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evaluation of neutralizing antibodies against highly pathogenic coronaviruses: a detailed protocol for a rapid evaluation of neutralizing antibodies using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirus-based assay.emerging highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (covs) represent a serious ongoing threat to the public health worldwide. the spike (s) proteins of covs are surface glycoproteins that facilitate viral entry into host cells via attachment to their respective cellular receptors. the s protein is believed to be a major immunogenic component of covs and a target for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) and most candidate vaccines. development of a safe and convenient assay is thus urgently needed to determ ...202033013745
valinomycin as a potential antiviral agent against coronaviruses: a review.human coronaviruses (hcovs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), have been resulting in global epidemics with heavy morbidity and mortality. unfortunately, there are currently no specific medicines that can better treat these coronaviruses. drug repurposing is an effective and economical strategy for drug discovery from existing drugs, natural ...202033012699
a case of delivery of a pregnant woman with covid-19 infection in daegu, korea.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is affiliated with the β-coronavirus subgroup, which includes sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), but is far more infectious than the 2. because it is potentially life-threatening to infants and pregnant women with weak immune systems, clinical manifestations and vertical transmission of covid-19 are matters of interest. staff of the obstetrics de ...202033012160
peptide nucleic acid (pna)-enhanced specificity of a dual-target real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) assay for the detection and differentiation of sars-cov-2 from related viruses.the threat posed by coronaviruses to human health has necessitated the development of a highly specific and sensitive viral detection method that could differentiate between the currently circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and other sars-related coronaviruses (sarsr-covs). in this study, we developed a peptide nucleic acid (pna)-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) assay targeting the n gene to efficiently discriminate sars-cov-2 ...202033007999
targeting the sphk-s1p-sipr pathway as a potential therapeutic approach for covid-19.the world is currently experiencing the worst health pandemic since the spanish flu in 1918-the covid-19 pandemic-caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). this pandemic is the world's third wake-up call this century. in 2003 and 2012, the world experienced two major coronavirus outbreaks, sars-cov-1 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), causing major respiratory tract infections. at present, there is neither a vaccine nor a cu ...202033003377
development and optimization of in-house elisa for detection of human igg antibody to sars-cov-2 full length spike protein.the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), poses a threat to human health. despite this, many affected countries are now in the process of gradual lifting of covid-19 restrictions that were initially implemented in response to the pandemic. the success of the so-called "exit strategy" requires continued surveillance of virus circulation in the community and evaluation of the prevalence of protective im ...202032998438
potential therapeutic effects of resveratrol against sars-cov-2.novel coronavirus covid-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), are human pathogens. current pandemics of sars-cov-2 represents a major health problem worldwide, with over four million cases and more than 300,000 deaths in the world. development of effective therapy thus became an emergency. this report aims to highlight resveratrol as possib ...202032985211
thermodynamic equilibrium dose-response models for mers-cov infection reveal a potential protective role of human lung mucus but not for sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infect the human respiratory tract. a prototype thermodynamic equilibrium model is presented here for the probability of the virions getting through the mucus barrier and infecting epithelial cells based on the binding affinity (kmucin) of the virions to mucin molecules in the mucus and parameters for binding and infection of the epithelial cell. both mers-cov and sars-cov-2 b ...202032984489
seizures and epilepsy in times of corona virus disease 2019 pandemic.the end of the year 2019 was marked by novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, sars-cov-2) outbreak in china that rapidly spread to the rest of the world. while the involvement of the lower respiratory system causing pneumonia is identified as the primary target of the virus, extra-pulmonary manifestations, especially of the central nervous system, are also being increasingly reported. previous research on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and sars-cov have ...202032983949
evasion of type i interferon by sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) replication and host immune response determine coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), but studies evaluating viral evasion of immune response are lacking. here, we use unbiased screening to identify sars-cov-2 proteins that antagonize type i interferon (ifn-i) response. we found three proteins that antagonize ifn-i production via distinct mechanisms: nonstructural protein 6 (nsp6) binds tank binding kinase 1 (tbk1) to suppress interferon ...202032979938
current approaches for target-specific drug discovery using natural compounds against sars-cov-2 infection.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) recently caused a pandemic outbreak called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). this disease has initially been reported in china and also now it is expeditiously spreading around the globe directly among individuals through coughing and sneezing. since it is a newly emerging viral disease and obviously there is a lack of anti-sars-cov-2 therapeutic agents, it is urgently required to develop an effective anti-sars-cov-2-agent.throu ...202032979476
minimum sizes of respiratory particles carrying sars-cov-2 and the possibility of aerosol generation.this study calculates and elucidates the minimum size of respiratory particles that are potential carriers of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2); furthermore, it evaluates the aerosol generation potential of sars-cov-2. the calculations are based on experimental results and theoretical models. in the case of maximum viral-loading derived from experimental data of covid-19 patients, 7.18 × 10-4% of a respiratory fluid particle from a covid-19 patient is occupied by s ...202032977575
