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a self-inducible heterologous protein expression system in escherichia coli.escherichia coli is an important experimental, medical and industrial cell factory for recombinant protein production. the inducible lac promoter is one of the most commonly used promoters for heterologous protein expression in e. coli. isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (iptg) is currently the most efficient molecular inducer for regulating this promoter's transcriptional activity. however, limitations have been observed in large-scale and microplate production, including toxicity, cost and culture ...201627611846
genomic characterization of the novel aeromonas hydrophila phage ahp1 suggests the derivation of a new subgroup from phikmv-like family.aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium causing diseases in human and fish. the emergence of multidrug-resistant a. hydrophila isolates has been increasing in recent years. in this study, we have isolated a novel virulent podophage of a. hydrophila, designated as ahp1, from waste water. ahp1 has a rapid adsorption (96% adsorbed in 2 min), a latent period of 15 min, and a burst size of 112 pfu per infected cell. at least eighteen ahp1 virion proteins were visualized in sds-p ...201627603936
high-quality draft genome sequences of two xanthomonas pathotype strains infecting aroid plants.we present here the draft genome sequences of bacterial pathogens of the araceae family, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae lmg 695 and xanthomonas campestris pv. syngonii lmg 9055, differing in host range. a comparison between genome sequences will help understand the mechanisms involved in tissue specificity and adaptation to host plants.201627587819
exploiting indigenous knowledge of subsistence farmers' for the management and conservation of enset (ensete ventricosum (welw.) cheesman) (musaceae family) diversity on-farm.enset (ensete ventricosum (welw.) cheesman) belongs to the order sctaminae, the family musaceae. the musaceae family is subdivided into the genera musa and ensete. enset is an important staple crop for about 20 million people in the country. recent publications on enset ethnobotany are insignificant when compared to the diverse ethnolingustic communities in the country. hence, this paper try to identify and document wealth of indigenous knowledge associated with the distribution, diversity, and ...201627586388
regulation of organic hydroperoxide stress response by two ohrr homologs in pseudomonas aeruginosa.pseudomonas aeruginosa ohrr and ospr are gene homologs encoding oxidant sensing transcription regulators. ospr is known to regulate gpx, encoding a glutathione peroxidase, while ohrr regulates the expression of ohr that encodes an organic peroxide specific peroxiredoxin. here, we show that ospr mediated gpx expression, like ohrr and ohr, specifically responds to organic hydroperoxides as compared to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion. furthermore, the regulation of these two systems is inter ...201627560944
the intervening sequence of coxiella burnetii: characterization and evolution.the intervening sequence (ivs) of coxiella burnetii, the agent of q fever, is a 428-nt selfish genetic element located in helix 45 of the precursor 23s rrna. the ivs element, in turn, contains an orf that encodes a hypothetical ribosomal s23 protein (s23p). although s23p can be synthesized in vitro in the presence of an engineered e. coli promoter and ribosome binding site, results suggest that the protein is not synthesized in vivo. in spite of a high degree of ivs conservation among different ...201627595093
draft genome sequences of three xanthomonas translucens pathovar reference strains (pv. arrhenatheri, pv. poae and pv. phlei) with different specificities for forage grasses.as causal agents of bacterial wilt in pastures and meadows, bacteria of the species xanthomonas translucens are a serious issue in forage grass production. so far, only little is known about host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and the lack of comprehensive genome data impeded targeted breeding strategies towards resistant forage grass cultivars. here we announce the draft genome sequences of three grass-pathogenic xanthomonas translucens pathotype strains, i.e. pv. arrhenatheri lmg ...201627536340
two distinct mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by the redox sensor yodb.for bacteria, cysteine thiol groups in proteins are commonly used as thiol-based switches for redox sensing to activate specific detoxification pathways and restore the redox balance. among the known thiol-based regulatory systems, the marr/duf24 family regulators have been reported to sense and respond to reactive electrophilic species, including diamide, quinones, and aldehydes, with high specificity. here, we report that the prototypical regulator yodb of the marr/duf24 family from bacillus s ...201627531959
interaction network and mass spectrometry data of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri surface proteins from differential proteomic analysis of infectious and non-infectious cells.here we provide the mass-spectrometry and in silico interaction network dataset of proteins identified on our research article on surface proteomic analysis from xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xac) cells grown in vivo (infectious) and in vitro (non-infectious, control) by 2d-dige approach. fluorescence labeling of proteins were performed on intact cells followed by cellular lysis and labeled spots from 2d gel differing in abundance between the two conditions (anova, p-value<0.05) were analyzed ...201627595129
antimicrobial profile of arthrobacter kerguelensis vl-rk_09 isolated from mango orchards.an actinobacterial strain vl-rk_09 having potential antimicrobial activities was isolated from a mango orchard in krishna district, andhra pradesh (india) and was identified as arthrobacter kerguelensis. the strain a. kerguelensis vl-rk_09 exhibited a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. production of bioactive metabolites by the strain was the highest in modified yeast extract malt extract dextrose broth, as compared to other media tested. lactose (1%) a ...201627515463
dispersal of human and plant pathogens biofilms via nitric oxide donors at 4 °c.recent studies suggest that nitric oxide donors capable of manipulating nitric oxide-mediated signaling in bacteria could induce dispersal of biofilms. encased in extracellular polymeric substances, human and plant pathogens within biofilms are significantly more resistant to sanitizers. this is particularly a problem in refrigerated environments where food is processed. in an exercise aimed to study the potential of nitric oxide donors as biofilm dispersal in refrigerated conditions, we compare ...201627457245
from discovery to production: biotechnology of marine fungi for the production of new antibiotics.filamentous fungi are well known for their capability of producing antibiotic natural products. recent studies have demonstrated the potential of antimicrobials with vast chemodiversity from marine fungi. development of such natural products into lead compounds requires sustainable supply. marine biotechnology can significantly contribute to the production of new antibiotics at various levels of the process chain including discovery, production, downstream processing, and lead development. howev ...201627455283
