pregnancy and after childbirth. the aim of this study is to measure the incidence and risk factors for hsv-2 infection in women followed for 9 months after childbirth.201020064273
acetate formation in the energy metabolism of parasitic helminths and protists.formation and excretion of acetate as a metabolic end product of energy metabolism occurs in many protist and helminth parasites, such as the parasitic helminths fasciola hepatica, haemonchus contortus and ascaris suum, and the protist parasites, giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis as well as trypanosoma and leishmania spp. in all of these parasites acetate is a main end product of their energy metabolism, whereas acetate formation does not occur in their mammalian host ...201020085767
the flavin inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium renders trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole, inhibits thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase, and shuts off hydrogenosomal enzymatic pathways.infections with the microaerophilic protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis are commonly treated with metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole drug. metronidazole is selectively toxic to microaerophiles and anaerobes because reduction at the drug's nitro group, which is a precondition for toxicity, occurs only quantitatively in these organisms. in our previous work we identified the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase as an electron donor to 5-nitroimidazole drugs in t. vaginalis and observed that hig ...201020093143
guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in east european countries.the laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in many eastern european countries remains suboptimal. the main objective of the present evidence-based guidelines is to provide comprehensive information regarding the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by trichomonas vaginalis in east european countries. in particular, the present guidelines recommend: (i) to encourage examination of the wet mounts of vaginal exudates, instead of stained smears, at all clinical settings; (ii) n ...201020236204
antimicrobial and antimalarial activity of cussonia species (araliaceae).cussonia species are used in african traditional medicine mainly against pain, inflammation, gastro-intestinal problems, malaria and sexually transmitted diseases.201020298772
trichomonas vaginalis vast bspa-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral human sexually transmitted pathogen and importantly, contributes to facilitating the spread of hiv. yet very little is known about its surface and secreted proteins mediating interactions with, and permitting the invasion and colonisation of, the host mucosa. initial annotations of t. vaginalis genome identified a plethora of candidate extracellular proteins.201020144183
a cross-sectional study of reported symptoms for sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in papua new guinea.sexually transmissible infections (stis) are common in female sex workers (fsws), most of which are asymptomatic and therefore under-reported. our aim was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of reported symptoms obtained via questionnaire augmented with leukocyte esterase (le) urine dipstick test for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhea (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) detected using polymerase chain reaction (pcr).201020152100
trichomonas vaginalis: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 17beta-estradiol alter ntpdase activity and gene expression.we investigated the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (dheas) and 17beta-estradiol on ntpdase activity in fresh clinical (vp60) and long-term-grown (30236 atcc) isolates of trichomonas vaginalis followed by ntpdase gene transcriptional analysis. atp hydrolysis was activated in vitro by 17beta-estradiol (0.01-1.0microm) in the vp60 isolate. treatment for 2h with 17beta-estradiol (0.01-1microm) promoted an inhibition in nucleotide hydrolysis in the 30236 isolate whereas the 12h-treatment pr ...201020159012
point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections increases awareness and short-term abstinence in adolescent women.to evaluate the effect of point-of-care (poc) testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) on reported awareness of test results and sti risk-reduction behaviors in adolescents.201020159505
intravaginal practices, vaginal infections and hiv acquisition: systematic review and meta-analysis.intravaginal practices are commonly used by women to manage their vaginal health and sexual life. these practices could, however, affect intravaginal mucosal integrity. the objectives of this study were to examine evidence for associations between: intravaginal practices and acquisition of hiv infection; intravaginal practices and vaginal infections; and vaginal infections and hiv acquisition.201020161749
trichomonas vaginalis nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities are inhibited by lycorine and candimine.drug discovery from plants plays an important role in the pharmaceutical therapy field and the alkaloids lycorine and candimine are candidates for this purpose. trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that infects the human urogenital tract and causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease. ecto-nucleotidases including nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ntpdase) members, which hydrolyses extracellular atp (adenosine triphosphate) and adp (adenosine diphosph ...201020176129
determinants of hiv type 1 shedding from genital ulcers among men in south africa.our study evaluated correlates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 lesional shedding among men with genital ulcer disease (gud).201020178417
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending a major gynaecological hospital in greece: a cross-sectional study.the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis is not accurately estimated, since it is not a reportable disease.201020203225