cross-protection against mers-cov by prime-boost vaccination using viral spike dna and protein.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory illness and has a high mortality of ∼34%. however, since its discovery in 2012, an effective vaccine has not been developed for it. to develop a vaccine against multiple strains of mers-cov, we targeted spike glycoprotein (s) using prime-boost vaccination with dna and insect cell-expressed recombinant proteins for the receptor-binding domain (rbd), s1, s2, sδtm, or sδer. our s subunits were generated using an s seq ...202032967955
impact of national policy on hand hygiene promotion activities in hospitals in korea.after the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak in korea in 2015, the government established a strategy for infection prevention to encourage infection control activities in hospitals. the new policy was announced in december 2015 and implemented in september 2016. the aim of this study is to evaluate how infection control activities improved within korean hospitals after the change in government policy.202032967735
an association between exposure to middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) and mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).our objective was to find an association between exposure of a population to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and mortality rate due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) across different countries worldwide.202032965011
in vitro virucidal effect of intranasally delivered chlorpheniramine maleate compound against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.background the initial global outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019) pandemic, which is responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (sars-cov-2), shares similarities with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and behaves similarly to influenza with a high intranasal viral load. the genome sequence of covid-19 opened the opportunity for multiple in vitro and clinical trials, but we ...202032963923
assessment of proton-coupled conformational dynamics of sars and mers coronavirus papain-like proteases: implication for designing broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors.broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are urgently needed to stop the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and prevent future ones. the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is related to the sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which have caused the previous outbreaks. the papain-like protease (plpro) is an attractive drug target due to its essential roles in the viral life cycle. as a cysteine protease, plpro is rich in cysteines and histidin ...202032962355
perspectives on development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection has been characterized by the world health organization (who) as a controllable global pandemic. the spike (s) glycoprotein mediates binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor for virus entry and also services as the target of virus-neutralizing antibodies, making it an attractive and leading viral antigen for vaccine development. no vacc ...202032961082
free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of sars-cov-2 spike protein.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), represents a global crisis. key to sars-cov-2 therapeutic development is unraveling the mechanisms that drive high infectivity, broad tissue tropism, and severe pathology. our 2.85-angstrom cryo-electron microscopy structure of sars-cov-2 spike (s) glycoprotein reveals that the receptor binding domains tightly bind the essential free fatty acid linoleic acid (la) in three composite bindin ...202032958580
prevalence of depression during the sars, mers, and covid-19 pandemics: a protocol for overview of systematic reviews.the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection, has emerged to be the biggest global health threat worldwide. covid-19 marks the emergence of the third large-scale epidemic related to the coronavirus, after sars-cov in 2002 and middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (merscov) in 2012. the pandemic has had a harmful effect on the public mental health, especially on depression. increasing systema ...202032957366
clinical characteristics and outcome of hospitalized covid-19 patients in a mers-cov endemic area.the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) reported 170,639 cases and 1430 deaths from covid-19 since the first case emerged in the country on march 2 through june 25, 2020. the objective of this report is to describe the characteristics and outcome observed among 99 hospitalized covid-19 patients in the largest academic hospital in ksa, and assess co-infection with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).202032954712
management of acute coronary syndrome during the mers-cov outbreak - single center experience.during the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak of 2014, tertiary care cardiac centers shouldered the responsibility of caring for patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (acs). this entailed designing algorithms that ensured timely management of patients with acs in the setting of an emerging novel viral infection that was rapidly spreading within the community with a high infectivity and case fatality rate. the objective of this study is to describe a sing ...202032952079
cholesterol 25-hydroxylase inhibits sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by sars-cov-2 and has spread across the globe. sars-cov-2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune responses to sars-cov-2. sars-cov-2 is a new member of the betacoronavirus genus like other closely related viruses including sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). bot ...202032944968
clustering and superspreading potential of sars-cov-2 infections in hong kong.superspreading events (sses) have characterized previous epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections1-6. for sars-cov-2, the degree to which sses are involved in transmission remains unclear, but there is growing evidence that sses might be a typical feature of covid-197,8. using contact tracing data from 1,038 sars-cov-2 cases confirmed between 23 january and 28 april 2020 in hong kong, we identifie ...202032943787