the molecular basis for ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like specificities in bacterial effector proteases.pathogenic bacteria rely on secreted effector proteins to manipulate host signaling pathways, often in creative ways. ce clan proteases, specific hydrolases for ubiquitin-like modifications (sumo and nedd8) in eukaryotes, reportedly serve as bacterial effector proteins with desumoylase, deubiquitinase, or, even, acetyltransferase activities. here, we characterize bacterial ce protease activities, revealing k63-linkage-specific deubiquitinases in human pathogens, such as salmonella, escherichia, ...201627425412
promiscuous diffusible signal factor production and responsiveness of the xylella fastidiosa rpf system.cell density-dependent regulation of gene expression in xylella fastidiosa that is crucial to its switching between plant hosts and insect vectors is dependent on rpff and its production of 2-enoic acids known as diffusible signal factor (dsf). we show that x. fastidiosa produces a particularly large variety of similar, relatively long-chain-length 2-enoic acids that are active in modulating gene expression. both x. fastidiosa itself and a pantoea agglomerans surrogate host harboring x. fastidio ...201627435463
dcsbis (pa2771) from pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly active diguanylate cyclase with unique activity regulation.c-di-gmp (3',5' -cyclic diguanylic acid) is an important second messenger in bacteria that influences virulence, motility, biofilm formation, and cell division. the level of c-di-gmp in cells is controlled by diguanyl cyclases (dgcs) and phosphodiesterases (pdes). here, we report the biochemical functions and crystal structure of the potential diguanylase dcsbis (pa2771, a diguanylate cyclase with a self-blocked i-site) from pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. the full-length dcsbis protein contains an ...201627388857
dynamic light scattering of xanthan gum biopolymer in colloidal dispersion.the dynamical properties of nanogels of xanthan gum (xg) with hydrodynamic radius controlled in a size range from 5 nm to 35 nm, were studied at the different xg concentrations in water/sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (aot)/decane reverse micelles (rms) vs. mass fraction of nano-droplet (mfd) at w = 40, using dynamic light scattering (dls). the diffusion study of nanometer-sized droplets by dls technique indicated that enhancing concentration of the xg polysaccharide resulted in exchangin ...201627489730
next-generation sequencing diagnostics of bacteremia in septic patients.bloodstream infections remain one of the major challenges in intensive care units, leading to sepsis or even septic shock in many cases. due to the lack of timely diagnostic approaches with sufficient sensitivity, mortality rates of sepsis are still unacceptably high. however a prompt diagnosis of the causative microorganism is critical to significantly improve outcome of bloodstream infections. although various targeted molecular tests for blood samples are available, time-consuming blood cultu ...201627368373
discovery and identification of candidate genes from the chitinase gene family for verticillium dahliae resistance in cotton.verticillium dahliae, a destructive and soil-borne fungal pathogen, causes massive losses in cotton yields. however, the resistance mechanism to v. dahilae in cotton is still poorly understood. accumulating evidence indicates that chitinases are crucial hydrolytic enzymes, which attack fungal pathogens by catalyzing the fungal cell wall degradation. as a large gene family, to date, the chitinase genes (chis) have not been systematically analyzed and effectively utilized in cotton. here, we ident ...201627354165
morphological and physiological changes induced by contact-dependent interaction between candida albicans and fusobacterium nucleatum.candida albicans and fusobacterium nucleatum are well-studied oral commensal microbes with pathogenic potential that are involved in various oral polymicrobial infectious diseases. recently, we demonstrated that f. nucleatum atcc 23726 coaggregates with c. albicans sn152, a process mainly mediated by fusobacterial membrane protein radd and candida cell wall protein flo9. the aim of this study was to investigate the potential biological impact of this inter-kingdom interaction. we found that f. n ...201627295972
an innate immunity pathway in the moss physcomitrella patens.map kinase (mpk) cascades in arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. much less is known of mpk functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss physcomitrella patens here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in p. patens required for immunity triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps). this pathway induces rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, cell wall depositions, an ...201627268428
identification of the c-terminal gh5 domain from cbcel9b/man5a as the first glycoside hydrolase with thermal activation property from a multimodular bifunctional enzyme.caldicellulosiruptor bescii encodes at least six unique multimodular glycoside hydrolases crucial for plant cell wall polysaccharides degradation, with each having two catalytic domains separated by two to three carbohydrate binding modules. among the six enzymes, three have one n- or c-terminal gh5 domain with identical amino acid sequences. despite a few reports on some of these multimodular enzymes, little is known about how the conserved gh5 domains behave, which are believed to be important ...201627258548
complete genome sequences of lytic bacteriophages of xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis.three bacteriophages, f20-xaj, f29-xaj, and f30-xaj, with lytic activity against xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis were isolated from walnut trees (viii bío bío region, chile). these lytic bacteriophages have double-stranded dna (dsdna) genomes of 43,851 bp, 41,865 bp, and 44,262 bp, respectively. these are the first described bacteriophages with lytic activity against x. arboricola pv. juglandis that can be utilized as biocontrol agents.201627257210
presence of extracellular dna during biofilm formation by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strains with different host range.xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) a strain causes citrus bacterial canker, a serious leaf, fruit and stem spotting disease of several citrus species. x. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis (xac) is the cause of citrus bacterial spot, a minor disease of citrus nursery plants and x. campestris pv. campestris (xc) is a systemic pathogen that causes black rot of cabbage. xanthomonas spp. form biofilms in planta that facilitate the host infection process. herein, the role of extracellular dna (edna) was ...201627248687