regulation of gene expression in protozoa parasites.infections with protozoa parasites are associated with high burdens of morbidity and mortality across the developing world. despite extensive efforts to control the transmission of these parasites, the spread of populations resistant to drugs and the lack of effective vaccines against them contribute to their persistence as major public health problems. parasites should perform a strict control on the expression of genes involved in their pathogenicity, differentiation, immune evasion, or drug r ...201020204171
paromomycin treatment of recalcitrant trichomonas vaginalis.we report a 49-year-old woman with a five-year history of persistent trichomonas vaginalis infection. treatment with several courses of metronidazole and tinidazole failed to resolve her symptoms. a single course of intravaginal paromomycin was effective in clearing the infection.201020215633
high prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women with trichomonas vaginalis infection on monolayer cytology.to evaluate the risk of high-risk human papillomavirus (hpv) infection in women with trichomonas vaginalis infection, and the reason remains unclear.201019940998
immunoproteomics of the active degradome to identify biomarkers for trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted parasite, has many cysteine proteinases (cps); some are involved in trichomonal pathogenesis, express during infection, and antibodies against cps have been detected in patient sera. the goal of this study was to identify the antigenic proteinases of t. vaginalis as potential biomarkers for trichomonosis. the proteases detected when t. vaginalis protein extracts are incubated without protease inhibitors, the trichomonad-active degradome, and the immu ...201019957290
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis in female children and adolescents. 201019963412
diagnostic utility of the genital gram stain in ed patients.the study aimed to determine the diagnostic usefulness of the genital gram stain in an emergency department (ed) population.201020006195
hydrogenosomes of laboratory-induced metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis lines are downsized while those from clinically metronidazole-resistant isolates are not.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common sexually transmitted protozoan in the world and its resistance to metronidazole is increasing. the purpose of this study was to demonstrate that clinical metronidazole resistance in t. vaginalis does not occur via the same mechanism as laboratory-induced metronidazole resistance--that is, via hydrogenosome down sizing. ultrathin sections of this parasite were examined using transmission electron microscopy and the size and area of the cell and hydrogenoso ...201020015182
prevalence and correlates of trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay.we describe the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among san francisco county jail inmates using aptima tv analyte-specific reagents on remnant urine. we detected tv in 15/713 (2.1%) men and 95/297 (32.0%) women. among women, increased age was significantly associated with tv. the benefits of tv screening should be determined.201020023598
immunohistochemical study of the vaginal inflammatory response in experimental trichomoniasis.in the present paper, the acute and subchronical inflammatory processes of the vaginal epithelial were studied in mice experimentally infected with two trichomonas vaginalis strains of different pathogenicity, by means of histological and immunological methods. there was an increase in the stratified epithelium layers as well as edema produced by the increase of vascularization in the propia submucosa and infiltration of leukocytes. the proliferation of the vaginal epithelium favors the settleme ...201020025844
trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats--evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect.this study reports that the cytopathic effect of trichomonas vaginalis, an important human parasite of the urogenital tract, occurs due to mechanical stress and subsequent phagocytosis of the necrotic cells. the investigation was done using a primary culture of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (boecs), grown either in monolayers or as floating cells. trophozoites displaying different virulence levels were co-incubated with boecs for times varying between 1 min and 48 h. analyses were performed us ...201019723359
nucleic-acid amplification testing of urine vs. patient complaint-driven evaluation.the present pilot study compared the ability of a conventional patient complaint-driven approach to that of nucleic-acid amplification testing (naat) of urine to identify those individuals among an adult, urban, emergency department (ed) population infected with chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv). urine for naat was collected for testing after individuals had completed a questionnaire and before being seen by a physician. a total of 614 subject ...201018462909
molecular diagnosis of trichomoniasis in negative samples examined by direct smear and culture.trichomoniasis is an extremely common sexually transmitted infection (sti) worldwide and is associated with important public health problems, including amplification of hiv transmission. this disease is in forms of symptomatic and asymptomatic in women and may depend on host as well as parasite variables. most of the studies reported from females are based on examination of vaginal secretions and urine samples by direct smear and culture in modified diamond's media. the aim of this study was che ...201022347263
study on its1 gene of iranian trichomonas vaginalis by molecular methods.trichomoniasis is a worldwide protozoan parasitic disease and metronidazole is a choice drug for its treatment. because of disease importance in public health and its controversial ideas about the prevalence of drug resistance, this study was carried out.201022347260