the enzymatic activity of the nsp14 exoribonuclease is critical for replication of mers-cov and sars-cov-2.coronaviruses (covs) stand out for their large rna genome and complex rna-synthesizing machinery comprising 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps). the bifunctional nsp14 contains 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (exon) and guanine-n7-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) domains. while the latter presumably supports mrna capping, exon is thought to mediate proofreading during genome replication. in line with such a role, exon knockout mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona ...202032938769
a commentary on "a comparative overview of covid-19, mers and sars: review article" (international journal of surgery 2020; 81:1-8). 202032927142
antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus.antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) exists in several kinds of virus. it has a negative influence on antibody therapy for viral infection. this effect was first identified in dengue virus and has since also been described for coronavirus. to date, the rapid spread of the newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), has affected over 3.8 million people across the globe. the novel coronavirus poses a great ch ...202032920233
unlocking covid therapeutic targets: a structure-based rationale against sars-cov-2, sars-cov and mers-cov spike.there are no approved target therapeutics against sars-cov-2 or other beta-covs. the beta-cov spike protein is a promising target considering the critical role in viral infection and pathogenesis and its surface exposed features. we performed a structure-based strategy targeting highly conserved druggable regions resulting from a comprehensive large-scale sequence analysis and structural characterization of spike domains across sarsr- and mersr-covs. we have disclosed 28 main consensus druggable ...202032913581
a structured review of placental morphology and histopathological lesions associated with sars-cov-2 infection.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus, was first identified after a cluster of cases in wuhan, china in december 2019. whether vertical transmission or placental pathology might occur following maternal infection during pregnancy remains unknown. this review aimed to summarise all studies that examined the placenta or neonates following infection with sars-cov-2, or closely related highly pathogenic coronavirus (sars-cov-1, or the middle east respi ...202032911234
structural-based virtual screening and in vitro assays for small molecules inhibiting the feline coronavirus 3cl protease as a surrogate platform for coronaviruses.feline infectious peritonitis (fip) which is caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), a variant of feline coronavirus (fcov), is a member of family coronaviridae, together with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and sars-cov-2. so far, neither effective vaccines nor approved antiviral therapeutics are currently available for the treatment of fipv infection. both human and animal covs shares similar funct ...202032910955
convalescent plasma therapy and its effects on covid-19 patient outcomes: a systematic review of current literature.started in late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has rapidly turned into a global pandemic. considering there is no proven therapy for covid-19 infection, there is a need to propose potential treatment options. the use of convalescent plasma is one such option as convalescent plasma has previously been used for treating outbreaks of ebola, influenza, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory (sar) viruses. therefore, we carried out an early sy ...202032905148
the emerging sars-cov-2 papain-like protease: its relationship with recent coronavirus epidemics.the papain-like protease (plpro ) is an important enzyme for coronavirus polyprotein processing, as well as for virus-host immune suppression. previous studies reveal that a molecular analysis of plpro indicates the catalytic activity of viral plpro and its interactions with ubiquitin. by using sequence comparisons, molecular models, and protein-protein interaction maps, plpro was compared in the three recorded fatal cov epidemics, which involved severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( ...202032902889
convalescent plasma therapy: a promising coronavirus disease 2019 treatment strategy.the world is passing through a very difficult phase due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, which has disrupted almost all spheres of life. globally, according to the latest world health organization report (10 august 2020), covid-19 has affected nearly 20 million lives, causing 728 013 deaths. due to the lack of specific therapeutic drugs and vaccines, the outbreak of disease has spawned a corpus of contagious infection all over the world, day by day, without control. as the se ...202032898468
occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: a review with emphasis on sars-cov-2.the world is combating the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). further, due to the presence of sars-cov-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. the conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewate ...202032895629
how can nanotechnology help to combat covid-19? opportunities and urgent need.incidents of viral outbreaks have increased at an alarming rate over the past decades. the most recent human coronavirus known as covid-19 (sars-cov-2) has already spread around the world and shown r0 values from 2.2 to 2.68. however, the ratio between mortality and number of infections seems to be lower in this case in comparison to other human coronaviruses (such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)). these outb ...202032891146
a comparison of covid-19, sars and mers.in mid-december 2019, a novel atypical pneumonia broke out in wuhan, hubei province, china and was caused by a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019 novel coronavirus and subsequently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). as of 19 may 2020, a total of 4,731,458 individuals were reported as infected with sars-cov-2 among 213 countries, areas or territories with recorded cases, and the overall case-fatality rate was 6.6% (316,169 deaths among 4,731,458 recorde ...202032879801
antiviral therapy for coronavirus disease 2019.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the cause of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in wuhan city, china. the sars-cov-2 is genetically similar to the coronavirus derived from bat. the sars-cov-2, the sars-cov and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) all belong to beta coronavirus. since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, effective antiviral drugs have become a hot issue in the world. very little about sars-cov-2 is known and th ...202032879113