emerging insights on brazilian pepper tree (schinus terebinthifolius) invasion: the potential role of soil microorganisms.invasive plant species constitute a major ecological and economic problem worldwide, often distorting trophic levels and ecosystem balance. numerous studies implicate factors ranging from environmental plasticity, competition for nutrient and space, and allelopathy in the success of invasive species in general. the brazilian pepper tree (bp) was introduced to the united states in the 1800s and has since become a category one invasive plant in florida. it has aggressively spread to about 3000 km( ...201627252726
the influence of a modified lipopolysaccharide o-antigen on the biosynthesis of xanthan in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris b100.the exopolysaccharide xanthan is a natural product which is extensively used in industry. it is a thickening agent in many fields, from oil recovery to the food sector. xanthan is produced by the gram negative bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). we analyzed the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of three mutant strains of the xcc wild type b100 to distinguish if the xanthan production can be increased when lps biosynthesis is affected.201627215401
cloning and expression analysis of cinnamoyl-coa reductase (ccr) genes in sorghum.cinnamoyl-coa reductase (ccr) is the first enzyme in the monolignol-specific branch of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. in this research, three sorghum ccr genes including sbccr1, sbccr2-1 and sbccr2-2 were cloned and characterized. analyses of the structure and phylogeny of the three ccr genes showed evolutionary conservation of the functional domains and divergence of function. transient expression assays in nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated that the three ccr proteins were localized i ...201627231650
detecting cell lysis using viscosity monitoring in e. coli fermentation to prevent product loss.monitoring the physical or chemical properties of cell broths to infer cell status is often challenging due to the complex nature of the broth. key factors indicative of cell status include cell density, cell viability, product leakage, and dna release to the fermentation broth. the rapid and accurate prediction of cell status for hosts with intracellular protein products can minimise product loss due to leakage at the onset of cell lysis in fermentation. this article reports the rheological exa ...201627111912
type ii toxin-antitoxin distribution and adaptive aspects on xanthomonas genomes: focus on xanthomonas citri.prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems were first described as being designed to prevent plasmid loss in bacteria. however, with the increase in prokaryotic genome sequencing, recently many tas have been found in bacterial chromosomes, having other biological functions, such as environmental stress response. to date, only few studies have focused on ta systems in phytopathogens, and their possible impact on the bacterial fitness. this may be especially important for pathogens like xanthomonas ...201627242687
plant genetic background increasing the efficiency and durability of major resistance genes to root-knot nematodes can be resolved into a few resistance qtls.with the banning of most chemical nematicides, the control of root-knot nematodes (rkns) in vegetable crops is now based essentially on the deployment of single, major resistance genes (r-genes). however, these genes are rare and their efficacy is threatened by the capacity of rkns to adapt. in pepper, several dominant r-genes are effective against rkns, and their efficacy and durability have been shown to be greater in a partially resistant genetic background. however, the genetic determinants ...201627242835
stenotrophomonas maltophilia phop, a two-component response regulator, involved in antimicrobial susceptibilities.stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a gram-negative bacterium, has increasingly emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. it is well-known for resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents including cationic antimicrobial polypeptides (caps). resistance to polymyxin b, a kind of caps, is known to be controlled by the two-component system phopq. to unravel the role of phopq in polymyxin b resistance of s. maltophilia, a phop mutant was constructed. we found mics of polymyxin b, chloramphenicol, am ...201627159404
supporting community annotation and user collaboration in the integrated microbial genomes (img) system.the exponential growth of genomic data from next generation technologies renders traditional manual expert curation effort unsustainable. many genomic systems have included community annotation tools to address the problem. most of these systems adopted a "wiki-based" approach to take advantage of existing wiki technologies, but encountered obstacles in issues such as usability, authorship recognition, information reliability and incentive for community participation.201627118214
genome-wide transcription start site mapping of bradyrhizobium japonicum grown free-living or in symbiosis - a rich resource to identify new transcripts, proteins and to study gene regulation.differential rna-sequencing (drna-seq) is indispensable for determination of primary transcriptomes. however, using drna-seq data to map transcriptional start sites (tsss) and promoters genome-wide is a bioinformatics challenge. we performed drna-seq of bradyrhizobium japonicum usda 110, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean, and developed algorithms to map tsss and promoters.201627107716
identification of novel major and minor qtls associated with xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (african strains) resistance in rice (oryza sativa l.).xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (bb), an emerging disease in rice in west-africa which can induce up to 50 % of yield losses. so far, no specific resistance gene or qtl to african xoo were mapped. the objectives of this study were to identify and map novels and specific resistance qtls to african xoo strains.201627107993
edgar 2.0: an enhanced software platform for comparative gene content analyses.the rapidly increasing availability of microbial genome sequences has led to a growing demand for bioinformatics software tools that support the functional analysis based on the comparison of closely related genomes. by utilizing comparative approaches on gene level it is possible to gain insights into the core genes which represent the set of shared features for a set of organisms under study. vice versa singleton genes can be identified to elucidate the specific properties of an individual gen ...201627098043
polysaccharide-based membranes in food packaging applications.plastic packaging is essential nowadays. however, the huge environmental problem caused by landfill disposal of non-biodegradable polymers in the end of life has to be minimized and preferentially eliminated. the solution may rely on the use of biopolymers, in particular polysaccharides. these macromolecules with film-forming properties are able to produce attracting biodegradable materials, possibly applicable in food packaging. despite all advantages of using polysaccharides obtained from diff ...201627089372