development of a latex agglutination test as a simple and rapid method for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.trichomoniasis is a worldwide infection and due to its complications rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection especially in pregnant women is very important. in this study, development of a latex agglutination test using native antigens for rapid diagnosis of trichomoniasis is investigated. trichomonas vaginalis was harvested from tyis33 culture medium and anti trichomonas vaginalis antiserum was raised in rabbits. salt precipitation method was used for antibody purification. polyesteren latex ...201023408769
frequency of trichomoniasis in patients admitted to outpatient clinics in hamadan (2007) and relationship between clinical diag-nosis and laboratory findings.trichomoniasis is recognized as a major sexually transmitted dis-ease (std) in the world and has the highest prevalence and incidence of std. the prevalence strongly is related to cultural and social norms in different socie-ties, in relation to sexual partnership, monogamy, or polygamy. our objective was to describe the frequency and natural history of infection and correlation of clini-cal signs with parasite detection.201022911914
prevalence and etiologic agents of female reproductive tract infection among in-patients and out-patients of a tertiary hospital in benin city, nigeria.reproductive tract infections are public health problems in women of reproductive age and can result in serious consequences if not treated.201022558550
incidence and cytomorphological peculiarities of lower genital tract infections in vault (post hysterectomy) smears versus pap smears from non-hysterectomy subjects: a retrospective study.to evaluate morphology and frequency of lower genital infections in (post hysterectomy) vault smears of women.201123024530
gene diversity of trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis is protozoan parasite responsible for trichomoniasis and is more common in high-risk behavior group such as prostitute individuals. interest in trichomoniasis is due to increase one's susceptibility to viruses such as herpes, human papillomavirus and hiv. the aim of this study was to find genotypic differences between the isolates.201122347304
characterizing ncrnas in human pathogenic protists using high-throughput sequencing technology.ncrnas are key genes in many human diseases including cancer and viral infection, as well as providing critical functions in pathogenic organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protists. until now the identification and characterization of ncrnas associated with disease has been slow or inaccurate requiring many years of testing to understand complicated rna and protein gene relationships. high-throughput sequencing now offers the opportunity to characterize mirnas, sirnas, small nucleola ...201122303390
translation initiation factor eif-5a, the hypusine-containing protein, is phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine and o-glycosylated in trichomonas vaginalis.the eukaryotic translation factor eif-5a is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and undergoes an unusual polyamine-dependent post-translational modification called hypusination. trichomonas vaginalis has two tveif-5a genes (tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2), each encoding a 19-kda protein. in this report, we describe the detection of two forms with different isoelectric points (5.2 and 5.5) that correspond to the precursor and mature tveif-5a, respectively. in addition, we demonstrated that only the m ...201122212642
trichomoniasis: an update.trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) with a prevalence of 5-75%. in india, trichomoniasis accounts for 2-7% of all stis. infection with trichomonas vaginalis is known to cause vaginitis. significant association has also been noted between trichomoniasis and cervical cancer, atypical pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, low birth weight, and respiratory-tract infection in neonates. of interest are the recent documentations of association of this par ...201123508486
hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.uganda has long been successful in controlling the hiv epidemic; however, there is evidence that hiv prevalence and incidence are increasing again. data on the hiv/sti epidemic among sex workers are so far lacking from uganda. this paper describes the baseline epidemiology of hiv/sti in a newly established cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.201123330152
cytoskeleton in trichomonads: i. immunological and biochemical comparative study of costal proteins in the genus tritrichomonas.proteins of the whole cytoskeleton fraction obtained by triton x-100 action on several tritrichomonas species have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis. in addition to tubulins, several major protein components with molecular weights between 100 and 150 kda were separated and presumably represent costal proteins. the partial purification of the costae from the whole cytoskeleton fraction of tritrichomonas foetus treated with 0.3 m ki confirmed the presence of costal proteins in the 100-150 kda z ...201123195538
cloning of a 1.8 kb repeated sequence for the identification and comparison of giardia intestinalis isolates.restriction enzyme digestion of bulk dna from giardia intestinalis reveals the presence of repeated sequences. a prominent 1.8 kb band in the alu i profile was cloned into the puc8 plasmid (pgi7) and used for comparing strains. when blots of dna of 34 isolates from different geographic areas are probed with pgi7, hybridization with identical intensities can be detected. however, some strains give different hybridization patterns with several restriction enzymes. no hybridization of pgi7 can be d ...201123195568