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 impact on the central nervous system: are astrocytes and microglia main players or merely bystanders?with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) cases surpassing the 18 million mark around the globe, there is an imperative need to gain comprehensive understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). although the main clinical manifestations of covid-19 are associated with respiratory or intestinal symptoms, reports of neurological signs and symptoms are increasing. the etiology of these neurological manifestations remains obscure, and probably involves several ...202032878468
guillain-barre syndrome during covid-19 pandemic: an overview of the reports.similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has neurological symptoms. covid-19 patients have such clinical symptoms as headache, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, and disorder of consciousness. these symptoms confirm that the nervous system is involved in the covid-19 infection. guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is a heterogeneous disorder which often fo ...202032876777
discovery of human coronaviruses pan-papain-like protease inhibitors using computational approaches.the papain-like protease (plpro) is vital for the replication of coronaviruses (covs), as well as for escaping innate-immune responses of the host. hence, it has emerged as an attractive antiviral drug-target. in this study, computational approaches were employed, mainly the structure-based virtual screening coupled with all-atom molecular dynamics (md) simulations to computationally identify specific inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) plpro, that can be f ...202032874702
coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) diagnostic technologies: a country-based retrospective analysis of screening and containment procedures during the first wave of the pandemic.since first report of a novel coronavirus in december of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has crippled healthcare systems around the world. while many initial screening protocols centered around laboratory detection of the virus, early testing assays were thought to be poorly sensitive in comparison to chest computed tomography, especially in asymptomatic disease. coupled with shortages of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) testing kits in many parts o ...202032871426
ocular symptoms of sars-cov-2: indication of possible ocular transmission or viral shedding.the recently identified novel coronavirus (cov), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). while published data about other highly infectious human covs [that is, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)] provide helpful information about the infectivity of sars-cov-2, there is limited understanding surrounding knowledge of ocular manifestati ...202032870054
interaction between coronavirus s-protein and human ace2: hints for exploring efficient therapeutic targets to treat covid-19.with the global expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and the declaration of its outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern by the world health organization, there is an urgent need for vaccines and medicines to prevent and treat covid-19. the responsible pathogen for the disease is the newly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) 2 belonging to the same family of viruses sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus that originally ar ...202032864982
cancer care during the covid-19 pandemic: a perspective from saudi arabia.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic continues to disrupt many healthcare settings worldwide including cancer care. covid-19 has been associated with worse outcomes amongst cancer patients. saudi arabia has experienced several middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreaks that affected the continuity of cancer care. in this paper, we describe how saudi arabia responded to covid-19, how cancer care was re-restructured during this pandemic and how the recent mers-co ...202032863870
knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early covid-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in saudi arabia.as the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to occur in small outbreaks in saudi arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (hcws) during the early stage of the covid-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the mers-cov outbreak in 2015. we sent an adapted version of our previously published mers-cov questionnaire to the same cohort of hcws at a tertiary hospital in saudi arabia. about 4 ...202032854806
covid-19: a multidisciplinary review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019-2020 pandemic. in this comprehensive review, we discuss the current published literature surrounding the sars-cov-2 virus. we examine the fundamental concepts including the origin, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory, radiology, and histopathologic findings, complications, and treatment. given that much of the information has been extrapolated fr ...202032850602
biomedical application, drug delivery and metabolic pathway of antiviral nanotherapeutics for combating viral pandemic: a review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a neoteric virus belonging to the beta coronavirus class has created a global health concern, responsible for an outbreak of severe acute respiratory illness, the covid-19 pandemic. infected hosts exhibit diverse clinical features, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms in their genital organs, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. considering the high transmissibility (r0: ≤6.0) compared to middle east respiratory sy ...202032846177
co-infection of middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus and pulmonary tuberculosis.co-infection of middle eastern respiratory syndrome, coronavirus and tuberculosis, tb has a complex clinical entities that has estimated worldwide; mostly, in the middle east. clinical studies have shown that the propagation of disease is faster in (mers-cov) and tb co-infection compared to those of mono-infection. clinical reports have shown that treatment of tuberculosis (tb) increase the risk of (mers-cov) reactivation. in this article, we propose an epidemic model to represents the middle ea ...202032839641
sars-cov-2 presented in the air of an intensive care unit (icu).as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is spreading worldwide, there have been arguments regarding the aerosol transmission of its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). moreover, some re-detectable positive (rp) patients have been reported. however, little attention has been given to the follow-up of recovered patients, and there is no environmental evidence to determine whether these patients continue to shed the virus after they test negative. therefore ...202032837871