differences in stability of seed-associated microbial assemblages in response to invasion by phytopathogenic microorganisms.seeds are involved in the vertical transmission of microorganisms from one plant generation to another and consequently act as reservoirs for the plant microbiota. however, little is known about the structure of seed-associated microbial assemblages and the regulators of assemblage structure. in this work, we have assessed the response of seed-associated microbial assemblages of raphanus sativus to invading phytopathogenic agents, the bacterial strain xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) ...201627077013
systematic mutational analysis of histidine kinase genes in the nosocomial pathogen stenotrophomonas maltophilia identifies bfmak system control of biofilm development.the gram-negative bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilialives in diverse ecological niches. as a result of its formidable capabilities of forming biofilm and its resistance to multiple antibiotic agents, the bacterium is also a nosocomial pathogen of serious threat to the health of patients whose immune systems are suppressed or compromised. besides the histidine kinase rpfc, the two-component signal transduction system (tcs), which is the canonical regulatory machinery used by most bacterial pa ...201626873318
3-methylthiopropionic acid of rhizoctonia solani ag-3 and its role in the pathogenicity of the fungus.studies were conducted to determine the role of 3-methylthioproprionic acid (mtpa) in the pathogenicity of potato stem canker, rhizoctonia solani, and the concentrations required to inhibit growth of r. solani under laboratory and plant house-based conditions. the experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. the treatments were 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mm concentrations of mtpa. the purified toxin exhibited maximal activity at ph 2.5 and 30°c. ...201627147928
genetics and molecular mapping of black rot resistance locus xca1bc on chromosome b-7 in ethiopian mustard (brassica carinata a. braun).black rot caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (pam.) dowson is the most destructive disease of cauliflower causing huge loss to the farmers throughout the world. since there are limited sources of resistance to black rot in b. oleracea (c genome brassica), exploration of a and b genomes of brassica was planned as these were thought to be potential reservoirs of black rot resistance gene(s). in our search for new gene(s) for black rot resistance, f2 mapping population was developed in ...201627023128
natural personal care products-analysis of ingredient lists and legal situation.many natural substances are classified as dangerous substances according to the european regulation on classification and labelling. are they used in natural personal care products today? one hundred ingredient lists were analyzed to find this out.201627752443
the atp-dependent rna helicase hrpb plays an important role in motility and biofilm formation in xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.rna helicases are enzymes that catalyze the separation of double-stranded rna (dsrna) using the free energy of atp binding and hydrolysis. dead/deah families participate in many different aspects of rna metabolism, including rna synthesis, rna folding, rna-rna interactions, rna localization and rna degradation. several important bacterial dead/deah-box rna helicases have been extensively studied. in this study, we characterize the atp-dependent rna helicase encoded by the hrpb (xac0293) gene usi ...201627005008
crystal structure of the vicilin from solanum melongena reveals existence of different anionic ligands in structurally similar pockets.crystal structure of a vicilin, sm80.1, was determined towards exploring its possible physiological functions. the protein was purified from solanum melongena by combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. structure was determined ab initio at resolution of 1.5 å by x-ray crystallography showing the three-dimensional topology of the trimeric protein. each monomer of sm80.1 consists of two similar domains with hydrophobic binding pocket and each accommodating ...201627004988
genome sequence of type strains of genus stenotrophomonas.genomic resource of type strains and historically important strains of genus stenotrophomonas allowed us to reveal the existence of 18 distinct species by applying modern phylogenomic criterions. apart from stenotrophomonas maltophilia, s. africana represents another species of clinical importance. interestingly, pseudomonas hibsicola, p. beteli, and s. pavani that are of plant origin are closer to s. maltophilia than the majority of the environmental isolates. the genus has an open pan-genome. ...201627014232
two overlapping two-component systems in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae contribute to full fitness in rice by regulating virulence factors expression.two-component signal transduction systems (tcss) are widely used by bacteria to adapt to the environment. in the present study, stos (stress tolerance-related oxygen sensor) and srekrs (salt response kinase, regulator, and sensor) were found to positively regulate extracellular polysaccharide (eps) production and swarming in the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). surprisingly, the absence of stos or srekrs did not attenuate virulence. to better understand the intrinsic functions ...201626957113
crp is an activator of yersinia pestis biofilm formation that operates via a mechanism involving gmha and waaae-coad.gmha encodes a phosphoheptose isomerase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of heptose, a conserved component of lipopolysaccharide (lps). gmha plays an important role in yersinia pestis biofilm blockage in the flea gut. waaa, waae, and coad constitute a three-gene operon waaae-coad in y. pestis. waaa encodes a transferase that is responsible for binding lipid-a to the core oligosaccharide of lps. waaa is a key determinant in y. pestis biofilm formation, and the waaa expression is positively regulat ...201627014218
the placental membrane microbiome is altered among subjects with spontaneous preterm birth with and without chorioamnionitis.preterm birth (ptb) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality and is not uncommonly associated with chorioamnionitis. we recently have demonstrated that the placenta harbors a unique microbiome with similar flora to the oral community. we also have shown an association of these placental microbiota with ptb, history of antenatal infection, and excess maternal weight gain. on the basis of these previous observations, we hypothesized that the placental membranes would retain a microbi ...201626965447
draft genome sequence of pantoea ananatis strain amg521, a rice plant growth-promoting bacterial endophyte isolated from the guadalquivir marshes in southern spain.the rice endophyte pantoea ananatis amg521 shows several plant growth-promoting properties and promotes rice yield increases. its draft genome was estimated at 4,891,568 bp with 4,704 coding sequences (cds). the genome encodes genes for n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) synthases, ahl hydrolases, hyperadherence (yidq, yidp, and yidr), fusaric acid resistance, and oxidation of lignin, highlighting its biotechnological potential.201626893418