APTIMA® Trichomonas vaginalis, a transcription-mediated amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens.The APTIMA(®) Trichomonas vaginalis (APTIMA TV; Gen-Probe Inc.) assay is the only amplification-based assay for T. vaginalis (TV) currently cleared by the US FDA. The assay was cleared in April 2011. APTIMA TV utilizes target capture specimen processing, transcription-mediated amplification and chemiluminescent probe hybridization for the qualitative detection of TV ribosomal RNA. The assay is used for the screening/diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Specimen types that can be used include ph ...201121902528
[Early diagnosis and correlations of sexually transmitted infections among women in primary care health services].Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in women remain a public health challenge due to high prevalence, difficulties to implement early diagnosis strategies and high rates of complications.201122069014
detection of trichomonas vaginalis by different methods in women from dohok province, iraq.this study compared 4 different diagnostic methods for the detection of trichomonas vaginatis in vaginal swab specimens from women attending a hospital in dohuk in iraq. a total of 425 vaginal swabs were obtained from women complaining of vaginal discharge associated with vaginitis, cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. the results showed that 10 (2.4%) swabs were positive for t. vaginalis by wet smear preparation, 15 (3.5%) by haematoxylin-eosin stained smear, 17 (4.0%) by papanicolaou st ...201122259923
the effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been de-veloped. myrrh is one of the oldest known medicinal plants used by the ancient egyptians for medical purposes and for mummification. commiphora molmol (myrrh) proved safe for male reproductive organ which is the main habitat of t. vaginalis and this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the her ...201122737515
trichomonas vaginalis screening and prevention in order to impact the hiv pandemic: isn't it time we take this infection seriously?trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the second most common sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the world. it is associated with significant morbidity in women: pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), concurrent vaginitis and sexually transmitted infections (stis), post-operative infection, and pregnancy complications. tv infection has been implicated in hiv acquisition and transmission in men and women. there are multiple mechanisms to explain this association. tv is not routinely screened for in asymp ...201124470903
improving diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in resource limited health care settings in sri lanka.this study was designed to compare diagnosis of trichomoniasis by culture, wet smear examination, and giemsa stain. a modified technique was used to transport and prepare the specimen to ensure parasite viability prior to giemsa staining.201122223992
detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab clinical samples from palestinian women by culture.background. trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by trichomonas vaginalis. it is a major health problem worldwide. the world health organization (who) has estimated that 180 million infections are acquired annually worldwide. methodology. vaginal swabs (1207) were cultured for t. vaginalis on trichomonas medium no. 2 (oxoid) soon after specimen collection. the cultures were examined daily using a light microscope to detect the presence of t. vaginalis. results. the prev ...201123724313
gene expression in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.control of gene expression is essential to the survival of an organism. here, we review the current state of gene expression research in trichomonas vaginalis, with particular attention to the progress made since the release of the genome of this unicellular parasite in 2007. the availability of genome data has allowed the study of an array of biological processes, including the role of small nuclear rnas involved in the splicing of introns, the components of transcriptional complexes and the pr ...201121511031
severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection.objective: the purpose of this study was to determine whether the association between bacterial vaginosis (bv) and incident sexually transmitted infection (sti) varies with more extreme bv scores. study design: we analyzed the data from 535 women who were enrolled in a randomized trial to promote dual method contraceptive use. incident sti was defined as any case of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. bv was defined by gram stain ( ...201121514555
trichomonas vaginalis among multiethnic female uk students. 201121561888
interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy.vaginitis due to trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not clearly established whether it causes preterm birth and other pregnancy complications.201121563127
hiv, sti prevalence and risk behaviours among women selling sex in lahore, pakistan.abstract: background: more than 340 million cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (stis) were estimated to have occurred worldwide in 1995. previous studies have shown that the presence of other concomitant stis increases the likelihood of hiv transmission. the first national study of stis conducted in pakistan in 2004 revealed a high burden of stis among women selling sex. the hiv epidemic in pakistan has thus far followed the "asian epidemic model". earlier studies among women selli ...201121569319
effects of periodic presumptive treatment on three bacterial sexually transmissible infections and hiv among female sex workers in port moresby, papua new guinea.background sexually transmissible infections (sti) are common in female sex workers (fsw). aim: to determine if 3-monthly periodic presumptive treatments (ppt) would reduce the prevalence of sti in fsw. methods: in a cohort study conducted between november 2003 and september 2004, fsw were enrolled, counselled and interviewed. informed consent was obtained. testing by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv), ...201121592437
pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in giardia lamblia.objectives the mechanism of action of, and resistance to, metronidazole in the anaerobic (or micro-aerotolerant) protozoan parasite giardia lamblia has long been associated with the reduction of ferredoxin (fd) by the enzyme pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) and the subsequent activation of metronidazole by fd to toxic radical species. resistance to metronidazole has been associated with down-regulation of pfor and fd. the aim of this study was to determine whether the pfor/fd couple is ...201121602576
comparative molecular field analysis (comfa) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (comsia) of some benzimidazole derivatives with trichomonicidal activity.trichomonosis is a common sexually transmitted infectious disease linked to reproductive health complications. recently, the benzimidazole nucleus has emerged as a promising scaffold to develop new trichomonicidal agents. despite the fact that large amounts of experimental data have been accumulated over the past eight years, no quantitative studies have yet been reported on this class of compounds. in our effort to develop new antiparasitic benzimidazole derivatives, we report in this paper com ...201121621311
genital chlamydia, genital herpes, trichomonas vaginalis and gonorrhea prevalence, and risk factors among nearly 70,000 randomly selected women in 4 nordic countries.background:: the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of women reporting ever having genital chlamydia, genital herpes, trichomonas vaginalis, and gonorrhea, and to identify factors associated with each of these sexually transmitted infections (stis). methods:: the study was based on a large cross-sectional survey conducted in 2004-2005 among randomly sampled women (18-45 years) from the computerized population registries in denmark, iceland, norway, and sweden. a total of 69,567 women ...201121844702
the prevalence of urogenital micro-organisms detected by a multiplex pcr-reverse line blot assay in women attending three sexual health clinics in sydney, australia.this study used a previously described multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot (mpcr/rlb) assay to assess the prevalence and distribution of 14 urogenital pathogens or putative pathogens, namely neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, trichomonas vaginalis, gardnerella vaginalis, ureaplasma parvum, ureaplasma urealyticum, neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and human adenoviru ...201121415210
non-sexual transmission of trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent girls attending school in ndola, zambia.to identify risk factors for trichomoniasis among young women in ndola, zambia.201121305023
trichomonas vaginalis infection in women who submit self-obtained vaginal samples after internet recruitment.: submission of self-obtained vaginal samples (sovs) collected at home could remove barriers that women face in getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (stis). internet recruitment of sovs is highly acceptable.201121844738
activity of cuban propolis extracts on leishmania amazonensis and trichomonas vaginalis.in this paper we analyzed the antiprotozoal effects of eighteen cuban propolis extracts (brown, red and yellow type) collected in different geographic areas, using leishmania amazonensis (as a model of intracellular protozoa) and trichomonas vaginalis (as a model of extracellular protozoa). all evaluated propolis extracts caused inhibitory effect on intracellular amastigotes of l. amazonensis. however, cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages from balb/c mice was observed. only five samples decrea ...201121834236
bacterial vaginosis and risk for trichomonas vaginalis infection: a longitudinal analysis.: bacterial vaginosis (bv) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) have been estimated to affect one-quarter to one-third of sexually active women worldwide, and are often found concurrently. few studies have examined this relationship longitudinally to better understand the direction and temporality of this association.201121844747
A preliminary investigation of microsatellite-based genotyping in Trichomonas vaginalis.The genetic epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis is poorly understood at present. The recent release of the organism's genome sequence opens the way to investigation of polymorphic markers allowing strain identification. We here report a preliminary analysis of microsatellite loci in T. vaginalis and show that this approach holds promise for future studies of infection transmission and organism diversity.201121700304
involvement of purinergic signaling on nitric oxide production by neutrophils stimulated with trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite from the human urogenital tract that causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease. the neutrophil infiltration has been considered to be primarily responsible for cytological changes observed at infection site, and the chemoattractants can play an important role in this leukocytic recruitment. nitric oxide (no) is one of the most widespread mediator compounds, and it is implicated in modulation of immunological mechanisms. ex ...201121833696
novel trichomonacidal spermicides.metronidazole, the u.s. food and drug administration-approved drug against trichomoniasis, is nonspermicidal and thus cannot offer pregnancy protection when used vaginally. furthermore, increasing resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to 5-nitro-imidazoles is a cause for serious concern. on the other hand, the vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 (n-9) does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and hiv in clinical situations but may in fact increase their incidence due to its nonspecific, su ...201121709091