bcg vaccination strategy implemented to reduce the impact of covid-19: hype or hope?the bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine (bcg vaccine) designed to prevent tuberculosis in children has been shown to induce a adaptive immune response in the body to fight against bacteria as well as other parasites and viruses. this knowledge has been reciprocated to generate the idea that this vaccine can also offer protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass bcg immunizations seems to ha ...202032835211
bioactive natural compounds against human coronaviruses: a review and perspective.coronaviruses (covs), a family of enveloped positive-sense rna viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, unusually large rna genome, and unique replication capability. covs are known to cause various potentially lethal human respiratory infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and the very recent coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak. unfortunately, neither drug nor vaccine has yet ...202032834947
does hereditary angioedema make covid-19 worse?the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent for covid-19, enters host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and depletes ace2, which is necessary for bradykinin metabolism. the depletion of ace2 results in the accumulation of des-arg (9)-bradykinin and possible bradykinin, both of which bind to bradykinin receptors and induce vasodilation, lung injury, and inflammation. ...202032834893
phytochemicals containing biologically active polyphenols as an effective agent against covid-19-inducing coronavirus.the outbreak of covid-19 disease caused by sars-cov-19, along with the lack of targeted medicaments and vaccines, forced the scientific world to search for new antiviral formulations. in this review, we describe the current knowledge about plant extracts containing polyphenols that inhibit covid-19. many plant-derived natural compounds (polyphenols) might provide a starting point for the research on the use of plant extracts in coronavirus treatment and prevention. antivirus polyphenolic drugs c ...202032834835
in-yeast assembly of coronavirus infectious cdna clones using a synthetic genomics pipeline.the escherichia coli and vaccinia virus-based reverse genetics systems have been widely applied for the manipulation and engineering of coronavirus genomes. these systems, however, present several limitations and are sometimes difficult to establish in a timely manner for (re-)emerging viruses. in this chapter, we present a new universal reverse genetics platform for the assembly and engineering of infectious full-length cdnas using yeast-based transformation-associated recombination cloning. th ...202032833212
competitive elisa for the detection of serum antibodies specific for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the etiological agent of mers, a severe respiratory disease first reported in the middle east in 2012. serological assays are used to diagnose mers-cov infection and to screen for serum antibodies in seroepidemiological studies. the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is the preferred tool for detecting serum antibodies specific for pathogens; however, the utility of conventional elisa with respect to detection of mers ...202032833203
the looming storm: blood and cytokines in covid-19.a novel coronavirus termed as covid-19 by who has been the causative agent of an unprecedented pandemic in the history of humanity. the global burden of mortality and morbidity associated with this pandemic continues to increase with each passing day as it is progressively leading to multiorgan dysfunction. in most cases, the cause of death has been attributed to respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiac failure, kidney injury, or coagulopathy. as more knowledge is being unfolded, an in-depth underst ...202032829962
broad anti-coronavirus activity of food and drug administration-approved drugs against sars-cov-2 in vitro and sars-cov in vivo.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) emerged in china at the end of 2019 and has rapidly caused a pandemic, with over 20 million recorded covid-19 cases in august 2020 (https://covid19.who.int/). there are no fda-approved antivirals or vaccines for any coronavirus, including sars-cov-2. current treatments for covid-19 are limited to supportive therapies and off-label use of fda-approved drugs. rapid development and human testing of potential antivirals is urgently needed. ...202032817221
various interferon (ifn)-inducible transmembrane (ifitm) proteins for covid-19, is there a role for the combination of mycophenolic acid and interferon?various interferon (ifn)-inducible transmembrane (ifitm) proteins are known to be expressed in human tissues though only ifitm 1-3 are inducible by ifn. numerous studies have shown that activation of ifitm3 could suppress infection by influenza and coronaviruses such as the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). in view of the potential application of ifitm proteins' induction to target sars-cov-2 infection that causes covid-19, this article layout insights into the known antiv ...202032805303
containment of covid-19: the unprecedented response of saudi arabia.the emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), from wuhan, china, in december 2019 has challenged many countries. the current pandemic caused by this coronavirus has already negatively affected millions of people and the economies of countries worldwide. however, the challenges faced by saudi arabia during the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemic that began in 2012 led to marked improvements in the government's resp ...202032794457
a diagnostic genomic signal processing (gsp)-based system for automatic feature analysis and detection of covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a sudden viral contagion that appeared at the end of last year in wuhan city, the chinese province of hubei, china. the fast spread of covid-19 has led to a dangerous threat to worldwide health. also in the last two decades, several viral epidemics have been listed like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002/2003, the influenza h1n1 in 2009 and recently the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) which appeared ...202032793981
coronavirus spectrum infections (covid-19, mers, sars) in cancer patients: a systematic review of the literature.coronavirus 2019 (covid-19) has spread rapidly around the world to become a global pandemic. there is limited data on the impact of covid-19 among patients with cancer.202032787597