structure of xanthan gum and cell ultrastructure at different times of alkali stress.the effect of alkali stress on the yield, viscosity, gum structure, and cell ultrastructure of xanthan gum was evaluated at the end of fermentation process of xanthan production by xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis 280-95. although greater xanthan production was observed after a 24h-alkali stress process, a lower viscosity was observed when compared to the alkali stress-free gum, regardless of the alkali stress time. however, this outcome is not conclusive as further studies on gum purificati ...201626887232
in vitro and in vivo correlation of colon-targeted compression-coated tablets.this study was performed to assess and correlate in vitro drug release with in vivo absorption of prednisolone (pdl) from a colon-targeted tablet prepared by compression coating of core tablet. in vivo drug absorption study was conducted using a high performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) method, which was developed and validated for the estimation of pdl in rabbit plasma. the calibration curve showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.05 to 50 μg/ml with the correlation coefficient (r ...201626989562
draft genome sequences of two strains of xanthomonas arboricola pv. celebensis isolated from banana plants.we report here the annotated draft genome sequences of strains xanthomonas arboricola pv. celebensis ncppb 1832 and ncppb 1630 (ncppb, national collection of plant pathogenic bacteria), both isolated from musa species in new zealand. this will allow the comparison of genomes between phylogenetically distant xanthomonads that have independently converged with the ability to colonize banana plants.201626868395
characterization of the gntr family regulator hpar1 of the crucifer black rot pathogen xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris.the gntr family transcription regulator hpar1 identified from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris has been previously shown to positively regulate the genes responsible for hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity and to autorepress its own expression. here, we demonstrated that hpar1 is a global regulator that positively regulates diverse biological processes, including xanthan polysaccharide production, extracellular enzyme activity, cell motility and tolerance to various stresses. to inves ...201626818230
natural products from marine fungi--still an underrepresented resource.marine fungi represent a huge potential for new natural products and an increased number of new metabolites have become known over the past years, while much of the hidden potential still needs to be uncovered. representative examples of biodiversity studies of marine fungi and of natural products from a diverse selection of marine fungi from the author's lab are highlighting important aspects of this research. if one considers the huge phylogenetic diversity of marine fungi and their almost ubi ...201626784209
identification of the key sequence in the flik c-terminal domain for substrate specificity switching in the flagellar protein secretion.the flagellar hook is a short tubular structure located between the external filament and the membrane-bound basal body. the average hook length is 55 nm and is determined by the soluble protein flik and the integral membrane protein flhb. hook elongation is terminated by flik-mediated cessation of hook protein secretion, followed by the secretion of filamentous proteins. this process is referred to as the substrate specificity switch. switching of the secretion modes results from a direct inter ...201626527646
the type ii secreted lipase/esterase lesa is a key virulence factor required for xylella fastidiosa pathogenesis in grapevines.pierce's disease (pd) of grapevines is caused by xylella fastidiosa (xf), a xylem-limited gamma-proteobacterium that is responsible for several economically important crop diseases. the occlusion of xylem elements and interference with water transport by xf and its associated biofilm have been posited as the main cause of pd symptom development; however, xf virulence mechanisms have not been described. analysis of the xf secretome revealed a putative lipase/esterase (lesa) that was abundantly se ...201626753904
isolation and characterization of pepper genes interacting with the cmv-p1 helicase domain.cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) is a destructive pathogen affecting capsicum annuum (pepper) production. the pepper cmr1 gene confers resistance to most cmv strains, but is overcome by cmv-p1 in a process dependent on the cmv-p1 rna1 helicase domain (p1 helicase). here, to identify host factors involved in cmv-p1 infection in pepper, a yeast two-hybrid library derived from a c. annuum 'bukang' cdna library was screened, producing a total of 76 potential clones interacting with the p1 helicase. beta- ...201626751216
effect of site-directed mutagenesis at the ggeef domain of the biofilm forming ggeef protein from vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae, the cause of seven noted pandemics, leads a dual lifecycle-one in the human host in its virulent form, and the other as a sessile, non-virulent bacterium in aquatic bodies in surface biofilms. surface biofilms have been attributed to be associated with a ubiquitous protein domain present in all branches of bacteria, known as the ggd(/e)ef domain. while the diguanlyate cyclase activities of these proteins are universally established, the role of these proteins as diguanlyate-spec ...201626728467
the dsf type quorum sensing signalling system rpff/r regulates diverse phenotypes in the opportunistic pathogen cronobacter.several bacterial pathogens produce diffusible signal factor (dsf)-type quorum sensing (qs) signals to control biofilm formation and virulence. previous work showed that in burkholderia cenocepacia the rpffbc/rpfr system is involved in sensing and responding to dsf signals and that this signal/sensor gene pair is highly conserved in several bacterial species including cronobacter spp. here we show that c. turicensis lmg 23827(t) possesses a functional rpff/r system that is involved in the regula ...201626725701
7-hydroxycalamenene effects on secreted aspartic proteases activity and biofilm formation of candida spp.the 7-hydroxycalamenenene-rich essential oil (eo) obtained from the leaves of croton cajucara (red morphotype) have been described as active against bacteria, protozoa, and fungi species. in this work, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 7-hydroxycalamenenene against candida albicans and nonalbicans species.201627019560
embryo localization enhances the survival of acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds.acidovorax citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (bfb) of cucurbits has been observed to survive for >34 years in stored melon and watermelon seeds. to better understand this remarkable longevity, we investigated the bacterium's tolerance to desiccation and the effect of bacterial localization in different watermelon seed tissues on its survival. we compared the ability of a. citrulli to tolerate desiccation on filter paper discs and on host (watermelon) and nonhost (cabbage, corn ...201626756827