phylogeny of parasitic parabasalia and free-living relatives inferred from conventional markers vs. rpb1, a single-copy gene.parabasalia are single-celled eukaryotes (protists) that are mainly comprised of endosymbionts of termites and wood roaches, intestinal commensals, human or veterinary parasites, and free-living species. phylogenetic comparisons of parabasalids are typically based upon morphological characters and 18s ribosomal rna gene sequence data (rdna), while biochemical or molecular studies of parabasalids are limited to a few axenically cultivable parasites. these previous analyses and other studies based ...201121695260
trichomonas vaginalis as a rare cause of male factor infertility at a hospital in east anatolia.trichomonas vaginalis is known as an important cause of sexually transmitted infection in developing countries. the prevalence and spectrum of trichomonasis in men are less characterised. we analysed the presence of t.-ávaginalis in 80 infertile men using wet mount microscopy, giemsa staining, culture and pcr methods. we found 2.5% positivity for t.-ávaginalis using pcr method. wet mount microscopy was ineffective. giemsa staining and culture tests were positive only in one patient. both of our ...201121729126
leukotriene b(4) receptor blt-mediated phosphorylation of nf-+¦b and creb is involved in il-8 production in human mast cells induced by trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes acute tissue inflammation in vaginal trichomoniasis. in this study, we investigated the signaling mechanisms through which t. vaginalis-derived secretory products (tvsp) induce chemokine il-8 production in human mast cells. stimulation with tvsp induced up-regulation of il-8 protein secretion in hmc-1 cells. in addition, tvsp induced phosphorylation of transcription factors nf-+¦b and creb in hmc-1 cells. pretreatment of tvsp with lipase, ...201121824526
male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review).male accessory gland infection (magi) has been identified among those diagnostic categories which have a negative impact on the reproductive function and fertility in males (rowe et-áal., world health organization manual for the standardised investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple, cambridge university press, cambridge, 1993). magi is a hypernym which groups the following different clinical categories: prostatitis, prostate-vesiculitis and prostate-vesiculo-epididymitis. some of the ...201121696400
the n-glycans of trichomonas vaginalis contain variable core and antennal modifications.trichomonad species are widespread unicellular flagellated parasites of vertebrates which interact with their hosts through carbohydrate-lectin interactions. in the past, some data have been accumulated regarding their lipo(phospho)glycans, a major glycoconjugate on their cell surfaces; on the other hand, other than biosynthetic aspects, few details about their n-linked oligosaccharides are known. in this study, we present both mass spectrometric and high-performance liquid chromatography data a ...201121983210
The prevalence and clinical significance of urethritis and cervicitis in asymptomatic people by use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction.Our purpose was to conduct a screening test for urethritis or cervicitis as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic people.201122087366
[advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against parasitic diseases].dihydroartemisinin, the main metabolite of artemisinin and two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug. the present paper systematically reviews the advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against plasmodium, schistosoma, pneumocystis, toxoplasma, trichomonas vaginalis, leishmania, giardia lamblia.201122164870
the core components of organelle biogenesis and membrane transport in the hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protist of the excavata group. it contains an anaerobic form of mitochondria called hydrogenosomes, which produce hydrogen and atp; the majority of mitochondrial pathways and the organellar genome were lost during the mitochondrion-to-hydrogenosome transition. consequently, all hydrogenosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus and imported into the organelles. however, little is known about the membrane machineries required for biogenesis of the organelle an ...201121935410
utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in trichomonas vaginalis-infected women with clinical treatment failure.antimicrobial resistance is one of the causes of treatment failure in women after standard nitroimidazole therapy for trichomonas vaginalis infections. the centers for disease control and prevention provides drug susceptibility testing and guidance for treatment failures but the efficacy of the alternate recommendations has not been assessed.201121934577
Redox-active antiparasitic drugs.Significance: Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represent major health problems. Treatment is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistance, the absence of effective vaccines and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, identification of affordable and readily available drugs against resistant parasites is of global demand. Recent Advances: Susceptibility of many parasites to oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon. There ...201122122517
interaction of trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus with keratin: an important role in parasite infection.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are human and bovine parasites, respectively, that provoke the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis. these extracellular parasites adhere to the host epithelial cell surface. although mucinases and proteases have been described as important proteins for parasite adhesion to epithelial cells, no studies have examined the role of the keratin molecules that cornify the vaginal epithelium. here, we investigated the interaction of t. vaginalis an ...201122012224