exploring the experience of health professionals who cared for patients with coronavirus infection: hospitalised isolation and self-image.this study aimed to examine the lived experience of physicians and nurses who underwent hospitalised isolation during the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak that hit korea in 2015, and how it may have affected their professional self-image.202032786157
prolonged (6-month) shedding of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus rna in the sputum of a lymphoma patient.during the 2015 korea middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak, a lymphoma patient developed mers pneumonia. his pneumonia improved by 45 days after illness onset, but the polymerase chain reaction tests remained (+) for 6 months. however, replication-competent virus was detected by 60 days after illness onset.202032782912
proton pump inhibitors are risk factors for viral infections: even for covid-19?during the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), more attention should be paid to the balance of risks and benefits associated with proton pump inhibitors for the following reasons. one of the main functions of gastric juice is to inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine. studies have documented that proton pump inhibitors are a risk factor for rotavirus, influenza virus, norovirus, and middl ...202032779119
coronavirus diseases 2019: current biological situation and potential therapeutic perspective.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) was first reported in wuhan, china at the end of december 2019. sars-cov-2 is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus and closely related to the severe acute respiratory coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the covid-19 was declared as a global pandemic due to its high infectiousness, and worldwide morbidities and mortalities. the chinese scientis ...202032763302
factors associated with viral load kinetics of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus during the 2015 outbreak in south korea.we conducted a retrospective study of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) viral load kinetics using data from patients hospitalised with mers-cov infection between 19 may and 20 august, 2015. viral load trajectories were considered over the hospitalisation period using 1,714 viral load results measured in serial respiratory specimens of 185 patients. the viral load levels were significantly higher among non-survivors than among survivors (p=0.003). healthcare workers (p = 0.0 ...202032761054
management of epigenomic networks entailed in coronavirus infections and covid-19.coronaviruses (covs) are highly diverse single-stranded rna viruses owing to their susceptibility to numerous genomic mutations and recombination. such viruses involve human and animal pathogens including the etiologic agents of acute respiratory tract illnesses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and the highly morbific sars-cov-2. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), an emerging disease with a quick rise in infecte ...202032758273
covid-19: the immune responses and clinical therapy candidates.the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), with rising numbers of patients worldwide, presents an urgent need for effective treatments. to date, there are no therapies or vaccines that are proven to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). several potential candidates or repurposed drugs are under investigation, including drugs that inhibit sars-cov-2 replication and block infection. the most promising therapy to date is remdesivir, which is us ...202032756480
sars-cov-2 may regulate cellular responses through depletion of specific host mirnas.cold viruses have generally been considered fairly innocuous until the appearance of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in 2019, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) global pandemic. two previous viruses foreshadowed that a coronavirus could potentially have devastating consequences in 2002 [severe acute respiratory coronavirus (sars-cov)] and in 2012 [middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)]. the question that arises is why these viruses are ...202032755307
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus orf8b accessory protein suppresses type i ifn expression by impeding hsp70-dependent activation of irf3 kinase ikkε.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a highly pathogenic human coronavirus causing severe disease and mortality. mers-cov infection failed to elicit robust ifn response, suggesting that the virus might have evolved strategies to evade host innate immune surveillance. in this study, we identified and characterized type i ifn antagonism of mers-cov open reading frame (orf) 8b accessory protein. orf8b was abundantly expressed in mers-cov-infected huh-7 cells. when ectopically ...202032747502
3c-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in mers-cov-infected mice.pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and the newly emerged sars-cov-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). we describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus 3c-like protease (3clpro), an enzyme essential for viral replication. the optimized compounds were effecti ...202032747425
less myocardial infarction and stroke hospitalizations during middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemic in korea. 202032747005
obstetric hospital preparedness for a pandemic: an obstetric critical care perspective in response to covid-19.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic has had a rapid and deadly onset, spreading quickly throughout the world. pregnant patients have had high mortality rates, perinatal losses, and intensive care unit (icu) admissions from acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the past. potentially, a surge of patients may require hospitalization and icu c ...202032745072
use of a rapid electronic survey methodology to estimate blood donors' potential exposure to emerging infectious diseases: application of a statistically representative sampling methodology to assess risk in us blood centers.risk assessments of transfusion-transmitted emerging infectious diseases (eids) are complicated by the fact that blood donors' demographics and behaviors can be different from the general population. therefore, when assessing potential blood donor exposure to eids, the use of general population characteristics, such as u.s. travel statistics, may invoke uncertainties that result in inaccurate estimates of blood donor exposure. this may, in turn, lead to the creation of donor deferral policies th ...202032743798