the type iii effector avrxccb in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in arabidopsis.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. the type iii effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. however, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type iii effector avrxccb in xcc. here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of avrxccb and the possible underlying mechanisms. avrxccb was demonstrated to be secreted in a type iii sec ...201627241588
detection of novel integrons in the metagenome of human saliva.integrons are genetic elements capable of capturing and expressing open reading frames (orfs) embedded within gene cassettes. they are involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (args) in clinically important pathogens. although the args are common in the oral cavity the association of integrons and antibiotic resistance has not been reported there. in this work, a pcr-based approach was used to investigate the presence of integrons and associated gene cassettes in human oral m ...201627304457
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...201627626430
a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes.for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ...201626511485
a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes.for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ...201626511485
diverse functions of small rnas in different plant-pathogen communications.rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small rnas (srnas) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. plants utilizing rna silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant-virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant-pathogen interactions. rna silencing is not only responsible for suppressing rna accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses ...201627757103
evolution of ubiquinone biosynthesis: multiple proteobacterial enzymes with various regioselectivities to catalyze three contiguous aromatic hydroxylation reactions.the ubiquitous atp synthase uses an electrochemical gradient to synthesize cellular energy in the form of atp. the production of this electrochemical gradient relies on liposoluble proton carriers like ubiquinone (uq), which is used in the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and proteobacteria. the biosynthesis of uq requires three hydroxylation reactions on contiguous positions of an aromatic ring. in escherichia coli, each of three uq flavin monooxygenases (fmos), called ubif, ubih, and ubii, mod ...201627822549
formaldehyde stress responses in bacterial pathogens.formaldehyde is the simplest of all aldehydes and is highly cytotoxic. its use and associated dangers from environmental exposure have been well documented. detoxification systems for formaldehyde are found throughout the biological world and they are especially important in methylotrophic bacteria, which generate this compound as part of their metabolism of methanol. formaldehyde metabolizing systems can be divided into those dependent upon pterin cofactors, sugar phosphates and those dependent ...201626973631
generation and characterization of β1,2-gluco-oligosaccharide probes from brucella abortus cyclic β-glucan and their recognition by c-type lectins of the immune system.the β1,2-glucans produced by bacteria are important in invasion, survival and immunomodulation in infected hosts be they mammals or plants. however, there has been a lack of information on proteins which recognize these molecules. this is partly due to the extremely limited availability of the sequence-defined oligosaccharides and derived probes for use in the study of their interactions. here we have used the cyclic β1,2-glucan (cβg) of the bacterial pathogen brucella abortus, after removal of ...201627053576
mechanism and function of type iv secretion during infection of the human host.bacterial pathogens employ type iv secretion systems (t4sss) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. one large t4ss subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractab ...201627337453
a simple test for the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases in plants.although customized endonucleases [transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) and rna-guided endonucleases (rgens)] are known to be effective agents of mutagenesis in various host plants, newly designed endonuclease constructs require some pre-validation with respect to functionality before investing in the creation of stable transgenic plants.201626962325
immune sensing of lipopolysaccharide in plants and animals: same but different. 201627281177
enzymatic synthesis of bioactive compounds with high potential for cosmeceutical application.cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active ingredients purporting to offer a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit. the active ingredients can be extracted and purified from natural sources (botanicals, herbal extracts, or animals) but can also be obtained biotechnologically by fermentation and cell cultures or by enzymatic synthesis and modification of natural compounds. a cosmeceutical ingredient should possess an attractive property such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammator ...201627276911
bacterial-plant-interactions: approaches to unravel the biological function of bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere.rhizobacteria produce an enormous amount of volatile compounds, however, the function of these metabolites is scarcely understood. investigations evaluating influences on plants performed in various laboratories using individually developed experimental setups revealed different and often contradictory results, e.g., ranging from a significant plant growth promotion to a dramatic suppression of plant development. in addition to these discrepancies, these test systems neglected properties and com ...201626903987
simultaneous detection of three bacterial seed-borne diseases in rice using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.burkholderia glumae (bacterial grain rot), xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), and acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (bacterial brown stripe) are major seedborne pathogens of rice. based on the 16s and 23s rdna sequences for a. avenae subsp. avenae and b. glumae, and transposase a gene sequence for x. oryzae pv. oryzae, three sets of primers had been designed to produce 402 bp for b. glumae, 490 bp for x. oryzae, and 290 bp for a. avenae subsp. avenae with the 63°c as an optimum ...201627904465
cloning, expression and characterization of a cold-adapted endo-1, 4-β-glucanase from citrobacter farmeri a1, a symbiotic bacterium of reticulitermes labralis.many biotechnological and industrial applications can benefit from cold-adapted eglcs through increased efficiency of catalytic processes at low temperature. in our previous study, citrobacter farmeri a1 which was isolated from a wood-inhabiting termite reticulitermes labralis could secrete a cold-adapted eglc. however, its eglc was difficult to purify for enzymatic properties detection because of its low activity (0.8 u/ml). the objective of the present study was to clone and express the c. far ...201627843715