a prospective study of vaginal trichomoniasis and hiv-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy.trichomonas vaginalis has been associated with increased vaginal hiv-1 rna shedding in antiretroviral therapy (art)-naïve women. the effect of trichomoniasis on vaginal hiv-1 shedding in art-treated women has not been characterized. we tested the hypothesis that t. vaginalis infection would increase vaginal hiv-1 rna shedding in women on art, and that successful treatment would reduce vaginal hiv-1 rna levels.201122047086
three-year history of transcription-mediated amplification-based trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent testing in a subacute care patient population.a total of 7,899 specimens submitted for live clinical trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent (asr) screening from 2008 to 2010 were audited on the basis of patient gender, specimen source, molecular neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis results, and relative light unit (rlu) data yielded by t. vaginalis asr. only 1.4% of the screening was ordered by emergency department clinicians. the screening volume in 2010 was 126% higher than that in 2008. the proportions of annual female ...201121998416
The association between Trichomonas infection and incarceration in HIV-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women.The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis is higher among incarcerated women than in the general community. We sought to determine whether a history of incarceration itself was independently associated with trichomoniasis.201122082718
characterization of rnase mrp rna and novel snornas from giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis.eukaryotic cells possess a complex network of rna machineries which function in rna-processing and cellular regulation which includes transcription, translation, silencing, editing and epigenetic control. studies of model organisms have shown that many ncrnas of the rna-infrastructure are highly conserved, but little is known from non-model protists. in this study we have conducted a genome-scale survey of medium-length ncrnas from the protozoan parasites giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vag ...201122053856
the trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome proteome is highly reduced relative to mitochondria, yet complex compared with mitosomes.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis lacks conventional mitochondria and instead contains divergent mitochondrial-related organelles. these double-membrane bound organelles, called hydrogenosomes, produce molecular hydrogen. phylogenetic and biochemical analyses of hydrogenosomes indicate a common origin with mitochondria; however identification of hydrogenosomal proteins and studies on its metabolism have been limited. here we provide a detailed proteomic analysis of the t. vaginalis hydrog ...201122079833
Murine models of vaginal trichomonad infections.Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus cause common sexually transmitted infections in humans and cattle, respectively. Mouse models of trichomoniasis are important for pathogenic and therapeutic studies. Here, we compared murine genital infections with T. vaginalis and T. foetus. Persistent vaginal infection with T. foetus was established with 100 parasites but T. vaginalis infection required doses of 10(6), perhaps because of greater susceptibility to killing by mouse vaginal polymorp ...201121976570
identification of putative mirnas from the deep-branching unicellular flagellates.micrornas (mirnas) are a class of extensively studied rnai-associated small rnas that play a critical role in eukaryotic gene regulation. however, knowledge on the mirna and its regulation in unicellular eukaryotes is very limited. in order to obtain a better understanding on the origin of mirna regulation system, we used deep-sequencing technology to investigate the mirna expression pattern in four deep-branching unicellular flagellates: giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis, tritrichomonas fo ...201122120185
trichomonas vaginalis pathobiology new insights from the genome sequence.the draft genome of the common sexually transmitted pathogen trichomonas vaginalis encodes one of the largest known proteome with 60,000 candidate proteins. this provides parasitologists and molecular cell biologists alike with exciting, yet challenging, opportunities to unravel the molecular features of the parasite's cellular systems and potentially the molecular basis of its pathobiology. here, recent investigations addressing selected aspects of the parasite's molecular cell biology are disc ...201122137583
antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical screening of voacanga globosa (blanco) merr. leaf extract (apocynaceae).to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic, and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of leaves of voacanga globosa (blanco) merr. (v. globosa).201122014741
comparison of dacron and nylon-flocked self-collected vaginal swabs and urine for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis using analyte-specific reagents in a transcription-mediated amplification assay.objectivesto compare self-collected vaginal swab (scvs) types and first-catch urine (fcu) to diagnose trichomonas vaginalis using analyte-specific reagents designed to be used in a transcription-mediated amplification assay.methodsa total of 241 women (group a) collected a fcu and a scvs using a dacron swab (aptima collection kit). a second group of 289 women (group b) collected two scvs using one dacron swab and one nylon-flocked swab.resultsof 75 young women (street youth) determined to be inf ...201122166474
a machine-learning approach to identify hydrogenosomal proteins in trichomonas vaginalis.the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most widespread non-viral sexually transmitted disease in humans. it possesses hydrogenosomes - anaerobic mitochondria that generate h(2), co(2), and acetate from pyruvate while converting adp to atp via substrate level phosphorylation. t. vaginalis hydrogenosomes lack a genome and translation machinery, hence they import all their proteins from the cytosol, but to date only 30 imported proteins have been ...201122140228