is covid-19 similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women?approximately one-third of infected pregnant women died from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemics of the past two decades. it is logical to predict that pregnant women infected with the novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) might be at higher risk for severe illness, morbidity, or mortality compared with non-pregnant women. however, a review of the literature indicates that pregnant women are not more likely t ...202032742855
a comparative overview of covid-19, mers and sars: review article.following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), a third, highly pathogenic coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) appearing at end of 2019 led to a pandemic, increased panic and attracted global attention. this review analyzes the epidemiology, etiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and sequelae of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), the middle east resp ...202032730205
epidemiology of paediatric middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and implications for the control of coronavirus virus disease 2019.to compare the clinical features of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection between paediatric and adult cases.202032729192
drug discovery strategies for sars-cov-2.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a novel disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2 virus that was first detected in december of 2019 in wuhan, china, and has rapidly spread worldwide. the search for a suitable vaccine as well as effective therapeutics for the treatment of covid-19 is underway. drug repurposing screens provide a useful and effective solution for identifying potential therapeutics against sars-cov-2. for example, the experimental drug r ...202032723801
advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of covid-19.since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). this article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epide ...202032714083
the potential effects of dpp-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular system in covid-19 patients.with the outbreak of a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the public healthcare systems are facing great challenges. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) could develop into severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure. remarkably, in addition to the respiratory symptoms, some covid-19 patients also suffer from cardiovascular injuries. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) is a ubiquitous glycoprotein which could act both as a c ...202032713161
coronavirus disease 2019: coronaviruses and kidney injury.the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) was identified and confirmed in december 2019 in wuhan, china. covid-19 is gradually posing a serious threat to global public health. in this review the characteristics and mechanism of kidney injury caused by sars-cov, mers-cov and sars-cov-2 infection are summarized and contrasted. in particular, urine-oral transmission, prevention and management of the kidney injury caused by sars-cov-2 are emphasized.202032693711
cryo-em analysis of the post-fusion structure of the sars-cov spike glycoprotein.global emergencies caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and sars-cov-2 significantly endanger human health. the spike (s) glycoprotein is the key antigen and its conserved s2 subunit contributes to viral entry by mediating host-viral membrane fusion. however, structural information of the post-fusion s2 from these highly pathogenic human-infecting coronaviruses is still lacking. we used single-particle cry ...202032681106
the bio-mission of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of covid-19: a brief look at potential therapeutic tactics.interleukin-6 (il-6), known as an inflammatory cytokine, can be involved in many innate and adaptive immune responses. the role of il-6 in the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has recently received much more attention due to the spread of the virus and its pandemic potential. cytokine storm is among the most critical pathological events in patients affected with coronaviruses (covs), i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respirat ...202032679148
healthcare workers' perspectives on healthcare-associated infections and infection control practices: a video-reflexive ethnography study in the asir region of saudi arabia.healthcare-associated infections (hais) are a global public health problem. for the fulfillment of saudi arabia's vision 2030, the promotion of preventive care medicine through hai management is a crucial issue. this study explores the perspectives of saudi tertiary healthcare workers (hcws) on hais and infection control measures.202032678049
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in bactrian and hybrid camels from dubai.so far, dromedary camels are the only known animal reservoir for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). previous published serological studies showed that sera of bactrian camels were all negative for mers-cov antibodies. however, a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of bactrian camels intranasally with mers-cov can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion. in this study, we examined the presence of mers-cov antibodies in bactrian and ...202031969478
t-cell responses to mers coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in nigeria: an observational cohort study.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) remains of global public health concern. dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. over 70% of mers coronavirus (mers-cov)-infected dromedaries are found in africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in africa. we aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in africa had been infected by mers-cov.202033035474
comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in late 2012 in saudi arabia. for this study, we conducted a large-scale comparative genome study of mers-cov from both human and dromedary camels from 2012 to 2019 to map any genetic changes that emerged in the past 8 years. we downloaded 1309 submissions, including 308 full-length genome sequences of mers-cov available in genbank from 2012 to 2019. we used bioinformatics tools to describe the genome structure and organization ...202032803835
some pathological observations on the naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia 2018-2019.background: the natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels is understudied. recent experimental studies showed no obvious clinical signs in the infected dromedary camels.aim: to study the pathological changes associated with natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels.methods: tissues from three mers-cov positive animals as well as two negative animals were collected and examined for the presence of pathological changes. the screening of the animals was carried out first by the rapid aggl ...202032543343