trigger phosphodiesterases as a novel class of c-di-gmp effector proteins.the bacterial second messenger c-di-gmp controls bacterial biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle progression, development and virulence. it is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (with ggdef domains), degraded by specific phosphodiesterases (pdes, with eal of hd-gyp domains) and sensed by a wide variety of c-di-gmp-binding effectors that control diverse targets. c-di-gmp-binding effectors can be riboswitches as well as proteins with highly diverse structures and functions. the latter include ' ...201627672149
pseudomonas fluorescens filamentous hemagglutinin, an iron-regulated protein, is an important virulence factor that modulates bacterial pathogenicity.pseudomonas fluorescens is a common bacterial pathogen to a wide range of aquaculture animals including various species of fish. in this study, we employed proteomic analysis and identified filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) as an iron-responsive protein secreted by tss, a pathogenic p. fluorescens isolate. in vitro study showed that compared to the wild type, the fha mutant tssfha (i) exhibited a largely similar vegetative growth profile but significantly retarded in the ability of biofilm growth ...201627602029
grape cultivar and sap culture conditions affect the development of xylella fastidiosa phenotypes associated with pierce's disease.xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium in plant hosts and causes pierce's disease (pd) of grapevines, which differ in susceptibility according to the vitis species (spp.). in this work we compared x. fastidiosa biofilm formation and population dynamics when cultured in xylem saps from pd-susceptible and -resistant vitis spp. under different conditions. behaviors in a closed-culture system were compared to those in different sap-renewal cultures that would more closely mimic the physicoc ...201627508296
the complete sequences and ecological roles of two incp-1β plasmids, phb44 and pbs64, isolated from the mycosphere of laccaria proxima.two novel plasmids, coined phb44 and pbs64, were recently found in variovorax paradoxus strains hb44 and bs64 isolated from the mycosphere of laccaria proxima, on two different sampling occasions. we here describe the full sequences of phb44 and pbs64 and establish their evolutionary placement and ecological function. both plasmids, unique for mycospheric v. paradoxus, were around 58 kb in size. they possessed, in a very similar fashion, three main plasmid backbone regions, which were predicted ...201627445994
pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopaf1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction.hopaf1 is a type iii effector protein of unknown function encoded in the genomes of several strains of pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens. structural modeling predicted that hopaf1 is closely related to deamidase proteins. deamidation is the irreversible substitution of an amide group with a carboxylate group. several bacterial virulence factors are deamidases that manipulate the activity of specific host protein substrates. we identified arabidopsis methylthioadenosine nucleosidase ...201627274076
coordinated regulation of species-specific hydroxycinnamic acid degradation and siderophore biosynthesis pathways in agrobacterium fabrum.the rhizosphere-inhabiting species agrobacterium fabrum (genomospecies g8 of the agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex) is known to degrade hydroxycinnamic acids (hcas), especially ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, via the novel a. fabrum hca degradation pathway. gene expression profiles of a. fabrum strain c58 were investigated in the presence of hcas, using a c58 whole-genome oligoarray. both ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid caused variations in the expression of more than 10% of the c58 g ...201627060117
biosynthesis of the acetyl-coa carboxylase-inhibiting antibiotic, andrimid in serratia is regulated by hfq and the lysr-type transcriptional regulator, admx.infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a major global health challenge. to combat this problem, new antibiotics are urgently needed and some plant-associated bacteria are a promising source. the rhizobacterium serratia plymuthica a153 produces several bioactive secondary metabolites, including the anti-oomycete and antifungal haterumalide, oocydin a and the broad spectrum polyamine antibiotic, zeamine. in this study, we show that a153 produces a second broad spectrum antibiotic ...201626914969
loss of gltb inhibits biofilm formation and biocontrol efficiency of bacillus subtilis bs916 by altering the production of γ-polyglutamate and three lipopeptides.this study examined the contribution of gltb on biofilm formation and biocontrol efficiency of b. subtilis bs916.201627223617
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas fluorescens strain et76, isolated from rice rhizosphere in northwestern morocco.pseudomonas fluorescens et76 was isolated from rice rhizosphere in northwestern morocco. its draft genome was estimated to be 6,681,652 bp with 5,789 coding sequences (cdss). genes encoding for type i to vi secretion systems, pvdq, proteases, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide synthase, acc-deaminase, among others, highlight its potential use in biological control of plant pathogens.201627198014
the draft genome sequence of the yersinia entomophaga entomopathogenic type strain mh96t.here we report the draft genome of yersinia entomophaga type strain mh96t. the genome shows 93.8% nucleotide sequence identity to that of yersinia nurmii type strain apn3a-ct, and comprises a single chromosome of approximately 4,275,531 bp. in silico analysis identified that, in addition to the previously documented y. entomophaga yen-tc gene cluster, the genome encodes a diverse array of toxins, including two type iii secretion systems, and five rhs-associated gene clusters. as well as these mu ...201627187466
biofilms and cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) signaling: lessons from pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria.the cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) second messenger represents a signaling system that regulates many bacterial behaviors and is of key importance for driving the lifestyle switch between motile loner cells and biofilm formers. this review provides an up-to-date compendium of c-di-gmp pathways connected to biofilm formation, biofilm-associated motilities, and other functionalities in the ubiquitous and opportunistic human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa this bacterium is frequently adopted as a model ...201627129226
characterization of novel bacteriophages for biocontrol of bacterial blight in leek caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. porri.pseudomonas syringae pv. porri, the causative agent of bacterial blight in leek (allium porrum), is increasingly frequent causing problems in leek cultivation. because of the current lack of control measures, novel bacteriophages were isolated to control this pathogen using phage therapy. five novel phages were isolated from infected fields in flanders (vb_psym_kil1, vb_psym_kil2, vb_psym_kil3, vb_psym_kil4, and vb_psym_kil5), and were complemented with one selected host range mutant phage (vb_p ...201627014204