chemical structure of trichomonas vaginalis surface lipoglycan: a role for short galactose (β1-4/3) n-acetylglucosamine repeats in host cell interaction.the extracellular parasite trichomonas vaginalis contains a surface glycoconjugate that appears to mediate parasite-host cell interaction via binding to human galectin-1. this glycoconjugate also elicits cytokine production from human vaginal epithelial cells, implicating its role in modulation of host immune responses. we have analyzed the structure of this glycoconjugate, previously described to contain the sugars rhamnose (rha), n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac), galactose (gal), xylose (xyl), n-a ...201121900246
molecular testing for trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective u.s. clinical trial.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased susceptibility to infection with other pathogenic sexually transmitted microorganisms. nucleic acid amplification tests for trichomonas vaginalis have improved sensitivity for detecting infected individuals compared to existing culture-based methods. this prospective, multicenter u.s. clinical trial evaluated the performance of the automated aptima t. vaginalis assay for detecti ...201121940475
ultrastructural changes during asexual multiple reproduction in trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite, is commonly found in the genitourinary tract of humans. its mode of reproduction has always been reported to be binary fission. the high parasite numbers seen in a relatively short period in in vitro cultures led us to believe that there must be other modes of reproduction. the present study for the first time provides transformational evidence at the ultrastructural level seen in tropohozoites of t. vaginalis undergoing a multiple asexual ...201122076052
first report of anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of the medicinal plant polygala decumbens from the brazilian semi-arid region, caatinga.trichomonosis, caused by the flagellate protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. actually, the infection treatment is based on 5-nitroimidazole drugs. however, an emergent number of resistant isolates makes important the search for new therapeutic arsenal. in this sense, the investigation of plants and their metabolites is an interesting approach. in the present study, the anti-t. vaginalis activity of 44 aqueous extracts from 23 caati ...201122205352
[which is the best empirical treatment in patients with urethritis?].to know the best empirical treatment of urethritis in patients at the city center of madrid.201121947096
antiprotozoal activity of proton-pump inhibitors.parasitic diseases are still a major health problem in developing countries. in our effort to find new antiparasitic agents, in this letter we report the in vitro antiprotozoal activity of omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and pantoprazole against trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. molecular modeling studies were an important tool to highlight the potential antiprotozoal activity of these drugs. experimental evaluations revealed a strong activity for all c ...201122047694
[incidence in sivas of trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginitis].objective: trichomonas vaginalis infection is a common disease among women and an important public health problem. the present study is performed to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis among the 258 women admitted to sivas state hospital, gynecology department with a variety of symptoms and vaginitis. the ages of patients ranges from 17 to 80 years. methods: during the gynecologic examination two samples were taken from the vagina fornix and the first one was placed ...201122203503
sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviors among african american women who have sex with women: does sex with men make a difference?we sought to determine the prevalence of infection with chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma genitalium, syphilis, and hiv among african american women who have sex with women (aawsw), and compare sociodemographics, sexual risk behavior characteristics, and sti diagnoses among women reporting sex exclusively with women (exclusive aawsw) to women reporting sex with both women and men (aawswm) during the past 12 months.201122082722
cytology and clinical spectrum of sexually transmitted infections in lebanese women as revealed by pap smear: a cross-sectional study from 2002-2006.to study the cytology profile of cervical smears and the respective prevalence and incidence of certain cervico-vaginal infections detectable by routine pap smear cytology in lebanese women from 2002 to 2006. pap smear cytology results were compiled from the archives of the institut national de pathologie for the period extending from 2002 until 2006. this study covered 118,230 cervical specimens obtained from lebanese women attending clinics and hospitals in all the five districts of lebanon; p ...201122023770
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of palladium(II) salicylaldiminato thiosemicarbazone complexes against Trichomonas vaginalis.Eight mononuclear Pd(II) complexes containing salicylaldiminato thiosemicarbazones (saltsc-R; where R=H (1), 3-OMe (2), 3-(t)Bu (3) and 5-Cl (4)) as dinegative tridentate ligands were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding thiosemicarbazone with the precursor Pd(L)(2)Cl(2) (L=phosphatriazaadamantane or 4-picoline) in the presence of a weak base. These complexes (9-16) were characterised by a range of spectroscopic and analytical techniques including NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. ...201122071079
Pathogenic lower genital tract organisms in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and their association with postpartum infectious morbidity.To determine the prevalence of vaginal pathogens during pregnancy and their impact on postpartum infectious morbidity among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected, and HIV-uninfected, women.201121920099
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