cross-sectional prevalence study of mers-cov in local and imported dromedary camels in saudi arabia, 2016-2018.the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) is an endemic virus in dromedaries. annually, saudi arabia imports thousands of camels from the horn of africa, yet the epidemiology of mers-cov in these animals is largely unknown. here, mers-cov prevalence was compared in imported african camels and their local counterparts. a total of 1399 paired sera and nasal swabs were collected from camels between 2016 and 2018. imported animals from sudan (n = 829) and djibouti (n = 328) were sa ...202032453746
detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camel's seminal plasma in saudi arabia 2015-2017.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emergent respiratory virus. dromedary camels are currently the only known reservoir of mers-cov and are capable of transmitting the virus within a herd. the role of semen in the transmission of mers-cov has never been investigated as yet, to the best of our knowledge. our goal was to test semen collected from dromedary camels for mers-cov. a total of 67 seminal plasma samples from infertile and 13 from fertile dromedary camels wer ...202032374945
seroprevalence of mers-cov in healthy adults in western saudi arabia, 2011-2016.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. however, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community.202032005618
molecular basis of binding between middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and cd26 from seven bat species.continued reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012. mers-cov is prone to cause endemic disease in the middle east, with several dozen spillover infections to other continents. it is hypothesized that mers-cov originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir. although gene segments identical to mers-cov were sequenced from certain species of bats and one spe ...202031776269
immunogenicity of different forms of middle east respiratory syndrome s glycoprotein.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 during the first middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreaks. mers-cov causes an acute lower-respiratory infection in humans, with a fatality rate of ~35.5%. currently, there are no registered vaccines or means of therapeutic protection against mers in the world. the mers-cov s glycoprotein plays the most important role in the viral life cycle (virus internalization). the s protein is an immunodominant antig ...202031024747
focus on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).since the first case of human infection by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia in june 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed mers-cov infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of october 2018. the vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in saudi arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike sars-cov that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. due to the hi ...202031727466
targeting polyamines inhibits coronavirus infection by reducing cellular attachment and entry.coronaviruses first garnered widespread attention in 2002 when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged from bats in china and rapidly spread in human populations. since then, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged and still actively infects humans. the recent sars-cov-2 outbreak and the resulting disease (coronavirus disease 2019, covid19) have rapidly and catastrophically spread and highlighted significant limitations to our ability to contr ...202032966040
stability of mers-cov rna on spin columns of rna extraction kit at room temperature.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus causing a highly fatal respiratory disease in humans. confirmation of mers-cov infection and molecular study on the virus may require transportation of samples to specialized laboratories. while freezing at -80 °c is the gold standard method for rna preservation, maintaining the integrity of viral rna during transport will require additional precautions and, as a result, increase transport costs. we aimed at testing the ...202032947111
molecular basis of pathogenesis of coronaviruses: a comparative genomics approach to planetary health to prevent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century.in the first quarter of the 21st century, we are already facing the third emergence of a coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. comparative genomics can inform a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of covid-19. previous strains of coronavirus, sars-cov, and middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), have been known to cause acute lung injuries in humans. sars-cov-2 ...202032940573
coronavirus infections in children: from sars and mers to covid-19, a narrative review of epidemiological and clinical features.emerging and re-emerging viruses represent an important challenge for global public health. in the 1960s, coronaviruses (covs) were recognized as disease agents in humans. in only two decades, three strains of covs have crossed species barriers rapidly emerging as human pathogens resulting in life-threatening disease with a pandemic potential: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002, middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 and the recently emerged ...202032921726
structural basis of sars-cov-2 main protease inhibition by a broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drug.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), took tens of thousands of lives and caused tremendous economic losses. the main protease (mpro) of sars-cov-2 is a potential target for treatment of covid-19 due to its critical role in maturation of viral proteins and subsequent viral replication. conceptually and technically, targeting therapy against mpro is similar to target therapy t ...202032905393
predicting the recombination potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) recently emerged to cause widespread infections in humans. sars-cov-2 infections have been reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia, where middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes seasonal outbreaks with a case fatality rate of ~37 %. here we show that there exists a theoretical possibility of future recombination events between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov rna. through computational analyses, we have identified homolog ...202032902372
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