bioactive compounds produced by strains of penicillium and talaromyces of marine origin.in recent years, the search for novel natural compounds with bioactive properties has received a remarkable boost in view of their possible pharmaceutical exploitation. in this respect the sea is entitled to hold a prominent place, considering the potential of the manifold animals and plants interacting in this ecological context, which becomes even greater when their associated microbes are considered for bioprospecting. this is the case particularly of fungi, which have only recently started t ...201626901206
fucosyllactose and l-fucose utilization of infant bifidobacterium longum and bifidobacterium kashiwanohense.human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are one of the major glycan source of the infant gut microbiota. the two species that predominate the infant bifidobacteria community, bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and bifidobacterium bifidum, possess an arsenal of enzymes including α-fucosidases, sialidases, and β-galactosidases to metabolise hmos. recently bifidobacteria were obtained from the stool of six month old kenyan infants including species such as bifidobacterium kashiwanohense, and bifidob ...201627782805
novel α-l-fucosidases from a soil metagenome for production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides.this paper describes the discovery of novel α-l-fucosidases and evaluation of their potential to catalyse the transglycosylation reaction leading to production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides. seven novel α-l-fucosidase-encoding genes were identified by functional screening of a soil-derived metagenome library and expressed in e. coli as recombinant 6xhis-tagged proteins. all seven fucosidases belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 29 (gh 29). six of the seven α-l-fucosidases were substr ...201626800369
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato reveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity.the majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. how pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential ...201627812402
methylome analysis of two xanthomonas spp. using single-molecule real-time sequencing.single-molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing allows identification of methylated dna bases and methylation patterns/motifs at the genome level. using smrt sequencing, diverse bacterial methylomes including those of helicobacter pylori, lactobacillus spp., and escherichia coli have been determined, and previously unreported dna methylation motifs have been identified. however, the methylomes of xanthomonas species, which belong to the most important plant pathogenic bacterial genus, have not been ...201627904456
new weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry.biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, dna and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem ...201627803696
nucleotide binding by the widespread high-affinity cyclic di-gmp receptor mshen domain.c-di-gmp is a bacterial second messenger regulating various cellular functions. many bacteria contain c-di-gmp-metabolizing enzymes but lack known c-di-gmp receptors. recently, two mshe-type atpases associated with bacterial type ii secretion system and type iv pilus formation were shown to specifically bind c-di-gmp. here we report crystal structure of the mshe n-terminal domain (mshen1-145) from vibrio cholerae in complex with c-di-gmp at a 1.37 å resolution. this structure reveals a unique c- ...201627578558
a minimal threshold of c-di-gmp is essential for fruiting body formation and sporulation in myxococcus xanthus.generally, the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates the switch between motile and sessile lifestyles in bacteria. here, we show that c-di-gmp is an essential regulator of multicellular development in the social bacterium myxococcus xanthus. in response to starvation, m. xanthus initiates a developmental program that culminates in formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. we show that c-di-gmp accumulates at elevated levels during development and that this increas ...201627214040
metagenomic analysis from the interior of a speleothem in tjuv-ante's cave, northern sweden.speleothems are secondary mineral deposits normally formed by water supersaturated with calcium carbonate percolating into underground caves, and are often associated with low-nutrient and mostly non-phototrophic conditions. tjuv-ante's cave is a shallow-depth cave formed by the action of waves, with granite and dolerite as major components, and opal-a and calcite as part of the speleothems, making it a rare kind of cave. we generated two dna shotgun sequencing metagenomic datasets from the inte ...201626985997
pea broth enhances the biocontrol efficacy of lysobacter capsici az78 by triggering cell motility associated with biogenesis of type iv pilus.bacterial cells can display different types of motility, due to the presence of external appendages such as flagella and type iv pili. to date, little information on the mechanisms involved in the motility of the lysobacter species has been available. recently, l. capsici az78, a biocontrol agent of phytopathogenic oomycetes, showed the ability to move on jellified pea broth. pea broth medium improved also the biocontrol activity of l. capsici az78 against plasmopara viticola under greenhouse co ...201627507963
fungal innate immunity induced by bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps).plants and animals detect bacterial presence through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) which induce an innate immune response. the field of fungal-bacterial interaction at the molecular level is still in its infancy and little is known about mamps and their detection by fungi. exposing fusarium graminearum to bacterial mamps led to increased fungal membrane hyperpolarization, a putative defense response, and a range of transcriptional responses. the fungus reacted with a different tr ...201627172188
the lysobacter capsici az78 genome has a gene pool enabling it to interact successfully with phytopathogenic microorganisms and environmental factors.lysobacter capsici az78 has considerable potential for biocontrol of phytopathogenic microorganisms. however, lack of information about genetic cues regarding its biological characteristics may slow down its exploitation as a biofungicide. in order to obtain a comprehensive overview of genetic features, the l. capsici az78 genome was sequenced, annotated and compared with the phylogenetically related pathogens stenotrophomonas malthophilia k729a and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris atcc 339 ...201626903975
biosynthesis of α-pyrones.the α-pyrone moiety is a structural feature found in a huge variety of biologically active metabolites. in recent times new insights into additional biosynthetic mechanisms, yielding in such six-membered unsaturated ester ring residues have been obtained. the purpose of this mini-review is to give a brief overview of α-pyrones and the mechanisms forming the basis of their natural synthesis. especially the chain interconnecting enzymes, showing homology to ketosynthases which catalyze claisen-lik ...201627340449
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